The English Verb

VERONA POPA

THE ENGLISH VERB – LEARN & PRACTISE! -

CRAIOVA 2011

ISBN 978-973-0-11274-0

THE ENGLISH VERB – LEARN AND PRACTISE!

CONTENTS THE INDICATIVE MOOD ............................................................................................................................................. 5 PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................................ 6 EXERCISE 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXERCISE 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXERCISE 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXERCISE 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 EXERCISE 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 EXERCISE 6 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 EXERCISE 7 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 EXERCISE 8 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 EXERCISE 9 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 EXERCISE 10 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 EXERCISE 11 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 EXERCISE 12 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS .............................................................................................................................. 14 EXERCISE 13 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 EXERCISE 14 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 EXERCISE 15 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 EXERCISE 16 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 EXERCISE 17 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 EXERCISE 18 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

VERBS NOT NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT ..................................................................... 19 PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS .................................................................... 20 EXERCISE 19 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 EXERCISE 20 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

PAST TENSE SIMPLE .................................................................................................................................................. 24 EXERCISE 21 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 EXERCISE 22 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 EXERCISE 23 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 EXERCISE 24 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 EXERCISE 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 EXERCISE 26 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 EXERCISE 27 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 EXERCISE 28 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 EXERCISE 29 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 EXERCISE 30 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS...................................................................................................................................... 32 EXERCISE 31 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 32 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 33 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 34 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 EXERCISE 35 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 EXERCISE 36 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

PAST TENSE SIMPLE AND PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS .................................................................................... 36 EXERCISE 37 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 EXERCISE 38 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 EXERCISE 39 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ..................................................................................................................................... 39 EXERCISE 40 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 EXERCISE 41 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 EXERCISE 42 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 EXERCISE 43 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 EXERCISE 44 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 EXERCISE 45 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 43

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ......................................................................................................................... 44 EXERCISE 46 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 EXERCISE 47 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 EXERCISE 48 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 EXERCISE 49 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 EXERCISE 50 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 EXERCISE 51 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 47

PAST TENSE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS ......................................................................... 48 EXERCISE 52 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 EXERCISE 53 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 49

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................................. 50 EXERCISE 54 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 EXERCISE 55 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 EXERCISE 56 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 EXERCISE 57 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 53

THE ENGLISH VERB – LEARN AND PRACTISE! PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................. 54 EXERCISE 58 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 EXERCISE 59 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 EXERCISE 60 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 EXERCISE 61 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

FUTURE TIME .............................................................................................................................................................. 58 1. SIMPLE FUTURE ............................................................................................................................................... 58 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

EXERCISE 62 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

FUTURE CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................... 59

EXERCISE 63 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 60

TO BE GOING TO............................................................................................................................................... 61

EXERCISE 64 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 61

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................. 62

EXERCISE 65 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 62

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................. 63

EXERCISE 66 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 63

FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST ..................................................................................................................................... 64

EXERCISE 67 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 64

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................... 65

EXERCISE 68 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 65

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS .................................................................................................................... 66

EXERCISE 69 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 66

PRESENT PERFECT ........................................................................................................................................... 67

EXERCISE 70 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

10. PAST TENSE SIMPLE ........................................................................................................................................ 67 EXERCISE 71 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 68

11. PAST PERFECT .................................................................................................................................................. 68 EXERCISE 72 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 68

12. TO BE ABOUT TO.............................................................................................................................................. 69 EXERCISE 73 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

TO BE TO ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70 EXERCISE 74 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 70

FUTURE TENSES – GENERAL EXERCISES ........................................................................................................... 71 EXERCISE 75 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 EXERCISE 76 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 72

MODAL VERBS ........................................................................................................................................................... 75 EXERCISE 77 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 EXERCISE 78 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 80 EXERCISE 79 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 81 EXERCISE 80 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 82 EXERCISE 81 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 EXERCISE 82 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 84

THE PASSIVE VOICE.................................................................................................................................................. 87 EXERCISE 83 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 EXERCISE 84 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 95

CAUSATIVE FORM

(HAVE SOMETHING DONE)............................................................................................. 96

EXERCISE 85 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 96

IF – CLAUSES ............................................................................................................................................................... 98 EXERCISE 86 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 EXERCISE 87 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 100 EXERCISE 88 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 101 EXERCISE 89 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 102 EXERCISE 90 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 102 EXERCISE 91 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 103 EXERCISE 92 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 104

WISHES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105 EXERCISE 93 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 105 EXERCISE 94 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 106

QUESTION TAGS....................................................................................................................................................... 107 EXERCISE 95 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 107

INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH ........................................................................................................................... 109 EXERCISE 96 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 111 EXERCISE 97 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 115 EXERCISE 98 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 117

INVERSIONS .............................................................................................................................................................. 119 EXERCISE 99 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 120 EXERCISE 100 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 121

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS ................................................................................................................................. 122 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 125


THE INDICATIVE MOOD PRESENT TENSE: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PAST TENSE:

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

FUTURE TENSE:

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PERFECT: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT:

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

FUTURE PERFECT: SIMPLE CONTINUOUS THE NEGATIVE FORM: Sb. + auxiliary/modal verb + NOT + verb THE INTERROGATIVE FORM: (Wh-word +) Auxiliary/Modal verb + Sb. + Verb …?

…… CONTINUOUS = TO BE (the tense is that before the word “continuous”) + Vb-ing.

…… PERFECT = TO HAVE (the tense is that before the word “perfect”) + f3 (past participle)

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PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE - the affirmative form: - IIIrd person sg. She dresses nicely. Sb. + vb. + S/ES Ea se îmbracă frumos. He works in a big hospital. El lucrează într-un spital mare. - the other persons I go to school every day. Sb. + vb. Eu merg la şcoală în fiecare zi. They give me good advice. Ei îmi dau sfaturi bune. Note: The majority of the verbs add –s in the third person singular. They receive –es when they end in: a. –s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch (in this case, the ending “es” is pronounced [iz]); to kiss – he kisses to buzz – it buzzes to mix – she mixes to wash – he washes to watch – she watches b. –o to go – he goes [gəuz] to do – he does [dΛz] c. –y preceded by a consonant, -y becomes –i + “es”. to fly – he flies Note: If –y is preceded by a vowel, we add –s, following the general rule. to stay – he stays - the negative form: - IIIrd person sg. He does not dance well. Sb.+ DOES + NOT + vb. El nu dansează bine. Sb.+ DOESN’T + vb. She doesn’t like sweets. Ei nu îi plac dulciurile. - the other persons Sb.+ DO + NOT + vb. Sb.+ DON’T + vb.

You do not swim. Tu nu înoţi. We don’t skate well. Noi nu patinăm bine.

- the interrogative form: - IIIrd person sg. Does it rain every day? DOES + Sb. + vb. Plouă în fiecare zi? Yes it does. No, it doesn’t. - the other persons DO + Sb. + vb.

Do we meet him every week? Ne întâlnim cu el săpămânal? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.

- short answers: Page 6


AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + DO/DOES NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + DON’T/DOESN’T Pronunciation of the (E)S ending: a. [s] if the verb ends in: [f], [k], [p], [t]; b. [iz] if the verb ends in: [s], [z], [tſ], [dЗ], [z]; c. [z] after other sounds. USES: Present Tense Simple is used: 1. to express a permanent, habitual, frequent, repeated action, indicated by adverbs such as: • always = întotdeauna • every day/week/month/year ... = în fiecare zi/săptămană/lună/an ... • generally (speaking) = în general • usually = de obicei • often = adeseori • never = niciodată • on Sundays ... = duminica (în fiecare duminică) • sometimes = uneori • frequently = adeseori • rarely/seldom = rareori • once a week ... = o dată pe săptămană • twice a month = de două ori pe lună e.g.

We go to church on Sundays. I usually go shopping on Friday afternoons. I live in a big city. He never gets up late. She teaches French.

2. to express general truths or characteristics: e.g. Water boils at 1000 C. A tailor makes clothes. 3. in demonstrations, sports commentaries, stage directions, proverbs/sayings, to introduce quotations. e.g. Now I put the sugar and then I add the flour. ... passes to Ronaldo and he scores another goal. (She opens the back door.) Workers continue strike. One flower doesn’t make a garland. She says: “I have always liked Athens.” 4. to express officially planned future actions: e.g. The President visits France next week. 5. in timetables, fixed programmes: e.g. The plane takes off at 7 o’clock tomorrow morning.

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in

headlines,

in


6. in temporal clauses (after adverbs such as: when, till, until, before, as soon as, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. I will call you when I get home. Call me when you get home. 7. in conditional clauses (after words such as: if, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. We will be late if we don’t hurry. 8. instead of past tense to tell a story, in order to make it more vivid: e.g. And when I get there, what do I see?

Exercise 1 Write these verbs in the third person singular. Pay attention to their spelling and to their pronunciation. 17. dry 9. go 1. rink 18. buy 10. study 2. wash 19. kiss 11. fly 3. brush 20. mix 12. stay 4. eat 21. help 13. read 5. sleep 22. come 14. stop 6. enjoy 23. match 15. buzz 7. hurry 24. laugh 16. get 8. do

Exercise 2 How do you pronounce these verbs in the third person singular? Arrange them under the three headings. [s]

[z]

Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with –s or –es if they are necessary. 1. I like__ coffee. 2. My sister like__ tea. Page 8

[iz]


3. We go__ to school in the afternoon. 4. My sister go__ to school in the morning. 5. The bus stop__ at the traffic lights. 6. All means of transport stop__ at the traffic lights. 7. Mark watch__ TV in the evening. 8. I dress__ before breakfast. 9. My sister dress__ after breakfast. 10. Alice do__ her homework in the evening.

Exercise 4 Give the correct form of the present tense for the verb in parentheses. 1. She (read) .......................... the newspaper every morning. 2. They (come) .......................... to work by underground. 3. I (walk) ............................ to school. 4. You and I (play) ............................. chess every Saturday afternoon. 5. Helen (work) ................................... very hard. 6. Mr. Smith (work) ........................... very hard too. 7. He always (try) ........................... to impress people. 8. She (speak) ........................... five foreign languages. 9. Pat (go) ........................ to the park twice a week. 10. He (brush) ........................... his teeth twice a day.

Exercise 5 Fill in with do or does. 1. ...... you speak English? 2. ...... Lucy clean the blackboard? 3. ...... father work in a factory? 4. ...... I go there every morning? 5. ...... we help mother at home? 6. ...... you read French books? 7. ...... children like fruit? 8. ...... you live in a village? 9. ...... the girl eat in the dining-room? 10. ...... we walk in the park?

Exercise 6 Turn the following sentences into the interrogative. 1. We live in a big flat. 2. Albert does a lot of exercises. 3. I work hard at my office. 4. You go to bed late. Page 9


5. My new neighbour greets me in the morning. 6. We like story books. 7. You cook in the evening. 8. I know very many stories. 9. We help mother in the kitchen. 10. Susan dresses beautifully.

Exercise 7 Change the following statements to questions and give short answers as indicated. 1. Patricia goes to class twice a week. (yes) 2. They enjoy their cooking lessons. (yes) 3. It looks like rain. (no) 4. He drives to Bucharest once a week. (no) 5. He seems to be very busy. (yes) 6. This house belongs to her. (yes) 7. He likes New York. (yes) 8. You speak French well. (no) 9. He often goes out of town. (no) 10. He eats a lot of vegetables. (yes)

Exercise 8 Ask questions using WH-words so that the underlined words are the answers. 1. They live in Brasov. 2. The film begins at 8 o’clock. 3. He travels to work by car. 4. Those books cost $10. 5. He visits his parents once a week. Page 10


6. Francine wants to learn English in order to get a better job. 7. We learn ten new words every day. 8. They eat lunch in the cafeteria. 9. She teaches us English. 10. Paul gets up at 7 o’clock every morning.

Exercise 9 Fill in the blanks with don’t or doesn’t. 1. We ........................ live in a village. 2. Mother ........................ cook in the living-room. 3. You ........................ go to school in the evening. 4. We ........................ plant trees in winter. 5. I ........................ speak French. 6. Jack ........................ go to the theatre on Monday. 7. You ........................ write many letters. 8. They ........................ draw the map of England. 9. Father ........................ come home late. 10. I ........................ want to go there now.

Exercise 10 Turn the following sentences into the negative. 1. You plant trees in the front garden. 2. It rains heavily in summer. 3. I leave home very late. 4. We read many books. 5. These girls walk to school. 6. My brother speaks Chinese. 7. We quarrel with them every day. 8. I repair cars. 9. We do a lot of exercises at school. 10. Harry plays chess very well.

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Exercise 11 Make the sentences negative. 1. I speak English. (German) 2. He collects stamps. (coins) 3. I like tea. (coffee) 4. Mr. Smith teaches English. (French) 5. He understands French. (Chinese) 6. I visit my friends on Sunday. (on Saturday) 7. Paul watches films. (plays) 8. They study geography. (history) 9. He likes rock music. (pop music) 10. She writes e-mails. (letters)

Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences, turn them into the negative and the interrogative forms. Then give short affirmative and negative answers. e.g.

Ei doresc să-ţi vorbească. They want to speak to you. They don’t want to speak to you. Do they want to speak to you? Yes, they do. No, they don’t. 1. Un autobuz trece pe lângă casa mea la fiecare oră.

2. Ele o ajută pe mama lor.

3. Te uiţi prea mult la televizor.

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4. Ea spală podeaua în fiecare zi.

5. Îmi place îngheţata.

6. El pleacă la serviciu la ora 8 dimineaţa.

7. Ea se îmbracă foarte bine.

8. Ei par tineri.

9. Impozitele cresc în fiecare an.

10. Câinele mănâncă oase.

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PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS - the affirmative form: Sb.+ TO BE + Vb-ing Sb.+ AM/ARE/IS + Vb-ing Sb.(=pron.) + ‘M/’RE/’S + Vb-ing

I am eating. Eu mănânc. You are dancing. Tu dansezi. He is sleeping. El doarme. They’re writing. Ei scriu.

- the negative form: Sb.+ TO BE NOT + Vb-ing Sb. + AM NOT/ARE NOT/ IS NOT + Vb-ing Sb. + ‘M NOT/’RE NOT/‘S NOT + Vb-ing Sb.+ -/AREN’T/ISN’T + Vb-ing

- the interrogative form: TO BE + Sb.+ Vb-ing AM/ARE/IS + Sb. + Vb-ing

I am not eating. I’m not eating. Eu nu mănânc. They’re not sleeping. Ei nu dorm. He isn’t drinking. El nu bea. Am I singing well? Cânt bine? Are we dreaming? Visăm? Is she watching TV? Se uită la televizor?

-short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (=pronoun) + AM/IS/ARE NEG: No, Sb. (=pronoun) + ‘M NOT/’AREN’T/ISN’T THE –ING FORM (PRESENT PARTICIPLE) 1. Verbs ending in silent –e, drop final –e before –ing. e.g. make – making take – taking Note: only silent –e is dropped before –ing. e.g. be – being see – seeing agree – agreeing disagree – disagreeing 2. Verbs ending in –ie change these letters into –y before –ing. e.g. die – dying lie - lying Page 14


3. Verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, double the last consonant before – ing. e.g. get – getting stop – stopping refer – referring but: enter- entering (because the stressed vowel is the first –e) Note: Verbs ending in –y, keep this final –y before – ing, whether it is preceded by a consonant or a vowel. e.g. stay – staying cry – crying USES: Present Tense Continuous is used: 1. to express an action in progress at the moment of speaking, indicated by words such as: • now = acum • right now = chiar acum • just = tocmai • at present = în prezent • at the moment (of speaking) = în momentul vorbirii • Look! = Uite! • Listen! = Ascultă! e.g.

It is raining. I am wearing a raincoat. He is doing his homework now. Listen! The birds are singing beautifully.

2. to express a temporary/limited action or behaviour, usually indicated by adverbs such as: • today = astăzi • this morning/week/month/year ... = în această dimineaţă/ săptămână/lună/an ... e.g.

He usually teaches English but this week he is teaching French. Why are you being so rude today?

3. to express personal future arrangements: e.g.

My cousin is coming next week. We’re going to the cinema tonight.

4. to express an annoying repeated action (indicated by: always, frequently, constantly, continually): e.g.

She is always complaining about her homework. You are always beating me at chess.

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Exercise 13 Write the –ing form of the following verbs. 8. travel 1. live 9. put 2. cut 10. play 3. read 11. die 4. drink 12. tie 5. stop 13. stay 6. prefer 14. fly 7. cancel

15. begin 16. omit 17. nod 18. plan 19. carry 20. make

Exercise 14 Complete the following sentences with the Present Tense Continuous form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

They (wait) .................................. for us outside the cinema. Listen! I think the telephone (ring) ............................................... I see that you (wear) ........................................... your new dress today. Look! It (begin) ........................................... to rain. Listen! Someone (knock) ............................................... at the door. Please be quiet! The baby (sleep) ................................................. John (have) ........................................ lunch now. Listen! That’s Eve who (play) ................................... the piano. All the big stores (have) ............................................... sales this month. We (write) ........................................... an exercise right now.

Exercise 15 Change the following sentences from affirmative to interrogative and negative. 1.

The telephone is ringing.

2.

It is beginning to rain.

3.

The sky is getting very dark.

4.

She is working in her office.

5.

The maid is cleaning the room now.

6.

They are taking a walk in the park.

7.

You are having lunch outside.

8.

The children are laughing at the clown.

9.

I am taking dancing lessons.

10. The leaves are beginning to fall from the trees. Page 16


Exercise 16 Make comments on the sentences below. What are these people doing? 1. Mother is in the kitchen. 2. Father is in the garage. 3. Grandfather is in the garden. 4. The children are in the park. 5. Jane is in her room. She is at her desk. 6. Mr. Smith is in the office. 7. The singer is on the stage. 8. Mr. Brown is in the car. 9. My brother is in bed. 10. All the family are at table.

Exercise 17 Ask questions using the words in parentheses and give short answers as indicated. 1.

Dan is studying English. (his friends – yes)

2.

I’m listening to music. (you – yes)

3.

Mother is washing up. (Betty – no)

4.

We are playing. (they – yes)

5.

Mother is cleaning the house for the holidays. (the neighbours – yes)

6.

The farmer is working. (his wife – yes)

7.

We are going to the cinema. (you – no)

8.

Nick is watching TV. (his friend – yes)

9.

John is taking a difficult exam. (Diana – no)

10. John is doing his homework. (you – yes)

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Exercise 18 Translate the following sentences, then turn them into the negative and the interrogative forms. Then give short affirmative and negative answers. e.g. Dl. Martin citeşte ziarul. Mr. Martin is reading the newspaper. Mr. Martin isn’t reading the newspaper. Is Mr. Martin reading the newspaper? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. 1. Tom şi Alice se uită la televizor.

2. Mama spală vasele.

3. Copiii dorm.

4. Iau cina cu Susan în seara asta.

5. Acest plan funcţionează.

6. Margaret scrie o scrisoare.

7. Tom întotdeauna îmi dă sfaturi proaste.

8. Săptămâna viitoare tata se duce la Londra cu avionul.

9. Plouă.

10. Spectacolul tocmai începe.

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VERBS NOT NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT 1. Verbs of perception: TO SEE, TO HEAR, TO SMELL, TO TASTE, TO FEEL, TO SOUND, TO LOOK, TO APPEAR: e.g. I (can) see a bird in the sky. I (can) hear a strange noise. The verbs TO SEE and TO HEAR can be used in the Continuous Aspect if they have different meanings: e.g. I am seeing my lawyer this afternoon. (Mă întîlnesc cu avocatul meu ....) The judge is hearing the witnesses. (Judecătorul audiază martorii.) The verbs TO SMELL, TO TASTE and TO FEEL can be used in the Continuous Aspect if the subject performs the action deliberately: e.g. I am smelling this rose. (Miros acest trandafir.) What does this rose smell like? (Cum miroase acest trandafir?) 2. Verbs of mental activity: AGREE, BELIEVE, CONSIDER, DISAGREE, EXPECT (a crede), FORGET, FORGIVE, IMAGINE, KNOW, MATTER, MEAN, MIND, REALIZE, RECOGNIZE, REMEMBER, RESEMBLE, SEEM, SUPPOSE, THINK (a crede), UNDERSTAND, etc. e.g.

I think it is going to rain. I understand now.

Note: Some of these verbs can be used in the Continuous Aspect if they have different meanings: e.g. I think you are right. (Cred că ai dreptate.) I’m thinking of leaving the country. (Mă gândesc să plec din ţară.) I imagine he’s coming. (Cred că o să vină.) You are imagining things. (Ai vedenii.) 3. Verbs expressing possession: TO HAVE, TO BELONG TO, TO PERTAIN TO, TO OWE, TO OWN, TO POSSESS: e.g.

He has a lovely house. This book belongs to me.

Note: The verb TO HAVE can be used in the Continuous Aspect if it has different meanings: e.g. I am having dinner with Tom tonight. (Iau cina cu Tom ...) He is having a bath. (Face baie.) They are having a wonderful time. (Se distrează de minune.) 4. Verbs expressing feelings: TO LOVE, TO HATE, TO LIKE, TO DISLIKE, TO WANT, TO WISH, TO PREFER, TO REGRET, etc. e.g.

