The Birth of Filipino National Consciousness Causes of Nationalism Spread of Liberalism • • •
Liberal ideas from Europe filtered in when Spain gradually exposed Phil. To international commerce. The sons and daughters of the principalia were able to attain education, thereupon giving then exposure to libertarian ideas. Illustrados - Illustrados like Rizal, Del Pilar and Jaena who had their education in Europe obtained liberal ideas on these significant events in the history of the world. They were the first individuals realized that they need to voice out their opinion and thoughts about the exploitation of Spanish officials and friars to the Filipinos. Though, before Rizal time revolts against Spaniards occurred. On 1832, Apolinario de la Cruz, a religious and rebel leader, founded the brotherhood of Confradia de San Jose, in Lukban, Quezon that fought for religious freedom. As founder, he was given the title of hermano mayor, and thus was also known as Hermano Pule. It simply proved that Filipinos did not like the ruling of Spaniards. Yet these revolts did not succeed because of geographical condition of the country. We could not easily unite.
Sentiments against the Principales • •
Proportion of the local aristocracy to the broad masses. inferior race, limited intelligence
Opening of Suez Canal a. The opening of Suez Canal (1869) gave more opportunities to the illustrados and elites to travel and gain education in different places in Europe. During this time the Philippine economy progressed because of short time of travelling and it opens the gateway of trading to other neighboring countries. Spanish government officials became lenient and relaxed on their responsibilities and duties. Filipinos observed this attitude and they know the Spanish would never achieve development in the country. Race Prejudice against the Filipino Priests b. Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines. These were the regulars and the seculars. Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity. Examples were the Franciscans, Recollects, Spanish church in Cavite circa 1899 Dominicans, and Augustinians. Secular priests did not belong to any religious order. They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops. c. Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests. It was their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these parishes. But the regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.
d. In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the diocese’s authority over the parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests. He assigned secular priests to take their place. Since there were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies the Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars. A royal decree was also issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests. e. The regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and inadequate experience. f. The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits returned to the Philippines. They had been exiled from the country because of certain policies of the order that the Spanish authorities did not like. g. The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards were clearly favouring their own regular priest over Filipino priests. The Spanish Revolution of 1868 Martyrdom of GomBurZa h. In February 17, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza), all Filipino priest, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion. i. The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. j. The death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. k. They questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms. l. The martyrdom of the three priests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of its colonial government. m. The death of the three priests or also known as GOMBURZA raised the consciousness of Filipinos to revolt. The three priests were killed because they wanted reform in the secularization. n. Also the invention of printing press helped the propagandist express and show their thoughts and ideas through newspaper. Because of this, Filipino masses became more aware on the events happening around them. They recognize the importance of expressing their self, their own nationality, and their freedom. 1. Revolt of Lakandula and Soliman (1574)
Lakandula and Soliman decided to rise in arms. They proclaimed their revolt and gathered in Navotas. Cause: Lavezaris’s reversal of Legazpi’s policy of exempting the native rulers from tributes 2.
First Pampanga Revolt (1585)
Some brave Pampangueño leaders connived w/ the people of Manila and the Borneans. The leaders were arrested abd executed w/out any fair trial. Cause Abuses of the Encomenderos 3.
The Tondo/Maharlika conspiracy
(1587-88) was a plot against Spanish colonial rule by the datus of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga. It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula, and his first cousin, Martin Pangan.The uprising failed when they were denounced to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes Cause Regain Lost Freedom 4.
Magalat’s Revolt, Cagayan (1596)
led by Magalat, a Filipino rebel from Cagayan. He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the Spanish. He was later released after some urging by some Dominican priests, and returned to Cagayan. Together with his brother, he urged the entire country to revolt.The Spanish Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán sent Pedro de Chaves from Manila with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops. They fought successfully against the rebels, and captured and executed several leaders under Magalat. Magalat himself was assassinated within his fortified headquarters by his own men Cause Unjust Tax 5. Revolt of the Igorots ( 1601) Spaniards were determined to proselytize the Igorots. An expedition was sent to stop them from resisting to colonial subjugation. Cause Refusal to Accept new religion 6. Revolt of the Irrayas, N Isabela in Cagayan Valley (1621) After the missionaries had left,led by Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, the Irrayas killed their encomenderos and burned their houses. FR. Santo Tomas returned and promised them that the govt. would pardon them and remedy their grievances. The revolt ended w/out a fight. Cause Oppression of Spanish Officilas 7. Revolt of Tamblot, Bohol (1621-22) Tamblot, a babaylan,, persuaded the natives to abandon Catholicism and rise against the Spaniards. They began their revolt when the most of the Jesuits were away attending the beatification of St. francis Xavier in Cebu. They burned the villages as well as the churches.
