REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACION UNIVERSITARIA I.U.P “SANTIAGO MARIÑO” ESTADO MONAGAS EXTENSION MATURIN
ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD TÉCNICA PARA EL DISEO E INSTALACI!N DE UNA PLANTA DE PRODUCCI!N DE L"#PARAS FLUORESCENTES EN LA CIUDAD DE #ATURIN$ EDO% #ONA&AS
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CAPÍTULO I
EL PROBLE#A
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3
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OB)E OB)ETI TI* *OS DE LA IN*E IN*EST STI& I&AC ACI! I!N N
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5
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6
CAPÍTULO II
Estudio de #ercado
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ANTECEDENTES DE LA IN*ESTI&ACI!N
(%(%'% Antecedentes de instalaciones de 03+ricas de tu+os 0luorescentes en *ene4uela
Cor.oraci5n O+ra6at "$2#"s 9" c2(tl 7,, V"&"=ol&o c#"9 "& "l s ltos "st>&9#"s 9" cl(99 y g#&t%. Est "$2#"s c0"&t co& $>s 9" *,,, $* 9" 9"2?s(tos "& "l >#" C2(tl) 7,,,$* 9" ;>:#(c "& S& V(c"&t") E9o. A#g0 y o;(c(&s "& "l Est" 9" C#cs. D"s##oll $ol9"s 9" ;0&9(c(?& 2o# g#"99 9" l0$(&(o y co&t#t l ;0&9(c(?& 2# l $&0;ct0# 9" l0$(&#(s y #(os 9" s0s co$2o&"&t"s. D" (g0l $o9o t"&"$os co&"&(o co& ot#s ;>:#(cs &c(o&l"s $"c&(=9o) 2(&t0#s) c#to&"#%) "tc. P# 0" s0s 2#o90ctos slg& l $"#c9o co& l $yo# c&t(99 9" co$2o&"&t"s 9" ;:#(cc(?& "&"=ol&.
Edi6.ort #ateriales$ C%A% "s 0& "$2#"s 9" c2(tl "&"=ol&o ;0&99 "& 7c#"9 2# st(s;c"# ls &"c"s(99"s &c(o&l"s 9" s0$(&(st#o 9" $t"#(l"s "& "l 7
c$2o 9" (l0$(&c(?& #"s(9"&c(l) co$"#c(l) (&90st#(l) l0$:#9o 2:l(co) (l0$(&c(?& y 9(t$"&tos 2# "l >#" $'9(c) l0$:#9o "& "l >#" 9" 2"t#?l"o y t#&s2o#t") o;#"c("&9o sol0c(o&"s (&90st#(l"s 2# 0& ";(c("&t" 0t(l(=c(?& 9" l "&"#g% "l'ct#(c. S0 M(s(?& "s St(s;c"# l g#& 9"$&9 9" $t"#(l "l'ct#(co y 9" (l0$(&c(?& "& los 9(st(&tos s"cto#"s 9"l $"#c9o 9"l 2%s) o;#"c("&9o #t%c0los 0" so:#"2s"& los 2#>$"t#os 9" cl(99 y 0" #"s2o&9& ls $>s lts "@(g"&c(s 9" s0s cl("&t"s. E& l ct0l(99 l "$2#"s c0"&t 2# :#(&9#l" 0& $yo# s"#(c(o co& •
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P>g(& ": ."9($2o#t.&"t 9o&9" s" "&co&t##> "l ct>logo "& l%&" co& los 2#o90ctos y $#cs 0" co$"#c(l(=&.
O+ralu7 "$2#"s V"&"=ol& co& $>s 9" 84 $2#s) L0$(&#(s y Post"s) c0$2l("&9o c:l(99 co& ls "s2"c(;(cc(o&"s 9" los 2#oy"ctos 9" s0s cl("&t") 92t>&9os" s0s &"c"s(99"s) y o;#"c("&9o 2#o90ctos co& cl(99 to9 2#0": 8
c2c"s 9" st(s;c"# los #"0"#($("&tos l0$%&(cos y "$oc(o&l"s 9"l s"# 60$&o) t"&("&9o s("$2#" 2#"s"&t" #"s2o&s:(l(99 "& l "&t#"g 9" lo o;#"c(9o. Est "$2#"s c0"&t co& $>s 9" 5,,, $* "& l 2o:lc(?& 9" M#(c6"s "& "l "st9o M(#&9HV"&"=0"l) y "& ;#&co 2#oc"so 9" "@2&s(?& 9"s9" l c0l s" 9"9(c& l 2#o90cc(?& y 9(st#(:0c(?& 9" to9o t(2o 9" L>$2#s) L0$(&#(s) Post"s) y T"c6os M(c#o2"#;o#9os) o;#"c("&9o 9(s"s 9" 0& c"&t"&# 9" 2#o90ctos) 9(st#(:0(9os "& 5 L%&"s !l0o#"sc"&t"s) E$:0t(9s) P#"9) T"c6o) R";l"cto#"s) E@t"#(o#"s) Post"s y T"c6os M(c#o2"#;o#9os. D" "stos 2#o90ctos "@(st"& $lt(2l"s #(c(o&"s) 6c("&9o 0" s" "@2&9 $>s 9" 7.,,, co&;(g0#c(o&"s 9(st(&ts 9" c9 $o9"lo) 9"2"&9("&9o 9"l olt") 9"l t(2o 9" :lsto) 9" l c&t(99 y 9"l t(2o 9" :o$:(llos o t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 0t(l(=9os. A2#t" 9" los P#o90ctos 9"sc#(tos) l "$2#"s 9(s"< y ;:#(c #t%c0los 9" c0"#9o "s2"c(;(cc(o&"s 2#t(c0l#"s 9"l cl("&t". Ig0l$"&t" o;#"c"& to9o t(2o 9" l0$(&#(s LEDs 0" & 9"s9" l l0= :l&c co&"&c(o&l l co$:(&c(?& 9" colo#"s RGB) (9"l 2# c#"# 9(;"#"&t"s $:("&t"s.
(%(%(% Antecedentes 8ist5ricos de la l36.ara 0luorescente L l0$(&#( ;l0o#"sc"&t") t$:('& 9"&o$(&9 t0:o ;l0o#"sc"&t") 0&0" s0 ";"cto s" :s "@ct$"&t" "& l ;os;o#"sc"&c() "s 0& l0$(&#( 0" c0"&t co& 0& l>$2# 9" 2o# 9" $"#c0#(o : 2#"s(?& y 0" "s 0t(l(=9 &o#$l$"&t" 2# l (l0$(&c(?& 9o$'st(c " (&90st#(l.