I love icecream. I want to go home now. I regret telling you that. I prefer fruit to cakes. Page 19


PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

Exercise 19 Put the verbs in brackets into the SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT CONTINUOUS tense. 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

They (want) .............................. to talk to you for a minute. He (walk) .............................. to work every day, but today he (ride) .............................. his new bike. She (move) .............................. her dishes into her new cupboard. Sam usually (speak) .............................. his mother tongue, but today he (speak) .............................. French because he (translate) .............................. for some foreign tourists. These tourists (come) .............................. from Switzerland and they (speak) .............................. French and German, but Sam (not know) .............................. German. (you, drink) .............................. tea with milk in your country? (you, understand) .............................. the present tenses in English? Yes, I (understand) .............................. them quite well now, thank you. Listen! Jack (play) .............................. the piano. Yes, I (love) .............................. it; he (play) ........................... the piano like a professional musician. You can't speak to Mary now; she (have) .............................. a bath and she (not like) .............................. to be disturbed. I (not hear) .............................. what you (say) ..............................; speak louder. I (wear) .............................. a raincoat because it (rain) .............................. We (spend) .............................. next week with our friends from Brasov; we (climb) .............................. the mountains with them. (you, go) .............................. to town this afternoon? – Yes, I (meet) .............................. my friends. – I am your sister, you never (spend) .............................. time with me at the weekend! You always (meet) .......................... your friends! My cousin from Cluj (come) .............................. to see us next month. Why (you, be) .............................. so rude? You (usually, not behave) .............................. like that. She (always, complain) .............................. about something or somebody! I (go) .............................. out to get the evening paper. (you, come) .............................. with me? (this bag, belong) .............................. to you? Yes, I (own) .............................. it. You (always, beat) .............................. me at chess! I must go, my friends (wait) .............................. for me. I (feel) .............................. this material to see if it silk or not. – What (it, feel) ..............................? It (feel) .............................. like lace. I (have) .............................. my house painted. I (have) .............................. my house painted every two years. (you, come) .............................. to the party? I (depend) .............................. on you. – I (not know) .............................. It (depend) .............................. on my schedule. Page 20


24. He usually (drink) .............................. tea but today he (drink) .............................. coffee because he (feel) .............................. really tired. 25. What (she, do) .............................. in the evenings? – She usually (read) .............................. a book or (watch) .............................. films on TV. 26. What (she, do) .............................. this evening? She (prepare) .............................. for a very important examination. 27. I won’t go out now as it (rain) .............................. and I (not have) .............................. an umbrella. 28. The last bus (leave) .............................. at midnight. 29. He usually (speak) .............................. so quickly that I (not understand) .............................. him. But today he (speak) .............................. loudly and clearly. 30. What (you, look) .............................. at? I (look) .............................. at that flower. It (look) .............................. so nice! 31. What (you, do) .............................. now? I (smell) .............................. that flower. It (smell) .............................. nice too. 32. Ann (make) .............................. a cake at the moment. She (make) .............................. a cake every Friday afternoon. 33. I (wear) .............................. a hat today because the sun (shine) .............................. very brightly. It always (shine) .............................. brightly in July. 34. Tim can’t have the newspaper now because his sister (read) .............................. it. 35. I’m busy at the moment. I (redecorate) .............................. the sitting-room. 36. The water (boil) .............................. now. Water (boil) .............................. at 1000C. 37. How (you, get) .............................. to school as a rule? – I usually (go) .............................. by car but tomorrow I (go) .............................. by bus because I (have) .............................. my car repaired. 38. How much (this house, cost) ..............................? It (cost) .............................. £80,000. That’s a lot. Houses (cost) .............................. more and more every year. 39. He (admit) .............................. that I may have a point but he still (not agree) .............................. with me. 40. Chris and Jake (have) .............................. a heated debate. I (wonder) .............................. what they (argue) .............................. about. 41. You should exercise more. You (get) .............................. fat. 42. The train that you (look) .............................. at (just, leave) .............................. the station. 43. Who (this car, belong to) ..............................? It (belong) .............................. to my new neighbour but I (not remember) .............................. his name. In fact I think I (not even recognize) .............................. him. Then how (you know) .............................. this (be) .............................. his car? I (not know) .............................. ; I (just kid) .............................. 44. (you, mind) .............................. if I ask you for a loan? The (depend) .............................. on the sum. – Don’t let me down. I (depend) .............................. on you. 45. The children are in the kitchen; they (eat) .............................. icecream because they (like) .............................. icecream very much.

Exercise 20 Translate into English. 1. Ce părere ai de noul lui roman? – Cred că este destul de bun. Sunt de acord cu tine, dar sper că romanul pe care îl scrie acum este mai bun.

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2.

Cât costă acest calculator? – Costă £100. – Îl cumpăr.

3.

Auzi picăturile de ploaie cum bat la geam? – Bate vântul, nu plouă.

4. Niciodată nu eşti atent la ceea ce spun eu. Întotdeauna te gândeşti la altceva în timp ce eu vorbesc.

5. Ce faci? – Mă uit la un film. – Despre ce este? – Despre un bărbat care îşi părăseşte familia şi locuieşte pe o insulă pustie.

6. Profesorul explică lecţia nouă, dar niciun elev nu înţelege despre ce vorbeşte. John se uită pe fereastră, Mary desenează, iar restul elevilor se prefac doar că ascultă.

7. La ce oră iei micul dejun? – De obicei mănânc la ora şapte, dar săptămâna asta iau micul dejun la opt pentru că încep serviciul la ora nouă.

8. Când cortina se ridică vedem un grup de femei. Un bărbat deschide uşa din dreapta şi apare pe scenă. 9.

De ce vorbeşti aşa de repede? Nu înţeleg nimic din ce spui.

10. Câinele dă din coadă. Cred că vrea afară. Îl scoţi tu? 11. Sunt groaznic de răcit: tuşesc, strănut şi îmi curge nasul. – Trebuie să mergi la doctor. – Mă programez în după-amiaza asta.

12. O recunoşti pe femeia aceea care poartă o rochie roşie? – Da, locuieşte pe strada mea. – Câţi ani are? – Are 50 de ani, dar arată mult mai tânără, nu-i aşa?

13. De ce calci pe iarba, nu vezi pancarta? – Ba da, o văd, dar nu pot să citesc pentru că nu port ochelarii. Ce spune? – Zice: “Nu călcaţi pe iarbă.” Page 22


14. Tom niciodată nu face nicio treabă în casă, întotdeauna repară maşina. Mă întreb ce face acum. Cred că o lustruieşte.

15. Ai nevoie de un alt pulover sau îţi este destul de cald? – Nu, nu îmi este cald. De fapt, îngheţ. 16. Te superi dacă îţi pun o întrebare? – Depinde de întrebare. – Are legătură cu salariul tău. – Refuz să răspund la orice întrebare despre salariul meu.

17. Îmi place la nebuie fiecare clipă a acestei vacanţe! 18. Întotdeaună împrumută bani de la mine, dar tot timpul uită să mi-i înapoieze! 19. Cât timp scuteşti dacă o iei pe această scurtătură? – Nu contează foarte mult ce drum alegi. 20. Strâng nişte bani pentru că vreau să îmi petrec vacanţa de vară în Corfu. 21. Am programare la dentist mâine. Urăsc să merg la dentist. 22. De ce arăţi atât de deprimat? – Mi-am pierdut slujba şi acum sunt în somaj. 23. De ce nu începe spectacolul? Încep să-mi pierd răbdarea. 24. Iată itinerariul nostru: plecăm pe data de 10, ajungem în Londra pe 11, stăm acolo trei zile, apoi pornim spre Paris. Ne întoarcem pe data de 15. Sună foarte interesant.

25. Această poveste este despre o fată care se rătăceşte în pădure. Trei urşi o găsesc, dar fata se sperie şi fuge. Din fericire, ea reuşeste să găsească drumul spre casă. Mama ei este foarte fericită când o vede din nou.

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PAST TENSE SIMPLE - the affirmative form: regular verbs: Vb. + ED irregular verbs: a specific form - the negative form: Sb. + DID NOT + vb. (inf.) Sb. + DIDN’T + vb. (inf.) - the interrogative form: DID + Sb. + vb. (inf.)

I worked hard yesterday. Am muncit mult ieri. We gave him a book. I-am dat o carte. They did not visit us. Nu ne-au vizitat. He didn’t see us. Nu ne-a văzut. Did he tell you the truth? Ţi-a spus adevărul?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + DID NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + DIDN’T REGULAR VERBS: 1. Verbs ending in –e add only –d. e.g arrive – arrived hope – hoped 2. Verbs ending in –y preceded by a consonant change –y into –i before –ed. (if –y is preceded by a vowel, we just add –ed). e.g. cry – cried try – tried but: stay – stayed enjoy – enjoyed 3. Verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, double the last consonant before – ed. e.g. to stop – stopped to prefer – preferred Note: The final consonant is not doubled if the preceding vowel is not stressed). to listen – listened Exceptions: to kidnap – kidnapped to handicap – handicapped 4. Verbs ending in –c, add –k before –ed. to panic – panicked to picnic – picnicked

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PRONUNCIATION OF THE –ED ENDING: a. [id] when the verb ends in: [t] or [d]; e.g. wanted, needed b. [t] when the verb ends in [k], [s], [tſ], [ſ], [f], [p]; e.g. hoped, asked, washed c. [d] after other sounds e.g. arrived, stayed

IRREGULAR VERBS: see the list of irregular verbs (Annex 1) USES: Past Tense Simple is used: 1. for actions completed in the past at a definite time (whether the time is mentioned/asked about or not mentioned but understood from the context): e.g. Lucy arrived at 6 o’clock. What did Shakespeare write? He wrote plays and sonnets. When I lived in France, I worked in a restaurant. 2. when there is a sequence of past events (narrative use): e.g. The man entered the room, turned on the TV and watched TV for a few hours. 3. to continue a piece of news/answer a question in the present perfect: e.g. A lion has escaped from the zoo. The search team found it in a park nearby. Fortunately, no one was injured. Have you found the letter? Yes, I found it in the drawer of my desk. 4. after: the verb WISH, IT’S (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME, I WOULD (I’D) RATHER (with two different subjects), IF ONLY, AS IF/THOUGH to express a regret/desire about the present or the future. Note: With the verb TO BE, we use the form WERE for all the persons. e.g.

I wish he were here. I’d rather go home. (one subject) I’d rather you went home. (two subjects)

5. to express a past habit or a repeated action in the past: e.g. Grandmother told the children a story every night. 6. In Indirect Speech to replace a Present Tense from Direct Speech: e.g. “We like English very much”, the children said. The children said that they liked English very much. Page 25


7. In Conditional Clauses (IInd type): e.g. I would help you if I knew how. 8. To express a future action, in a time clause, which is simultaneous with another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me when he had the time. PAST HABITS USED TO / WOULD – to describe past habits that no longer happen in the present or now happen with more or less frequency. e.g. I used to walk to work, now I drive. I would walk to work, now I drive. Notes: 1. The negative of USED TO is: DIDN’T USE TO. e.g. Supermarkets didn’t use to be open at night. 2. The interrogative of DIDN’ USE TO is DID + SB + USE TO …? e.g. How did you use to go to school? 3. USED TO can be used with both action and state verbs, whereas WOULD is used only with action verbs. e.g. I used to love being a doctor. * I would love being a doctor. * (incorrect) I used to run every day. I would run every day. 4. Don’t confuse USED TO + infinitive (which expresses a past habit) with BE/GET USED TO + VB + ING which means “be/become accustomed to” e.g. I used to walk to work. (There was a time when I went to work on foot.) I am not used to walking to work. (I am not accustomed to it.)

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Exercise 21 Write the past tense form of the following regular verbs. Put them in the correct column and read them out. want – stop – look – stay – enjoy – visit – add – skate – change – snow – walk – drop – try – play – attend – travel – finish – decide – object – finish – laugh – [t]

[d]

Exercise 22 Write the past tense form of the following irregular verbs. sleep – make – read – see – hurt – bring – catch – lie – lay – rise – buy – feed – grow – swim – think – ring – write – wear – break – pay –

Exercise 23 Make the sentences negative using the clues between parentheses. 1. They ate chicken for dinner. (turkey) 2. He put the books on the table. (the schoolbag) Page 27

[id]


3. Mark did his translation very well. (Mary) 4. The meeting began at 8 o’clock. (seven) 5. The book cost $3.95. ($5) 6. This woman worked in a hospital. (a school) 7. I knew him very well. (her) 8. They sold their home. (car) 9. I spoke with George about my problems. (Helen) 10. She came to the meeting alone. (her brother)

Exercise 24 Make these sentences interrogative. 1. She lived in France for five years. 2. They stayed in Greece all summer. 3. He gave his fiancée a lot of presents. 4. Mother told the children about the trip. 5. You moved here in February. 6. We went home after the party. 7. They came to the party together. 8. He worked in that firm for many years. 9. The meeting began on time. 10. He gave me his new telephone number.

Exercise 25 Write questions to which the underline words are the answers. 1. Mary arrived at nine o’clock. 2. They sold their home last week. Page 28


3. The books cost ten dollars. 4. He paid for the car in cash. 5. He spoke to them in French. 6. The meeting lasted two hours. 7. He went to London to see some old friends. 8. He telephoned her 3 or 4 times. 9. They ate lunch in the park. 10. I borrowed mum’s car.

Exercise 26 Ask questions and answer them negatively. Model: I visited Paris last year. Did you visit Paris last year? No, I didn’t visit Paris last year. 1. She talked to her best friend yesterday. 2. The man took a taxi home. 3. The meeting lasted about two hours. 4. The weather was fine yesterday. 5. We ate on the porch. 6. This jacket cost £25. 7. The sun rose at 6.25 this morning. 8. My brother fed the cats. 9. Mother made a cake yesterday. 10. The English teacher taught us the Past Tense Simple last week.

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Exercise 27 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE. Catching Dwarfs Several thousand Dwarfs (dwell) ……………………………. in the caves of the Hartz mountains. They (be) ………………………. a great trouble to the farmers, for at harvest-time used to go into the fields and steal the corn. No one ever (see) …………………. them, because they (be) ……………………. able to make themselves invisible, by means of their magic caps. One farmer (lose) ……………………. so much corn that he (make) …………………. up his mind to catch the thieving Dwarfs. He (place) ……………………………. a rope all around his cornfield, resting it on pegs about three feet above the ground. Then he (wait) ……………………………. and (watch) ……………………………. carefully. After a while, what should he see but a company of little men dancing about in the cornfield. When they (creep) …………………. under the rope, it had knocked off their magic caps – and so they (be) …………………. no longer invisible. The farmer (catch) ……………………. hold of several of the Dwarfs, and they (promise) …………………………. that if he would let them go, they would give him a peck of gold from their treasure store.

Exercise 28 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE. Poor Thumbelina All that summer Thumbelina (live) ……………………………. alone in the big wood. She (make) ……………………………. a bed from blades of grass and (hang) ………………………. it up under a big leaf, which (keep) ……………………………. off the rain. She (eat) ……………………. honey from the flowers and (drink) ………………………. the dew which she (find) ……………………………. every morning on their petals. So summer and autumn (pass) ……………………………. by and winter (come) …………………………. – the long, cold winter. All the birds which had sung so sweetly (fly) …………………………. away. The big leaf which she had been living under (shrivel0 ……………………………. up into a dead yellow stalk. She (feel) ……………………………. dreadfully cold. All her clothes (be) …………………………. torn. Poor little Thumbelina, she (be) …………………………. tiny and delicate that she nearly (freeze) …………………………. Then it (begin) ……………………. to snow. Every snowflake on her (be) …………………. like a whole shovelful on us, for we are big but she (be) …………………. no bigger than your thumb. She (wrap) …………………. herself in a dead leaf but it (not warm) …………………. her. She (shiver) ……………………………. with cold.

Exercise 29 Find an ending to the story Poor Thumbelina. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 30


Exercise 30 Translate into English. 1. Noi amândoi am învăţat să înotăm acum 10 ani. 2. Am vorbit cu mama ieri la telefon; mi-a spus că totul era în regulă. 3. Întâlnirea a început la ora 9 şi s-a terminat la ora 11. Toată lumea a fost prezentă. 4. N-am cumpărat cartea pentru că era prea scumpă. 5. Am luat masa de prânz la cantina şcolii în fiecare zi săptămâna trecută. 6. Te-am văzut ieri pe stradă; erai cu fratele tău. 7. I-am dat cadoul lui Jane şi i-am urat „La mulţi ani!”. 8. Ieri, Kim s-a simţit mai rău decât astăzi. 9. Ieri a plouat mai mult decât astăzi. 10. Fratele meu îl ştia pe Mark înainte ca el să se mute în acest oraş. 11. Camera de hotel era foarte drăguţă, dar am decis să nu rămânem. 12. Ieri, dl. Martin a avut o zi foarte grea. 13. S-a grăbit să ajungă la magazin să cumpere nişte cafea, dar, din nefericire, nu mai aveau cafea. 14. Chelneriţa ne-a spus să ne întoarcem peste două ore. 15. Aseară am avut piyya la cină. 16. Ce-ai păţit la picior? – Am căzut acum doua zile şi l-am luxat. 17. Ce ai mâncat ieri la prânz? 18. Anul trecut ne-am petrecut vacanţa în Irlanda. Ştiai că se numeşte ţara de smarald? 19. Am avut noroc cu vremea. N-a plouat deloc cât am stat noi acolo. 20. Seara mergeam de obicei la o „cârciumioară”. Intr-o seară, chiar am învăţat un dans irlandez tradiţional.

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PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS - affirmative form: S. + TO BE + V-ing S. + WAS/WERE + V-ing - negative form: S. + TO BE NOT + V-ing S. + WASN’T/WEREN’T + V-ing - interrogative form: TO BE + S.+ V-ing WAS/WERE + S.+ V-ing

He was singing. El cânta. They were talking. Vorbeau. She wasn’t playing. Nu se jucau. We weren’t arguing. Nu se certau. Was it raining? Ploua? Were you sleeping? Dormeai?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + WAS/WERE NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + WASN’T/WEREN’T USES: Past Tense Continuous is used: 1. To express an action in progress in the past (it corresponds to the Romanian tense “imperfect”): e.g. At 8 o’clock yesterday, I was watching TV. 2. To express the background action for a Past Tense Simple: e.g. When mother came back home, I was reading. 3. To express two or more parallel past actions, usually connected by “while”: e.g. I was reading, mother was ironing while my sister was playing. 4. In Indirect Speech, to express a Present Tense Continuous: e.g. “I am cooking”, Mary said. Mary said that she was cooking. 5. With adverbs such as: “always”, “constantly”, “forever” to express irritation, annoyance: e.g. She was always asking me to lend her money. 6. To express a future arrangement seen from the past: e.g. She told me that she was flying to New York the next day.

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Exercise 31 Write the Past Tense Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1. They (eat) ………………………… in the restaurant on the corner when I saw them. 2. It (rain) ………………………… when I left home. 3. When you telephoned, I (have) ………………………… dinner. 4. The baby (sleep) ………………………… soundly when I got home. 5. He (drive) ………………………… when he heard the news on the radio. 6. When I entered the diner, he (order) ………………………… breakfast. 7. They (travel) ………………………… to Spain when they had that terrible accident. 8. He (sleep) ………………………… when you called. 9. I (study) ………………………… when you called me. 10. When I left the house this morning, the wind (blow) ………………………… hard.

Exercise 32 Change each of the following sentences from the past tense to the past continuous tense. Add any words, phrases or clauses which you may need in order to complete the meaning of the sentence. e.g. I studied my English lesson last night. (I was studying my English lesson last night when my friend called me.) 1. I talked to Alice this morning. 2. I walked home from work last yesterday. 3. She ate her lunch at home. 4. John wrote his homework. 5. Alice watched a film on TV. 6. Mark lived in Paris. 7. Larry spoke to his mother on the phone. 8. Helen wrote an e-mail to her friend, Jennifer. 9. Chris left home at eight o’clock this morning. 10. The baby slept soundly.

Exercise 33 Make up sentences according to the model. I/read/newspaper/telephone/rang I was reading a newspaper when the telephone rang. 1. Martha/cook/dinner/husband/come home Page 33


2. nurse/give/injection/needle/break 3. boys/fly/kite/mother/call in 4. Jane/play tennis/racket/wrist 5. They/pick/mushrooms/little John/get lost 6. secretary/type/letters/boss/call 7. teacher/talk/students/write 8. reporter/take/pictures/some people/attack 9. lights/go out/mother/make a cake 10. Alice/play/sister/read

Exercise 34 Write questions, then give short answers, as indicated. 1. She was cutting the cake when the phone rang. (yes) 2. Mary was talking to Mark when they heard the car alarm. (no) 3. Tony was walking home at 12 o’clock yesterday. (no) 4. The children were writing their homework when mother came back home. (yes) 5. I was writing an e-mail while watching TV. (yes) 6. Chris was leaving when I arrived. (no) 7. Mary was sleeping when I got to her house. (no) 8. We were waiting on the platform when the train arrived. (yes) 9. He was going to hospital when I met him. (no) 10. Mary was crossing the street when Harry saw her. (yes) Page 34


Exercise 35 Write questions to which the underlined words are the answers. 1. He was going to school when I met him. 2. She was cutting the cake when the phone rang. 3. Mary was talking to Mark when they heard that loud noise. 4. Tony was walking home at 12 o’clock yesterday. 5. The boys were writing their homework when mother came back home. 6. I was writing the last invitation when you called me. 7. Chris was leaving when I arrived. 8. Mary was sleeping like a log when I got to her house. 9. He was living in Africa when we met. 10. She was lying in bed because she was tired.

