Name: __________ ______________ ____ ____________ ____________ Date: _____________ _____________ 1. Which Which sub subdiv divisi ision on of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for the transmission of sensory signals from the body to the contralateral side of the brain? A) the the som somatic tic B) the au autonomic C) the spinal D) the the para arasym sym pathetic 2. The brain brain is is orga organized nized so that the _____ mediates cognitive functions, functions, the _____ is responsible for regulatory functions functions like eating and sleeping, sleepi ng, and the _____ is responsible for communication with the motor system. A) medull dullaa, pons, pons, midbrain B) left left hemisp isphere, right hemisphere, midbrain C) fore foreb brain rain,, brainstem, spinal cord D) amyg amygd dala, la, hippocampus, hypothalamus 3. Who Who thoug thought ht tha thatt mental processes came from the heart, not the brain? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) Hip Hippocrat cratees D) Galen 4. If some someone one belie believes ves in a material brain that interacts with a nonmaterial nonmaterial mind, that person would be BEST called a _____. A) monist B) phil philo osop sopher C) dualist D) psy psycho chologi logisst 5. Accor Accordin ding g to De De scartes, which human brain structure was the locus of the mind? A) the the pre prefr fro ontal lobe B) the pi pineal body body C) the me medial f orebrain bundle D) the the ce cereb rebell ellum 6. In term termss of the the si similarity of their ideas about nature, who is Alfred Wallace BEST paired with? A) Pier Pierrre Flo Flou ur ens ens B) Marc Dax C) Paul Broca D) Char Charle less Dar Dar win win 7. Gall Gall and and Spurzh Spurzheeim were the first to propose the general theory that _____. A) dif differ ferent ent pa parts of the brain had different functions B) brains we were composed of individual units called neurons C) people us use only a small fraction of their brains D) hea head circ ircumference umference is positively correlated with intelligence 8. Today, Today, when when neu neuroscientists roscientists use the term “mind,” most are using it as shorthand for: A) spir spirit it and and soul. soul. B) non nonmater terial ial aspects of experience. C) hea heart fun functi ction. D) the the co colle llectiv ctivee functions of the brain. 9. A crani craniosc oscop opy y was was used for which purpose? A) to sur surg gical ically ly remove remove parts of the cerebral cortex B) to ex excise su su bdural hematomas hematomas from the meninges meninges of the brain C) to me measure the the bumps and depressions of the skull D) to observ servee the anatomical structures of an individual in a manner similar to the CAT scanner 10. 10. From From studyi studying ng several several cases of brain damage, who proposed that speech was located in the third convolution of the left frontal lobe? A) Carl Carl Werni erniccke B) Paul Broca C) Jean Jean Bap Baptist tistee Bouillaud D) San Santia tiago Ramón y Cajal
11. 11. So-cal So-called led fluent fluent aphasia, associated with damage to the left temporal lobe, was first accurately described and located by _____. A) Marc Da Dax B) Paul Broca C) Carl We Wernicke D) Pier ierre Ma Marie 12. 12. By study studying ing ind indii viduals with damage to particular brain regions, memory researchers have found that different aspects of memories seem to t o be stored in different parts of the brain. As yet, however, the researchers have not determined how these elements are com bined into an integrated integrated memory memory of an event event or stimulus. This is referred to as the _____ problem. problem. A) mnemonic B) lev levels-o ls-off-p pr ocessing ocessing C) source D) binding 13. 13. Who Who first first prese presen nted compelling evidence that the nervous system is composed of individual cells and is not a “nerve net”? A) Golgi B) Hug Hughling lingss-Jackson -Jackson C) Ramón y Cajal D) Goltz 14. 14. Who Who coine coined d the t erm “synapse”? A) Bernstein B) Galvani C) Huxley D) She Sherrin rring gton ton Use the following to answer answer questions 15-17: Different theorists down the ages have placed mental processes in various parts of the body. Choose the appropriate body region for each theorist. a. pine pineal al glan gland d b. heart c. brain