9
E& 7-+4 /"& P(c#9 y 2ost"#(o#$"&t" /o6&& B"#&o0ll( ll> 2o# "l s &t(g0o &t"c"9"&t" 9" l (l0$(&c(?& ;l0o#"sc"&t" 2os(:l"$"&t" s" "l "@2"#($"&to #"l(=9o y 9"sc#(to "& 7+,+ 2o# !#&c(s Q0s:"") 0("& g"&"#? 2o# (o&(=c(?& "l"ct#ost>t(c 9"l 2o# 9" $"#c0#(o 0& l0= =0l9 0" lc&=: 2# l""# 0& "sc#(to. Post"#(o#$"&t" "l ;%s(co l"$>& Q"(&#(c6 G"(ssl"# co&st#0y? "& 754- 0& 9(s2os(t(o $"9(&t" "l c0l o:t0o 0& l0= 9" :#(llo =0l9o 2#t(# 9" 0& gs "&##"c(9o "&c"##9o "& 0& t0:o y "@c(t9o co& 0& :o:(& 9" (&90cc(?&. D":(9o s0 ;o#$) "st" 9(s2os(t(o 2s? ll$#s" T0:o 9" G"(ssl"#. E& l !"#( M0&9(l 9" 758 ;0"#o& $ost#9os 9(s2os(t(os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 9"s##oll9os 2o# N(ol T"sl. E& 757) "l (&"&to# "st9o0&(9"&s" D&("l Mc!#l&" Moo#" co$"&=? #"l(=# "@2"#($"&tos co& t0:os 9" 9"sc#g gs"os. C#"? s% "& 753 l L>$2# Moo#") 0" s" t#t: 9" 0& l>$2# co$"#c(l 0" co$2"t% co& ls :o$:(lls 9" l0= (&c&9"sc"&t"s (&"&t9s 2o# s0 &t(g0o ";" T6o$s Al E9(so&. Ests l>$2#s 0" co&t"&%& &(t#?g"&o y 9(?@(9o 9" c#:o&o "$(t%& l0= :l&c y #os9 #"s2"ct($"&t") y t0("#o& 0& '@(to $o9"#9o. S"#% "& 7,3) c0&9o ls 2#($"#s 9" "sts l>$2#s ;0"#o& (&stl9s "& 0&os l$c"&"s 9" l c(099 "st9o0&(9"&s" 9" N"#. Co$o ls l:o#"s 9" (&stlc(?&) $&t"&($("&to y #"2#c(?& 9" "sts l>$2#s "#& 9(;(c0ltoss) &o t0("#o& '@(to. E& 7,7) P"t"# Coo2"# Q"(tt 9"$ost#? s0 l>$2# 9" 2o# 9" $"#c0#(o) l c0l "$(t% l0= 9" colo#c(?& "#9"H=0l9) 0" "# (&2#o2(9 2# l $yo#% 9" los 0sos 2#>ct(cos. S(& "$:#go) s0 9(s"$2#s ct0l"s) 9"$>s 9" t"&"# $yo# ";(c("&c( 0" s0s s($(l#"s (&c&9"sc"&t"s. E& 7*-) E9$0&9 G"#$"#) !#("9#(c6 M"y"# y Q&s S2&&"# 2#o20s("#o& (&c#"$"&t# l 2#"s(?& 9"l gs 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o y #"c0:#(#lo (&t"#&$"&t" co& 0& 2olo ;l0o#"sc"&t" 0" :so#:("# l #9(c(?& 0lt#(ol"t "$(t(9 2o# 0& gs "& "st9o 9" 2ls$) y l co&(#t("# "& 0& l0= :l&c $>s 0&(;o#$". L (9" ;0" 2t"&t9 l
10
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BASES TE!RICAS
(%'%'% Pro9ecto Es 0& co&0&to 9" cc(o&"s 0" s" 2l&(;(c& ;(& 9" co&s"g0(# 0& $"t 2#"($"&t" "st:l"c(9) 2# lo 0" s" c0"&t co& 0& 9"t"#$(&9 c&t(99 9" #"c0#sos. To9o 2#oy"cto) y s" 0" t"&g ;(&"s 2"#so&l"s) 2#o;"s(o&l"s o (&"st(gt(os) 2os"" 0& "st#0ct0# 9((9(9 "& ;s"s 0" 2"#$(t"& 9# ;(&l$"&t" "& l $"t 0 o:"t(o "st:l"c(9o.
(%'%(% Estudio de 6ercado Es 0& 6"##$("&t 9" $"#c9"o 0" 2"#$(t" y ;c(l(t l o:t"&c(?& 9" 9tos) #"s0lt9os 0" 9" 0& 0 ot# ;o#$ s"#>& &l(=9os) 2#oc"s9os $"9(&t" 6"##$("&ts "st9%st(cs y s% o:t"&"# co$o #"s0lt9os l c"2tc(?& o &o y s0s co$2l(cc(o&"s 9" 0& 2#o90cto 9"&t#o 9"l $"#c9o.
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(%'%1% Estudio tcnico El "st09(o t'c&(co :#(&9 (&;o#$c(?& c0l(tt( y c0&t(tt( #";"#"&t" los ;cto#"s 2#o90ct(os 0" 9":" t"&"# 0& (&stlc(?&) 9":"#> s"# 2#"c(so y "s2"c(;(c# "& 9"tll" ls c#ct"#%st(cs 9"l s(st"$ 2#o90ct(o. Co& "st" lo 0" s" 2#"t"&9" "s 9# #"s20"st ls s(g0("&t"s (&t"##og&t"s Do&9") c0&9o) c0&to) co$o) y co& 0" 2#o90c(#) "s 2o# "llo 0" "l s2"cto t'c&(co co$2#"&9" to9o lo #"lc(o&9o co& "l ;0&c(o&$("&to y l o2"#t((99 9" l (&stlc(?& 2#o20"st.
(%'%2% Estudio econ56ico El "st09(o "co&?$(co t#t) 9" 9"t"#$(&# c0>l s"#> l c&t(99 9" #"c0#sos "co&?$(cos 0" so& &"c"s#(os 2# 0" "l 2#oy"cto s" #"l(c") "s 9"c(#) c0>&to 9(&"#o s" &"c"s(t 2# 0" l 2l&t o2"#".
(%'%;% E-aluaci5n econ56ica L "l0c(?& "co&?$(c t("&" 2o# o:"to co&oc"# l #"&t:(l(99 "co&?$(c 9"l 2#oy"cto) 9" tl $&"# 0" s"g0#" #"sol"# 0& &"c"s(99 60$& "& ;o#$ ";(c("&t") s"g0# y #"&t:l". S?lo s% "s 2os(:l" s(g&# los "scsos #"c0#sos "co&?$(cos l $"o# lt"#&t(
(%'%<% In=enier/a econ56ica El &>l(s(s o "st09(o "co&?$(co 9" 0& 2#oy"cto "st> s0st"&t9o so:#" los 2#(&c(2(os ;0&9$"&tl"s 9" l I&g"&("#% Eco&?$(c. U&o 9" "stos 2#(&c(2(os s" #";("#" l 2#o2os(c(?& 9" 0" l &"g#s" gst# #"c0#sos "scsos "s) 2o# lo g"&"#l) 0& 9"c(s(?& "0(oc9. M>s :("&) "l 2#o:l"$ "s "l"g(# "&t#" 0& #("99 9" lt"#&t(s 9" (&"#s(?& 0" $"o# st(s;g& los o:"t(os (&$"9(tos y 9" l#go
12
2l=o 9" 0("&"s to$& ls 9"c(s(o&"s. L 2l:# 9"t"#$(&&t" "s l "co&o$% y "l (&g#"9("&t" "s"&c(l 9" l "co&o$% "s l s"l"cc(?&.
(%'%>% In=enier/a del .ro9ecto L (&g"&("#% 9" 2#oy"ctos co$2#"&9" to9o lo co&c"#&("&t" l locl(=c(?&) (&stlc(?& y "l ;0&c(o&$("&to ?2t($o 9" l 2l&t) 9"$>s 9" l 9"sc#(2c(?& 9"l 2#oc"so 2#o90ct(o) 90(s(c(?& 9" "0(2os y $0(&#(s) 9"t"#$(&c(?& 9" l 9(st#(:0c(?& ?2t($ 9" l 2l&t) 6st l 9";(&(c(?& 9" l "st#0ct0# o#g&(=t( y 0#%9(c 0" t"&9#> l "$2#"s. P# "l 9"s##ollo 9" l (&g"&("#% 9" 2#oy"ctos s" 0t(l(=& t'c&(cs 0" 2"#$(t"& co$2#"&9"# co& ;c(l(99 lg0&os 9" "stos s2"ctos.
(%'%?% Distri+uci5n en Planta I$2l(c l o#9"&c(?& ;%s(c 9" los "l"$"&tos (&90st#(l"s. Est o#9"&c(?&) y 2#ct(c9 o "& 2#oy"cto) (&cl0y") t&to los "s2c(os &"c"s#(os 2# "l $o($("&to 9"l $t"#(l) l$c"&$("&to) t#:9o#"s (&9(#"ctos y to9s ls ot#s ct((99"s o s"#(c(os) co$o "l "0(2o 9" t#:o y "l 2"#so&l 9" tll"#.
(%'%@% Distri+uci5n .or .roducto Es 0"ll "& 9o&9" 0& o2"#c(?& "s 9yc"&t" ls o2"#c(o&"s &t"#(o#"s y ls 2ost"#(o#"s y s0"l" 0t(l(=#s" c0&9o lo 2#"9o$(&&t" "s l c&t(99.
13
(%'%'% Distri+uci5n .or .roceso E& "st to9s ls o2"#c(o&"s 9"l 2#oc"so o t(2o 9" 2#oc"so "st>& g#029s. Ls o2"#c(o&"s s($(l#"s y "l "0(2o "st>& g#029os 9" c0"#9o co& "l 2#oc"so o ;0&c(?& 0" ll""& c:o.
(%'%''% Planos de distri+uci5n Estos 20"9"& s"# #"2#"s"&tc(o&"s "& 9os o t#"s 9($"&s(o&"s. Ls 9" 9os 9($"&s(o&"s (&cl0y"& 9(:0os 6"c6os $&o) 9(st#(:0c(o&"s :s9s "& 2l&t(lls y 9(st#(:0c(o&"s ($2#"ss 2o# co$20t9o#s. Los 9(:0os 6"c6os $&o 20"9"& s"# 0& $'to9o 2# l 9(st#(:0c(?& 9" >#"s 2"0"<s. S(& "$:#go s0 "l:o#c(?& y $o9(;(cc(?& #"s0lt 9"$s(9o costos 2# 0" 20"9 0s# co$o 2l&os ;(&l"s 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& 9" >#"s "@t"&ss.
