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m r " p y r a m i d ’ A ‘ n y go ds who shall sh all ca use this thi s p yr am id a n d this this construction construction o f the King to be good an d sturdy, it is they who will be vital, it is they who will be respected, it is they who will be impressive, it is they who will be in control.. .it is they who will will take take possess ion o f the crown.’
Pyramid Texts 1650
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Mark Lehner brings his many years of field research in Egypt to this definitive book. He examines the pyramids in unprecedented detail, covering the practical aspects―the quarries, ramps, an… Full description
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m r " p y r a m i d ’ A ‘ n y go ds who shall sh all ca use this thi s p yr am id a n d this this construction construction o f the King to be good an d sturdy, it is they who will be vital, it is they who will be respected, it is they who will be impressive, it is they who will be in control.. .it is they who will will take take possess ion o f the crown.’
Pyramid Texts 1650
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The Complete
Pyramids MARK LEHNER
556 illustrations, 83 in color
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To Bruce Ludwig, for his steadfast suppor t
hieroglyph h fo r ‘pyra p yra mid ’fro m the Tomb o f Ptahholep I at Half-title: Old Kingdo m hieroglyp Saqqara. Title-pages: The pyramids of Menkaure Menkaure,, Khafre and Khufu at Giza Giza.. pyramids o f Khafre and Khufu at Giza iza. Contents page: The pyramids
Any copy of this book issued by the publisher as a pap erback is sold sold subject to the condition tha t it shall not by way of trade or otherw ise be lent, lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated circulated w ithout the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other other than that in which it is published and w ithout a similar condition condition including these words being imposed on a sub sequent purchaser. €> 1997 Th am es & Hu dson Ltd, Lon don First published in the United States of America in 1997 by Tha mes & Hudso n Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, York, New York 10110 10110 Reprinted 2001 2001 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-60232 ISBN 0-500-0508-4-8 All Rights Reserved. Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, mechanical, including photocopy, photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior per mis sion in w ritin g from the p ublishe r. Printed and b ound in Slovenia by Mladinska Knjiga
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CONTENTS Pyramids, Pyramids, L an d an d Peopl Peopl Chronology 8 Map M ap 10 Pyramids in the Landscape The Giant Pyramids: Their Rise and Fall 1 The Standard Pyramid Com
I TOM B AND TEMP
The Ka, the Ba a nd the the Body Emb Bur B ur ial ia l Ritua Ri tuals ls an d the Py ra mid mi d
This World World and the Netherwor The Pyramid Texts Texts 3 The Pyramid as Icon
n EXPLORER S AN D SCI Sign up to vote on this title Ea Lege Le gend ndss 38 Notrly useful Useful Early
Myth M yth ic Histo Hi sto ry o f the Copts a n
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The Great Expeditions 59
Neiv Ne iv King Ki ng do m Py ram ra m ids 188
Re cent ce nt Discov D iscoverie eriess 66
A h m o se at Ab yd os 190
in
T H E W H O L E P Y R AM A M ID ID CATALOGUE Origins Origins o f the Pyramid Hiera Hi era konp ko npolis olis 72
Pr iva te’ Pyramids Pyramids 192 Pyramids of Late Antiquity
I V T H E L IV I V IINN G P Y R A M Supply Supply and Transport 20
Royal Ro yal Tomb To mb s at Ab yd os 75
206 Quarries 206 Ar chaic ch aic M asta as taba bass a t Saqq Sa qqar ara a 78 The NOVA Pyramid-Buil Pyramid-Building ding Expe Saqqara: An Overview 82 Tools , Techniques Techniques an d O peratio Djos Dj oser er ’s Ste p Py ram ra m id Comple Com plexx 84 Survey Survey and Alignme nt 21 The Sho rt Life of Step Pyramids 94
215 Ram R am ps 215 The First True Pyramids: M eidu ei du m a nd Da hshu hs hu r 97
Ris e an d R un 218 218
Giza: An Overview 106
222 Trouble at the Top 222
The Great Great Pyramid Pyramid o f K hufu 108 108
224 The Workforce 224
Djedefr Dje defree a t A b u Roash Ro ash 120 120 Ret R etur ur n to Giza: 122 Kh afre ’s P yramid an d the Great Great Sphinx 122
Buil B uildi ding ng a Middle Mid dle K ingd in gd om Py ra Pyramid as Landlord 22
138 The Passing o f a Dynasty 138