15. 15. Aristo Aristotle tle ___ 16. 16. Desca Descarte rtess ___ ___ 17. modern modern neurosc neuroscienti ientists sts ___ Use the following to answer questions 18-21: The nineteenth century saw an increase in scientific interest in the functions of the brain. Match the scientist(s) with the MOST appropriate phrase. a. conducti conduction on aphasia aphasia b. recovery of of function c. electrica electricall excitabilit excitability y of the cortex cortex d. left hemisphere hemisphere localization localization for speech
18. 18. Dax Dax ___ ___ 19. 19. Werni Wernicke cke ___ ___ 20. 20. Floure Flourens ns ___ ___ 21. Fritsch Fritsch and and Hitzig Hitzig ___
Use the following to answer ans wer questions 22-25: Following Broca, several other several other investigators extended knowledge regarding the association of brain damage and language and movement disorders. For each each individual, choose the MOST appropriate alternative from the list below. a. apra apraxi xiaa b. hierarchical organizat organization ion c. fluen fluentt apha aphasia sia d. alex alexia ia
22. 22. Werni Wernicke cke ___ ___ 23. 23. Dejer Dejerine ine ___ 24. 24. Liepm Liepman ann n ___ ___ 25. Hughling Hughlings-Ja s-Jacks ckson on ___ Use the following to answer ans wer questions 26-29: The history of neuropsychology neuropsyc hology has been influenced by a variety of hypotheses regarding the functional organization of the human brain. For each hypothes hypothesis, is, choose the individual MOST closely associated with that idea from the list below. a. Goltz b. Ramón y Cajal Cajal c. Hughlings Hughlings-Jac -Jackson kson d. Golg Golgii
26. antilocal antilocalizati ization on ___ 27. hierarch hierarchical ical organiz organization ation ___ ___ 28. nerve nerve net hypoth hypothesis esis ___ ___ 29. neuron neuron hypot hypothesi hesiss ___ Use the following to answer questions 30-33: Match the individual(s) in each question with the MOST appropriate term from the list. a. chemical chemical neurotra neurotransmi nsmission ssion b. electrical stimulation stimulation of muscle contractions c. ionic conduc conduction tion of nerve nerve impulse impulse d. syna synaps psee
30. 30. Galva Galvani ni ___ 31. Hodgkin Hodgkin and and Huxley Huxley ___ ___ 32. 32. Sherri Sherring ngton ton ___ ___ 33. 33. Loew Loewii ___ ___ Use the following to answer questions 34-37: For each discipline listed below, choose the MOST appropriate alternative from the list. a. positron positron emissio emission n tomograp tomography hy b. failed in developing developing a functional functional atlas of the human human brain c. intellige intelligence nce quotient quotient d. stereotax stereotaxic ic device device
34. neurosu neurosurger rgery y ___
35. 35. psych psychom ometr etrics ics _ __ 36. 36. brain brain imagi imaging ng __ _ 37. 37. phren phrenolo ology gy ___ ___ 38. 38. Distin Distingui guish sh betw between sulci and gyri in the cerebral cortex. 39. 39. Distin Distingu guish ish betw between the functions of the spinal cord, brain stem, and forebrain. 40. 40. What What was was Desc Descaartes's view of the mind–body problem? 41. 41. What What are are the the imp implications of Darwin's theory that all animals had a common ancestor for the study of nervous system functions? 42. 42. Why Why is apha aphasia sia f ollowing ollowing a stroke usually associated with paralysis or difficulty with movement on the right side of the body? 43. 43. What What was was Broca' Broca'ss main contribution to the concept of lateralization of function in the human brain? 44. 44. What What was was Wern Werniicke's main contribution to the concept of a modular functional organization of the human brain? 45. 45. Descr Describe ibe how how the the concept of hierarchical organization, organization, as stated by Hughlings-Jackson, was consistent with the apparently disparate research researc h findings of localizationist and antilocalizationist antilocalizationist theories of brain function. 46. Briefly discuss what what John Hughlings-Jackson Hughlings-Jackson meant meant by his concept of “hierarchical “hierarchical organization.” organization.” 47. What contributions contributions have been made by the study of split-brain subjects to our understanding understanding of the organization of cognitive abilities? 48. Sketch and label the main main parts of a neuron. neuron. 49. Of what historical historical significance were were the experiments experiments of Fritsch and and Hitzig? 