(%'%'1% Control de calidad El co&t#ol 9" cl(99 s" oc02 9" g#&t(=# "l log#o 9" los o:"t(os 9" cl(99 9"l t#:o #"s2"cto l #"l(=c(?& 9"l &("l 9" l cl(99 2#"(sto 2# l 2#o90cc(?& y so:#" l #"90cc(?& 9" los costos 9" l cl(99.
(%'%'2% #ane,o de 6ateriales S" 9";(&" co$o "l #t" y l c("&c( 0" (&ol0c# "l $o($("&to) "$20" y l$c"&$("&to 9" c0l0("# s0st&c(. Est 9";(&(c(?& to$ "& c0"&t 9"s9" l 2#t%c0l $>s 2"0"< 0" ($g(&"$os 6st l $yo# 0&(99 0" 20"9 s"# $o(9 6c( c0l0("# s(t(o 2o# c0l0("# $"9(o.
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El $&"o 9" $t"#(l"s 20"9" ll"g# s"# 0& 2#o:l"$ 9" 2#o90cc(?&) y 0" g#"g 2oco lo# l 2#o90cto y co&s0$" 0& 2#t" 9"l 2#"s020"sto 9" $&0;ct0#. Est" $&"o 9" $t"#(l"s (&cl0y" co&s(9"#c(o&"s 9" $o($("&tos) l0g#) t("$2o) "s2c(o y c&t(99.
(%(%1%
BASES LE&ALES LE PENAL DEL A#BIENTE TÍTULO I DISPOSICIONES &ENERALES
Art/culo ' O:"to L 2#"s"&t" L"y t("&" 2o# o:"to t(2(;(c# co$o 9"l(to los 6"c6os t"&tto#(os co&t# los #"c0#sos
&t0#l"s y "l $:("&t" " ($2o&"# ls s&c(o&"s 2"&l"s.
As($(s$o) 9"t"#$(&# ls $"9(9s 2#"c0t"lt(s) 9" #"st(t0c(?& y 9" #"2#c(?& 0" 6y l0g# y ls 9(s2os(c(o&"s 9" c#>ct"# 2#oc"sl 9"#(9s 9" l "s2"c(;(c(99 9" los s0&tos $:("&tl"s.
Art/culo ( E@t#t"##(to#(l(99 Ls 9(s2os(c(o&"s 9" "st L"y so& 2l(c:l"s ls 2"#so&s &t0#l"s y 0#%9(cs 2o# los 9"l(tos co$"t(9os t&to "& "l "s2c(o g"og#>;(co 9" l R"2:l(c co$o "& 2%s "@t#&"#o) s( los 9
15
(&"st(g9o &o 6y s(9o 0=g9o 2o# t#(:0&l"s "@t#&"#os) $"&os 0" 6:('&9olo s(9o 60:("#" "9(9o l co&9"&.
LE OR&"NICA DE PROCEDI#IENTOS AD#INISTRATI*OS
TITULO I Dis.osiciones Funda6entales Ca./tulo I Dis.osiciones &enerales
Art/culo '% L A9$(&(st#c(?& P:l(c Nc(o&l y l A9$(&(st#c(?& P:l(c D"sc"&t#l(=9) (&t"g#9s "& l ;o#$ 2#"(st "& s0s #"s2"ct(s l"y"s o#g>&(cs) 0st#>& s0 ct((99 ls 2#"sc#(2c(o&"s 9" l 2#"s"&t" l"y. Ls 9$(&(st#c(o&"s Est9l"s y M0&(c(2l"s) l Co&t#lo#% G"&"#l 9" l R"2:l(c y l !(scl% G"&"#l 9" l R"2:l(c) 0st#>& (g0l$"&t" s0s ct((99"s l 2#"s"&t" l"y) "& c0&to l"s s" 2l(c:l".
Ca./tulo II De los Actos Ad6inistrati-os Art/culo > S" "&t("&9" 2o# cto 9$(&(st#t(o) los ;(&"s 9" "st L"y) to9 9"cl#c(?& 9" c#>ct"# g"&"#l o 2#t(c0l# "$(t(9 9" c0"#9o co& ls ;o#$l(99"s y #"0(s(tos "st:l"c(9os "& l L"y) 2o# los ?#g&os 9" l 9$(&(st#c(?& 2:l(c.
16
TITULO II De la Acti-idad Ad6inistrati-a Ca./tulo I Dis.osiciones &enerales
Art/culo 11: To9s ls "&t(99"s 2:l(cs so$"t(9s l 2#"s"&t" L"y) 2#"2##>& y 20:l(c#>& "& l gc"t o;(c(l co##"s2o&9("&t") #"gl$"&tos " (&st#0cc(o&"s #";"#"&t"s ls "st#0ct0#s) ;0&c(o&"s) co$0&(cc(o&"s y "##0%s 9" s0s 9"2"&9"&c(s. As($(s$o "& to9s ls 9"2"&9"&c(s l s"#(c(o 9"l 2:l(co) s" (&;o#$#> 'st" 2o# los $"9(os 9"c09os) so:#" los ;(&"s) co$2"t"&c(s y ;0&c(o&$("&to 9" s0s 9(st(&tos ?#g&os y s"#(c(os. Ig0l$"&t" (&;o#$#>& los (&t"#"s9os so:#" los $'to9os y 2#oc"9($("&tos "& 0so "& l t#$(tc(?& o co&s(9"#c(?& 9" s0 cso.
L L"y O#g>&(c D" P#oc"9($("&tos A9$(&(st#t(os LOPA) "@2#"s "& s0 co&t"&(9o l c(099&o "& s0s #"lc(o&"s co& l A9$(&(st#c(?& P:l(c) 0" s0 "= "s "l s0"to 2s(o so$"t(9o l cc(?& 9" 9$(&(st##. Po# "so "st l"y 6 co&sg#9o 0& s(st"$ 9" "0(l(:#(o "&t#" ls 2ot"st9"s 9" l 9$(&(st#c(?& y los 9"#"c6os) 9":"#"s y g#&t%s " (&t"#"s"s 9" los 9$(&(st#9os c0y t0t"l y 2#ot"cc(?& "s 0&o 9" los ;(&"s "s"&c(l"s 9"l "st9o.
17
LE OR&"NICA PARA LA PLANIFICACI!N &ESTI!N DE LA ORDENACI!N DEL TERRITORIO
O+,eto Art/culo '% Est L"y t("&" 2o# o:"to "st:l"c"# ls 9(s2os(c(o&"s 0" #"g(#>& "l 2#oc"so g"&"#l 2# l Pl&(;(cc(?& y G"st(?& 9" l O#9"&c(?& 9"l T"##(to#(o) "& co&co#9&c( co& ls #"l(99"s "col?g(cs y los 2#(&c(2(os) c#(t"#(os) o:"t(os "st#t'g(cos 9"l 9"s##ollo s0st"&t:l") 0" (&cl0y& l 2#t(c(2c(?& c(099& y s(#& 9" :s" 2# l 2l&(;(cc(?& 9"l 9"s##ollo "&9?g"&o) "co&?$(co y soc(l 9" l Nc(?&.
Ordenaci5n del Territorio Art/culo (% A los ";"ctos 9" "st L"y) s" "&t("&9" 2o# O#9"&c(?& 9"l T"##(to#(o l 2ol%t(c 9" Est9o) 9(#(g(9 l 2#o$oc(?& y #"g0lc(?& 9" l oc02c(?& y 0so 9"l t"##(to#(o &c(o&l) l locl(=c(?& y o#g&(=c(?& 9" l #"9 9" c"&t#os 2o:l9os 9" :s" 0#:& y #0#l) ls ct((99"s "co&?$(cs y soc(l"s 9" l 2o:lc(?& y l co:"#t0# 9"l "0(2$("&to 9" (&;#"st#0ct0#s 9" s"#(c(os) "& #$o&% co& "l $&"o y 2#o"c6$("&to 9" los #"c0#sos &t0#l"s y l 2#""&c(?& 9" #("sgos &t0#l"s) "& ;0&c(?& 9" l 2#ot"cc(?& y lo#c(?& 9"l $:("&t") ;(& 9" log## los o:"t(os 9"l 9"s##ollo s0st"&t:l") c#"# ls co&9(c(o&"s ;o#:l"s l #"c"2c(?& 9"l gsto 2:l(co y l o#("&tc(?& 9" l (&"#s(?& 2#(9 co$o 2#t" (&t"g#l 9" l 2l&(;(cc(?& "co&?$(c y soc(l 9" l Nc(?&.