Cause Return to Native Religion 8.
Bancao Revolt, Leyte (1622)
was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Bancao, the datu of Carigara , in the presentday Carigara Philippine province of Leyte. Cause Return to Native Religion 9.
Ladia Revolt (1643)
Ladia was a Bornean and a descendant of Lakandula who came to Malolos in 1643.Upon his capture, he was brought to Manila where he was executed. Cause Spanish oppression 10.
Revolt of Dabao (1650s)
Cause Controversial Decree to send Carpenters to the Cavite shipyard The rebels who surrendered, who were promised to be pardoned, were either hanged or enslaved. 11.
Sumuroy Revolt, Samar (1649-50)
Cause Forced labor In the today the town of Palapag in Northern Samar, Juan Ponce Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo system being undertaken in Samar. 12.
Maniago Revolt, Pampanga (1660)
Causes Frequent Recruitment of Men to Cut timber in the Mts. And Bandala. led by Don Francisco Maniago, initially caused by natives' protest against the polo and bandala, later became a struggle to free the natives from Spanish rule. The rebels were weakened by Gov. de Lara's cooperation of Arayat chief Macapagal. 13.
Malong Revolt, Pangasinan (1660-61)
Causes Spanish Oppression & the desire to Replace Spanish Rulers. who led some natives in Pangasinan to take up arms against the Spanish government and proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan. However his kingdom was short-lived and soon most of his forces abandoned him, enabling the Spanish forces to capture him and subsequently executed him. Later, Juan dela Cruz Palaris, a native of Binalatongan, led a renewal of the revolt. The Spanish authorities reviewed the demands of the natives and required the alcalde-mayor of Pangasinan to resign. The people of Pangasinan continued their resistance nonetheless, but they finally defeated in March, 1764. 14.
Revolt of Gumapos (1661)
Continuation of Malong’s Revolt Pedro Gumapos and his troop of Zambals killed many Spaniards in Ilocos. 400 rebels were slain and Gumapos himself was hanged in Vigan. 15.
Almazan Revolt (January 1661)
Cause Personal ambitions led by Don Pedro Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The letters sent by Don Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his area and urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan auto-proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and executed. 16.
Revolt of Tapar, Panay (1663)
Cause Found a New Religion under a Native Supervision Tapar attracted many followers w/ his stories about his frequent conversations w/ a demon. They were killed in a bloody fught against the Spanish. 17.
Revolt of Dagohoy, Bohol (1744-1849)
Cause Refusal to give his brother a Christian burial -
Bcoz he died in a duel
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No proper limosnas, church offerings
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Body was left decompoding for 3 days
18.
Revolt of Silang (1762-63)
Causes his imprisonment, abusive govt. officials, heavy taxation Silang was killed by Vicos. Gabriella,his wife, continued the fight. She and her companions were executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. 19.
Palaris’s Revolt (1762-65)
Causes Tribute, Spain’s Loss of Prestige due to the British Occupation of Manila Palaris urged the people to fight since the Spanish were very weak. Palaris was publicly hanged. 20.
Basi Revolt (1807)
Cause wine Monopoly of 1786 Ilocanos were prohibited to drink homemade basi. They were compelled to buy wine from the govt. stores.
21.
Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution
Cause Abolition of the Liberal Spanish constitution Upon knowing this, an explosion of violence in the country against the principales took place. 22.
Revolt of the Bayot Bros.
Cause Feeling of Distrust b/w the peninsulares and the creoles the insulares resented the extra privillages given to the penisulares. 3 Bayot bros. – Manuel, Jose, Juaquin Their plan was discovered. They were imprisoned after the trial.
23.
Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-41)
Cause Religious Freedom Hermano Pule was not able to pursue his priestly vocation. He was not accepted bcoz he was an indio. He founded Cofradia de San Jose. He sought recognition of his religious brotherhood, but his confraternity was banned. But he still continued the brotherhood. He was captured and his chopped body was paraded from Tayabas to nearby Lucban.
24.
MUSLIM WARS
The Spaniards made attempts to subdue the inhabitants of Mindanao by deploying its military forces in the South. Reasons: ·
Spanish Invasion of Mindanao and Sulu
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Preservation of Islam, and
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The love of adventure brought about by spoils of wars.
Gov. Francisco de Sande sent forces to Jolo, led by Capt. Esteban Figuerosa. Sultan Pangiran Budiman resisted the attack. But Sulu fell into the Spanish hands. Pearls-tribute. The Moros avenged by plundering coastal towns under Spanish dominion. Sirungan and Salikala prepared a stronger force of 70 vessels and 4000 warriors, but they were repulsed with heavy losses at Iloilo province by 1000 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arquebusiers under Don Juan Garcia de Sierra.
June/23/1635 – A stone fort was built in Zamboanga led by Fr. Melchor de Verea w/ 1000 Visayans. March/13/1637 – Gov. Corcuerra led his troop at the mouth of Rio grande de Mindanao. Next day, they had Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat’s capital in Cotabato. After nursing his bullet wound in one arm, Sultan Kudarat later mounted raids on Spanish settlements in Luzon and Visayas. In 1645, Tausugs finally liberated Jolo. In 1749, Sultan Alimud I was deposed by his bro. Bantilan of his friendship w/ the Spaniards. In 1751, Gov. Gen. de Obando wanted Alimud Din I to regain his throne in Jolo. The Sultan left Manila and stopped at Zamboanga. The Spanish commander claimed to have intercepted a letter from Alimud din I to a sultan in Mindanao, w/c was allegedly treasonable. He was shipped back to Manila and later imprisoned at Fort Santiago. Gov. Gen. de Arandia later released him and granted him royal privillages. In 1762, he was rescued by the British and restored his throne in Jolo. The height of the Moro Wars occurred in the second half of the 18th cen. In the closing of the 19th cen. The Moro power declined. In 1848, Gov. Gen. de Urbiztondo attacked the Samals at Balanguingui. Dec/11/1850 – Gov. Gen. de Urbiztondo left Manila to subjugate Muslims of Sulu. The next month, he attacked Jolo. The natives lost over 100 men. In 1861, the sultan in Maguindanao finally recognized Spanish sovereignity. However, resistance cont. under Datu Ugto in upper Pulangi. In 1874, Gov. Gen. Jose Malcampo prepared a mighty armada for the invasion of Jolo. It lasted for 1 day and on March 1 /1876, Sultan Jamalul A’lam worked for peace w/ the Spanish. He transferred his capital to Maimbung. The Sultanate of Sulu,being a sovereign govt. was able to lease Sabah ( N. Borneo) to a British company, that on Jan. 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul A’lam leased Sabah to Mr. Alfred Dent,Englishman, and to Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck. In 1886, Gov. Gen. Terrero led the invasion to Cotabato. They destroyed some forts of Datu Utto but failed to crush Utto’s fighters. In 1891, Gov. Gen. Weyler, invaded Lanao, that in Aug. 21, 1891 he won the first battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake. Datu Amai Pakpak, the defender of Marawi, was able to escape. He recruited more warriors to fight against the Spanish. However, he was overpowered by Datu Ali Jimbangan and his fierce krismen. In 1895, Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco invaded Lanao Lake region. He attacked Marawi on March 10, 1895 where Datu amai Pakpak died http://www.google.comaction. The Muslim warriors declared a jihad, forcing Blanco and his troop to return to Manila. Paris Treaty - Ang Kasunduan sa Paris, na nilagdaan noong Disyembre 10, 1898, ay ang nagpatapos ng Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano. Nasasaad sa kasunduan ang pagpapalaya sa bansang Cuba, ang paglilipat ng pamumuno sa Estados Unidos sa mga bansang Puerto Rico at Guam, at ang pagbili sa Pilipinas mula sa Espanya sa halagang $20,000,000 ng Estados Unidos, w/ ended the Spanish domination in the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed on December 10, 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War, and came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the ratifications were exchanged.The Treaty signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific Ocean and marked the beginning of an age of United States colonial power.