50. What is the definitive evidence evidence that refutes the nerve nerve net hypothesis of the nervous nervous system? 51. What does it mean mean for the cortex cortex to be organized organized topographically? topographically? 52. What What is a “Hebb “Hebb synaps synapse”? e”? 53. How did Penfield contribute contribute to our historical knowledge knowledge regarding regarding brain and behavior? behavior? 54. Discuss the ways statistics are are useful in dealing with individual individual differences in neuropsycholo neuropsychological gical experiments. experiments. 55. Describe the contributions contributions of of psychometrics psychometrics to the field of neuropsychology. neuropsychology. 56. Following damage damage to his frontal frontal lobes, subject L. D. D. had lasting impairments impairments in: A) visu visual al perc percep epti tion on.. B) attentio tion. C) motor motor-sk -skill ill acquis acquisitio ition. n. D) balance. 57. Neuropsychology Neuropsychology uses information information from many many disciplines. Which Which discipline is NOT one of those? those? A) ethology B) pha pharma rmacolo ology C) biophysics D) mycology
58. 58. Commu Communic nicati ation on between between cerebral cerebral hemispheres hemispheres occurs via via the: A) som somatic tic ner ves. ves. B) late latera rall fis fissu sure. re. C) arc arcuate ate fasc fasciculus. iculus. D) corp corpu us cal callo losum. sum. 59. 59. The folds folds or or bum bum ps characteristic characteristic of the cerebral cerebral cortex are called: called: A) gyri. B) sulci. C) lobes. D) nuclei. 60. 60. The corp corpus us callo callosum sum is the largest of the brain's: A) subc subco ortic rtical al nuclei. B) commissures. C) cort cortic ical al lob lobes. D) sens senso ory ner ner ves ves 61. 61. The brain brain and and sp sp inal cord together make up the _____ nervous system. A) autonomic B) peripheral C) central D) somatic 62. 62. Which Which of the the foll following owing supported a cardiac hypothesis of behavior? A) Plato B) Galen C) Aristotle D) Hip Hippocrat cratees 63. Descartes was an articulate proponent proponent of _____. _____. A) monism B) dualism C) the the card cardia iacc hypo hypoth thes esis is D) nonm nonmat ater eria iali lism sm 64. If a person believes that brain brain function is only the source source of some behaviors, behaviors, it is accurate to refer to that person as a: A) menta entali list st.. B) beh behavio aviori rist st.. C) mate ateria rialis list. D) dualist. 65. With respect to the “mind–brain” “mind–brain” problem, problem, followers of Wallace Wallace and Darwin would MOST likely consider consider themselves themselves to be _____. A) menta entali list stss B) mate ateria rialis lists C) dualists D) agnostics 66. Two individuals developed developed similar theories theories of evolution at about about the same time. Charles Darwin Darwin was one; the other was _____. A) Willi illiaam Osl Osleer B) Pier Pierre re Flou Floure rens ns C) Pie Pierre rre Mari Mariee D) Alfr Alfred ed Wa Wall llac acee 67. Materialism is the philosophical philosophical position position that all behavior behavior can be explained explained by the: A) workings workings of of the physical physical nervo nervous us system system and and body body alone. alone. B) interactio interaction n of the physical physical brain brain and and nonphy nonphysical sical soul. soul. C) motivate motivated d pursu pursuit it of of mater material ial well-bein well-being. g. D) flow of cereb cerebrosp rospinal inal fluid fluid between between ventri ventricles cles and and muscles. muscles. 68. Darwin's principle that that all animals' nervous systems systems evolved from that of a common ancestor ancestor predicted that: A) all living things can can in theory theory be traced back back to the same same ancient ancient unknown unknown ancestor. ancestor. B) over time, nervous nervous systems systems have have come to have increasingly increasingly more more in common common at the neural level. C) functionally different structures structures in different species species share share common common ancestral ancestral genes and mechanisms. mechanisms. D) brain–behavior brain–behavior relationships relationships have have remained remained largely unchanged unchanged during the course course of evolution. evolution.