Exercise 36 Correct the following sentences. 1. While I was working in my office, yesterday, my mum stoped by to see me. 2. She did bought me something to eat. 3. Yesterday, my grandpa went fishing and he catched two big fish. 4. She not listened to me at all. 5. What did you wore at the party? 6. I said I am going outside. 7. Although he arriveed late he did not apologized. 8. My friends and I were swimming in the pool when it begun to thunder. 9. It rainned all day yesterday. 10. The clouds moved away and the sun shined through.

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PAST TENSE SIMPLE AND PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

Exercise 37 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE or THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS. 1. While I (wait) ……………………… for the train, it (begin) ………………………… to rain. 2. When I (meet) ………………………… my best friend, she (live) ………………………… in the country. 3. Al the pupils (write) ………………………… in their notebooks while the teacher (explain) ………………………… the new lesson. 4. We (talk) ………………………… about her when she (come) ………………………… into the room. As soon as we (see) ………………………… her, we stopped. 5. While Martha (watch) …………………… TV, the milk (boil) ………………………… over. 6. As I (cross) ………………… the road, a car (knock) ………………… me down and (break) …………………… my leg. I (have to) …………………… stay in hospital for two weeks. 7. Father (sit) ………………………… in the garden while mother (cook) ………………………… dinner. Then he (go) …………………………into the house and (have) ………………………… dinner together. 8. I (cook ) ………………………… a cake when the light (go) ………………………… out. 9. I (not want) ………………………… to talk to Mark so when he (enter) ………………………… the room I (leave) ………………………… 10. Unfortunately Mary and I (not have) ………………………… time to talk because she (just, leave) ………………………… when I (arrive) ………………………… 11. The children (sit) ………………………… on the grass, they (watch) ……………………… the sky and (listen) ………………………… to the songs of the birds. 12. What (you, think) ………………………… of his last book? – I’m sorry, but last weekend I (not have) ………………………… time to read it. 13. He suddenly (realize) ………………………… that he (travel) ………………………… in the wrong direction. 14. When we (return) ………………………… to our hotel room, the maid (make) ………………………… the bed. 15. My cousin (be) ………………………… very excited because she (travel) ………………… to Egypt. She (wanted) …………………… to see the famous Pyramids. 16. When father (get) …………………… home, I (still, repair) ……………………… the car. 17. When I (wake up) ………………………… yesterday morning the sun (shine) ………………………… brightly in the sky. But in the afternoon when I (go out) ………………………… the wind (blow) ………………………… really hard. 18. (you, see) ………………………… the film on channel 4 last night? – No, I (not have) ………………………… time to watch TV. I (write) ………………………… my homework and then I (help) ………………………… mother in the kitchen. 19. Ted wears glasses now but 10 years ago he (not wear) ………………………… glasses. 20. Mr. Smith (still, work) ………………… in his office when his wife (call) …………………… to remind him that they (have) ………………… guests over for dinner. 21. Whenever I (visit) …………………… them they (always, quarrel) ………………………… Page 36


22. He (sit) ………………………… on a bench in the park when a big dog (attack) ………………………… him. An ambulance (come) ………………………… and (take) ………………………… him to hospital. 23. He (not hear) …………………… the bell because the radio (play) ………………………… 24. When I (get) …………………… home everybody (have) ………………………… dinner. 25. Tim (hit) …………………… another car because he (drive) ……………………… too fast.

Exercise 38 Translate into English. 1.

Am găsit această monedă pe când săpam în grădină.

2.

Când am văzut-o ultima oară, mi-a spus că se grăbea spre şcoală. Nu cred că mi-a spus adevărul pentru că era sâmbătă.

3.

Michael repara maşina în garaj când a venit mama lui şi i-a spus că exagerează. Ea susţinea că el muncea prea mult.

4.

Directorul i-a văzut pe elevii care se băteau în curtea şcolii şi i-a chemat la el în cabinet.

5.

Toţi am fost induşi în eroare de hainele lui scumpe şi de vorbele lui frumoase, dar s-a dovedit a fi un impostor.

6.

Toată lumea îşi făcea treaba când a sosit patronul restaurantului: bucătarul gătea, ospătarii serveau clienţii, câţiva angajaţi spălau vasele.

7.

Când am fost în Turcia am mâncat fructe de mare. Mi-au plăcut foarte mult.

8.

Crainica a anunţat că un alt cutremur a lovit nord-vestul Turciei şi că a provocat alte pagube zonei care mai suferea încă de pe urma cutremurului din august.

9.

Ei traversau podul când i-a lovit fulgerul. Din fericire, ei n-au păţit nimic, dar maşina este grav avariată.

10. Trebuia să ne instalăm aer condiţionat. Devenea din ce in ce mai cald. 11. La miezul nopţii, dl. Martin a urcat scările şi s-a dus în camera sa. A aprins veioza şi a început să citească deoarece nu putea să doarmă. Page 37


12. Ştefan cel Mare a domnit 47 de ani. El a fost un domnitor foarte viteaz şi a câştigat multe bătălii. 13. Am intrat, m-am aşezat confortabil pe canapea şi am aşteptat răbdător să termine scrisoarea pe care o scria. 14. Decoratorul mi-a cerut banii pe care îi datoram. În timp ce noi negociam termenul limită, ceilalţi muncitori zugrăveau tavanele.

15. Când m-am uitat la norii aceia negri, mi-am dat seama imediat că o să plouă.

Exercise 39 Put the verbs in brackets into the PAST TENSE SIMPLE or THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS. What Did People Do? by M. Stanley Bubien Our baby (still, cry) ………………………… as I (work) ………………………… him into his car seat. "Honey! Let's go!" I called to my wife who'd disappeared in search of some forgotten, last minute - and did I mention unnecessary? - item. "Be right down!" Michael's howls (drown) ………………………… my reply, and I (glance) ………………………… at my watch impatiently: 9:15 pm! "What (people, do) ………………………… before cars?" I (mumble) ………………………… to myself. Aloud I blurted, "Hurry up! It's late!" as I wrestled Michael's kicking feet into a blanket. "I'm right here," Lydia responded at my side. Rolling my eyes, I (yank) ………………………… Michael's seat from the floor, causing a brief pause in his screams, and (charge) ………………………… for the garage. Buckling car seat, cranking over engine, and speeding away - the elapsed time barely registered in seconds. Michael had returned to his cries, but as we (wind) …………………… the onramp onto the highway, he (snuffle) ………………………… I (cling) ………………………… the wheel as I (accelerate) ………………………… to a constant - and slightly illegal - 75 mph., but I (begin) …………………… to notice that the rhythmic thrum of the engine. Michael (obviously, fade) ………………, and after a few more whimpers on his part, finally, silence (set in) …………… . My grip (loosen) ………………………… on the steering wheel. "He asleep?" I asked Lydia. She (lean) ………………………… her chair back and (adjust) …………………… his blanket. Righting herself, she (sigh) ………………… relief, but said, "drive a little longer - to be sure." I (let) ………………………… my ears take in the quiet like breathing fresh air. After a respite, I asked, "what (people, do) ………………………… before cars?" My wife (glance) ………………………… back at Michael, (shake) ………………………… her head and (chuckle) …………………………. "Suffered, I guess." Page 38


PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE - affirmative form: Sb.+ HAVE/HAS + Past Participle/IIIrd form

- negative form: Sb.+ HAVEN’T/HAS’T + IIIrd form

I have seen this film. Am văzut acest film. He has come. A venit. You haven’t eaten all. N-ai mâncat tot. She hasn’t arrived yet. N-a sosit încă.

- interrogative form: HAVE/HAS + Sb.+ IIIrd form

Have they heard the news? Au aflat ştirile? Has it rained? A plouat?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVE/HAS NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVEN’T/HASN’T - IIIrd form (past Participle): Regular verbs = Verb + ED Irregular verbs = the third column in the list of Irregular Verbs (Annex 1) Uses: 1. To express an action which began in the past but whose time is not mentioned (if we mention the time, we must use Past Tense Simple): e.g. I have seen this film. I saw this film last week. 2. To express an action which began in the past, continues in the present and maybe in the future as well. e.g. Many students have learnt in this school. Millions of people have visited London. 3. To express an action which happened in the past, but whose effect/result can be seen in the present. (the result is more important than the time when the action took place): e.g. I can’t get into the house because I have lost my keys. 4. With adverbs of frequency: always, sometimes, often, ever/never … (before), seldom, rarely, frequently, etc.: e.g. I have always wanted to become a pilot. They have rarely behaved like that.

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5. With the adverbs: since (din, de la), which indicates the starting point of an action and for (de) which indicates the whole period: e.g. I have known George since 1990. I have known George for 20 years. 6. With How long: e.g. How long have you known George? 7. With the adverbs: already (deja), which is preferred in affirmative contexts and it is placed between the auxiliary and the Past Participle and yet (încă), which is placed at the end of a negative sentence: e.g. I have already done my homework. I haven’t done my homework yet. 8. With adverbs that indicate an incomplete period of time: since then, so far, up to now: e.g. I have written four letters so far. 9. With adverbs that indicate a recently finished action: just, lately, recently: e.g. I haven’t seen George lately. MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PAST TENSE AND PRESENT PERFECT PAST TENSE PRESENT PERFECT A complete action, an action An incomplete action. finished in the past. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. Mircea Dinescu has written many poems. An action whose time is An action whose time is not mentioned or understood mentioned (the action is more important than the time/ the from the context. action is connected to both present and past) When I was a child I had I have bought a new TV set. I have had this house for many toys. many years.

Exercise 40 Supply the present perfect tense form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I (speak) ……………… to him about it but so far he (refuse) ……………… to help me. We (be) ………………… to go out because we (finish) ……………… all our homework. They (work) ………………………… very hard lately. He (visit) ………………………… us many times lately. She (return) ………………………… my CD at last. I am afraid that I (lose) ………………………… my keys, I can’t get into the house. You (fly) ………………………… many times. Page 40


8. It (rain) ………………… a lot this year but it (not be) ………………………… very cold. 9. We (learn) …………………………many new things in this course. 10. They (read) ………………………… that story before. Exercise 41 Ask questions to which the underlined parts of the following sentences are the answers. 1. Sarah and Mark have been married for twenty years. 2. Someone has opened the door. 3. Paul has written a short story and a novel. 4. The first act has just finished. 5. I've borrowed my father's car. 6. I have spent $100 yesterday. 7. The boss has called his secretary. 8. He has been accused of stealing. 9. The children have broken the window. 10. I have known Alice for 10 years.

Exercise 42 Make the following sentences negative. 1. He/hurt / any animals. 2. My brother / never fly 3. You / ride a bike / 13 years old 4. Mother / make a cake / last Sunday 5. Sarah / skate / five years 6. Jim / take a good picture 7. they / play golf / they left America 8. Tim / paint a portrait / left art school 9. his grandfather / speak Japanese / the war ended 10. you / drive a car / the accident Page 41


Exercise 43 Fill in the blanks with for or since. 1. We’ve been reading ......................... two hours. 2. I’ve been working in this office ......................... a month. 3. They’ve been living in Craiova ......................... 1998. 4. That man has been standing here ......................... six o’clock. 5. The town has changed a lot ......................... I was a girl. 6. The central heating has been on ......................... October. 7. He has been very ill ......................... the last month. 8. He hasn’t been to the doctor ......................... last month. 9. It has been very cold ......................... early morning. 10. He has been waiting for her ......................... 20 minutes.

Exercise 44 Translate into English. 1. Ai mâncat vreodată icre negre? 2. Unde ai fost? Te-am sunat de 10 ori. 3. Nu am mai vorbit cu Mark de când ne-am certat. 4. Ai călărit vreodată? 5. De cât timp îl cunoşti pe prietenul tău? 6. Câţi bani ai cheltuit până acum? 7. Telefonul sună din nou. A sunat de patru ori până acum. 8. Dintotdeauna mi-am dorit să devin actor. 9. Am pierdut autobuzul. Acum va trebui să mergem pe jos. 10. De curând am citit o carte foarte bună. 11. Familia mea locuieşte în această ţară din 1990. 12. Acest canal a difuzat câteva documentare foarte bune. 13. Noi am văzut acest film, dar ea nu l-a văzut încă. 14. Vom merge la plimbare de îndată ce ploaia se va opri. 15. N-am văzut niciodată o piesă mai bună ca asta!

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Exercise 45 Supply either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense form as required by the meaning. 1. I (live) ............................................. in this house since 1970. 2. He (live) ............................................. in Craiova for two years and then he (go) .................................................. to Bucharest. 3. When I (leave) ............................................ school I (cut) ....................................... my hair and (wear) ............................................. it short ever since. 4. Shakespeare (write) ............................................... a lot of plays. 5. Mircea Dinescu (write) ............................................. many poems. 6. I (fly) ............................... to New York last week. (you, like) .......................................... ? 7. I (not, see) .................................... him since he (move) ..................................... to Brasov. 8. Father (not smoke) .............................................. for two weeks. He is trying to give it up. 9. Chopin (compose) .................................................... beautiful music. 10. When (he, arrive) ...........................................? - He (arrive) .................................. at 2:00. 11. (you, turn off) ............................................................ the TV before you left the house? 12. I can’t go out because I (not clean) ...................................... my room. 13. I (never, eat) .............................................. caviar. - Well, have some now. 14. Here are your shirts; I (just, wash) .................................... and (iron) ........................ them. 15. He (just, go) ......................................... out; in fact he (go) .......................................... out ten minutes ago. 16. (you, have) .................................... lunch yet? - Yes, I (have) ……………...... it at 2:00. 17. I first (meet) ................................................ him at Kim’s party. 18. I (be) ............................................... a member of that club for more than 10 years. 19. Why are they smiling? – They (just, receive) ........................................ their exam results. 20. The film (begin) ..................................... at 8:30 and (last) …………...... for two hours. 21. The play (just, begin) .................................................... . You are a little late. 22. (the newspaper, come) ……………………………...........? - Yes, Ann is reading it. 23. Agatha Christie (write) ...................................................... a huge number of thrillers. 24. We (miss) ........................................................ the train. What are we going to do now? 25. Mark (live) ..................................... in London all his life. His parents (come) ........................................ here when they were very young. 26. Unfortunately, there (be) ............................................... a serious decline in the living standard. 27. (this lawyer, increase) ............................................... his fees lately? 28. I (just, make) ............................................... some tea. Would you like some? No, thanks, I (have) ............................................... some half an hour ago. 29. I (never, visit) ........................................ London. – I (go) ......................................... there on business last year; I (not have) ......................................... much time to go sightseeing. 30. Mr. Martin (teach) ............................................... English for 10 years; in fact since he (graduate) ............................................... 31. We (have) .......................................... a test almost every day this week. We (have) ................................... the first test on Monday morning. 32. I (read) ........................................................ many books on cooking and now I can cook a lot of dishes. Yesterday, I (cook) ............................................... sea food spaghetti. 33. (you, meet) ........................................................ Ann? – Yes, we (meet) ........................................................ at the cinema two weeks ago. 34. This famous writer (write) ........................................................ several novels and last year he (write) ......................................................... a successful play. 35. The guests (have) ........................................................ a good time ever since their arrival. They (arrive) ........................................................ by plane three days ago. 36. The shops (not start) ............................................... the summer sales yet. Page 43


PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS - affirmative form: Sb.+ HAVE/HAS BEEN + V-ing

Mary has been watering the flowers for half an hour. Mary udă florile de 1/2h.

- negative form: Sb.+ HAVEN’T/HASN’T + BEEN + V-ing - interrogative form: HAVE/HAS + Sb. + BEEN + V-ing

John hasn’t been living here since 1996. John nu locuieşte aici din 1996. How long have you been sleeping? De cât timp dormi?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVE/HAS NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAVEN’T/HASN’T USES: 1. To emphasise the duration of an action which began in the past, continues in the present and maybe in the future as well: e.g. I have been reading since 10 o’clock. Note: If we mention how many times the action took place or a number connected with the action, we must use Present Perfect Simple: e.g. I have read 50 pages so far. 2. To express the cause of a present action: e.g. My eyes are red because I have been cutting onion. Note: The verbs TO LIVE and TO STUDY can be used either in the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous without any difference in meaning: e.g. I have lived in Craiova since 1990. I have been living in Craiova since 1990.

Exercise 46 Put the verbs in parentheses into the Present Perfect Continuous. 1. 2. 3. 4.

There’s no answer. I (phone) ............................................... this number for two hours. Where’s my red bag? I (look) ............................................... for it all day. I (live) ............................................... here all my life. Look at that man! He (follow) ............................................ us for the past twenty minutes. Page 44


5. My hands are dirty because I (fix) ............................................... the car. 6. Susan deserves a break now. She (read) ............................................... since 8 o'clock. 7. Let's stop for a while! We (walk) ............................................. too fast. I’m out of breath. 8. The policeman thinks you (drink) ............................................... 9. Your eyes are quite red. (you, cry) ...............................................? 10. Tom (sit) ............................................... in the bathroom for half an hour.

Exercise 47 Change these present perfect tense verbs from the simple to the continuous form. 1. He has worked in that firm for many years. 2. They have talked for more than an hour. 3. I have travelled all over Europe. 4. He has slept for more than ten hours. 5. It has rained all day long. 6. He has studied English for many years. 7. We have used this textbook since January. 8. She has taught English for ten years. 9. They have lived in Craiova since 1978. 10. They have looked everywhere for their socks.

Exercise 48 Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. 1. You have been working very hard. 2. It has been snowing for 3 hours. 3. I have been speaking to Mr. Martin. 4. You have been studying computer science. 5. She has been taking music lessons. 6. We have been discussing the matter all day long. 7. She has been telling me some jokes. Page 45


8. Gary has been planning to leave San Francisco. 9. They have been having trouble with their new car. 10. He has been feeling well recently.

Exercise 49 Ask questions to which the underlined words are the answers. 1. Susan has been working very hard. 2. It has been snowing for 3 hours. 3. I have been speaking to Mr. Martin. 4. You have been studying computer science. 5. She has been taking music lessons. 6. We have been discussing the matter all day long. 7. She has been telling me some jokes. 8. Gary has been planning to leave San Francisco. 9. They have been having trouble with their new car. 10. He has been feeling well recently.

Exercise 50 Translate into English. 1. Lucrează în acea companie de mai bine de 10 ani. 2. Locuiesc în aceeaşi casă de 25 de ani. 3. Studiază engleza de 5 ani. 4. Se ceartă de mai bine de o oră. 5. Dl. Brown predă istoria de când a terminat facultatea. 6. Plouă de 2 ore. 7. Lucrează într-un spital de 2 ani.

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8. Mark conduce aceeaşi maşină de când îl cunosc. 9. Câinele doarme de azi-dimineaţă. 10. Susan aşteaptă la coadă de 30 de minute.