18
LE OR&"NICA DEL SISTE#A SER*ICIO ELÉCTRICO TÍTULO I DISPOSICIONES FUNDA#ENTALES Ca./tulo I Princi.ios rectores 9 as.ectos 0unda6entales O+,eto Art/culo '% L 2#"s"&t" L"y t("&" 2o# o:"to "st:l"c"# ls 9(s2os(c(o&"s 0" #"g0l#>& "l s(st"$ "l'ct#(co y l 2#"stc(?& 9"l s"#(c(o "l'ct#(co "& "l t"##(to#(o &c(o&l) s% co$o los (&t"#c$:(os (&t"#&c(o&l"s 9" "&"#g%) t#'s 9" ls ct((99"s 9" g"&"#c(?&) t#&s$(s(?&) 9"s2c6o 9"l s(st"$ "l'ct#(co) 9(st#(:0c(?& y co$"#c(l(=c(?&) "& co&co#9&c( co& "l Pl& 9" D"s##ollo 9"l S(st"$ El'ct#(co Nc(o&l y "l Pl& 9" D"s##ollo Eco&?$(co y Soc(l 9" l Nc(?&.
Su,etos de esta Le9 Art/culo (% L 2#"s"&t" L"y s" 2l(c los s(g0("&t"s s0"tos "l ?#g&o #"cto# 9"l s(st"$ y s"#(c(o "l'ct#(co &c(o&l "l o2"#9o# y 2#"st9o# 9"l s"#(c(o los 0s0#(os los $0&(c(2(os ls o#g&(=c(o&"s 9"l Po9"# Po20l# los t#:9o#"s y t#:9o#s 9"l o2"#9o# y 2#"st9o# 9"l s"#(c(o y ls 9"$>s 2"#so&s 0" (&t"#("&"& "& l 2#"stc(?& 9"l s"#(c(o "l'ct#(co.
"6+ito de a.licaci5n Art/culo 1. L 2#"s"&t" L"y "s 2l(c:l" "& to9o "l t"##(to#(o &c(o&l.
19
LE DE I#PUESTO SOBRE LA RENTA TÍTULO I DISPOSICIONES FUNDA#ENTALES Ca./tulo I Del I6.uesto 9 su O+,eto
Art/culo '% Los "&#(0"c($("&tos &0l"s) &"tos y 9(s2o&(:l"s o:t"&(9os "& 9(&"#o o "& "s2"c(") c0s#>& ($20"stos s"g& ls &o#$s "st:l"c(9s "& "st L"y. Slo 9(s2os(c(?& "& co&t##(o 9" l 2#"s"&t" L"y) to9 2"#so& &t0#l o 0#%9(c) #"s(9"&t" o 9o$(c(l(9 "& V"&"=0"l) 2g#> ($20"stos so:#" s0s #"&ts 9" c0l0("# o#(g"&) s" 0" l c0s o l ;0"&t" 9" (&g#"sos "st' s(t09 9"&t#o 9"l 2%s o ;0"# 9" 'l. Ls 2"#so&s &t0#l"s o 0#%9(cs &o #"s(9"&t"s o &o 9o$(c(l(9s "& V"&"=0"l "st#>& s0"ts l ($20"sto "st:l"c(9o "& "st L"y s("$2#" 0" l ;0"&t" o l c0s 9" s0s "&#(0"c($("&tos "st' 0 oc0## 9"&t#o 9"l 2%s) 0& c0&9o &o t"&g& "st:l"c($("&to 2"#$&"&t" o :s" ;( "& V"&"=0"l. Ls 2"#so&s &t0#l"s o 0#%9(cs 9o$(c(l(9s o #"s(9"&c(9s "& "l "@t#&"#o 0" t"&g& 0& "st:l"c($("&to 2"#$&"&t" o 0& :s" ;( "& "l 2%s) t#(:0t#>& "@cl0s($"&t" 2o# los (&g#"sos 9" ;0"&t" &c(o&l o "@t#&"# t#(:0(:l"s 9(c6o "st:l"c($("&to 2"#$&"&t" o : s" ;(.
Art/culo (% To9 2"#so& &t0#l o 0#%9(c) #"s(9"&t" o 9o$(c(l(9 "& V"&"=0"l) s% co$o ls 2"#so&s &t0#l"s o 0#%9(cs 9o$(c(l(9s o #"s(9"&c(9s "& "l "@t#&"#o 0" t"&g& 0& "st:l"c($("&to 2"#$&"&t" o 0& :s" ;( "& "l 2%s) 2o9#>& c#"9(t# co&t# "l ($20"sto 0" co&;o#$" "st L"y l"s co##"s2o&9 2g#) "l ($20"sto so:#" l #"&t 0" 6y& 2g9o "& "l "@t#&"#o 2o# los "&#(0"c($("&tos 9" ;0"&t" 20
"@t#t"##(to#(l 2o# los c0l"s "st'& o:l(g9os l 2go 9" ($20"sto "& los t'#$(&os 9" "st L"y.
Es 0& ($20"sto 9(#"cto) 20"sto 0" g# 0& "@t"#(o#(=c(?& (&$"9(t 9" #(0"= "s 2"#so&l) y 0" lo so2o#t 9(#"ct$"&t" "l :"&";(c(#(o 9"l "&#(0"c($("&to) y "s
2#og#"s(o) lo 0" s(g&(;(c 0" $("&t#s $yo# s" "l
"&#(0"c($("&to) $yo# s"#> l l%c0ot t#(:0t#( 2l(c:l". Est" ($20"sto s" #(g" "s"&c(l$"&t" 2o# 9os (&st#0$"&tos 0#%9(cos) l L"y 9" I$20"sto so:#" L R"&t LISLR) 20:l(c9 "& l Gc"t O;(c(l N 4.4-- y "l R"gl$"&to G"&"#l 9" l L"y 9" ($20"sto so:#" l R"&t) 20:l(c9 "& Gc"t O;(c(l N 4.4-*.
TITULO I NOR#AS PRINCIPIOS CONSTITUCIONALES Ca./tulo I Dis.osiciones &enerales O+,eto de la Le9
Art/culo '% Est L"y) t("&" 2o# o:"to 2#ot"g"# l t#:o co$o 6"c6o soc(l y g#&t(=# los 9"#"c6os 9" los t#:9o#"s y 9" ls t#:9o#s) c#"9o#"s 9" l #(0"= soc(l$"&t" 2#o90c(9 y s0"tos 2#otg?&(cos 9" los 2#oc"sos 9" "90cc(?& y t#:o 2# lc&=# los ;(&"s 9"l Est9o 9"$oc#>t(co y soc(l 9" 9"#"c6o y 9" 0st(c() 9" co&;o#$(99 co& l Co&st(t0c(?& 9" l R"2:l(c Bol(#(& 9" V"&"=0"l y "l 2"&s$("&to 9"l 29#" 9" l 2t#( S($?& Bol%#.
21
R"g0l ls s(t0c(o&"s y #"lc(o&"s 0#%9(cs 9"#(9s 9"l 2#oc"so 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9" :("&"s y s"#(c(os) 2#ot"g("&9o "l (&t"#'s s02#"$o 9"l t#:o co$o 2#oc"so l(:"#9o#) (&9(s2"&s:l" 2# $t"#(l(=# los 9"#"c6os 9" l 2 "#so& 60$&) 9" ls ;$(l(s y 9"l co&0&to 9" l soc("99) $"9(&t" l 0st 9(st#(:0c(?& 9" l #(0"=) 2# l st(s;cc(?& 9" ls &"c"s(99"s $t"#(l"s) (&t"l"ct0l"s y "s2(#(t0l"s 9"l 20":lo.
Nor6as de Orden P+lico Art/culo (% Ls &o#$s co&t"&(9s "& "st l"y y ls 0" 9"#("& 9" "ll) so& 9" o#9"& 2:l(co y 9" 2l(cc(?& ($2"#t() o:l(gto#( " (&$"9(t) 2#(o#(=&9o l 2l(cc(?& 9" los 2#(&c(2(os 9" 0st(c( soc(l) sol(9#(99) "0(99 y "l #"s2"to los 9"#"c6os 60$&os.