69. 69. Althou Although gh the the phr enologists enologists were misguided in many respects, Gall actually did report, more or less accurately, the first case of _____ following followi ng left frontal damage. A) cort cortic ical al bli blin ndness B) hyst hysteeric rical paralysis C) loss of of th the a bility to speak D) pers person onal alit ity y change 70. 70. Early Early suppo support rt for lateralization lateralization and l ocalization of function came from postmortem studies of: A) humans who had recovered function following stroke. B) dec decorti orticcate dogs trained on memory tasks. C) reg region ional dif ferences in cell density. D) humans wi with language disorders. 71. 71. Althou Although gh all all of the the individuals listed made contributions to our knowledge of the lateralization of language functions in the brain, _____ _____ is generally generally credited with the MOST important findings. A) Dax B) Bouillaud C) Marie D) Broca 72. 72. The hypo hypothe thesis sis that that the ability to speak depends on the left frontal lobe is an example of: A) anti antilo loccaliza lizationism. tionism. B) late latera rali lizzatio tion of function. C) mental talism. D) phre phren nology logy.. 73. 73. The cort cortica icall area MOST area MOST closely associated with speech comprehension is the _____ lobe. A) temporal B) frontal C) occipital D) parietal 74. Apraxia Apraxia is the the inabilit inability y to: A) lear learn n a new new mot motor or ski skill ll.. B) produ produce ce articu articulat latee spe speech ech.. C) make make seq sequen uences ces of mov movem ement ents. s. D) combine combine sensor sensory y stimuli stimuli into into a coheren coherentt percepti perception. on. 75. The currently used medical medical diagnosis diagnosis “persistent vegetativ vegetativee state” MOST closely reflects the nervous nervous system's: A) hierar hierarchi chical cal organi organizat zation ion.. B) cond conduc ucti tion on apha aphasi sia. a. C) locali localizat zation ion of functi function. on. D) Hebb Hebb syna synaps pse. e. 76. A person who cannot understand understand how the brain ties together past perceptions and actions actions in a unified memory is pondering: A) apraxia. B) the the bin bindi ding ng prob proble lem. m. C) aphasia. D) the the neur neuron on theo theory ry.. 77. The scientist who discovers discovers how a unitary perception perception is made from multiple multiple streams of sensory sensory information will have have solved the: A) mind mind–b –bod ody y prob proble lem. m. B) bind bindin ing g prob proble lem. m. C) prob proble lem m of oth other er min minds ds.. D) late latera ralit lity y conun conundr drum um.. 78. Sherrington's studies studies of the reflex reflex arc in dogs led led him to conclude conclude that: A) there are are gaps betwee between n individua individuall communic communicating ating neuro neurons. ns. B) communic communicating ating neuro neurons ns are directly directly connec connected ted with one one another. another. C) all neura neurall commun communicati ication on is is electric electrical al in nature. nature. D) reflexes reflexes are are coordina coordinated ted by the the pineal pineal body, body, even even in dogs. dogs. 79. The scientific discipline discipline BEST associated associated with the development development of intelligence tests is: is: A) neu neurolo rolog gy. B) psyc psycho hosu surg rger ery. y. C) psyc psycho home metr tric ics. s. D) neur neurop opsy sych chol olog ogy. y.
Answer Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.