Exercise 51 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. (In some cases either could be used.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

We (walk) ............................................... ten kilometres. We (walk) ............................................... for three hours. You (walk) ............................................... too fast. That's why you are out of breath. I (make) ............................................... pancakes all the morning. How many (you, make) ............................................... so far? ~ I (make) ............................................... 20. That boy (eat) ............................................... three hamburgers. I (lose) ............................................... my key and I can’t get into the house. What (you, do) ........................................ ? ~ We (pick) .......................................... plums. How many you (pick) ...............................................? ~ We (pick) ............................................... ten kilos. I (sleep) ........................................ on every bed in this house and I don't like any of them. He (sleep) ............................................... since ten o'clock. It's time he woke up. What a lovely smell! - Mary (make) ............................................... jam. The students (work) ............................................... very well this term. (the term is over) The students (work) ...................................... very well this term. (the term is not over yet) I (fix) ............................................... my car. That's why my hands are so dirty. This is the second time I (fix) ............................................... it. I (clean) ............................................... the house all the morning. He (teach) ............................................... in this school for five years. He (teach) ............................................... hundreds of students. I (learn) ............................................... how to play chess. (I can play chess now.) I (learn) ............................................... how to play chess. (I’m still learning.) I (look) ............................................... for my car keys everywhere but I (not find) ............................................... them yet. I (try) ............................................... to finish this letter for the last half-hour. The driver of that car (sound) ............................................... his horn for the last ten minutes. It (rain) ............................................... for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match (be) ............................................... postponed. I (do) ............................................... my homework. Here it is! I (do) ............................................... my homework all afternoon. I’m tired. She (read) ............................................... many books on cooking and now she can cook quite well. Her hands are all covered with flour because she (make) .......................................... cakes. The phone (ring) ............................................... several times; in fact it (ring) ............................................... for 5 minutes. He looks tired because he (overwork) ............................................... How long (you, wear) ............................................... glasses? Page 47


PAST TENSE, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS

Exercise 52 Put the verbs in brackets into the past tense simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Since Michael (visit) .................................. me, he (be) ............................. to many places. Dan (wait) ........................................... for Henry since 8 o’clock. It’s now half past eight, but Henry (not arrive) ............................................. yet. Where (you, be) ................................................... all this morning? It’s nearly noon now. Where (Paul, be) ....................................... this morning? I rang him up several times before noon. I (never, read) ............................................ such a good book as this. (you, ever, see) ................................................................ any bears? As soon as I (do) ............................................ my homework, I’ll watch TV. I (know) .............................................. Peter for years; as a matter of fact I (know) ............................................ him since I (be) .......................................... a little child. Please, excuse the disorder in the house. I (move) ...................................... the furniture. I still (not mend) ........................................ the dress I (tear) ............................... last night. I (phone) .............................. you for two hours. Where (you, be) .....................................? (you, meet) .......................................... Doris on Monday? – Yes, but I (not meet) ........................................... her since. What (you, do) .................................... with my handbag? It (be) ................. here a moment ago. Jim (always, try) .............................................. to keep up with his friends. Mr. Brown (work) .................................... on his report since he (come) ................................ back from work. Columbus (discover) .............................................. America in 1492. I (read) ...................................... the poem ten times so I know it by heart now. I (learn) ............................................ it for 15 minutes. You look very happy. – I (find) ............................................ some money. You look exhausted. – I (wash) ............................................ the clothes. And I (not finish) ........................................... yet. Today I (work) .................................... since breakfast and I (not have) ......................... lunch yet. Anna (bring) .............................................. me a sandwich an hour ago but so far I (not have) ............................................ to eat. I (have) ............................................ a lot of problems with my computer recently. This morning I (get) ............................................ a technician to come and have a look at it. When I (walk) ................................ past last night, your light (be) ............................... on. Julie (be) ............................................ anxious to speak to you since she (hear) ............................................ about the accident. My brother and I (never, be allowed) ............................................ to chew gum when we (be) ............................................ young. The hotel (have) ............................. a pool so we (swim) .................................. every day. Page 48


26. You (see) ............................................ your friends quite a lot recently. 27. The 19th century (see) ............................................ many technological advances but there (be) ............................................ many technological advances in recent years, too. 28. They (award) ............................................ her a scholarship. 29. (you, find) ............................................ the answer yet? 30. I (write) ............................................ two essays this week. Exercise 53 Translate into English. 1. Unde este Tom? – Nu l-am văzut astăzi. 2. Am cumpărat această brăţară din Bond Steet. – Cât ai plătit pentru ea? - £10. 3. Unde ai găsit acest cuţit? – L-am găsit în grădină. – De ce nu l-ai lăsat acolo? 4. Mi-am pierdut mănuşile negre de piele. Le-ai văzut undeva? – Mă tem că nu le-am vazut. 5. Poate le-ai lăsat în torpedou. 6.

Susan a plecat de acasă la ora 8 şi nu am mai vorbit cu ea de atunci.

7. Studiază rusa de un an şi nu a învăţat nici măcar alfabetul până acum. 8. De cât timp mă aştepţi? – Te aştept de 20 de minute. 9. De ce ai fost concediat? – Pentru că m-am certat certat cu patronul ieri. 10. Ce părere ai avut de speech-ul pe care l-a ţinut aseară la radio? – Mi-a plăcut. 11. Cred că ar trebui să mai conduc şi eu pentru că tu ai condus toată ziua. 12. Ai citit ziarul astăzi? – Nu. S-a întâmplat ceva interesant? 13. A hrănit Mary pisica? – Da, i-a dat să mănânce înainte de prânz. 14. Mi-am făcut baie, de-asta am părul ud. 15. De cât timp porţi ochelari? 16. Ai mai vazut-o pe mătuşa ta? – Nu, n-a mai ieşit din casă de când şi-a cumpărat noul televizor. 17. Ai văzut „Război şi Pace”? – Nu, dar am citi cartea. Am citit-o când eram în liceu şi mi-a plăcut foarte mult. 18. Tocmai am primit o înştiinţare că nu am plătit factura la curent. Nu ţi-am dat banii săptămâna trecută? – Ba da, dar mă tem că i-am cheltuit pe altceva. 19. De ce are Mary ochii roşii? A plâns? – Nu, a curăţat ceapă. 20. Cineva mi-a folosit bicicleta. I-a căzut lanţul. Page 49


PAST PERFECT SIMPLE - affirmative form: Sb.+ HAD + IIIrd form - negative form: Sb.+ HADN’T + IIIrd form - interrogative form: HAD + Sb.+ IIIrd form

Jane told us that her brother had left. Jane ne-a spus că fratele ei plecase. Nick said that he hadn’t seen that film before. Nick a spus că el nu văzuse acel film. Had you done many exercises? Făcusei multe exerciţii?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAD NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HADN’T USES: 1. To express a past action which is completed before another past action or past moment. e.g. When mother came back home, I had finished my homework. By 5 o’clock yesterday, they had already handed in the project. 2. To express the cause of a past action. e.g. My hands were dirty because I had been fixing the car. 3. To replace Present Perfect and Past Tense from Direct Speech in Indirect Speech. e.g. “I saw this film last night”, Mike told me. Mike told me that he had seen that film the night before. “The actors have arrived”, he informed us. He informed us that the actors had arrived. 4. After: the verb WISH, IT’S (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME, I WOULD (I’D) RATHER (with two different subjects), IF ONLY, AS IF/THOUGH to express a regret/desire about the past. e.g. I wish he had been here last night. I’d rather you hadn’t done that. 5. In Conditional Clauses (IIIrd type): e.g. I would have helped you if I had known how. 6. To express a future action, in a time clause, which is prior to another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me after he had finished his work. 7. With words such as: ALREADY, JUST, SINCE, FOR, AFTER, BEFORE, THEN. e.g. He had already eaten when I got home. I ate before my parents had arrived. Page 50


8. With verbs such as: HOPE, EXPECT, WANT, PLAN, THINK ABOUT, WISH to describe past intentions which were unfulfilled. e.g. We had hoped to get there by sundown. 9. With HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY ... WHEN, NO SOONER … THAN. Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had + SB. + F3 … when + SB. + Past Tense … No sooner + SB. + F3 … than + SB. + Past Tense … e.g. Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang. No sooner had we heard then alarm than we called the police.

Exercise 54 Put the verbs below in the past perfect tense simple to say what HAD HAPPENED before yesterday. 1. the pupils – return to school 2. we – see that film 3. the guests – arrive 4. he – buy the tickets 5. she – make a dress 6. the conference – begin 7. I – decide to leave the country 8. they – paint our house 9. the car – break down 10. Helen – win a prize

Exercise 55 Answer these questions. Make sure to use a Past Perfect Simple. 1. Why were you so hungry at lunchtime? 2. Why were you late for school yesterday? 3. When did you do your homework? 4. When did the driver stop his car? 5. When did you phone your friend? Page 51


6. Why didn’t you buy some more books? 7. Why did the policeman stop that car? 8. Did you do your homework when the teacher was in the classroom? 9. Why was the match postponed? 10. When did the meeting begin?

Exercise 56 Translate into English: 1. Nici n-am apucat să mă mişc că s-a şi trezit. 2. Oaspeţii sosiseră deja când am venit eu de la şcoală. 3. Nici n-am apucat să închid bine uşa că am şi auzit pe cineva sunând. 4. Era în magazin de o jumătate de oră când şi-a dat seama că şi-a lăsat portofelul acasă. 5. Când am ajuns noi acasă bona plecase. 6. Mi-a spus că se plictisise să se tot uite la televizor. 7. La sfârşitul celei de-a patra zi terminasem toate proviziile. 8. L-a concediat înainte ca el să aibă vreo sansă să-şi explice comportamentul. 9. Când i-am auzit numele mi-am dat seama că ne mai întâlnisem. 10. Nu o mai văzusem pe Maria de când am terminat liceul. Am întâlnit-o săptămâna trecută şi mi-a spus că a călătorit în toată lumea. 11. Pamela a locuit în Londra înainte de a se muta la Roma. 12. După ce şi-a petrecut vacanţa în Roma, Paul a dorit să înveţe limba italiană. 13. Julia a dat drumul la televizor după ce a spălat vasele. 14. Când a ajuns la stadion, meciul deja începuse. 15. Maria a vizionat un film după ce s-au culcat copiii.

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Exercise 57 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: simple past or past perfect. 1. Michael (tell) ...................................... me that he (never, meet) ...................................... you. 2. Mary (do) ...................................... her homework before she (watch) ...................................... TV. 3. The lights (go out) ...................................... the moment he (enter) ...................................... the house. 4. Alice (already, join) ...................................... the tennis club when she (turn) ...................................... six. 5. Hardly (the holiday, begin) ...................................... when they (go) ...................................... to the seaside. 6. The boys (be) ...................................... out for an hour when it (start) ...................................... to rain. 7. The house (burn) ...................................... to the ground by the time the firemen (arrive) ...................................... 8. Mark (be) ...................................... very tired as he (do) ...................................... a lot of work that day. 9. I (already, hear) ...................................... the news when you (tell) ...................................... me about it. 10. I (cannot) ...................................... talk to him because unfortunately he (leave) ...................................... when I arrived. 11. My friend (tell) ...................................... me that he (not want) ...................................... to go to the cinema with me as he (already, see) ...................................... that film. 12. After I (finish) ...................................... breakfast, I (get) ...................................... dressed. 13. When we (go) ...................................... out, the rain (stop) ...................................... 14. Before Richard (mention) ...................................... his name, I (never, hear) ...................................... of that poet. 15. When the policeman (blow) ...................................... his whistle, the driver (stop) ...................................... his car. 16. No sooner (the news, finish) ...................................... than he (go) ...................................... to bed. 17. Yesterday afternoon, Monica (go) ...................................... to the library and (return) ................................... the books she (borrow) ..................................... two weeks before. 18. She (just, turn off) ...................................... the TV when the telephone (ring) ...................................... 19. Mrs. Brown (wonder) ...................................... whether she (forget) ...................................... her wallet at home. 20. The teacher (ask) ....................................... the boy why he (not do) ...................................... his homework. 21. The car (hardly, go) ...................................... a mile when it (have) ...................................... a tyre flat. 22. The weather (be) ...................................... worse than we (expect) ...................................... 23. They (be) ...................................... married for five years when they (decide) ...................................... to get a divorce. 24. They (no sooner, sell) ...................................... their car then they (regret) ...................................... having done so. 25. When she (finish) ...................................... her work, she (go) ...................................... to the cinema. Page 53


PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS - affirmative form: Sb. + HAD BEEN + V-ing

- negative form: Sb. + HADN’T BEEN + V-ing

- interrogative form: HAD + Sb. + BEEN + V-ing

The students had been reading for 5’ when the teacher came in. Elevii citeau de 5 min. când a intrat profesorul. Your friend hadn’t been waiting for an hour when you came in. Prietenul tău nu aştepta de o oră când ai venit. Had the pupils been reading for 5 min. when the teacher came in? Citeau elevii de 5 min. când a intrat profesorul?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + HAD NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + HADN’T

USES: 1. To emphasize the duration of an action that began in the past, continues up to a past moment or a past action and maybe after it as well. e.g. He had been reading for five hours when I got back home. Note: If we mention how many times the action took place or a number connected with the action, we must use Past Perfect Simple: e.g. I had read 50 pages by the time mother got back home. 2. To express the cause of a past action. e.g. My eyes were red because I had been cutting onion. 3. To replace Present Perfect Continuous and Past Tense Continuous from Direct Speech in Indirect Speech. e.g. “I was watching a film at that moment”, Mike told me. Mike told me that he had been watching a film at that moment. “The actors have been rehearsing since early morning.” he informed us. He informed us that the actors had been rehearsing since early morning.

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Exercise 58 Change the verbs to the Past Perfect Continuous, wherever possible. 1. Daniel said he had studied for several hours. 2. The children had ridden their bikes. 3. She had sung that song before. 4. We had just sat down to dinner when the doorbell rang. 5. The children fought for some time before their mother heard them. 6. Michael had fed the cat before he left the house. 7. Michael said that he had tried to reach us by phone all day long. 8. They had lived in Bucharest for several years before they moved to Cluj. 9. Mike phoned his friend after he had done his homework. 10. The Bartons had planned for a long time to move to the country.

Exercise 59 Ask questions using Past Perfect Simple (How many …?) and Continuous (How long …?). 1. Monica / watch TV / for 3 hours / 2 films How long …………………………………………………………………? How many programmes ………………………………………………….? 2. Mark /read poems / for ten minutes / 4 poems

3. the secretary / type letters / for one hour / 6 letters

4. George / learn new words / for 1 hour / 50 new words

5. Mrs. Grant / wash dishes / half an hour / 50 plates

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Exercise 60 Translate into English. 1. Străzile erau blocate pentru că ninsese toată noaptea. 2. Am făcut bagajele şi apoi am chemat un taxi. 3. Am chemat un taxi după ce am făcut bagajele. 4. Eram supărat pe el pentru că uitase să ducă scrisoarea la poştă. 5. Au ajuns la mare după ce au condus ore în şir. 6. Mi-era foarte foame pentru că nu mâncasem nimic toată ziua. 7. Engleza ei era perfectă. Învăţa limba engleză de când a început şcoala. 8. Când intră în casă îşi dădu seama că uitase să încuie maşina. 9. Fetiţa se juca de când părinţii ei plecaseră de acasă. 10. Ploua de ore întregi când ne-am hotărât să ieşim. 11. Mary voia să ştie de ce suferise unchiul meu. 12. Să-l fi salutat Emma când a intrat în cameră, el ar fi fost foarte fericit. 13. Anne şi Mark erau căsătoriţi de zece ani când în sfârşit s-au hotarât să aibă un copil. 14. Steve dormea de câteva ore când a venit mama să-l trezească. 15. Poştaşul ducea scrisori de o zi întreagă când un domn îl întrebă de ce nu îşi primise încă ziarul. 16. Vânătorii vânaseră ursoaica pentru blana ei frumoasă. 17. Ştia că şeful lui nu observase că nu terminase de dactiligrafiat scrisoarea. 18. A venit târziu acasă şi a mărturisit că petrecuse toată seara cu prietenii în club. 19. Când ne-am întâlnit ultima oară, Mike mi-a spus că locuia în Australia de 10 ani. Plecase din ţară după ce a absolvit liceul. 20. Părea să fie o greşeală la mijloc, dar nimini nu-şi dădea seama ce se întâmplase. Page 56


Exercise 61 Put the verbs in brackets in the past tense simple, past perfect simple or continuous, as appropriate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

By the time Helen (reach) ...................................... the store, she (forget) ...................................... what she wanted to buy. The ground (be) ...................................... wet because it (rain) ...................................... for five days. Jean (decide) ...................................... to go to the doctor’s because she (feel) ...................................... rather unwell for the past week. By the end of last year they (study) ...................................... English for 6 years. In the end, Mary (tell) ...................................... her mother that she (buy) ...................................... a beautiful but expensive dress. I (never, see) ...................................... such a beautiful place before I (go) ...................................... to Nepal. Tom (feel) ...................................... happier than he (ever, feel) ...................................... before. He (pass) ...................................... the exam for which he (study) ...................................... for so long. Bill (go) ...................................... to the police station with a wallet he (find) ...................................... on the pavement. We (wait) ...................................... for Mary for more than half an hour but she (not arrive) ...................................... . When we (call) ...................................... , her mother (tell) ...................................... that she (sleep) ...................................... for an hour. When I (phone) ...................................... Gerald, he (not finish) ...................................... his homework yet. He (write) ...................................... to say that he (just, move) ...................................... house. After they (play) ...................................... music for an hour they (go out) ...................................... for a walk. We (not be able) ...................................... to find a hotel room because we (not book) ...................................... in advance. She (understand) ...................................... the film because she (read) ...................................... the book. Alice (tell) ...................................... me she (just, come) ...................................... back from her summer holiday. The telephone (ring) ...................................... for 2 minutes when George finally (answer) ...................................... it. Mike (want) ...................................... to sit down because he (stand) ...................................... all day at work. By the time we (get) ...................................... to the cinema, the film (already, begin) ...................................... Jake (be) ...................................... tired because he (run) ...................................... . Alice was reading when her parents (come) ...................................... home from work. She (read) ...................................... for half an hour. She (read) ...................................... forty pages.

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FUTURE TIME 1. SIMPLE FUTURE - affirmative form: - first person sg. & pl. Sb.+ SHALL/’LL + short inf. - all the persons: Sb.+WILL/’LL + short inf.

- negative form: Sb.+SHALL NOT/WILL NOT + inf. Sb.+SHAN’T/WON’T+ short inf. - interrogatve form: SHALL/WILL+ Sb.+ short inf.

I/We shall help him. Eu/Noi îl voi/vom ajuta. He will be here in time. El va ajunge aici la timp. We/They will be ready in time. Noi vom / Ei vor fi gata la timp. She will not come with me. Ea nu va veni cu mine. They won’t buy that house. Ei nu vor cumpăra acea casă. Will they come? Vor veni ei?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + WILL NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + WON’T Uses: 1. To express an action that will happen in the future (or what we suppose is true) indicated by adverbs such as: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year …, in 2050, etc. e.g. She will get to New York at 5 o’clock tomorrow afternoon. I’ll be late tonight. 2. To express a (general) prediction about a future action. e.g. In the future, people will travel to other planets. 3. To express a voluntary action. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. e.g. The phone is ringing. – I’ll get it. 4. To express a promise. e.g. I will call you when I get home. 5. To express an assumption. e.g. That will be Jim at the door. (I suppose it is Jim.)

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Exercise 62 Translate into English. 1. Anul viitor voi fi în clasa a IX-a. 2. Voi învăţa dimineaţa. 3. Voi merge la şcoala cu autobuzul. 4. Îmi voi petrece vacanţa de vară la ţară la bunici. 5. În vacanţa de iarnă voi merge la schi în Austria. 6. Anul viitor voi avea 4 ore de engleză pe săptămână. 7. Voi participa la foarte multe activităţi extraşcolare. 8. Anul viitor voi studia limba spaniolă. 9. Voi lua masa de prânz la cantina şcolii. 10. În weekend voi merge în club cu prietenii mei.

2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS - affirmative form: Sb. + SHALL/WILL/’LL + BE + V-ing - negative form: Sb. + SHAN’T/WON’T + BE + V-ing - interrogative form: SHALL/WILL + Sb. + BE + V-ing

Lucy will be writing letters all day long. Lucy va scrie scrisori toată ziua. This time tomorrow we shan’t be watching TV. Mâine pe vremea asta nu ne vom uita la televizor. Shall we be spending our next holiday in the mountains? Ne vom petrece următoarea vacanţă la munte?

- short answers: AFF: Yes, Sb. (= pronoun) + WILL NEG: No, Sb. (= pronoun) + WON’T

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USES: Future Tense Continuous is used: 1. To describe an activity that will occur in the future and continue for a certain period of time. We can specify the time when the activity is going to take place: e.g. Tom will be attending a conference next month. 2. When we talk about an activity that will continue over a period of time from now into the future (an activity in progress that started at the present moment or at some time around the present moment): e.g. They'll be studying until 5 o'clock. 3. To indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future (in this case the shorter action in the future is expressed with Present Simple): e.g. I'll be making dinner when he arrives tonight. 4. To talk about what we believe or guess is happening at the moment of speaking or will be happening at a particular time in the future: e.g. Don't call him now, he'll be doing his homework. Please, don't come at 9 o'clock. She'll be sleeping at that time. 5. To talk about things that we expect to happen in the usual course of events (the event is certain and will happen naturally): e.g. I will be seeing Ann tomorrow at the office. (We work together) 6. For predictions or expected trends in the future: e.g. By 2030, most people in Africa will be living in urban areas. 7. To make polite enquiries, when we wish to know what somebody's plans are: e.g. Will you be coming with me to the concert tonight?


Sunt sigur că la ora aceea fraţii tăi vor dormi.

2.

Probabil că elevii vor scrie încă exerciţiile când va suna clopoţelul.

3.

Mâine pe vremea asta sora mea va cânta la pian.

4.

Voi vă veţi juca în grădină toată dimineaţa.

5.

Aproape că nu-mi vine să cred că vinerea viitoare ne vom plimba pe malul Tamisei.

6.

Îl voi anunţa pe Tom de invitaţia voastră deoarece îl voi vedea la teatru în seara aceasta. Page 60


7.

Săptămâna viitoare pe vremea asta vom călători la Los Angeles.

8.

Probabil va ninge când se vor întoarce.

9.

Dacă vii înainte de 7 vom munci în grădină.

10. Mâine pe vremea asta te voi aştepta în parc.

3. TO BE GOING TO The future tense with "going to" is used: 1. When a future event has been planned before the time of speaking. e.g. We are not going to work next week. 2. To make a future prediction based on facts. e.g. There is going to be a really big storm in a few hours. 3. To state the something that is intended to take place in the future, in informal conversations. e.g. I am going to be a rich person someday.

Exercise 64 Put the verbs in brackets in the Simple Future or in the –be going to form according to the meaning. 1. 2. 3. 4.