Pyramid Towns 230 230 Sign up to voteThose on this Who title Serve: useful Useful Priests Notand Watchers Watchers 23
The Pyramid Pyramid o f Userkaf 140
Loa ve s an d Fishe F ishe s 236 236
M en k au re ’s Py rami ra mid d 134
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This powerful special effect w when the outer casing of mos robbed long ago. Where it remain the top of K hafre’s pyram id at Giz of the ages has coated it with a t wha t we mostly see today are the ies of the pyramids, composed rougher masonry than the outer Great Pyramid of Khufu, the fin core formed of cruder blocks, The Egyptian pyramids are very human monu mortar, and sometimes a fill of br ments, although their builders may have tried not pyra m id s have co re s o f sm al le to emphasize that fact. At dawn, as the sun rose clay, or a debris fill that slumped over the eastern cliffs, its rays c aught the pyramids, when the casing was removed, o mud and straw. In places on their energizing their sacred precincts with heal and light well before the morning mists had lifted from can find evidence left by worker the cool, sleeping valley floor. Al high noon fortylived on the gradually rising pyr five centuries ago, when the pyramids were com years, even decades, that it took to ple te with th ei r fre sh ly sm oo th ed white lim eston e In 1 9841 directed a project with casings, their brilliance must have been blinding. the University of Washington, to Only in this light can we appreciate the intensity organic material embedded in th with which the pyram ids symbolized the sun god. mids for radiocarbon dating. It
Pyramids, Land and People
First to be lit in the morning and catching the last of the sunlight 111 the afternoon, the brilliance of the Giza pyramids has been dim med by the removal of their casing and a patina o f age
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: climbing over the Great Pyra mid looking v flecks of ch arcoal left in the gypsum Such close encounters with pyramids . 't the ‘footprints of the gods’, bu t rathe r the rinrs of the people’: straw and reed, wood, ■'■ of rope an d sto ne tools, flecks of copper m - rds of pottery.
. : . geography of the pyramids cir lives were governed by rhythmic move. - Ton g two cosmic axes, the ancien t Egyp-.vere immediately aware of the cardinal n< The sun rose and se t over the beige ind bronze cliffs framing them on east and The north-south axis was defined by the lin■>f the Nile, whic h c han nelle d th e flow of ~. services and the adm inistra tion of the land, in the Delta, travel was easiest up and down r ' - as opposed to straig ht across. . ;■ iximately 4,000 yea rs before the foun ding t- mo dern c apita l of C airo, Eg yp t’s first ‘capi' K-mphis, began as a fortified settlement close
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to the apex of the Delta. From here to the entrance to the Fayum wa s a long, narr ow se ction of the Nile Valley which throughout Egyptian history would be the ‘ca pi ta l zone an d al so the py ra m id zone. West was the traditional direction of the dead an d the high western desert along the northern capital zone became the burial ground for royalty, courtiers, officials and sacred animals. In the Old Kingdom the seat of administration m ay have been the chief royal residence in the valley below the clusters of pyramids. Karl Butzer has estimated that the two areas of greatest population density in dynastic times were be tw ee n Lu xo r (an cie nt Thebes) and Aswan (Ele ph an tin e) a t the 1s t ca ta ra ct , an d fro m M eid um at Produce f the Fayum entrance northwards to the apex of the Delta. In between was Middle Egypt, a geographic people o to the pyr buffe r zon e w ith a low er po pu la tio n density. It is in Middle worth bearing in mind that the total population of Delta. Egypt at the time the Giza pyramids were built is an offerin estimated to have been 1.6 million, compared with relief in t o f Senwo 58 million in AD 1995.
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Chronology of the Pyramid Builders Egyptian chronology and i nn v nf dynasties and pharaohs arc still the subject o f scholarly debate, with dine real systems proposed. The dates used here an: based on the. chronology developed by Professor John Raines and Dr Jaromir Malek and set out in their Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Details o f those pharaohs who built pyramids or are featur ed in the text are given in full, where blown.