"6+ito de a.licaci5n Art/culo 1% Est L"y #"g(#> ls s(t0c(o&"s y #"lc(o&"s l:o#l"s 9"s##oll9s 9"&t#o 9"l t"##(to#(o &c(o&l) 9" los t#:9o#"s y t#:9o#s co& los 2t#o&os y 2t#o&s) 9"#(9s 9"l t#:o co$o 6"c6o soc(l. Ls 9(s2os(c(o&"s co&t"&(9s "& "st L"y y ls 0" 9"#("& 9" "ll #(g"& "&"=ol&os) "&"=ol&s) "@t#&"#os y "@t#&"#s co& ocs(?& 9"l t#:o 2#"st9o o co&"&(9o "& "l 2%s y) "& &(&g& cso) s"#>& #"&0&c(:l"s &( #"l:l"s 2o# co&"&(os 2#t(c0l#"s.
ISO '2 L &o#$ ISO 73,,, "s 0& &o#$ (&t"#&c(o&l$"&t" c"2t9 0" "@2#"s c?$o "st:l"c"# 0& S(st"$ 9" G"st(?& A$:("&tl SGA ";"ct(o. L &o#$ "st> 9(s"<9 2# co&s"g0(# 0& "0(l(:#(o "&t#" "l $&t"&($("&to 9" l #"&t:(l(99 y l 22
#"90cc(?& 9" los ($2ctos "& "l $:("&t" y) co& "l 2oyo 9" ls o#g&(=c(o&"s) "s 2os(:l" lc&=# $:os o:"t(os.
L &o#$ ISO 73,,, "&;oc9 c0l0("# o#g&(=c(?&) 9" c0l0("# t$
ISO '2' Es 0& &o#$ c"2t9 (&t"#&c(o&l$"&t" 0" "st:l"c" c?$o ($2l&t# 0& s(st"$ 9" g"st(?& $"9(o$:("&tl SGM ";(c=. L &o#$ s" 6 co&c":(9o 2# g"st(o&# "l 9"l(c9o "0(l(:#(o "&t#" "l $&t"&($("&to 9" l #"&t:(l(99 y l #"90cc(?& 9"l ($2cto $"9(o$:("&tl. Co& "l co$2#o$(so 9" to9 l o#g&(=c(?&) 2"#$(t" log## $:os o:"t(os. Co&t("&"
R"0(s(tos g"&"#l"s Pol%t(c $"9(o$:("&tl Pl&(;(cc(?& 9" ($2l&tc(?& y ;0&c(o&$("&to Co$2#o:c(?& y $"9(9s co##"ct(s R"(s(?& 9" g"st(?&
Ello s(g&(;(c 0" 20"9" (9"&t(;(c# s2"ctos 9"l &"goc(o 0" t("&"& 0& ($2cto "& "l $"9(o $:("&t" y co$2#"&9"# ls l"y"s $"9(o$:("&tl"s 0" so& s(g&(;(ct(s 2# "s s(t0c(?&. El 2so s(g0("&t" co&s(st" "& g"&"## o:"t(os 9" $"o# y 0& 2#og#$ 9" g"st(?& 2# lc&=#los) co& #"(s(o&"s 2"#(?9(cs 2# l $"o# 23
co&t(&0. D" "st" $o9o) 2o9"$os "l0# "l s(st"$ #"g0l#$"&t" y) s( c0$2l" l &o#$t() #"g(st## l co$2<% o l s"9" 2# l &o#$ ISO 73,,7.
OSAS '?') GOCCUPATIONAL EALT AND SAFET ASSESS#ENT SERIESH
L S"g0#(99 y Sl09 "& "l l0g# 9" t#:o so& cl"s 2# c0l0("# o#g&(=c(?&.
U& S(st"$ 9" G"st(?& "& S"g0#(99 y Sl09 Oc02c(o&l SGSSO y09 2#ot"g"# l "$2#"s y s0s "$2l"9os. OQSAS 75,,7 "s 0& "s2"c(;(cc(?& (&t"#&c(o&l$"&t" c"2t9 0" 9";(&" los #"0(s(tos 2# "l "st:l"c($("&to) ($2l&tc(?& y o2"#c(?& 9" 0& S(st"$ 9" G"st(?& "& S"g0#(99 y Sl09 L:o#l ";"ct(o.
P# co$2l"$"&t# OQSAS 75,,7) BSI 6 20:l(c9o OQSAS 75,,*) l c0l "@2l(c los #"0(s(tos 9" "s2"c(;(cc(?& y l" $0"st# c?$o t#:# t#'s 9" 0& ($2l&tc(?& ";"ct( 9" 0& SGSSL. OQSAS 75,,* l" 2#o2o#c(o& 0& g0% y &o "st> 2"&s9 2# 0& c"#t(;(cc(?& (&9"2"&9("&t".
L OQSAS 75,,7 "st> 9(#(g(9 o#g&(=c(o&"s co$2#o$"t(9s co& l s"g0#(99 9" s0 2"#so&l y l0g# 9" t#:o. Est> t$:('& 2"&s9 2# o#g&(=c(o&"s 0" y t("&"& ($2l"$"&t9s 0& SGSSL) 2"#o 9"s"& "@2lo## &0"s >#"s 2# 0& 2ot"&c(l $"o#.
24
NOR#A *ENEOLANA CO*ENIN ((2@ J @1
Est No#$ V"&"=ol& COVENIN "st:l"c" "&t#" $0c6s #"co$"&9c(o&"s) los lo#"s 9" (l0$(&&c( $"9( "& s"#(c(o #"co$"&99o co$o (l0$(&c(?& &o#$l) 2# l o:t"&c(?& 9" 0& 9"s"$2"#"s 9" t#:o y 2# t#"s (s0l"s "s2"c(;(cs :o co&9(c(o&"s 9" (l0$(&c(?& #t(;(c(l. Vlo#"s $%&($os 9" (l0$(&&c( $"9( "& s"#(c(os #"co$"&99os 9" "$"#g"&c( 2# "c0c(?&) s"g0#(99 y #"sg0#9o s% co$o #"co$"&9c(o&"s 2# 9"c(9(# so:#" los lo#"s #"co$"&9:l"s "& g"&"#l 2# l (l0$(&c(?& 9" #"s"# o 9" #""$2l=o.
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DESCRIPCI!N DEL PRODUCTO
Tu+o 0luorescente L l0$(&#( ;l0o#"sc"&t") t$:('& 9"&o$(&9 t0:o ;l0o#"sc"&t") 0&0" s0 ";"cto s" :s "@ct$"&t" "& l ;os;o#"sc"&c() "s 0& l0$(&#( 0" c0"&t co& 0& l>$2# 9" 2o# 9" $"#c0#(o : 2#"s(?& y 0" "s 0t(l(=9 &o#$l$"&t" 2# l (l0$(&c(?& 9o$'st(c " (&90st#(l. S0 g#& "&t ;#"&t" ot#o t(2o 9" l>$2#s) co$o ls (&c&9"sc"&t"s) "s s0 ";(c("&c( "&"#g't(c. Est> ;o#$9 2o# 0& t0:o o :0l:o ;(&o 9" (9#(o #""st(9o (&t"#(o#$"&t" co& 9("#ss s0st&c(s 0%$(cs co$20"sts ll$9s ;?s;o#os) 0&0" g"&"#l$"&t" &o co&t("&"& "l "l"$"&to 0%$(co ;?s;o#o y &o 9":"& co&;0&9(#s" co& 'l. Esos co$20"stos 0%$(cos "$(t"& l0= (s(:l" l #"c(:(# 0& #9(c(?& 0lt#(ol"t. El t0:o co&t("&" 9"$>s 0& 2"0"< c&t(99 9" 2o# 9" $"#c0#(o y 0& gs (&"#t") 6:(t0l$"&t" #g?& o &"?&) 0& 2#"s(?& $>s : 0" l 2#"s(?& t$os;'#(c. E& c9 "@t#"$o 9"l t0:o s" "&c0"&t# 0& ;(l$"&to 6"c6o 9" t0&gst"&o) 0" l cl"&t#s" l #oo co&t#(:0y" l (o&(=c(?& 9" los gs"s.