A C B C B D A D C B C D C D b a c d a b c c d a b a c d b b c d a d c a b Gyri are folds or or bumps in the cortex, while sulci sulci are creases or indentations indentations in the the cortex. The spinal cord conveys information information into the brain and sends information from the brain to the muscles about about movement. The brainstem mediates mediates regulatory regulatory functions like like eating and drinking, drinking, and the the forebrain mediates mediates cognitive cognitive functions. 40. Descartes believed believed the mind and body were were separate entities. He viewed viewed the nonmaterial nonmaterial mind as controlling the material material body through through the pineal body body in the brain. brain. 41. Darwin's theory inspired inspired the study of nervous nervous system functions functions in different species for comparison comparison with one another. another. If all animals, including humans, humans, have a common ancestor, then there will be similarities across species in brain structure and function. 42. Damage to the frontal frontal lobe usually results in motor motor impairment of movements movements with the contralateral contralateral side of the body. Since damage to the left frontal lobe is associated with aphasia, it would be associated with motor impairments on the right side of the body. 43. Broca's clinical studies studies established that speech speech was associated with damage damage to the third frontal convolution convolution of the cortex in the left frontal lobe. This is probably the first documented lateralized function in the human brain. 44. Wernicke created created the first model of how the brain produces produces language language where damage damage to the left temporal lobe would would result in the inability to understand language, even though speech movements from Broca's area were intact and hearing preserved. This introduced the idea that independent modules handled different aspects of language processing even though they worked together. 45. In the hierarchical organization organization model of Hughlings-Jackson, Hughlings-Jackson, he suggested that behaviors behaviors were represented in each level of the hierarchy, such that damage at one level leaves a simpler form of the behavior from the lower parts of the hierarchy. This was consistent with both localizationist and antilocalization research results. 46. Hughlings-Jackson Hughlings-Jackson suggested suggested that the spinal cord, brainstem, and forebrain had developed developed successively, successively, in that order, during evolution and that earlier-evolved animals and animals with injuries at higher levels would have simpler behaviors than those with the spinal cord, brainstem and forebrain intact. 47. Such studies have allowed allowed for the study of the behavioral behavioral capacity of each each hemisphere hemisphere in isolation from the other, and these these studies have revealed the relative lateralization of cognitive processes related to language in one hemisphere and spatial processing in the other hemisphere. hemisphere. 48. 48. See Figure Figure 1.9 Major 1.9 Major Parts of of a Neuron in the text. 49. Their studies demonstrated demonstrated that the cerebral cerebral cortex is electrically excitable and and that such electrical stimulation stimulation in different cortical areas produced movements in specific body regions contralateral to the hemisphere stimulated. This demonstrated topographical organization of the motor cortex. 50. Electron microscopy microscopy studies in the twentieth century century showed that that each neuron is a physically physically separate entity. 51. It means that a mappin mapping g of specific areas of the cortex is possible possible for information information from or being sent to a particular particular body region. Such a mapping on the cortex represents a specific spatial transformation of the topography of the body surface. 52. A Hebb synapse is a synapse synapse that has been altered to become become more efficient efficient on the basis of use, as in a synapse that that takes part in a neural network that stores memory. 53. During neurosurgery neurosurgery Penfield electrically electrically stimulated the exposed exposed cerebral cortex cortex of his patients and replicated replicated data that had previously only only been recorded recorded from lab lab animals. This facilitated facilitated comparisons comparisons between between invasive neurosurgical neurosurgical studies studies of the brains of lab animals animals and human human brains. brains.
54. 54. Statis Statistic ticss have have allowed allowed for seeing patterns of abilities in large samples, as in the use of frequency distributions. Such summaries of data dat a led to the discovery of the normal distributions of abilities and allow for the more accurate quantification of individual diff erences erences in ability associated with brain dysfunction in various specific brain regions. 55. 55. The standa standardi rdizat zation ion of measures of various abilities developed for IQ testing has been employed to objectively evaluate the effects of dysfunction dysfun ction in specific brain regions. These data provided the first details of functional models of the human brain. 56. B 57. D 58. D 59. A 60. B 61. C 62. C 63. B 64. D 65. B 66. D 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. D 71. D 72. B 73. A 74. C 75. A 76. B 77. B 78. A 79. C