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Late Predynastic
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c. 3 0 0 0
2920-2770 1st dynasty Menes (Hor-Aha); Djer, Wadi; Den. Adjib, Semerkhet; Qa’a
7th/8th dynasties including Ibi
2770-2649 2 n d dy nas ty Hetepsekhemwy; Raneb; Ninetjer; Peribsen; Khasekhem(wy)
First Intermediate Period
9th /10 th dy na stie s
2649-2575 2649-2630 2630-2611 2611-2603 2603-2599 2599-2575
11 th d yna sty (Theban) Intef I Intel’ II Intef III Mentuhotep
Old Kingdom
4th dy na st y Sneferu Khufu (Cheops) Djedefre Khafre (Chephren) Men kaure (Mycerinus) Shepseskaf
6th dynasty Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II
BC
Early Dynastic Period
3rd dy nas ty Neb ka Djoser (Netjerykhet) Sekhemkhet Khaba Huni
The Complete Valley of the
Middle Kingdom
2575-2465 2575-2551 2551-2528 2528-2520 2520-2494 2490-2472 2472-2467
11th dynasty Mentuhotep I Mentuhotep II Me ntuhotep 111
2465-2323 5th dy na st y Userkaf 2465-2458 Sahure 2458-2446 Neferirk are 2446 -2426 You're Reading a Preview Shepseskare 2426-2419 Raneferef 2419-2416 Unlock full access with a free trial. Niuserr e 2416-2388 Djedkare-Isesi 2388-2356 Download With Free Trial Unas 2356-2323
12th dyn asty Amene mhet I Senwos ret I (Sesos tris I) Amenemhet II Senwosret II (Sesostris 11) Senwosret III (Sesostris III) Amenem het III Amenemhet IV Sobek neferu 13th dyn asty including Ameny-Qemau Khendjer 14th dynasty
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The pyramid a s temple nd Intermediate Period -
/
7th dynasties
1640-1532
Kingdom
-20th dynasties
■
'* -ding Ahmose (Amosis)
1550-1070
1550-1525
1Intermediate Period
25th dynasties
-
1070-712
770-712 .~ t : dy na sty Nubian a nd Th eb an Area) Kashta 770-750 Ry e
750-712
[-. •e Period
dynasty
-
Shabako Shabatko Taharqa Tantutamun
h dyna sty r, uding XechoI Psam tik I (Psammetichus I) 7:h - ' I: h ‘.h .
. i
dynasty dynasty dynasty dynasty
Pe rsian Per io d
712-657
712-698 698-690 690-664 664 657 664-525
672-664 664-610 525-404 404-399 399-380 380-343 343-332
aeco- Rom an Period
332
bc
- ad
395
roitic kingd om
300
bc
- ad
350
It is true that the pyramids are pharaonic tombs, but th e to m b of a pha ra oh of an ci en t E gypt w as far more than just the grave of a king. One of the hallmarks of the Egyptian state from its very beg in ni ng in the 1st dynasty w as the tradition cen tred on the king as an incarnation of the god Horns, whose totem was the falcon. In the world of the ancient Eg yptian s the falcon soared above all other living creatures. When an incarnation of Horus died, the god passed to the next reigning king. Physically entombed within the pyramid, the dead king became identified with Osiris, the divine father of Horus. The pyram id complex was, in one sense, a temple complex to the Horus-Osiris divini ty, merged with the sun god in the central icon of the pyramid. As a temple complex, the pyramid was also the largest of what have been called ‘pious founda tions’, that is, enormous endowments of people, lands and produce, fcr the sustenance, upkeep and service of a tomb, temple or pyramid. When the Egyptians built the pyramids, they also founded new farms, ranches and whole new towns in the pro vin ces . T he liv estoc k an d pr od uc e from th es e estates flowed into the area of the pyramid com ple x w he re they wo uld be redi st ribu te d to th e w or k force and to the priests and special classes of peop le w ho se rv eda the temple c om ple x. So th e p y ra You're Reading Preview mid was also an economic engine, and, especially duringfull the Old with Kingdom, a major cata lyst for inter Unlock access a free trial. nal colonization and the development of Egypt as one of the world’s first true states . Download With Free Trial The complete pyramid played many roles: mas sive labour project; baker and brewer for hundreds of consumers; colonizer of the Egyptian provinces; Sign up toand votecraftsmen on this titleof employer of farmers, herdsmen all kinds; temple and ritua centre at the Not coreuseful of the l Useful Egy ptian state; reliquary of a king; embodiment of light and shadow; and the union of heaven and
Pyramids
Two o f builders: th pharaoh D began a py Roash, bth-dynast (above), w adjacen Pyramid a also the fir construct a addition to Abusir.