25
Co6.osici5n del tu+o 0luorescente Ls 2#t"s 2#(&c(2l"s 0" co$2o&"& ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s so& 7. T0:o 9" 9"sc#g *. Cs0(llos co& los ;(l$"&tos 8. C":9o#) "&c"&9"9o# o ##&c9o# st#t"# 3. Blsto :llst
'% Tu+o de descar=a: El c0"#2o o t0:o 9" 9"sc#g 9" ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s s" ;:#(c 9" (9#(o) co& 9(;"#"&t"s lo&g(t09"s y 9(>$"t#os. L lo&g(t09 9"2"&9") ;0&9$"&tl$"&t") 9" l 2ot"&c( "& tt 0" 9"s##oll" l l>$2#. El 9(>$"t#o) 2o# s0 2#t") s" 6 "st&9#(=9o *- $$ "& l $yo#% 9" los t0:os. Los $>s co$0&"s y 9" 0so $>s g"&"#l(=9o t("&"& ;o#$ #"ct) 0&0" t$:('& s" 20"9"& "&co&t## co& ;o#$ c(#c0l#.
L 2#"9 (&t"#(o# 9"l t0:o s" "&c0"&t# #"c0:("#t co& 0& c2 9" s0st&c( ;os;o#"sc"&t" o ;l0o#"sc"&t") c0y $(s(?& "s co&"#t(# los #yos 9" l0= 0lt#(ol"t 0" s" g"&"#& 9"&t#o y 0" &o so& (s(:l"s 2# "l oo 60$&o) "& #9(c(o&"s 9" l0= (s(:l". P# 0" "so oc0##) s0 (&t"#(o# s" "&c0"&t# #"ll"&o co& 0& gs (&"#t") g"&"#l$"&t" #g?& A# y 0& 2"0"< c&t(99 9" $"#c0#(o Qg l%0(9o. El gs #g?& s" "&c#g 9" ;c(l(t# "l s0#g($("&to 9"l #co "l'ct#(co 0" 2os(:(l(t "l "&c"&9(9o 9" l l>$2#) s% co$o 9" co&t#ol# t$:('& l (&t"&s(99 9"l ;l0o 9" "l"ct#o&"s 0" t#("s "l t0:o.
26
(% CasKuillos: L $yo#% 9" los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s #"ctos 2os""& "& c9 0&o 9" s0s "@t#"$os 0& cs0(llo co& 9os 2t(lls o 2(&"s 9" co&tctos "l'ct#(cos "@t"#&os) co&"ct9s (&t"#(o#$"&t" co& los ;(l$"&tos 9" cl9"o o 9" 2#"cl"&t$("&to. Estos ;(l$"&tos "st>& ;:#(c9os co& $"tl 9" t0&gst"&o) co&oc(9o t$:('& 2o# "l &o$:#" 0%$(co 9" ol;#$(o ) #"c0:("#tos 9" clc(o C y $g&"s(o Mg y s0 ;0&c(?& 2#(&c(2l "& los t0:os 9" ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t" "s cl"&t# 2#"($"&t" "l gs #g?& 0" co&t("&"& "& s0 (&t"#(o# 2# 0" s" 20"9& "&c"&9"#. El #"c0:#($("&to 9" clc(o y $g&"s(o 0" 2os""& los ;(l$"&tos ;c(l(t l 2#(c(?& 9"l ;l0o 9" "l"ct#o&"s &"c"s#(o 2# 0" s" ";"ct" "l "&c"&9(9o 9" l l>$2#. E& $"9(o 9" "s" 2#oc"so los ;(l$"&tos s" 2g& y s" co&("#t"& "& 9os "l"ct#o9os) t#'s 9" los c0l"s s" "st:l"c" "s" ;l0o 9" co##("&t" o 9" "l"ct#o&"s.
1% Ce+ador Ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 2o# 2#"cl"&t$("&to 0t(l(=& 0& 2"0"$(& :($"t>l(c "&c"##9 "& 0& c>2s0l 9" c#(stl #"ll"& 9" gs &"?& N". Est l>$(& t("&" l 2#o2("99 9" c0##s" l #"c(:(# "l clo# 9"l gs &"?& c0&9o s" "&c0"&t# "&c"&9(9o co& "l o:"t(o 9" c"### 0& co&tcto 0" 2"#$(t" "l 2so 9" l co##("&t" "l'ct#(c t#'s 9"l c(#c0(to "& 9"#(c(?& 9o&9" s" "&c0"&t# co&"ct9o "l c":9o#. Co&"ct9o "& 2#l"lo co& l l>$(& :($"t>l(c) s" "&c0"&t# 0& c2c(to# &t(2#s(t#(o) "&c#g9o 9" "(t# 0" 90#&t" "l 2#oc"so 9" "&c"&9(9o s" 2#o90=c& (&t"#;"#"&c(s 09(:l"s t#'s 9"l lto= 9" 0& #"c"2to# 9" #9(o o #0(9os (s(:l"s "& l 2&tll 9" lg& t"l"(so# 0" s" "&c0"&t#" ;0&c(o&&9o 2#?@($o l l>$2#.
27
2% Balasto Electr5nicoBalasto Electro6a=ntico: U& +alasto electro6a=ntico 9" t(2o (&90ct(o "l 0t(l(=9o cs( "@cl0s($"&t" co&st 9" 0& ##oll$("&to 9" 6(lo 9" co:#" "& 0& so2o#t" 9" $t"#(l (sl&t") 0" ct co$o 9"&9o 9" "@c(tc(?& 9" 0& c(#c0(to $g&'t(co. C0&9o 2o# "l ##oll$("&to 2s 0& co##("&t") s" c#" (&90c" 0& t"&s(?& o20"st l c0s 0" l 2#o90c") l t"&s(?& 9" #"9. E& ls l>$2#s 9" 9"sc#g) 2# 0& t"&s(?& ;() l co##("&t" t("&9" c#"c"# (&9";(&(9$"&t" y 2o# lo t&to "& "l :lsto t"&9"#> c#"c"# t$:('& l t"&s(?& o20"st l 9" #"9) ll"g>&9os" l ;(&l 0& "0(l(:#(o co& l l>$2# 6st 0" 0"9& ;(9s s0 t"&s(?& " (&t"&s(99 "st:(l(=c(?&. Est" "0(l(:#(o s" 2o9#> #o$2"# co& #(c(o&"s "& l "@c(tc(?& t"&s(?& 9" #"9. As%) 2# c9 t"&s(?& 9" #"9 s" &"c"s(t 0& :lsto 9(;"#"&t") co& 0&s tol"#&c(s 0" 9"2"&9"#>& 9"l t(2o 9" :lsto y 9" l>$2#) 0&0" t$:('& "@(st"& :lstos co& #(s co&"@(o&"s 2# 9(st(&ts t"&s(o&"s 9" #"9. U& +alasto electr5nico 0t(l(= 0& c(#c0(to 9" s"$(co&90cto#"s 2# 2#o2o#c(o&# ls l>$2#s 0& ##&0" $>s #>2(9o) s(& 2#29"o) y s(#"& 2# l($"&t# #(s l>$2#s. E& g"&"#l) los :lstos "l"ct#?&(cos 0$"&t& l ;#"c0"&c( 9" t#:o *, Q= o $>s co& lo 0" s" co&s(g0" 6c"# (&2#"c(:l" "l 2#29"o 0" s" 2#o90c" c0&9o s" t#: 7,, o 7*, Q= 9os "c"s l ;#"c0"&c( 9" l l($"&tc(?&. A9"$>s) "l #"&9($("&to 9" ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 0$"&t 0& c0&9o s" ll"g 7, Q= y co&t(& 0$"&t&9o 2oco 2oco 6st los *, Q=. Est" 0$"&to 9" l ;#"c0"&c( 2"#$(t" 20"s 0$"&t# "l #"&9($("&to "&"#g't(co 9" co&0&to l>$2#H:lsto.
28
El :lsto "l"ct#?&(co #"$2l= "l co&0&to 9"l :lsto co&"&c(o&l) "l c":9o# y "l co&9"&s9o#. L c#cs 0" co&t("&" los co$2o&"&t"s t("&" ;o#$ o:lo&g 2# "&c# "& "l l0g# 9" los ("os :lst#os "& ls l0$(&#(s.
Ot#s "&ts •
S(l"&c(oso y co& 0& #"&9($("&to "&"#g't(co s02"#(o# l 5 lo 0" "s $0c6o) co$2#9o co& "l los :lstos co##("&t"s) y s" 9":" 2#(&c(2l$"&t" 0" cs( &o s" cl("&t& &o 9(s(2& "&"#g% "& ;o#$ 9" clo#.
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El #"&9($("&to l0$(&oso 0$"&t co& l ;#"c0"&c( 9" lg0&os c"&t"&#"s 9" Q=) co& 8* s" o:t("&" "l $(s$o ;l0o l0$(&oso 0" co& 8- co& :lsto &o#$l) co&s(9"#&9o "l co&s0$o "@cl0s($"&t" 9"l t0:o.