“Why are holding that pen in your hand?” – “ I (write) ......................... a letter to my cousin. If you take a taxi, you (get) .................................... to the station in less than ten minutes. I wonder when this storm (end) ………………….......... “Why has mother gone to the kitchen?” – She (make) ..................................... a birthday cake for our sister.” 5. I am sure she (recognize) ........................................... you. 6. “Why is Bob carrying that hammer?” – “He (hammer) ......................................... a nail.” 7. What (your mother, say) ....................................... when she sees you dressed like that? 8. I hope the train (arrive) ............................................ here on time. 9. (you, help) ......................................... me with my homework? 10. I (help) ........................................... to help my brother with his homework because he wants to get a good grade.

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4. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE - affirmative form: Sb. + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + IIIrd form

By 12, he will have come back. Până la 12, se va fi întors.

- negative form: Sb. + SHAN’T/WON’T + HAVE + IIIrd form

- interrogative form: SHALL/WILL + Sb. + HAVE + IIIrd form

Before she leaves, she won’t have visited every museum. Înainte de a pleca, nu va fi vizitat toate muzeele. Will he have come back by 12? Se va fi întors până la ora 12?

USES: Future Perfect Simple is used: 1. to express an action that will be completed in the future (usually before another action or event in the future expressed by a present tense) e.g. She will have cooked dinner by the time her husband repairs the car. 2. to say that an action will be completed before a specific time in the future e.g. By 10 o'clock I will have finished the translation. 3. to express what we thing or guess has probably happened in the recent past e.g. Why don’t you visit them? They will probably have returned from their vacation. Note: The Future Perfect Tense is often used with expressions like by the time, by next week, by then, by next year, by the year 2020, etc.).


Până la sfârşitul semestrului vom fi învăţat corespondenţa timpurilor în limba engleză.

2.

Piesa va fi început înainte de a ajunge noi la teatru.

3.

Până la ora 5 Mary va fi scris toate scrisorile.

4.

Sper ca până mâine dimineaţă să se oprească ploaia.

5.

Mă tem că toate magazinele se vor închide înainte ca eu să plec de la birou. Page 62


6.

Dacă nu vă grăbiţi, avionul va fi decolat când veţi ajunge la aeroport.

7.

Sunt sigur că aceste cărţi se vor vinde până săptămâna viitoare.

8.

Vei fi auzit de ultimul roman al acestui mare scriitor.

9.

Înainte de a pleca, va fi vizitat toate muzeele din oraş.

10.

Până la sfârşitul lui iunie, tata va fi reparat acoperişul casei noastre.

5. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS - affirmative form: Sb. + SHALL/WILL + HAVE BEEN + V-ing

- negative form: Sb.+ SHAN’T/WON’T + HAVE BEEN + V-ing

- interrogative form: SHALL/WILL + Sb.+ HAVE BEEN + V-ing

At 6 o’clock your sister will have been sleeping for an hour. La ora 6 sora ta va dormi de o oră. By the time I get home, she won’t have been cleaning the house for an hour. Până când voi ajunge eu acasă, ea nu va face curăţenie de o oră. How long will you have been working in this office by the time you retire? De cât timp vei lucra în acest birou până când te vei pensiona?

USES: Future Perfect Continuous is used: 1. to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. It is important that we expect these situations to last longer. e.g. Before they come, we will have been cleaning the house for 5 hours. 2. to express certainty about the cause of some future situation. e.g. By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will be very tired.


De cât timp vei lucra în acest birou când vei ieşi la pensie?

2.

La sfârşitul acestui an şcolar fiica mea va învăţa englezeşte de 4 ani. Page 63


3.

În septembrie John va locui în această casă de 7 ani.

4.

Pe la sfârşitul acestei săptămâni voi aştepta de două luni să mi se repare maşina.

5.

Mâine pe la ora 11 ne vom plimba prin acest parc frumos de cel puţin o oră.

6.

Prietenii noştri vor fi călătorind de trei luni înainte de a ajunge în Australia.

7.

Până la ora 10 fratele meu va fi scris scrisori de o oră.

8.

Vei fi studiat engleza de 10 ani când vei termina această şcoală.

9.

Până în septembrie voi fi predat în această şcoală de 20 de ani.

6. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST - affirmative form: Sb. + SHOULD/WOULD + short inf.

She told me that she would go there soon. Mi-a spus că se va duce acolo curând.

- negative form: Sb. + SHOULDN’T/WOULDN’T + short inf.

He told me he wouldn’t come to the party. Mi-a spus că nu va veni la petrecere.

Note: In the interrogative, we use the interrogative form of Past Tense: e.g. Did she tell you she would come to the party? USES: Future-in-the-Past is used to express a future action seen from the past. e.g. I knew Julie would come to the party. Note: Future-in-the-past can also be expressed with WAS/WERE GOING TO + inf. to express an action that was planned but didn’t take place. e.g. He told me that they were to fly to New York last week. (but they didn’t)


John spera că toţi prietenii lui vor veni la petrecere.

2.

Paula ne-a anunţat că trenul va veni în 10 minute. Page 64


3.

Eram sigur că o vei găsi acasă.

4.

Thomas mi-a promis că îmi va împrumuta cartea aceea a doua zi.

5.

Unde ai spus că îşi vor petrece ei vacanţa de iarnă?

6.

Am înţeles atunci că vei încerca să o ajuţi.

7.

Elevul a promis că va veni la şcoală la timp.

8.

Nu ştiam că vei pleca atât de repede.

9.

Mi-ai spus că ea va înţelege mai târziu.

10. I-am asigurat că îi vom ajuta.

7. PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE When it refers to future time, Present Tense Simple is used: 1. To express officially planned future actions: e.g. The President visits France next week. 2. In timetables, fixed programmes: e.g. The plane takes off at 7 o’clock tomorrow morning. 3. In temporal clauses (after adverbs such as: when, till, until, before, as soon as, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. I will call you when I get home. Call me when you get home! 4. In conditional clauses (after words such as: if, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause: e.g. We will be late if we don’t hurry.


Va fi foarte surprinsă când va vedea aceste tablouri.

2.

Vom termina toate exerciţiile dacă ea ne va ajuta.

3.

Voi trece pe la tine de îndată ce voi şti rezultatele examenului. Page 65


4.

Sunt sigur că te va recunoaşte când te va întâlni.

5.

Dacă vei citi această scrisoare, vei înţelege de ce este atât de tristă.

6.

Voi aştepta aici până când va suna telefonul.

7.

Avionul nostru va pleca la ora 10.

8.

Turiştii vor sosi în Londra la ora 3.

9.

Dacă îţi vei termina temele, vei putea ieşi afară.

10. Când îl vei vedea, îţi vei aminti numele lui.

8. PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS When it refers to future time, Present Tense Continuous is used to express personal future arrangements: e.g. My cousin is coming next week. We’re going to the cinema tonight.


Unde mergeţi în după-amiaza aceasta?

2.

La ce oră plecăm mâine dimineaţă?

3.

Câte exerciţii faceţi astăzi?

4.

Când vă reparaţi maşina?

5.

Unde dormim la noapte?

6.

Cine altcineva mai vine la petrecerea noastră?

7.

Unde va petrece Peter acest week-end?

8.

Ce faci mâine?

9.

Ce mâncăm în seara aceasta?

10. Ce cânţi mâine seară? Page 66


9. PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect Simple (action no. 1) is used in temporal clauses (after adverbs such as: when, after, once, etc.) when there is a future/present/imperative in the main clause (action no. 2) to emphasise the completion of action no. 1 before action no. 2. e.g. The children will be allowed to go out after they have finished their homework.

Exercise 70 Translate into English. 1. Voi pleca în excursie după ce îmi voi termina examenele. 2. După ce mama va spăla vasele, ea va face o prăjitură bună. 3. După ce va termina de gătit, Sandra va pleca la cumpărături. 4. Ei vor înţelege filmul după ce vor citi cartea. 5. Te vei duce la bibliotecă după ce se va termina ora de engleză. 6. Vei expedia mail-ul după ce îl vei verifica. 7. Copiii vor merge la şcoală după ce vor lua micul dejun. 8. Profesorul ne va da lucrările după ce le va corecta. 9. Vor pleca din laborator după ce vor termina experimentul. 10. Ne va povesti cartea după ce o va citi.

10.

PAST TENSE SIMPLE

Past Tense Simple is used to express a future action, in a time clause, which is simultaneous with another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me when he had the time.

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Exercise 71 Translate into English. 1. Mi-a explicat că va fi prietenul meu când îl voi ajuta. 2. Ştiam că va fi surprins când ne va vedea acolo. 3. L-am asigurat că nu vom spune nimic până când nu vom afla adevărul. 4. Speram că nu va trece mult timp până când voi putea vorbi englezeşte. 5. Eram sigur că ne va vizita din nou când va fi în vacanţă. 6. Sarah a explicat că va spune adevărul când îl va afla. 7. Ţi-am explicat că ne va suna când va avea timp. 8. Julie mi-a spus că va pregăti cina când va ajunge acasă. 9. A promis că va trimite un mesaj când va ajunge la Londra. 10. Am promis că vom cina la restaurant cand va ajunge Sarah.

11.

PAST PERFECT

Past Perfect Simple is used to express a future action, in a time clause, which is prior to another action expressed by Future-in-the-Past: e.g. He promised that he would visit me after he had finished his work.

Exercise 72 Translate into English. 1. Bănuiam că ne vor suna după ce vor afla vestea. 2. Eram sigur că fiica meu îmi va pune o mulţime de întrebări după ce va vedea acest film. 3. Ştiam că Mark se va duce direct acasă după ce se va termina filmul. 4. Ea mi-a explicat că va vorbi cu el numai după ce el îşi va cere scuze. 5. Am sperat că ne veţi înţelege după ce veţi citi scrisoarea noastră. Page 68


6. A explicat că va merge la plimbare după ce se va opri ploaia. 7. Am promis că îl voi lăsa să se joace după ce îşi va termina temele. 8. Jane mi-a spus că va merge acasă după ce îşi va cumpăra o rochie pentru petrecere. 9. Ştiam că îl vei ajuta după ce îţi vei termina treaba. 10. Eram sigur că se va apuca de teme după ce se va trezi.

12.

TO BE ABOUT TO

It is used to express actions happening in the near future. Related structures: • BE ON THE EDGE / VERGE/ POINT OF – for actions happening in the next moment. e.g. The managers of the company have denied reports that they are on the verge of a financial crisis. • BE DUE TO – for actions happening at scheduled times. e.g. The film is due to start in two minutes.

Exercise 73 Translate into English. 1. Lui Jane îi vine să strănute. 2. Grăbeşte-te! Ceremonia e pe punctul de a începe. 3. Pacientul e aproape să leşine. 4. Avionul e programat să decoleze la ora 6. 5. Ei sunt pe cale să facă o mare greşeală dacă nu ne ascultă. 6. Fetiţa e pe punctul de a izbucni în lacrimi. 7. Bebeluşul este pe punctul de a adormi. 8. Trenul e pe punctul de a pleca din gară. 9. Jumătate dintre angajaţii noştri urmează să se pensioneze în 5 ani. 10. Băieţii sunt foarte tensionaţi; sunt pe punctul de a se certa. Page 69


TO BE TO It is used to express: 1. A doubtful uncertain state or activity (it can also be used in conditional sentences): e.g. If I were to meet her, I would not recognize her. 2. An obligation or constraint: e.g. John, you are to come here right now. 3. A formal arrangement or appointment: e.g. The President is to give a speech tomorrow. 4. Rules, regulations: e.g. Everybody is to come to work on time.

Exercise 74 Translate into English. 1. Margaret urmează să devină soţia unui scriitor renumit. 2. Dacă vrei să reuşeşti, va trebui să munceşti mult. 3. Ce o să fac dacă el continuă să întârzie? 4. Elevii trebuie să predea lucrările peste o oră. 5. Nimeni nu pleacă fără permisiunea mea. 6. Dacă vrea să fie în formă, va trebui să facă mai multe exerciţii. 7. Guvernul urmează să mărească din nou taxele. 8. Preşedintele urmează să viziteze şcoala noastră peste o săptămână. 9. Trebuie s-o întâlneşti la aeroport. 10. John spune că Jane trebuie să se întoarcă înainte de lăsarea întunericului.

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FUTURE TENSES – GENERAL EXERCISES

Exercise 75 Put the verbs in brackets into the most suitable form. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Why are you putting on your overalls? Because I (fix) ……………………………… the car. I have no idea how to use the vacuum cleaner. – I (show) ……………………………… you. I (see Jane off) ……………………………… at the airport tonight. This time tomorrow I (fly) ……………………………… to Vegas. You (wait) ……………………………… for John at the airport! Where are you taking the children? We (go) ……………………………… to the theatre. The phone's ringing. I (get) ……………………………… it. Why (you take off) ……………………………… the curtains? – I (wash) ……………………………… the windows. 9. Jimmy (take) ……………………………… swimming lessons this year. I hope he (learn) ……………………………… to swim by next summer. 10. I'm tired of living in the city. By February we (live) ……………………………… here for 25 years. Fortunately, we (move) ……………………………… out to the country in summer. 11. I hope they (come) ……………………………… on time. 12. I hoped they (come) ……………………………… on time. 13. (you, go) ……………………………… to Spain this summer? 14. We (go) ……………………………… out for a walk as soon as I (read) ……………………………… my newspaper. 15. I'm sure Jessica (lend) ……………………………… Tom some money if he (ask) ……………………………… her. 16. I was sure Jessica (lend) ……………………………… Tom some money if he (ask) ……………………………… her. 17. They started work at 8 o’clock in the morning. I expect they (write) ……………………………… the report by noon. 18. Jim and Claire are wonderful dancers. By next Monday they (dance) ……………………………… together for ten years. 19. I haven't seen aunt Doris for 20 years. I'm not sure if I (recognize) ……………………………… when I (meet) ……………………………… her. 20. Come back in half an hour. By then I (finish) ……………………………… my homework. 21. Next month I (learn) ……………………………… Spanish for three years and I don't think I (can) ……………………………… communicate successfully when I (go) ……………………………… to Spain this summer. 22. The guests are at the door, they (leave) ……………………………… 23. What (you, do) ……………………… when you (graduate) ……………………………….? 24. By next December, Henry (work) ……………………………….. in this factory for two years and he (learn) ……………………………………. a lot of usual things. 25. Mr. Brown (fly) ……………………………………. to America tomorrow. He (eat) …………………………….. his lunch while he (fly) ……………………….. over the ocean. 26. Mrs. Barton (wait) ……………………………… in the car while her husband (do) …………………….. some shopping. Page 71


27. Next week my friends (lie) ……………………………… on the beach while I (study) ……………………………… for my exams. I (work) ……………………………… hard for a month; when I (finish) ……………………………… them, I (be) exhausted ……………………………… 28. I (already, have) ……………………………… lunch by the time you (arrive) ………………………………I (go) ……………………………… to bed after I (finish) ……………………… my work. 29. I (just, come) ……………………………… back from school by seven o'clock tomorrow. 30. When I (live) ……………………………… in this district for a few months, I (know) ……………………………… the names of all the streets. 31. In a minute I (wait) ……………………………… here for two hours! 32. You (smile) ……………………………… when you (hear) ……………………………… her story. 33. Hurry up, they (eat) ……………………………… everything by the time we (arrive) ……………………………… at the party. 34. I wonder what he (do) ……………………………… in ten years' time. 35. If you invite Susan I'm sure she (be) ……………………………….. happy to come. 36. I'm tired of fast food. I (cook) ……………………………… something special today. 37. This suitcase is too heavy for me to carry. (you, give) ……………………………… me a hand? 38. We (not go) ……………………………… away for the weekend. 39. You (go) ……………………………… to the cinema tonight? No, Sean (take) ……………………………… me to the opera this time. 40. I'm sure this tree (stand) ……………………………… here in the year 2020. 41. The price of petrol has gone up again. People (ride) ……………………………… their bicycles soon. 42. Put on something nice for the party. The boys (take) ……………………………… pictures. 43. I was sure they (win) ……………………………… the match. 44. By next month, they (be married) ……………………………… for 25 years. 45. They (go) ……………………………… fishing after the sun (rise) ……………………………… 46. Let’s listen; he (say) ……………………………… something. 47. Everything is ready, we (leave) ……………………………… 48. The plane (take) ……………………………… off at 7 o’clock tomorrow morning. 49. Next year, school (start) ……………………………… on the 12th of September. 50. I was sure he (call) ……………………………… me after he (finish) ……………………………… his work.


Copiii se vor trezi la ora 8.

2.

Până când se vor trezi copiii, mama le va fi pregătit deja micul dejun.

3.

Unde vor merge copiii după lecţii?

4.

Compania noastră o să deschidă mai multe filiale.

5.

Îţi vei face temele mâine pe vremea asta? Page 72


6.

Eram sigur că va fi încântată când va auzi asta.

7.

Am să dau drumul la televizor când va începe filmul.

8.

O să vă placă acest joc după ce veţi învăţa foarte bine regulile.

9.

Când n-o să fiu aşa de ocupat, o să-ţi fac o vizită.

10. Te rog, sună-mă când te vei fi hotărât ce vrei să faci. 11. Mama va găti cina în timp ce tata va repara maşina. 12. Mama va fi gătit cina până când copiii se vor întoarce de la şcoală. 13. Eliza a spus că va schia la Predeal săptămâna viitoare pe vremea asta. 14. Dacă Peter ştie lecţia bine, va lua o notă mare. 15. Ei urmează să se căsătorească curând. 16. Mâine pe vremea asta, verişorul nostru va călători de trei ore. 17. Bănuiam că se vor supăra după ce le voi spune adevărul. 18. Nu te culca înainte de a-ţi lua medicamentul. 19. Când se va pensiona, va fi lucrat în acestă şcoală de 20 de ani. 20. Actorul meu preferat urmează să apară într-un film nou. 21. Am asigurat-o pe mama că nu voi întârzia la şcoală. 22. Dacă June are bani suficienţi va cumpăra cartea. 23. Prietenii noştri sunt pe punctul de a pleca. 24. Orchestra va repeta de două ore când solistul va ajunge la operă. 25. Prietenii noţtri au de gând să-şi cumpere o maşină nouă. 26. Unde mâncăm în seara aceasta? 27. Sunt sigur că mâine Peter îşi va face toate temele. 28. Eram sigur că a doua zi Peter o să-şi facă toate temele. 29. Acest autor intenţionează să publice o carte nouă anul viitor. 30. Sandra îşi va cumpăra probabil haine noi pentru vacanţă. Page 73


31. Prietenii noştri intenţionează să-şi petreacă vacanţa la noi. 32. Mă tem că nu vor ajunge la timp la gară. 33. Probabil că vor reuşi să găsească un taxi. 34. Vrei să mergi cu noi la cinema? 35. Îţi voi scrie de îndată ce voi ajunge acolo. 36. Vor pleca la pescuit după ce va răsări soarele. 37. La vară pe vremea asta eu voi vizita mănăstirile din Nordul Moldovei. 38. În timpul vacanţei de vară ei vor înota toată ziua la mare. 39. Am să dau drumul la televizor când va începe programul. 40. Când vom ajunge la munte în vacanţa de iarnă, prietenii noştri vor fi deja acolo de două zile. 41. Până la sfârşitul secolului, oamenii de ştiinţă vor fi descoperit deja noi surse de energie. 42. Se vor vinde de două ore biletele când veţi ajunge voi la casă. 43. Până la 5 după-amiaza nu-mi voi fi terminat deja lecţiile. 44. N-o mai tachina; fetiţa e pe punctul de a izbucni în lacrimi. 45. Tu trebuie să-i aştepţi la aeroport. 46. Unchiul Sam are de gând să planteze foarte mulţi copaci în primăvara aceasta. 47. Peste câteva zile este ziua prietenei mele şi dă o mare petrecere. 48. Doctorul îşi va da seama ce ai când te va consulta. 49. Urmează să se căsătorească cu un mare actor. 50. Nu vei găsi un taxi la ora asta, te conduc eu.

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MODAL VERBS The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must (have to), shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, used to. They are sometimes called 'nude' or 'bare' verbs. They are more commonly known as modal auxiliary verbs because they 'help' another verb. For example: I can swim; Do you think I should go? Modal Forms Simple Modal I could swim at the beach.

Passive Simple Modal The room should be cleaned once a day.

Continuous Modal I could be swimming at the beach right now.

Passive Continuous Modal The room should be being cleaned now.

Perfect Modal I could have swum at the beach yesterday.

Passive Perfect Modal The room should have been cleaned yesterday.

Perfect Continuous Modal I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office.