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THE PYRAMIDS
1
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The Complete Temples of
n
2
RED SEA
%Is> Thebes
1Aswan
Gebel - Barkal Napa ta>« J - iNuri
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Sneferu’s Bent Pyramid
South Mazghuna H South Dahshur B 8 b Ameny-Qemau
L North Mazghuna
gj Lepsius L
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B South Dahshur A 0 Amenemhet III B Amenemhet
FAYUM FAYUM
Lake Moeris
Llbi
0 Unfinished Pyramid ® Khendjer
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3 Pepi II Shep seskaf El ®
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GIZA 53 Menkaure [X] Khafre
13 Khuf
ZAWIYET EL-ARYAN
^
Unfinished Pyramid
a Layer Pyramid
AB U ROASH
DjedefreQgi
ABU GHU ROB a Niuserre’s Sun Temple ABUS IR User kaf’s Sun Temple -. :. -eferef Hg «s s :
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0
1 1---------------- 1----------,-----0 1
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Nomes and ba sins
Through processes of erosion a Nile cr ea te d a co nv ex floodpla est land is nearest the river and to what we might expect, the lo to the desert. In between were n raced downstream from south to were on e of the largest and mo features of the yearly cycle, for natural irrigation system th at wa Eg ypt w as a cradle of civilization tha t allowed the modern dams at Aswan. Surrou same basic language and culture to flourish for carefully managed, the great ce nearly 3,000 years. For most of this long history, water for six to eight weeks eac phar ao h w as ‘Lo rd of the Tw o La nd s', a refle ctio n annual flood. In the last century of the natural division of the country into two to just north of the Fayum there inhabitable parts: the Nile Valley and the broad ba sins . Delta. Each pharaoh wore the double crown, com How did the ancient Egypti bi ni ng the Red Crow n of Lo we r (n or ther n) E gypt landscape and its peasant farm and the W hite Crown of Upper (southern) Egypt. food and labour that supported In shape, the Nile and its Y-shaped Delta can be During the last century such con compared to three of the plan ts tha t flourish in the pendent sy st em s of ba si ns , valley and which the pyram id builders petrified in one or (usually) several basins stone in carvings and columns: the palm tree, the feeder canal. The head of this ca lotus and the papyrus. Upper Egypt is the trunk or the Nile bank. Beginning in the stem; and the Delta is the palm frond, the lotus canals that seasonally channelle flower or the head of the papyrus. If the Delta is the basins were named with the the lotus blossom, the Fayum is its bud. The Fayum hum an arm - they were ‘arm atur is a large fertile basin, at various times filled by a ba si n sy st em also ha d a tail-e lake whose remains today are the brackish waters waters to flow back into the N You're Reading a Preview of L ake Qarun. Th e lake was fed by the only major deposited their fertile silty tributary of the Nile in Egypt, the Bahr Youssef br ea ch ed firs t, follow ed by su Unlock full access with a free trial. each transv erse dyke back to the (‘River Joseph’), which enters the Fayum by way of .the ancient Haw ara Channel. Field beds appeared at the bo Download With Free Trial from south to north. The Egy br oa dca st so w in g - simpl y s hand - and this was best done s drained w hen the be ds were The ancient Egy ptians favoured various stones forSign upwas to vote on this title and sowing therefore needed to their pyramid s and carvings . Over millions of years Useful Not the useful natedand basin administ (primarily the Eocene, 65-35 million yea rs ago) the sea covered much of Egypt, depositing sediments rapidly su rveyed and identified f that became the limestone of Egy pt’s tableland. The southernmost Upper Egy
Pyramids in the Landscape
Stone for Pyramids
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