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U& solo :lsto 20"9" "&c"&9"# 0&o o $>s t0:os.
Alg0&os :lstos "l"ct#?&(cos &o 0t(l(=& "l"ct#o9os 9" cl"&t$("&to) lo 0" 20"9" l($(t# l 90#c(?& 9" ls l>$2#s "& cso 9" c(clos 9" "&c"&9(9oH2g9o #"2"t(t(os. D"s9" "l 20&to 9" (st 9" l o2"#c(?& 9" l l>$2# ;l0o#"sc"&t") l ;0&c(?& 9"l :lsto "s g"&"## "l #co "l'ct#(co 0" #"0("#" "l t0:o 90#&t" "l 2#oc"so 9" "&c"&9(9o y $&t"&"#lo 2ost"#(o#$"&t") l($(t&9o t$:('& l (&t"&s(99 9" co##("&t" 0" ;l0y" 2o# "l c(#c0(to 9"l t0:o. Los :lstos $g&'t(cos 9" 0so $>s "@t"&9(9os s" ;:#(c& 2# 0" 20"9& t#:# co&"ct9os 0& l%&" 9" s0$(&(st#o "l'ct#(co 9" 77, ? 0& 9" **, olt 9" t"&s(?& 9" co##("&t" lt"#& y 4, ? -, 6"#t= Q= 9" ;#"c0"&c(. El "$2l"o 9" 0&o 0 ot#o t(2o 9"2"&9" 9" ls c#ct"#%st(cs "s2"c%;(cs 9"l s0$(&(st#o "l'ct#(co 9" c9 2%s.
29
Funciona6iento de las l36.aras 0luorescentes
7. C0&9o ct($os "l (&t"##02to# 9" 0& l>$2# 9" l0= ;l0o#"sc"&t" 0" s" "&c0"&t# co&"ct9 l #"9 9o$'st(c 9" co##("&t" lt"#&) los "l"ct#o&"s co$("&=& ;l0(# 2o# to9o "l c(#c0(to "l'ct#(co) (&cl0y"&9o "l c(#c0(to "& 9"#(c(?& 9o&9" s" "&c0"&t# co&"ct9o "l c":9o# (estárter).
*. El ;l0o 9" "l"ct#o&"s 9" l co##("&t" "l'ct#(c l ll"g# l c":9o# 2#o90c" 0& #co o c6(s2 "&t#" los 9os "l"ct#o9os s(t09os "& s0 (&t"#(o#) lo 0" 2#ooc 0" "l gs &"?& N" co&t"&(9o t$:('& 9"&t#o 9" l c>2s0l 9" c#(stl s" "&c("&9. El clo# 0" 2#o90c" "l gs &"?& "&c"&9(9o 6c" 0" l 2l0(t :($"t>l(c 0" ;o#$ 2#t" 9" 0&o 9" los 9os "l"ct#o9os 9"l c":9o# s" c0#" y c("##" 0& co&tcto "l'ct#(co 9(s20"sto "&t#" $:os "l"ct#o9os.
30
8. C0&9o "l co&tcto 9"l c":9o# "st> c"##9o s" "st:l"c" "l ;l0o 9" co##("&t" "l'ct#(c &"c"s#( 2# 0" los ;(l$"&tos s" "&c("&9&) l "= 0" s" 2g "l gs &"?&.
3. Los ;(l$"&tos 9" t0&gst"&o "&c"&9(9os 2#ooc& l "$(s(?& 9" "l"ct#o&"s 2o# cl9"o o cl"&t$("&to y l (o&(=c(?& 9"l gs #g?& A# co&t"&(9o 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o. Esto c#" ls co&9(c(o&"s 2#"(s 2# 0") 2ost"#(o#$"&t") s" "st:l"=c 0& 20"&t" 9" 2ls$ co&90cto# 9" l co##("&t" "l'ct#(c 2o# "l (&t"#(o# 9"l t0:o) "&t#" 0& ;(l$"&to y ot#o.
4. L 2l0(t :($"t>l(c 9"l c":9o#) l 9"# 9" #"c(:(# "l clo# 0" l" 2#o2o#c(o&: "l gs &"?& "&c"&9(9o) s" "&;#% y :#" "l co&tcto 9(s20"sto "&t#" los 9os "l"ct#o9os. D" "s ;o#$ "l ;l0o 9" co##("&t" t#'s 9"l c(#c0(to "& 9"#(c(?& s" (&t"##0$2") 2#ooc&9o 9os cc(o&"s s($0lt>&"s H Los ;(l$"&tos 9" l l>$2# s" 2g& c0&9o 9" 9" 2s# l co##("&t" "l'ct#(c 2o# "l c(#c0(to "& 9"#(c(?&. H El c$2o "l"ct#o$g&'t(co 0" c#" "& "l "&#oll9o 9"l :lsto l co##("&t" "l'ct#(c 0" t$:('& ;l0y" 2o# "l c(#c0(to 9o&9" 'st" s" "&c0"&t# co&"ct9o) s" (&t"##0$2" :#0sc$"&t". Esto 2#ooc 0" "& "l 2#o2(o "&#oll9o s" g"&"#" 0& ;0"#= co&t#"l"ct#o$ot#(=) c0y "&"#g% s" 9"sc#g 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o 9" l l>$2#) "& ;o#$ 9" #co "l'ct#(co. Est" #co slt 9"s9" 0& "@t#"$o ot#o 9"l t0:o l('&9os" 9" los ;(l$"&tos) 0" 0& "= 2g9os s" co&("#t"& "& "l"ct#o9os 9" l l>$2#.
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-. Bo "sts &0"s co&9(c(o&"s) l co##("&t" 9" "l"ct#o&"s) 0" "& 0& (&(c(o ;l0% t#'s 9"l c(#c0(to "& 9"#(c(?& 9" l l>$2# 9o&9" s" "&c0"&t# co&"ct9o "l c":9o#) co$("&= 6c"#lo 6o# t#"s&9o (&t"#(o#$"&t" "l t0:o 9" 0& "@t#"$o ot#o) l('&9os" 9" los 9os "l"ct#o9os.
+. L ;0"#t" co##("&t" 0" ;l0y" 2o# 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o 2#ooc 0" los "l"ct#o&"s co$("&c"& c6oc# co& los >to$os 9"l gs #g?&) 0$"&t&9o l c&t(99 9" (o&"s y 9" "l"ct#o&"s l(:#"s. Co$o #"s0lt9o s" c#" 0& 20"&t" 9" 2ls$) "s 9"c(#) 0& gs co$20"sto 2o# 0& g#& c&t(99 9" (o&"s y 9" "l"ct#o&"s l(:#"s) 0" 2"#$(t" 0" "stos s" $0"& 9" 0& "@t#"$o ot#o 9"l t0:o.
5. Esos "l"ct#o&"s l(:#"s co$("&=& c6oc# co& 0& 2#t" 9" los >to$os 9" $"#c0#(o Qg co&t"&(9os t$:('& 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o) 0" 6& 2s9o 9"l "st9o l%0(9o l gs"oso 9":(9o l "&"#g% 0" l(:"#& 9(c6os "l"ct#o&"s 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o. Los c6o0"s 9" los "l"ct#o&"s l(:#"s co&t# los >to$os 9" $"#c0#(o "@c(t& s0s "l"ct#o&"s 6c("&9o 0" l(:"#"& ;oto&"s 9" l0= 0lt#(ol"t.
. Los ;oto&"s 9" l0= 0lt#(ol"t) (&(s(:l"s 2# "l oo 60$&o) ($2ct& co&t(&0c(?& co&t# l c2 9" ;?s;o#o P 0" #"c0:#" l 2#"9 (&t"#(o# 9"l t0:o ;l0o#"sc"&t". El ($2cto "@c(t los "l"ct#o&"s 9" los >to$os ;?s;o#o P) los 0" "$(t"&) s0 "=) ;oto&"s 9" l0= (s(:l") 0" 6c"& 0" "l t0:o s" (l0$(&" co& 0& l0= ;l0o#"sc"&t" :l&c.