Passive Perfect Continuous Modal The room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there. (Rare form)

Modal verbs exhibit the following features: • • • • • • •

they do not take –s on the third person singular, present tense, e.g. *he cans/mays/musts/wills, etc. they do not have non-finite form, e.g. *“to can”, “to may”, “to must”, or *”canning”, “maying”, “musting”, woulding, etc. they do not combine internally, e.g. they do not co-occur in constructions like: *“must can”, *“will can/must”, etc. they do not allow do support, e.g. *“do you can come to the party?’, *“you do not can go…”, they invert with the subject in interrogation, e.g. “Can you come to the party?”, “Must he leave so soon?”, they can be directly negated by not, e.g. “I/we/he/they can’t come to your party.”, they are complemented by a verb in the infinitival form. Modal Can

Uses

Example

Ability (to be able to) (general or during a specific event) Possibility Inability Impossibility Asking for permission Request Continuity with verbs of perception

They can swim. When he was four he could read. Next year I will be able to swim. With a bit of effort, he can lift that table. When he visits his grandparents, he can swim in the river behind the house. He can’t do that job. It can’t be that far. Can I come in? Can you help me? I can hear a strange noise. I can see a bird in the sky.

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Modal

Uses

Example

Could

Possibility Asking for permission (slightly more formal, polite than “can”) Request (more formal, polite or indirect than “can”) Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past Conditional Clauses

Sam could be the one who told her the news. Could I borrow your dictionary?

Recommendation Advisability Uncertain prediction Assumption/expectation Instant decisions Offer Promise Certain prediction Conditional Clauses Asking for permission

We should sort out this problem at once. I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year. Susan should be home by now. I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. I'll do that for you if you like. I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Profits will increase next year. If I were rich, I would travel around the world. Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would you pass the salt please? "Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine." Would you like to play golf this Friday? "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please." When I was a kid, I would always swim in that river.

Could you say it again more slowly? We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us. When he was younger, he could run faster. If I needed more money, I could take a second job. Impossibility (can’t/couldn’t + The children were out all day long. They perfect infinitive) couldn’t have broken the window. Reproach; irritation (could + You could have asked me for money. Why perfect infinitive) didn’t you? May Permission You may go out now. Request May I have another cup of coffee? Possibility China may become a major economic power. Might Possibility (slighter than may) They might give us a 10% discount. If I entered the competition, I might win. Conditional Clauses Reproach (+ perfect infinitive) You might have told me. We must say good-bye now. Must Necessity / Obligation They mustn’t disrupt the work more than Prohibition (in the negative) necessary. That must be Jane. Certainty Shall I help you with your luggage? Shall Offer (more common in Suggestion Shall we say 2.30 then? the UK than the Asking what to do Shall I do that or will you? US)

Should

Will

Would

Request Making arrangements Invitation Preferences Past Habit (only for action verbs)

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Modal

Uses

Example

Recommendation/Advisability Mary ought to work harder if she wants to be Ought to the best. A.E. prefers She ought to have the dress ready by now. Assumption/Expectation “should” Children ought to listen to their parents. Moral duty You needn’t wear gloves. Need Suggestion I need hardly say / needn’t say how sorry we with hardly, scarcely, only are. You needn’t do it alone. I can help you. the speaker’s authority or advice Used to Past habit (with both action and He used to be a very good doctor. state verbs) He used to run every morning. Notes: “Could” and “was able” for past ability: 1. For ability, only, either can be used: e.g. When I was young I could/was able to swim very fast. 2. For ability + particular action, use “was able”: e.g. Although the driver was really shocked he was able to explain what had happened. (He could and did explain.) This rule, however, is relaxed in the negative when the action did not take place, and with verbs of the senses: e.g. He read the book but he couldn’t/wasn’t able to understand it. I could/was able to see him through the window. “Must” 1. “Must” for strong recommendation – A.E. prefers the form “should”. e.g. You look tired. You must/should take a day off. 2. “Must” for necessity – A.E. prefers the form “have to”. e.g. In some countries, you must have/have to have a licence to ride a scooter. 3. “Must” expresses internal obligation while “have to/has to” expresses external obligation. (for past tense, we use the form “had to”). e.g. I must go home. (I feel it is time for me to go home.) I have to go to work or I’ll be late. 4. In the negative, “must” and “have to” express different concepts: ‘must’ – interdiction, prohibition e.g. You mustn’t cross the street when the traffic light is red. – logical deduction (the opposite of can’t/couldn’t in the negative); e.g. The light is on, she must be at home. – “don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to” – absence of obligation e.g. You don’t have to wash the dishes now, I can do it later. Page 77


“Dare” 1. In the affirmative “dare” is conjugated like an ordinary verb, i.e. “dare/dares” in the present, “dared” in the past. But in the negative and interrogative it can be conjugated either like an ordinary verb or like an auxiliary, i.e. it is a semi-modal. However, the ordinary verb construction is more commonly used. Negative present Do/does not dare Dare not past Did not dare Dared not Interrogative present Do you / does he dare? Dare you/he? past Did you / did he dare? Dared you/he? 2. Infinitives after “dare” Negatives and interrogative forms with do/did are in theory followed by the infinitive with to, but in practice the to is often omitted: e.g. He doesn’t dare (to) say anything. Did he dare (to) criticize me? “Dare I/he/you?” etc. and “dare not” forms take the infinitive without to: e.g. Dare we come in? They dared not say anything. When “dare” is preceded by nobody, anybody, etc. the to is optional: e.g. Nobody dared (to) speak. 3. “dare” is not much used in the affirmative except in the expression I daresay (or I dare say) which has two idiomatic meanings: a) I suppose: e.g. I daresay there’ll be a restaurant car on the train. b) “I accept what you say (but it doesn’t make any difference): e.g. The teacher said the test was optional. – I daresay it was but you’ll have to tell me your mark all the same. 4. “How dare(d) you?” “How dare(d) he/they?” can express indignation: e.g. How dare you open my letters? (I am angry with you for opening them.) How dared he complain? (I am indignant because he complained.) 5. “dare” is also an ordinary transitive verb meaning “challenge” (but only to deeds requiring courage). It is followed by object + full infinitive: e.g. I dare you to swim to that rock. “Need” “Need” can be both an auxiliary and an ordinary verb. As an auxiliary it is a semi-modal, i.e. it has both “modal” and “ordinary verb” forms. As a modal, its forms are “need” or “need not/needn’t” for all persons in the present and future and in indirect speech; interrogative: “Need + subject?”; negative interrogative: “need + subject + not?” / “needn’t + subject?” “Need” conjugated as above takes the bare infinitive. As an auxiliary it is seldom used in the affirmative except when a negative or interrogative sentence is preceded by an expression which changes the negative or interrogative verb into an affirmative): e.g. I don’t think I need wear gloves. Page 78


Needn’t have (done) vs. didn’t have/need (to do) 1. “needn’t have done”: no obligation but action performed (unnecessarily): e.g. You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. (You wasted your time.) 2. “didn’t have/need to do”: no obligation, and normally no action: e.g. I didn’t have to translate it for him for he understands German. needn’t, could and should + perfect infinitive 1. “needn’t + perfect infinitive” is often combined with “could + perfect infinitive”: e.g. I wanted an umbrella so I bought one. – You needn’t have bought a new one. You could have borrowed mine. 2. “needn’t have” and “should have” “shouldn’t have (done)” implies criticism “needn’t have (done)” does not imply criticism e.g. She shouldn’t have bought that new stereo. (It was wrong or foolish of her to buy it.) She needn’t have bought that new stereo. We have one. (It was not necessary to do this, but she did it.)

Exercise 77 Rewrite the following sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Use modal verbs and modal expressions. 1. Perhaps he is at home. He ………………………. 2. Perhaps he is sleeping. He ………………………. 3. Perhaps she finished her homework. She ………………………. 4. Perhaps she was reading. She………………………. 5. It isn’t necessary for you to write the essay today. You ………………………. 6. It is advisable to talk to your parents about it. You ………………………. 7. I am sure he is at home. He ………………………. 8. I am sure he is not at home. He ………………………. 9. I am sure he is lying. He ………………………. 10. I am sure he isn’t lying. He ………………………. Page 79


11. I am sure he has left France. He ………………………. 12. I am sure he hasn’t left France. He ………………………. 13. It is important for you to study hard for this exam. You ………………………. 14. It is forbidden to take photos in this museum. Under no ………………………. 15. It wasn’t necessary for you to buy so many flowers. Why did you? You ………………………. 16. It wasn’t necessary for you to buy so many flowers. I am glad you didn’t. You ………………………. 17. I promise to give you the book next week. I ………………………. 18. At the age of eight, he still didn’t know how to write. At the age of eight, he ………………………. 19. It’s essential that we read the instructions. We ………………………. 20. It’s not a good idea for you to work so hard. You ………………………. 21. You are not allowed to smoke in here. You ………………………. 22. You are given permission to leave. You ………………………. 23. This table is too heavy for me to lift. I ………………………. 24. Her parents refused to let her come to the movies with us. Her parents ………………………. 25. I advise you to obey your parents. You ………………………. 26. He had the habit of spending his weekends in the mountains. He ………………………. 27. When I was younger, I did a lot of jogging. I ………………………. 28. It is compulsory to return the books in due time. Books ………………………. 29. I tried to make him understand, but in vain. Try ………………………. 30. I wish you hadn’t told anyone about it. You ……………………….

Exercise 78 Each of the following sentences contains an error. Identify the errors and write the correct sentences. 1. He may works as a teacher. ……………………………… 2. He can’t won. ……………………………… Page 80


3. He can’t have be studying hard. ……………………………… 4. He can’t have break the kitchen window. ……………………………… 5. You can not eat in this room. ……………………………… 6. Need I to sign this form? ……………………………… 7. I ought visit my grandparents more often. ……………………………… 8. You’re freezing; you may have dressed more warmly. ……………………………… 9. You don’t must start writing before the test starts. ……………………………… 10. Bill is still in Paris; you mustn’t have seen him at the library. ……………………………… 11. She is very likely that she gets the scholarship. ……………………………… 12. These keys are Mary’s; she must be forget them. ……………………………… 13. How dare you to speak to me like that? ……………………………… 14. Under no circumstances you can call her in the middle of the night. ……………………………… 15. He would be quite a famous doctor. ……………………………… 16. I would rather she not talk so much. ……………………………… 17. I would prefer her to not talk so much. ……………………………… 18. They can’t work now; it’s impossible. ……………………………… 19. I asked her to help me but she won’t. ……………………………… 20. My grandfather was used to smoke his pipe every afternoon. ………………………………

Exercise 79 Finish the following sentences using or paying attention to modal verbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

He may …………………………… The children couldn’t ……………………………… Pupils should …………………………… My parents used …………………………… The girl wouldn’t …………………………… I can hardly …………………………… Could you ……………………………? I’d rather …………………………… I insist that …………………………… Page 81


10. You needn’t …………………………… 11. I suggest that …………………………… 12. I could do with …………………………… 13. I can’t do without …………………………… 14. He will surely …………………………… 15. I can’t put up with …………………………… 16. We can’t prevent him …………………………… 17. Is it likely that they …………………………… 18. At no time will she …………………………… 19. Try as I may …………………………… 20. Try as I might ……………………………

Exercise 80 Fill in the blanks. Use modal verbs or modal expressions and suitable verbs. 1. “After passing your exams, you …………………………… on a holiday abroad”, mother promised her children. 2. Mother promised her children that after passing their exams, they …………………………… on a holiday abroad. 3. I think you …………………………… studying, since it is very late. 4. Jane is going to the doctor’s tomorrow afternoon; she ………………………… very well. 5. Jane is going to the doctor’s tomorrow afternoon; she …………………………… sick. 6. I am the boss, you …………………………… as I tell you. 7. We …………………………… any noise because the children are still sleeping. 8. You ………………….…………… to her so rudely, now she is upset. 9. We have missed the bus, now we ………………………… home on foot. 10. I …………………………… the speech anymore, which was a great comfort. 11. They …………………………… that heavy box upstairs, which was really exhausting. 12. They …………………………… that heavy box upstairs because it was there already. 13. They …………………………… that heavy box upstairs; they have no choice but to bring it back. 14. Candidates …………………………… in ink. 15. I …………………………… when I was younger, but I don’t anymore because cigarettes are bad to my health. 16. …………………………… I …………………………… this seat? 17. Please, speak louder. I …………………………… what you are saying. 18. That awful stain on my shirt …………………………… out. 19. Who do you think you are? How ……………………… you …………………… to me like that? 20. We …………………… through the window because we ……………………… the door. 21. We ………………… through the window because the door …………………… 22. I …………………………… asleep, I didn’t hear the doorbell. 23. There is no cheese left, my brother ……………………… it. 24. He ……………………… all the cheese; that’s impossible. 25. Children …………………………… with knives. 26. Do you think you …………………………… this text from English into Romanian? 27. Her mother looked so young. She ………………………… over forty. 28. He ……………………… with his car because a mechanic was sent there immediately. 29. He …………………………… any more flowers. There are too many now. 30. When I have passed all my exams, I …………………………… a trip to the mountains. Page 82


Exercise 81 Translate into English using modal verbs and modal expressions. 1. Este interzis să faci poze în acest muzeu. …………………………………………………………… 2. Nu era nevoie să îmi aduci flori, dar îţi mulţumesc oricum. …………………………………………………………… 3. Sunt sigură că el doarme acum. …………………………………………………………… 4. Este posibil să i se ofere acea slujbă. …………………………………………………………… 5. Probabil că a trecut testul de conducere din moment ce l-am văzut conducând maşina tatălui său. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 6. E posibil ca zborul să fi fost anulat din cauza ceţei. …………………………………………………………… 7. Zborul a fost cu siguranţă anulat din cauza ceţei. …………………………………………………………… 8. Profesorul nostru de geografie obişnuia să fie foarte dur cu noi uneori. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 9. Aş dori ca oamenii să se tolereze reciproc. …………………………………………………………… 10. Să-i spun eu că aceasta este o zonă pentru nefumători? …………………………………………………………… 11. Ne-a spus că e posibil să vină cu noi în excursie. …………………………………………………………… 12. Puteai să-mi fi spus şi mie că nu te vei întoarce până în zori. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 13. O fi regizat el câteva filme, dar asta n înseamnă că este un regizor foarte bun. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 14. Vrei să fii drăguţ să dai muzica mai încet? Nu mă pot concentra. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 15. Candidaţii trebuie să scrie cu stiloul. …………………………………………………………… 16. Profesorul mi-a spus că trebuie să exersez la pian în fiecare zi dacă vreau să am succes. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 17. Nu trebuia să fi menţionat asemenea lucruri în prezenţa copiilor. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 18. Nu avea chef să gătească, aşa că am sugerat să mâncăm în oraş. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 19. S-ar cuveni să fii mai atent la ceea ce ţi se spune. …………………………………………………………… 20. Nu e nevoie să aduceţi cărţile mâine, vom viziona un film. Page 83


Exercise 82 Choose the most suitable option: 1. You …………………………… here; it’s Mary’s seat. A. shouldn’t be sitting C. shouldn’t sit B. couldn’t be sitting D. wouldn’t sit 2. Thank you for your kind offer but I ………………………… possibly accept. A. wouldn’t C. can’t B. couldn’t D. won’t 3. Don’t worry that Mike is late, he …………………………… the bus. A. will have missed C. might have missed B. should have missed D. might miss 4. This was supposed to be a secret. You …………………………… have told her. A. shouldn’t C. might not B. couldn’t D. must not 5. I don’t believe it. You …………………………… your keys again. A. can’t lose C. must have lost B. can’t have lost D. may have lost 6. One …………………………… drive a car without a driver’s licence. A. will never C. ought to never B. may never D. must never 7. It’s cold outside. Be sure to wear an overcoat so you …………………………… a cold. A. mustn’t catch C. won’t catch B. can’t catch D. must never 8. You can’t skate, ……………………………? A. can you C. do you B. can’t you D. don’ you 9. On no account …………………………… to strangers. A. you must talk C. you can talk B. shall you talk D. must you talk 10. Only when you have turned eighteen …………………………… drive a car. A. you will be able to C. will you be able to B. will you be able to D. you can 11. In no way …………………………… that she has made a terrible mistake. A. she will admit C. will she admit B. she must admit D. must she admit 12. …………………………… him tonight? A. shall you see C. will you be seeing B. will you have seen D. can you see 13. The telephone …………………………… out of order. We have just had fixed. A. must be C. may not be B. mustn’t be D. can’t be 14. …………………………… please pour me some coffee? A. May you C. Will you B. Should you D. Shall you 15. You …………………………… all the money at once. I’m glad you didn’t. A. needn’t have paid C. didn’t need paying B. didn’t have to pay D. needn’t have to pay 16. You …………………………… all the money at once. Why did you? A. needn’t have paid C. didn’t have to pay B. didn’t need to pay D. didn’t need paying Page 84


17. …………………………… my weekends in the countryside. A. am used to spend C. used to spend B. use to spend D. used spending 18. I …………………………… my weekends in the mountains. Now I love hiking. A. didn’t used to spend C. usedn’t spend B. didn’t use to spend D. usedn’t to spend 19. He …………………………… quite a famous painter. A. would be C. used to have been B. used being D. used to be 20. The girl was so stubborn that she …………………………… anyone. A. wouldn’t listen C. won’t listen B. wouldn’t listen to D. won’t listen to 21. Will you go to the supermarket later? – No, I …………………………… A. won’t C. wouldn’t B. can’t D. may not 22. Where …………………………… meet? A. will we C. shall we B. can we D. may we 23. You …………………………… at the office an hour ago. A. ought to arrive C. must have arrived B. shall have arrived D. ought to have arrived 24. All the participants …………………………… their names in this register. A. will sign C. can sign B. shall sign D. may sign 25. People …………………………… obey the law. A. should C. have to B. can D. ought to 26. You …………………………… there since you know so many details. A. might have been C. must have been B. should have been D. can’t have been 27. You ……………… at the meeting, you know very little about the decisions taken there. A. might have been C. must have been B. should have been D. can’t have been 28. Try as they ………………… they …………………… find a solution to that problem. A. may / couldn’t C. would / can’t B. might / couldn’t D. might / won’t 29. You …………………………… take photos in here; it’s too dark. A. won’t C. can’t B. couldn’t D. may not 30. People ………………………… treat animals more kindly but they don’t always do so. A. ought to C. have to B. must D. can 31. I had a visa so I …………………………… cross the border. A. could C. was allowed to B. can D. am allowed to 32. Next year when I am 18, I …………………………… drive a car. A. can C. could B. will be able to D. am able to 33. He …………… for his exam instead of spending all his free time at the swimming pool. A. ought to study C. should study B. ought to be studying D. might be studying Page 85


34. It’s no use waiting for Jane; she …………………………… come. A. can’t C. won’t B. may not D. might not 35. He …………………………… know the results, I expect he knows them. A. should C. can B. will D. could 36. He …………………………… know the results, I’m sure he knows them. A. should C. can B. will D. could 37. I …………………………… eat a lot of meat; now I’m a vegetarian. A. use to C. could B. will D. used to 38. She …………………………… like Tom but now she hates him. A. could C. would B. used to D. will 39. In the past, I …………………………… in a noisy room and I didn’t like it. A. used to working C. used to work B. was used to work D. am used to working 40. Strange as it may seem, now I …………………………… in a noisy room. A. used to working C. used to work B. was used to work D. am used to working 41. You …………………………… eat so much; you are getting fat. A. mustn’t C. shouldn’t B. aren’t allowed to D. needn’t 42. She said she …………………………… her parents. A. must have called C. had had to call B. had to call D. must call 43. Your grandma …………………………… a doctor a long time ago. A. ought to see C. ought to be seen B. should see D. should have seen 44. Your grandma …………………………… to a hospital a long time ago. A. should be taken C. ought to be taken B. should have been taken D. should have taken 45. The government …………………………… a new law regarding the speed limits. A. is to introduce C. have to introduce B. will have to introduce D. are to have introduced 46. As a child, John …………………………… afraid of the dark. A. used to be C. was used to being B. was used to D. used to have been 47. Now, John is a DJ. He …………………………… at night. A. got used to work C. got used to working B. is used to work D. used to working 48. I’m afraid I …………………………… the lecture next week. A. won’t be able to attend C. can’t attend B. am not able to attend D. couldn’t attend 49. Somebody …………………………… all the pie. There’s nothing left. A. may have eaten C. might have eaten B. must have eaten D. could have eaten 50. Why isn’t John answering the phone? He ……………………… at this time of the day! A. can’t sleep C. may not be sleeping B. can’t be sleeping D. must not be sleeping Page 86


THE PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE VOICE: Sb. + vb. + Direct/Indirect Object PASSIVE VOICE: Sb. + TO BE + F3 (+ by Agent) Present Tense Simple: Sb. + am/is/are + F3 (+by A.) e.g. Mother waters the flowers every day. The flowers are watered (by mother) every day. Present Tense Continuous: Sb. + am/is/are being + F3 (+by A.) e.g. Mother is watering the flowers. The flowers are being watered. Past Tense Simple: Sb. + was/were + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother watered the flowers yesterday. The flowers were watered yesterday. Past Tense Continuous: Sb. + was/were being + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. When I got home, mother was watering the flowers. When I got home, the flowers were being watered. Present Perfect Simple: Sb. + have/has been + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother has watered the flowers. The flowers have been watered. Past Perfect Simple: Sb. + had been + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. When I got home, mother had watered the flowers. When I got home, the flowers had been watered. Future Tense Simple: Sb. + will be + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother will water the flowers tomorrow. The flowers will be watered tomorrow. Future Perfect Tense: Sb. + will have been + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. By the time I get home, mother will have watered the flowers. By the time I get home, the flowers will have been watered. Modal verbs (MV) followed by: Present Infinitive Sb. + MV + BE + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother should water the flowers. The flowers should be watered. Perfect Infinitive: Sb. + MV + HAVE BEEN + F3 + (+by A.) e.g. Mother should have watered the flowers yesterday. The flowers should have been watered yesterday. Page 87


Notes: 1. When there are two objects in the active sentences, there are two possible passive sentences: e.g. The children gave mother some flowers. Some flowers were given to mother by the children. Mother was given some flowers by the children. (the more natural choice) 2. If the verb is followed by a preposition in the active sentence, the preposition remains immediately after the verb in the passive sentence. e.g. The children were laughing at the clown. The clown was being laughed at. 3. Impersonal passive: It is said/claimed/rumoured/thought/believed that … e.g. They/People say the Mike will leave the country. It is said that Like will leave the country. Mike is said to leave the country.

Exercise 83 Turn the following sentences into the passive voice. A) Present Tense 1. We form the passive voice with the help of the auxiliary verb “to be”. 2. We turn on the light when it is dark. 3. People speak English in many different parts of the world. 4. We set the table for dinner at 7 o’clock every evening. 5. Police officers catch thieves. 6. Mum picks me up from school every day. 7. They make sports cars in this factory. 8. Many people read his books. 9. Mrs. Smith does the cooking in our house. 10. The secretary types the letters. B) Present Continuous 1. Paul is reading a detective story. Page 88


2. The dentist is filling his tooth. 3. Mother is drinking a cup of tea. 4. The firemen are putting the fire out. 5. They are still asking questions about it. 6. My sister is wrapping the present. 7. Mark is writing a poem. 8. They are selling oranges. 9. Father is washing the car. 10. They are cleaning the rooms.

C) Past Tense 1. They built this school ten years ago. 2. The waiter brought in the food. 3. They didn’t invite us to the party. 4. A thief stole my bike. 5. I didn’t tell them your secret. 6. The boys ate up all the cakes yesterday. 7. Mary didn’t win the prize. 8. They hid the jewels in an old trunk in the attic. 9. They didn’t object to my proposal. 10. They sold the computer for £100.

D) Past Continuous 1. When we returned, they were tidying up the house. 2. When I left the meeting, people were still asking questions. 3. They were talking about Jane. Page 89


4. When we visited Paris, they were building a new entertainment hall. 5. When I called on them, John was watching a documentary. 6. They were shaking the carpets. 7. They were painting the walls. 8. Mrs. Smith was teaching the students English. 9. She was washing the baby. 10. Father was repairing the car.

E) Future Tense 1. They will meet you at the station. 2. I shall send Jane the letter in a week. 3. People will forget it soon. 4. They will tell you when to come. 5. Where will they build a new school? 6. The children will look after the dog. 7. Mary will take the photos. 8. They will paint this door green. 9. The children will use a dictionary to translate the lesson. 10. The girls will sing two sings.

F) Present Perfect 1. Someone has opened the window. 2. Mary has ironed the dress? 3. I have opened all the presents. 4. The students have translated the lesson without mistakes. Page 90


5. They have done all the exercises. 6. No one has seen her anywhere today. 7. The children have made a snowman. 8. You haven’t sent the parcel. 9. They have brought up their children very well. 10. Bad weather has put off out trip.

G) Past Perfect 1. She had baked the cakes by dinner-time. 2. Joe had cleared away the dishes. 3. She had ironed her dress before her mother came home. 4. He had sent the e-mail before she called him. 5. They had bought the paper before I did. 6. We had closed all the windows before the storm broke out. 7. He had painted the room by the time we came back. 8. He had whitewashed the living-room before you returned. 9. I couldn’t enter the house as they had locked it. 10. I heard that they had given her the first prize.

H) Future Perfect 1. They will have read the book by then. 2. William will have repaired the car by the time we come back. 3. They will have settled the matter by that time. 4. They will have packed all the things by 5 o’clock. 5. The teacher will have marked our papers by then. 6. Mum will have fed the dog by the time we come home. Page 91


7. The secretary will have finished the report by noon. 8. They will have done up all the rooms by September. 9. She will have read all the poems by tomorrow. 10. He will have mended the car by tomorrow.

I) Modal/Auxiliary Verbs 1. You must fill in this form. 2. She shouldn’t have opened the door. 3. I can’t answer this question. 4. You have to clean the house. 5. You can’t have broken that window; you weren’t here. 6. I might use the pen. 7. She must have tidied the room; it’s very clean. 8. It’s stuffy in here; you must air the room. 9. You should renovate the house. 10. He used to help her all the time.

J) Sentences with Two Objects. 1. Jane will give you some advice. 2. I have sent him the letter. 3. We are asking him some questions. 4. Nobody offered the girl a seat. 5. He told me a lie. Page 92


6. The waiter is bringing us the coffee. 7. These children often give their mother beautiful flowers. 8. Father gave her some money. 9. The teacher explained the exercise to the students. 10. They offered her a great sum of money.

K) All Tenses. 1.

The French offered the Statue of Liberty to the United States.

2.

You should open the wine three hours before you use it.

3.

Scientists had done research in this field before.

4.

Somebody has cleaned my shoes.

5.

We use the video camera on special occasions.

6.

You must not leave the room without permission.

7.

Someone switched on a light.

8.

They are pulling down the old theatre.

9.

They are building a new one instead.

10. Why didn’t they fix the car? 11. Someone will serve refreshments. 12. The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door. 13. Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 14. Many people visit The Eiffel Tower every year. 15. No one can do anything. 16. It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child. Page 93


17. A thief stole my car. 18. They make these artificial flowers of silk. 19. They feed the seals at the zoo twice a day. 20. He expected us to help him. 21. They showed her the easiest way to do it. 22. The lawyer gave him all the details. 23. The students are translating a text. 24. Children couldn’t have broken the windows. 25. An Art Gallery is to exhibit her paintings next month. 26. A mystery is something that you can’t explain. 27. The boys were flying kites while the girls were making sand castles. 28. Columbus discovered America in 1492. 29. Her rude manners irritate me. 30. The police officer asked me my name. 31. His arrogant attitude shocked everyone. 32. Tom is writing a letter. 33. Jane has written two letters already. 34. Mark will write a letter later. 35. Would they decorate the room in time for the party? 36. Will they have paid the bill? 37. Was she reading these lines? 38. I think someone is following us. 39. They have restored the church tower. 40. She might throw these clothes away.

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Exercise 84 Translate into English. 1. Toate lucrările au fost predate de către elevi. 2. Poezia va fi învăţată mâine. 3. Meciul fusese pierdut. 4. Fereastra va fi deschisă de către professor. 5. Cuvintele noi sunt explicate foarte clar de către professor. 6. O scrisoare a fost deja trimisă. 7. Această maşină este prea veche pentru a fi furată. 8. Vasele nu au fost spălate de către sora mea. 9. Cutia cea neagră nu poate fi ridicată; este mult prea grea. 10. A fost invitat la o petrecere ieri. 11. Prietenului meu i-a fost returnată cartea ieri. 12. Noul restaurant va fi deschis mâine. 13. Nu se vorbeşte engleza în această ţară. 14. Pisica va fi îngrijită de Mary. 15. Casa noastră a fost spartă săptămâna trecută. 16. Nu mi s-a trimis niciun mesaj. 17. Ni s-au spus multe glume la acea petrecere. 18. Multe case au fost distruse de cutremur. 19. Gardul trebuie vopsit. 20. Aceste maşini sunt fabricate în Japonia.

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CAUSATIVE FORM (HAVE SOMETHING DONE) Sb. + HAVE + Object + Past Participle Get can be used instead of HAVE in Spoken English. Present Simple:

She tidies her room. She has her room tidied.

Present Continuous: She is tidying her room. She is having her room tidied. Past Simple:

She tidied her room. She had her room tidied.

Past Continuous:

She was tidying her room. She was having her room tidied.

Present Perfect:

She has tidied her room. She has had her room tidied.

Past Perfect:

She had tidied her room. She had had her room tidied.

Future Simple:

She will tidy her room. She will have her room tidied.

Future Perfect:

She will have tidied her room. She will have had her room tidied.

Infinitive:

She must tidy her room. She must have her room tidied.

Gerund:

She likes tidying her room. She like having her room tidied.

Exercise 85 Turn the following sentences into the passive voice. Use Causative forms. 1. I painted my room last week. Page 96


2. I make my own clothes. 3. Right now I am making a dress. 4. Dad is fixing the car. 5. My brother has cleaned his shoes. 6. By the time I came back home, Alice had done the cleaning. 7. She will decorate the living-room. 8. They mowed the lawn yesterday. 9. Jack is cleaning the pool. 10. Our house needs to be painted. 11. Mum will shorten her dress. 12. A plumber has repaired the sink. 13. You should ask the maid to clean your room. 14. You must clean the room. 15. Mary’s hair has just been cut. 16. The dentist used to polish my teeth every six months. 17. Are you going to repair your bike? 18. I should repair my watch. 19. I like repairing things. 20. Tom’s tooth needs filling.

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IF – CLAUSES TYPE I

(real present, likely to happen in the present or future)

Main clause

If-Clause

Romanian

Future

Future Present (for general truths) Imperative Modal Verb + Bare infinitive

Prezent/ Viitor

e.g.

TYPE II

He will catch the train if he leaves earlier. If he leaves earlier, he will catch the train. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. Leave early if you want to catch the train. The flight may be cancelled if the fog persists. (unreal present, unlikely to happen in the present or future; also used to give advice)

Present conditional (would + bare infinitive) might/could + bare infinitive e.g.

TYPE III

Conditional optativ prezent

He would catch the train if he left earlier. If he left earlier, he would catch the train. If he left now, he might catch the train. (unreal past, unreal situation in the past; also used to express regrets and criticism)

Conditional Perfect (would have + past participle) might/could + past participle e.g

Past tense

Past Perfect (had + past participle)

Conditional optativ perfect

He would have caught the train if he had left earlier. If he had left earlier, he would have caught the train. If he had left earlier, he might have caught the train.

Notes: 1. When the main clause precedes the if-clause, they are separated by a comma. e.g. If it sunny, we will go for a walk. 2. We can use will/would in Type 1 Conditionals to express a request, insistence or annoyance. e.g. If you will help me, I can finish earlier. (Please, help me so that I can finish earlier.) 3. We can use should in Type 1 Conditionals to express a slight possibility. e.g. If he should come, tell him to wait for me. Page 98


4. We can use was or were in all persons after IF; was is used in informal English. e.g. If I was/were you, I would study harder. 5. Unless = if not is followed by a positive verb but the meaning of the sentence is negative. e.g. Unless the weather is fine, we won’t go out. If the weather is not fine, we won’t go out. 6. As/So long as, providing/provided (that), on condition that (to emphasize condition), in case (to express precautions), suppose/supposing (that) (imagine) can be used instead of IF. e.g. In case he comes, tell him to wait for me. I’ll let you go to the party as long as you promise to be back by midnight. Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do with it? 7. But for = if it weren’t for/if it hadn’t been for e.g. But for the rain, we would go to the park. (Type II) But for the rain, we would have gone to the park yesterday. (Type III) Inversion and omission of IF: 1. Type I with should: e.g. If you should see Tom, tell him to call me. Should you see Tom, tell him to call me. 2. Type II with were: e.g. If I were you, I’d help him. Were I you, I’d help him. 3. Type III with had: e.g. If he had come, he would have had a lot of fun. Had he come, he would have had a lot of fun. Mixed Conditionals Mixed Conditionals are a mixture of 2nd and 3rd conditional. e.g.

If I didn’t have an exam tomorrow, I would have gone to the party. If he hadn’t driven so fast, he wouldn’t be in hospital now.

Exercise 86 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE 1 1. 2. 3. 4.

If I (see) …………………………. him I (tell) …………………………. him the news. If he (eat) ………………………. all the cake he (certainly, feel) …………………. sick. The police (arrest) ……………………. the thief if they (catch) ……………………. him. If he (read) ………………………. in bad light he (ruin) …………………………. his eyes. Page 99


5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

What (happen) …………………………. if she (miss) …………………………. the train? If he (help) …………………………. me I (give) …………………………. him £10. If you (not leave) …………………………. me alone I (tell) …………………………. it to the teacher. I (not talk) …………………………. to him anymore if he (keep) …………………………. making so many mistakes. She (be) …………………………. furious if she (hear) …………………………. the news. If he (go) …………………………. on telling lies nobody (believe) …………………………. a word he says. Unless he (learn) ……………………. more he (not pass) ……………………. the exam. Ice (turn) …………………………. to water if you (heat) …………………………. it. If I (not like) …………………………. this phone (you, bring) …………………………. me another one? Unless you (be) …………………………. more careful you (have) …………………………. a bad accident. (tell) ………………………. him to call me if you (see) …………………………. him. If the fog doesn’t clear, the plane (be cancelled) …………………………. Unless I (have) …………………………. more time I (not be able) …………………………. to prepare for the exam.

Exercise 87 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

If I (have) …………………………. a dictionary, I (translate) …………………………. the text myself. If I (know) …………………………. his phone number I (give) …………………………. it to you. He (look) …………………………. a lot better if he (take) …………………………. more care of himself. If he (drive) …………………………. more slowly he (not have) ……………………….. his car serviced so often. I (not talk) …………………………. to her so rudely if I (be) …………………………. you. If I (need) …………………………. you, (you, help) …………………………. me? If you (be offered) …………………………. a new job, (you, accept) …………………………. it? If she (be) …………………………. better organized, she (be) …………………………. more efficient. I (buy) …………………………. that house if I (have) …………………………. the money. If I (win) …………………………. a big prize in a lottery, I (travel) …………………………. all over the world. What (you, do) …………………………. if your house (be) …………………………. broken into? I (tell) ……………………. you what this means if I (know) ……………………. German. He (get) …………………………. thinner if he (keep) …………………………. a diet. If he (know) …………………………. that it was dangerous he (not come) …………………………. . If he (be) ……………………. younger, he (be able) ………………………. to train harder. If there (not be) …………………………. any mosquitoes, there (be) …………………………. no malaria. Page 100


17. If we (can) …………………………. afford it. We (stay) …………………………. in a fivestar hotel. 18. If you (see) …………………………. someone drowning what (you, do) ………………………….? 19. If the weather (be) …………………………. better, we (go) …………………………. to the park. 20. I (give) …………………………. her a diamond ring if I (can) ………………………….

Exercise 88 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

If I (know) …………………………. that you were in town I (visit) …………………………. you. If it (not rain) …………………………. all night, the match (not be0 …………………………. postponed. If you (arrive) …………………………. ten minutes earlier you (not miss) …………………………. the beginning of the play. But for his quickness I (not succeed) …………………………. . I (not believe) …………………………. you if I (not see) …………………………. it with my own eyes. If he (ask) ……………………. you to help him, (you, say) …………………………. “yes”? If I (have) …………………………. a map, I (not get) …………………………. lost. If I (know) …………………………. that you were coming I (prepare) …………………………. something special. If I (realize) …………………………. that the traffic lights were red I (stop) ………………………….. But for the fog we (reach) …………………………. Predeal hours ago. If you (tell) …………………………. me that you needed some money, I (lend) you some …………………………. If you (put) …………………………. some more salt in the soup, it (taste) …………………………. better. If you (speak) …………………………. more slowly the students (be able) …………………………. to take notes. He (be) …………………………. extremely angry, if he (find out) …………………………. the truth. You (not get) …………………………. into trouble if you (listen) …………………………. to my advice. If she (not have) …………………………. a headache, she (come) …………………………. with us. If you (not be) …………………………. in such a hurry, you (not forget) …………………………. your wallet at home. He (take) …………………………. a taxi if he (be) …………………………. late. If I (know) …………………………. how difficult the job was going to be, I (not accept) ………………………….it. If he (not turn on) …………………………. the light, he (fall) …………………………. down the stairs.

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Exercise 89 Fill in the blanks using the right tenses. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: MIXED TYPES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

If my brother (go) …………………………. to Bucharest, he (visit) …………………………. “Grigore Antipa” Museum. Tom (learn) …………………………. more if only he (have) …………………………. the time. If he (know) …………………………. how to help you, he (do) …………………………. it. What (she, do) …………………………. if she (find out) …………………………. the truth? Grannie (not be able) …………………………. to read if she (not find) …………………………. her spectacles. Mary (pass) …………………………. the examination if she (work) …………………………. hard. If he (understand) …………………………. the rules, he (not make) …………………………. so many mistakes. If my brother (graduate) …………………………. from college, he (not work) …………………………. as a mechanic now. If she (say) …………………………. “yes”, I (marry) …………………………. Her. If you (can) …………………………. go anywhere in the world, where (you, go) ………………………….? Someone (steal) …………………………. your car if you (leave) …………………………. it unlocked. The room (smell) …………………………. nicer if you (air) …………………………. it more often. If I (be) …………………………. you, I (accept) …………………………. that job. If only she (tell) …………………………. what she needed, we (help) …………………………. her. In case George (arrive) …………………………. here sooner, (ask) …………………………. him to wait for us. If you (be) ………………………. on holiday, (you, go) …………………………. to Paris? What (you, do) …………………………. if someone (attack) …………………………. you on the street? She (be) …………………………. more attentive in class if she (not talk) …………………………. so much. If (not talk) …………………………. so much in class, she (not get) …………………………. that poor mark. Unless she (change) ……………………. her wet clothes, she (get) …………………………. pneumonia.

Exercise 90 Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

If he had taken my advice .. If you ate less ... We’ll send for the doctor if ... If she learnt more ... If you are thirsty ... Page 102


6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Try on the blue dress if ... If the windows were opened ... If we leave now ... The grass would look better if ... Unless the weather improves ... He would have lent you some money if ... If your mother sees you wearing that hat ... I’d have bought some bread ... You would have been angry if ... If you leave the door open ...

Exercise 91 Rephrase the following sentences so that the meaning stays the same. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

In your position I would reject the offer. If I .......................................................................... Thank you so much. I couldn’t have done it without your help. If you ....................................................................... I’d rather you didn’t go to that party tonight. I’d be ........................................................................ If he happens to come any time today, please give him this parcel. Should he ................................................................ I damaged my car because I was driving too fast. If I .......................................................................... He might have escaped if it hadn’t been for the old tyres. But for ..................................................................... I prefer eating apples to eating oranges. I’d rather ................................................................. I’m sorry I failed the exam. I wish I had studied harder. If I .......................................................................... You had better see a doctor. If I .......................................................................... You feel so weak because you don’t get enough exercise. You wouldn’t ............................................................ We would never have found the way without the old man’s help. If the old man ............................................................ You will never pass the exam if you don’t work much harder. Unless you ................................................................. She went home early because she was exhausted. If she .......................................................................... I wish I had a sports car. That would make me happy. I would ....................................................................... We should have moved to Bucharest years ago. If only .......................................................................... She can’t go out if she doesn’t promise to be back early. Unless she .................................................................... I stayed at home because I had a cold. If I ............................................................................... If they had asked me, I would have told them the truth. Had I .......................................................................... Page 103


19. He won’t help you if you don’t ask him. Unless ........................................................................ 20. In case of failure, you should try the exam again. Should .........................................................................


Dacă aş fi pianist, aş cânta la pian toată ziua.

2.

George ar fi acceptat acea slujbă dacă i s-ar fi oferit.

3.

Maria ar fi înţeles situaţia dacă i s-ar fi explicat.

4.

Ce vei face dacă îţi va cere mai mulţi bani?

5.

Dacă ţi-ai permite să cumperi unul din acele inele, pe care l-ai alege?

6.

Te-aş fi votat dacă aş fi avut drept de vot atunci.

7.

Zborul va fi amânat dacă ceaţa se va îndesi.

8.

Zborul ar putea fi anulat dacă ceaţa se va îndesi.

9.

Cineva va sta pe ochelarii tăi dacă îi laşi pe scaunul acela.

10. Dacă ai fi învăţat mai mult, ai fi putut răspunde la toate întrebările. 11. Vom avea mult de mers pe jos, dacă rămânem fără benzină. 12. Dacă ai fi dat afară, ce ai face? 13. M-aş rătăci dacă nu ai veni cu mine. 14. M-aş fi rătăcit dacă nu aş fi avut harta. 15. Dacă ar fi fost acasă, ar fi răspuns la telefon. 16. Nu ti-aş fi luat umbrela dacă aş fi ştiut că era singura pe care o aveai. 17. Vaporul s-ar fi scufundat dacă ar fi făcut vreo greşeală căpitanul. 18. Te voi angaja dacă vei învăţa să dactilografiezi. 19. Ar putea merge mai repede dacă nu ar avea tocuri atât de înalte. 20. Dacă lasă peştele pe masă, pisica îl va mânca.

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WISHES Wish/If only + Past Tense = wish/regret about the present e.g. I wish I knew the truth. (I am sorry I don’t know the truth.) Wish/If only + Past Perfect = regret about the past e.g. I wish I had gone to the party. (I am sorry I didn’t go to the party.) Wish/If only + SB. + WOULD + inf. = to express dissatisfaction or wish for a future change unlikely to happen e.g. I wish you would stop talking. (It’s annoying but I don’t think that will happen.) Notes: 1. “wish” and “would” are used with different subjects. e.g. * I wish I would … (incorrect) 2. After “wish” we can use “were” instead of “was” in all persons. e.g. I wish I was/were taller. 3. “If only” means the same thing as “I wish” but it is more dramatic. e.g. If only I was/were taller.

Exercise 93 Read what Mark says then write what he wishes. e.g. I moved to this place but it was a mistake. I wish I hadn’t moved to this place. 1. There are not many people of my age here. 2. None of my friends moved here. 3. I don’t have friends around here. 4. There are not many shops around here. 5. I can’t afford to move back to town. 6. I have sold my old apartment. 7. It rains a lot so I can’t walk for long walks in the fields. Page 105


8. Maybe things will get better. 9. I am not patient any more. 10. I don’t have a more positive attitude.

Exercise 94 Translate into English. 1. Aş vrea să pot merge la concert. 2. Aş vrea ca ea să-mi fi acceptat ajutorul. 3. Familia Barnes şi-ar dori să aibă un copil. 4. Ce păcat că nu m-a ascultat! 5. Ce bine ar fi dacă ar avea un fax! 6. Aş vrea să-i pot spune adevărul. 7. Aş vrea să nu mai plouă tot timpul. 8. Aş vrea să fi văzut filmul acela! 9. Ce bine ar fi să locuiesc aproape de birou! 10. Ce bine ar fi fost să fi mers la întâlnire! 11. Aş vrea să fiu mai înaltă! 12. De-aş putea schimba lumea! Aş face ca oamenii să fie mai buni. 13. De-aş şti să folosesc un calculator! Mi-aş face munca mult mai uşoară. 14. De m-aş fi trezit mai devreme! N-aş fi pierdut autobuzul. 15. Aş vrea să nu fi sosit atât de târziu! 16. Aş vrea să am o maşină mai mare şi mai rapidă! 17. Aş vrea să ştiu italiana! 18. Aş vrea să nu plouă! 19. Aş vrea ca tu să nu pleci mâine. 20. Aş vrea ca ei să fi venit cu noi în vacanţă. Page 106


QUESTION TAGS Sb. + Vb. …………….., aux./MV + Sb. (pronoun)? Aff…………….., neg. (If the sentence is affirmative, the auxiliary or the modal verb in the question tag is negative) Neg. …………..., aff. (If the sentence is negative, the auxiliary or the modal verb in the question tag is affirmative) Examples and exceptions: 1. You love me, don’t you? 2. You don’t like it, do you? 3. I am pretty, aren’t I? 4. Jack could do better, couldn’t he? 5. Mary arrived yesterday, didn’t she? 6. The kids didn’t call you, did they? 7. Jenny never listens to you, does she? 8. Somebody has come, haven’t they? 9. Nobody has come, have they? 10. You can hardly walk, can you? 11. Let’s go, shall we? 12. Close the door, will you? 13. Don’t do that, will you? 14. You have a car, haven’t you? 15. You have breakfast every morning, don’t you? 16. He’s come, hasn’t he? 17. He’s writing, isn’t he? 18. You’d done it, hadn’t you? 19. You’d help me, wouldn’t you? 20. There are two chairs, aren’t there?

Exercise 95 Add question tags to the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

You are tired, …………………………..? You can speak English, ………………………………? You will help me, ………………………………? He doesn’t work hard enough, ……………………………? He is reading a newspaper now, …………………………………? He hasn’t met her for a long time, ………………………………? You have never been in love, ……………………………? He hardly believes it, ……………………………? I have been waiting for an hour, ………………………………? I am sure he will not deny anything, ………………………………? Page 107


11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

They always have lunch at the restaurant, ……………………………? There should be a lot of people, ………………………………? You couldn’t do it by yourself, …………………………? She likes it, …………………………? I look horrible in this dress, …………………………? You know where she lives, ………………………………? She never drinks brandy, ………………………………? He plays tennis very well, ……………………………? They usually have lunch at one o'clock, ………………………………? He doesn't employ foreigners, ………………………………? I think I'm the right person for this job, ………………………………? This book belongs to Martha, …………………………………? I'm sure you know who sings that song, ………………………………? You're not a student, ………………………………? She thinks we are very rude, ………………………………? The police never catch any thieves, ………………………………? They say she wears a wig, ………………………………? We still have a lot of time, ………………………………? He has to work rather hard, ………………………………? You take sugar in tea, ………………………………? But you don’t take it in coffee, ………………………………? The lift isn’t working today, ………………………………? It never works very well, ………………………………? The area was evacuated at once, ………………………………? There was no panic, ………………………………? Though everybody realized the danger, ………………………………? There was a lot of noise, ………………………………? But nobody complained, ………………………………? Mary hardly ever cooks, ………………………………? She’d save money if she bought fresh food, ………………………………? Your mother helps you a lot, ………………………………? Your parents work hard, ………………………………? Come here, ………………………………? Don’t open the window, ………………………………? I should see a doctor, ………………………………? They must be honest, ………………………………? I have a nice house, ………………………………? You always have lunch at 1 o’clock, ………………………………? He has to be here by thee, ………………………………? Let’s watch a movie, ………………………………?

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INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech. Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Reporting what someone has said is called indirect speech (also called reported speech). When using indirect speech several types of changes occur: a) Changes of pronouns: I → he/she me → him/her my → his/her mine → his/hers we → they us → them our → their ours → theirs this → that these → those b) Changes of adverbs: today → that day tomorrow → the next day / the following day yesterday → the day before / the previous day ago → before next → the next now → then here → there c) Changes of tenses: 1. If the reporting verb (RV) is a present tense, there are no changes of tenses in Indirect Speech: e.g. “I am tired”, she says. She says that she is tired. “We will always help you.” they promise. They promise that they will always help us. 2. If the reporting verb is a paste tense then the following changes occur: Present tense → Past tense Present perfect → Past perfect Past tense → Past perfect, Past tense Future → Future-in-the-Past

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A. Indirect Speech – Statements The most frequent reporting verbs are: to tell (to tell someone something), to say (to say something), but depending on the situation, we can also use: to advise, to complain, to promise, to threaten, to agree, to explain, etc. e.g.

“My mother works in a school”, the new classmate told us. The new classmate told us that his mother worked in a school. I saw a good film last night”, Mary told me. Mary told me that she had seen a good film the night before. “I have been working all day long”, the new employee complained. The new employee complained that he had been working all day long. “We will come to the party”, the children promised. The children promised that they would come to the party. B. Indirect Speech – Questions

The most frequent reporting verbs are: to ask, to want to know, to inquire. A) Yes/No questions: Sb. + RV + IF + SB. + VB. + … e.g.

“Do you like oranges?” she asked me. She asked me if I liked oranges.

B) WH-questions (questions beginning with WH-words: who, what, where, when, why, how, how much/many, whose, etc.) SB. + RV + WH-word + SB. + VB. + … e.g.

“Where are you from?” she asked me. She asked me where I was from. C. Indirect Speech – Commands

Affirmative: → long infinitive e.g. “Close the window!” she asked me. She asked me to close the window. Negative: → not + long infinitive e.g. “Don’t open the book yet!” the teacher told the students. The teacher told the students not to open the books yet.

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D. Indirect Speech – If-clause Type I → Type II e.g. “If I have the time, I will help you.” She promised. She promised that she would help me if she had the time. Type II → Type II e.g. “If I knew more foreign languages, I could get a better job”, she said. She said that she could get a better job if she knew more foreign languages. Type III → Type III e.g. “I would have got a better mark if I had known the answers”, the boy told his mother. The boy told his mother that he would have got a better mark if he had known the answers. E. Indirect Speech – Modal Verbs can → could may → might must → must (logical deduction) → had to (obligation) shall → should will → would

Exercise 96 Turn the following sentences into Indirect Speech. Add your own reporting verbs. A. Indirect Speech – Statements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I have lost my keys. ……………………………………… I have not seen Kate for three months. ……………………………………… I last saw her two days ago. ……………………………………… We met Tom yesterday. ……………………………………… We will find out the results in a week. ……………………………………… My parents will get home at five o’clock. ……………………………………… The baby has been sleeping for three hours. ……………………………………… Peter didn’t mention anything about this matter. ……………………………………… Page 111


9.

They will never guess why I have come here today. ……………………………………… 10. We wrote these e-mails two days ago. ……………………………………… 11. I have something to show you. ……………………………………… 12. I have lost my keys. ……………………………………… 13. I last saw her two days ago. ……………………………………… 14. We met Tom yesterday. ……………………………………… 15. I’m going away tomorrow, mother. ……………………………………… 16. I’ve been in London twice but I haven’t visited the Tower yet. ……………………………………… 17. It isn’t so cold today as it was yesterday. ……………………………………… 18. We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work. ……………………………………… 19. I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready. ……………………………………… 20. We like working on Sundays because we get double pay. ……………………………………… 21. I can clean the house but I can’t cook. ……………………………………… 22. I’m going fishing next weekend. ……………………………………… 23. I didn’t have time to do my homework. ……………………………………… 24. The boss must sign this letter now. ……………………………………… 25. They went to the supermarket an hour ago. …………………………………… 26. I have spent all my pocket money. ……………………………………… 27. Jack will celebrate his birthday tomorrow. ……………………………………… 28. I know exactly what they said because I overheard their conversation. ……………………………………… 29. I was watching TV when you called. ……………………………………… 30. If you answer the questions correctly you may win £100. ……………………………………… B. Indirect Speech – Commands 1. 2.

Switch off the TV. ……………………………………… Don’t drive too fast. ……………………………………… Page 112


3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Shut the door. ……………………………………… Lend me your pen for a moment. ……………………………………… Come to the theatre with me. ……………………………………… Don’t let your child watch horror movies. ……………………………………… Cook the mushrooms in butter because they taste better. ……………………………………… Don’t believe everything you hear. ……………………………………… Don’t touch the window. ……………………………………… Please sign your name here. ……………………………………… Don’t contradict me. ……………………………………… Don’t hurry. ……………………………………… Call me when you get home. ……………………………………… Don’t touch that wire. ……………………………………… Get some rest. ……………………………………… Open the window to air the room. ……………………………………… Don’t forget to do your homework. ……………………………………… Dance with me. ……………………………………… Do whatever you like. ……………………………………… Don’t eat too much if you want to lose weight. ……………………………………… C. Indirect Speech – Questions

1. When did you come? ……………………………………… 2. What happened to you? ……………………………………… 3. Which of his sons takes after him? ……………………………………… 4. Who is going to live in the big house? ……………………………………… 5. Did you watch any films last night? ……………………………………… Page 113


6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Can I help you? ……………………………………… Who is this child? ……………………………………… Do you smoke? …………………………………… Must we leave now? ……………………………………… Where does Mary live? ……………………………………… Are you going to have lunch with John? ……………………………………… When does the train arrive? ……………………………………… Did anyone call me? ……………………………………… How much does this book cost? ……………………………………… What country do you come from? ……………………………………… How long have you been here? ……………………………………… What are you doing here? ……………………………………… Do you ever buy any second-hand books? ……………………………………… How are you? ……………………………………… Do I have to come with you? ……………………………………… Who speaks English? ……………………………………… Did you play for your school team? ……………………………………… Are you interested in painting? ……………………………………… Do you know when this actor lived? ……………………………………… What do you think of this writer? ……………………………………… Who put salt in my coffee? ……………………………………… Whose car did you borrow last night? ……………………………………… What was she wearing when you saw her last? ……………………………………… Who owns this car? ……………………………………… What else did you see? ……………………………………… Page 114


Exercise 97 Read the following abridged interview (by Norbert Körzdörfer) with Brad Pitt. Then report the interview. Superstar Brad Pitt is on his way to Berlin for the premiere of Tarantino’s Hitler action comedy ‘Inglourious Basterds’. But BILD managed to first catch up with him in a tucked-away Hotel bar in southern France guarded by two bodyguards in Hawaiian shirts. BILD: How would you rate your film if you were a critic? Brad Pitt: “Lots of fun! I’m happy with it, because all the actors are great. Each one is a mini star!” BILD: What does your wife Angelina Jolie think? Brad Pitt: “She really likes it. She laughed a lot.” BILD: You play an American soldier who scalps Nazi’s in a hit team and finally kills Hitler. Brad Pitt: “Yes there’s a lot going on in the movie, we had lots of fun. You have some great actors in Germany.” BILD: Who is the real Brad Pitt? Brad Pitt: He is sitting right in front of you. There’s nothing else. BILD: Are you still a big kid? Brad Pitt: “No I’m not a kid anymore – I have six children. BILD: Have you found happiness in life? Brad Pitt (nodding): Hm – yes. I am on the path I want to be on.” BILD: Are you scared of ageing? Brad Pitt (smirking): The grey hairs on his beard glisten: “No, I like it. I think it’s good.” BILD: What is your typical day as a dad? Brad Pitt: “I get going early, make breakfast, get the kids dressed, brush their teeth and take them to school. Angelina is working at the moment. We take turns.” BILD: What car do you drive? Brad Pitt: I’m not a car person. I like motorbikes.” BILD: How many motorbikes do you have? Brad Pitt: “Sorry, but I’ve got a problem with that one”. He smiles sheepishly. BILD: Has money changed you? Brad Pitt: “It makes everything easier, but money can also be a burden.“ BILD: Do your rings have a story? Brad Pitt: “No I just like them.“ BILD: What is your most important possession? Brad Pitt: “My family - and yes a couple of my motorbikes.“

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Now report the interview.

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Exercise 98 Work in pairs. Choose a favourite actor/actress/singer and write an interview. A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ……………………………………… A: ……………………………………… B: ………………………………………

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Now report your interview.

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INVERSIONS We invert the subject and the auxiliary verb (apart from questions) in sentences to give emphasis. This happens: a. After certain negative or restrictive adverbs/expressions placed in initial position: Barely … when Hardly (ever) … when In no way Little Never Never before No sooner … than No sooner … than e.g.

Nor / Neither Not even once Not only … but also Not since Not till / until Nowhere On no account On no occasion

Only by Only if Only in this way Only then Rarely Scarcely (ever) … when Seldom Under no circumstances

Hardly anyone wears a hat nowadays. Rarely do we visit them.

Notes: 1. For Barely/Hardly/Scarcely … when and No sooner … than … (see also PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, page 51). e.g. Hardly had I unlocked the door when the phone rang. 2. When the following expressions begin a sentence, the inversion occurs in the main clause: only after, only by, only if, only then, not till / until, not since. e.g. Only when I saw her, did I remember her name. b. After: so, such placed in initial position: e.g. So pleasant is she that everyone likes her. Such a pleasant girl is she that everyone likes her. c. With: should, were, had in conditional clause (see also If-Clauses, page 99). 1. Type I with should: e.g. Should you see Tom, tell him to call me. 2. Type II with were: e.g. Were I you, I’d help him. 3. Type III with had: e.g. Had he come, he would have had a lot of fun. d. After: so, neither/nor, as when expressing agreement: e.g. I have been to Paris. – So have I. I have never been to London. – Neither have I. e. After adverbs of place when they are at the beginning of a sentence. e.g. Here comes the bus! f. In Direct Speech when the reporting verb comes after the quote and the subject is a noun. e.g. “I will never forgive him!” said Jane. Page 119


Exercise 99 Rewrite the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 1. I had hardly begun to apologise when she hung up on me. Hardly ………………………………………………….. 2. She cried so much that her eyes were red. So much ……………………………………………….. 3. I have never heard a more talented singer. Never ………………………………………………….. 4. She wasn’t pretty; she wasn’t kind either. She wasn’t pretty nor …………………………………. 5. This hotel does not accept animals under any circumstances. Under no circumstances ………………………………. 6. He felt so depressed that he locked himself in his room. So depressed ………………………………………….. 7. Don’t skip classes on any account. On no account ……………………………………….. 8. If he had apologized, I would have forgiven him. Had he ………………………………………………. 9. Jane had no idea that she had been late. Little ………………………………………………… 10. He had to break the window to get into the house. Only by ……………………………………………… 11. Jack was so tired that he slept for ten hours. So tired ……………………………………………… 12. Mary was so frightened that she cried. So frightened ……………………………………….. 13. The balloon went up. Up …………………………………………………… 14. If I were you, I would listen to my parents. Were I ………………………………………………. 15. You will pass the exam if you work hard. Only if ………………………………………………. Page 120


16. I forgot my wallet and I also lost my keys. Not only ……………………………………………. 17. I have never seen Chris yelling at his mother. On no occasion …………………………………….. 18. You should never lend Bill any money; he won’t give it back. Under no circumstances ……………………………. 19. She didn’t see the traffic light until it was too late. Not until it ………………………………………….. 20. The cheese was so good that she bought 3 kilos. So good …………………………………………….. Exercise 100 Translate into English. Use inversions. 1. Nu doar bijuteriile, ci şi banii îi fuseseră furaţi în noaptea dinaintea petrecerii. 2. Dacă îl întâlneşt cumva pe Jack, ai putea să-i spui să mă sune? 3. Niciodată nu mai văzusem o piesă de teatru atât de bună! 4. Nicăieri n-am mai întâlnit oameni atât de primitori! 5. Nici nu s-a alăturat bine Mark echipei că a şi câştigat un meci. 6. Îmi place tortul de ciocolată. – Şi mie. 7. Dar nu îmi place îngheţata. – Ce coincidenţă! Nici mie. 8. Doar asftel îţi vei putea repara greşeala. 9. Nici măcar o dată n-o să te mai ascult, indiferent ce se va întâmpla. 10. Anul trecut ne-am petrecut vacanţa în Corfu. – Şi noi la fel. 11. Adevărul nu a ieşit la iveală decât după mulţi ani. 12. Numai dacă ai 18 ani poţi participa la examenul auto. 13. Numai când vei avea o familie vei fi cu adevărat fericit. 14. Nici n-au ajuns bine pompierii la locul incendiului că l-au şi stins. 15. Îşi amintea foarte bine momentul în care o cunoscuse pe soţia lui.

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Annex 1

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS Nr. crt.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Infinitive to arise to awake to be to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bear to bet to bind to bite to bleed to blow to break to breed to bring to broadcast to burn to burst to buy to cast to catch to choose to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to dwell to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight

Past tense – F2 arose awoke; awaked was, were bore beat became began bent bore bet bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought cast caught chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt (dreamed) drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought

Past participle – F3 arisen awoken; awaked been born beaten become begun bent born bet bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought cast caught chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt (dreamed) drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought

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Translation a se ridica, a se înălţa a se trezi a fi a se naşte, a purta, a suporta a bate a deveni a începe a îndoi, a curba a se naşte a paria a lega a muşca a sângera a sufla a sparge a creşte a aduce a transmite, a difuza a arde a izbucni a cumpăra a arunca a prinde a alege a veni a costa a se târî a taia a se ocupa, a face afaceri a săpa a face a desena a visa a bea a conduce maşina a locui a mânca a cădea a hrăni a simţi a (se) lupta, a se certa

THE ENGLISH VERB – LEARN AND PRACTISE! Nr. crt.

42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88.

Infinitive to find to fly to forbid to forecast to foresee to foretell to forget to forgive to freeze to get to give to go to grind to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to knit to know to lay to lead to lean to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to pay to put to read to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see

Past tense – F2 found flew forbade forecast foresaw foretold forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung/hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leant learnt (learned) left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw

Past participle – F3 found flown forbidden forecast foreseen foretold forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone ground grown hung/hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit known laid led leant learnt (learned) left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen Page 123

Translation a găsi a zbura a interzice a anticipa, a prognostica a prevedea a prezice a uita a ierta a îngheţa a primi a da a merge a măcina a creşte a agăţa/a (se) spânzura, a avea a auzi a ascunde a lovi a ţine a răni a păstra a îngenunchia a tricota a şti, a cunoaşte a pune, a aşeza a conduce la a se sprijini de a învăţa a părăsi a da cu împrumut a permite a sta culcat, a zăcea a aprinde a pierde a face a însemna a întâlni a plăti a pune a citi a călări a suna a se ridica a alerga a spune a vedea

THE ENGLISH VERB – LEARN AND PRACTISE! Nr. crt.

Infinitive

89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127.

to sell to send to set to shake to shine to shoot to show to shut to sing to sink to sit to sleep to smell to speak to speed to spell to spend to spill to spoil to spread to stand to steal to stick to sting to strike to swear to sweep to swim to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw to understand to wake to wear to win to write

Past tense – F2 sold sent set shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept smelt (smelled) spoke sped spelt (spelled) spent spilt spoilt spread stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

Past participle – F3 sold sent set shaken shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat slept smelt (smelled) spoken sped spelt (spelled) spent spilt spoilt spread stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

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Translation a vinde a trimite a regla, a fixa a scutura, a clătina a străluci a împuşca a arăta a închide a cânta a se scufunda a sta (pe ceva) a dormi a mirosi a vorbi a accelera a pronunţa literă cu literă a cheltui a vărsa a strica, a răsfăţa a întinde a sta în picioare a fura a înfige, a se lipi a întepa a lovi a jura a mătura a înota a lua a învăţa, a preda a rupe, a sfâşia a spune a gândi, a crede a arunca a înţelge a se trezi a purta a câştiga a scrie


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The English Verb

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