7,. El ($2cto 9" los "l"ct#o&"s 0" s" $0""& 2o# "l 20"&t" 9" 2ls$ co&t# los 9os "l"ct#o9os s(t09os 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o) 6c" 0" "stos s" $&t"&g& cl("&t"s
32
2"s# 9" 0" los ;(l$"&tos s" "&c0"&t#& y 2g9os. M&t"&"# cl("&t" "sos 9os "l"ct#o9os s" 6c" &"c"s#(o 2# 0" l "$(s(?& 9" "l"ct#o&"s co&t(&" y "l 20"&t" 9" 2ls$ &o s" "@t(&g. D" "s ;o#$) t&to "l c(clo 9" "@c(tc(?& 9" los >to$os 9" 2o# 9" $"#c0#(o co$o "l 9" los >to$os 9" ;?s;o#o 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o co&t(&) 6st t&to ct("$os 9" &0"o "l (&t"##02to# 0" 2g l l>$2# y 9"" 9" c(#c0l# l co##("&t" "l'ct#(c 2o# "l c(#c0(to.
Ti.os de Tu+os 0luorescentes: L l"t# T s" 0t(l(= 9"l&t" 9"l &$"#o 2# (&9(c# 0" "l ;oco ;l0o#"sc"&t" "s 9" t(2o t0:o. S"g0(9o 9" l l"t#) s" "&c0"&t# "l &$"#o 0" (&9(c "l 9(>$"t#o 9"l t0:o $"9(9o "& ;#cc(o&"s 9" 0& 20lg9. El 9(>$"t#o 9" los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s "st> $"9(9o "& octos 9" 20lg9. Po# ""$2lo) 0& t0:o T4 t("&" 0& 9(>$"t#o 9" 45 9" 20lg9) 0& t0:o T5 t("&" 0& 20lg9 9" 9(>$"t#o 55 y 0& t0:o T7* t("&" 0& 9(>$"t#o 9" 0& 20lg9 y $"9( 7*5.
Ti.o T'( D"s9" s0 (&"&c(?& "& 78,) los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s T7* so& los "l"g(9os 2o# ls "$2#"ss 9" co&st#0cc(?&. El :o costo y l 90#c(?& 9" *,.,,, 6o#s s02"#& $2l($"&t" los ;ocos (&c&9"sc"&t"s. S(& "$:#go) 9":(9o 0" s0 :lst#o $g&'t(co "s $"&os ";(c= y "l t0:o "s 9" $yo# t$& 9(s2o&(:l"s "& los $(s$os l#gos) s(& "$:#go) "l T7* co$& &o o2"# 9"c09$"&t" co& 0& :lst#o "l"ct#?&(co y (c""#s. D" c0"#9o l Co&s"o Nc(o&l 9" Il0$(&c(?& NLB 2o# s0s s(gls "& (&gl's) s" 2#o6(:(? l ;:#(cc(?& 9" :lst#os $g&'t(cos "& 0l(o 9" *,7,) 0&0" l $"#c9"#% "& stoc y los t0:os T7* co&t(&& "&9('&9os".
33
Ti.o T? Los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s T5 co&t(&& 0$"&t&9o s0 2o20l#(99 9"s9" s0 (&t#o90cc(?& "& los Est9os U&(9os "& 757 y s" co&(#t("#o& "& los $>s 0t(l(=9os "& ls "$2#"ss "& g"&"#l. L (9 t(l 9"l t0:o T5 (g0l o "@c"9" l 9"l T7* y 9"$>s) "l t0:o T5 0t(l(= $"&os "&"#g%. El t0:o T5 0t(l(= 0& :lsto "l"ct#?&(co 0" t("&" $"&o# co&s0$o 0" "l :lsto $g&'t(co 9"l t0:o T7*. D":(9o 0" "l :lsto 9"l t0:o T5 0t(l(= 0& s(st"$ 9" c(#c0(tos "l"ct#?&(cos) &o s" oy" =0$:(9os &( 2#29" l l0= co$o oc0##" "& los t0:os T7* co& :lst#os $g&'t(cos.
Ti.o T; El t0:o ;l0o#"sc"&t" T4) co$o "l T5) 0t(l(= 0& :lsto "l"ct#?&(co. All% t"#$(& l s($(l(t09 "&t#" "llos. El costo 9" 0& t0:o T4) "& "s2"c(l "l 9" lto #"&9($("&to) "s $0c6o $>s "l"9o 0" "l 9" los t0:os T5 y T7*. Los t0:os T4 so& $>s co#tos y &o s" 0st& los 9(s2os(t(os "st>&9#. Po# ""$2lo) 0& t0:o t%2(co T4 t("&" 3- 20lg9s 774 c$ 9" lo&g(t09 "& l0g# 9" 35 20lg9s 7*, c$ co$o los T5 y los T7*. E@(st"& l "&t 0&os s"ts 9" co&"#s(?&) co& 0& :lsto) 0" 2"#$(t"& 0" los t0:os T4 s" 92t"& los 9(s2os(t(os 2# t0:os T5 y T7*. Co& los t0:os T4 l l#g s" 6o## 9(&"#o y 0" t("&"& $>s (9 t(l 2#o90c("&9o $>s l0$(&os(99 co& $"&os olt". El t0:o T4 $&t("&" l $>@($o s0 l0$(&os(99 90#&t" cs( to9 l (9 t(l.
34
N0"st# "$2#"s "st#> "&;oc9 "& l ;:#(cc(?& 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 9"l t(2o T5 co& *- $$ 9" 9(>$"t#o co& c9 0&o 9" s0s co$2o&"&t"s) 9" $&"# 0" "s 0& 2#o90cto "st&9#(=9o) 9" g#& 9"$&9 0" st(s;c" $yo#$"&t" ls &"c"s(99"s 9" los cl("&t"s.
(%;%
DETER#INACI!N DE LA DE#ANDA L 9"$&9 s" 9";(&" co$o l c&t(99 9" :("&"s y s"#(c(os 0" "l $"#c9o
#"0("#" o sol(c(t 2# l st(s;cc(?& 9" 0& &"c"s(99 "s2"c(;(c 0& 2#"c(o 9"t"#$(&9o”) S"g& Bc *,7, 2>g. 74. Co& "l &>l(s(s 9" l 9"$&9 s" :0sc 9"t"#$(&# y $"9(# los #"0"#($("&tos 9"l $"#c9o 9" 0& :("&) s"#(c(o o 2#o90cto.
Cantidad de co6.radores GnH
35
E& "l $0&(c(2(o A&co los 2#(&c(2l"s co&s0$(9o#"s 9" los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s so& ls (&st(t0c(o&"s "90ct(s) c"&t#os 9" sl09) =o&s (&90st#(l"s) g#&9"s) 2"0"<s y $"9(&s "$2#"ss) los c0l"s s" 9(st#(:0y"& 9" l s(g0("&t" $&"#
1> Unidades educati-as de educaci5n +3sica 9 +ac8illerato co& 0& 2#o$"9(o "st($9o 9" 8, 0ls 9" cls" y o;(c(&s y 0t(l(=c(?& 9" 5 t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 2# 3 l>$2#s 2o# c9 0l.
; Instituciones de educaci5n su.erior U&("#s(99"s " (&st(t0tos co& 0& 2#o$"9(o "st($9o 9" -, 0ls 9" cls"s y o;(c(&s 0t(l(=c(?& 9" 5 t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 2# 3 l>$2#s 2o# c9 0l.
'' Centros de salud GCl/nicas$ os.ital 9 CDIH co& 0& 2#o$"9(o "st($9o 9" 4 sls 9" "s2"# y #"c02"#c(?& co& 0t(l(=c(?& 9" 7- t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 2# 5 l>$2#s 2o# sl) 9"$>s 9" 0& 2#o$"9(o 9" 7, c0#tos o "s2c(os 9" 3 l>$2#s) "s 9"c(# 5 t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s c9 0&o.
Industria 9 co6unidad en =eneral G&randesM6edianasM.eKueas industrias 9 esta+leci6ientos co6ercialesMes.acios .+licosM 8o=aresH co$o 2o# ""$2lo P"t#?l"os 9" V"&"=0"l PDVSA) "& "l $0&(c(2(o y =o&s l"9<s "$2#"s 9" lt g$ y 9" &0$"#osos soc(9os) co& g#&9"s 9"2#t$"&tos y "s2c(os 9" t#:o) 0" 9"$&9& l>$2#s ";(c("&t"s y 90#9"#s) t$:('& s" 20"9" $"&c(o&#) l =o& (&90st#(l locl(=9 "& ls ;0"#s 9" l c(099 y c"#c& &0"st# cs 9" "st09(os) s($(s$o "$2#"ss t#&s&c(o&l"s 0:(c9s "& l =o& co& s0s #"s2"ct(s s0c0#sl"s) ;"##"t"#%s) locl"s co$"#c(l"s y "s2c(os 2:l(cos. P#t" 9" l 2#o90cc(?&
36
s" 9"st(&#> st(s;c"# l 9"$&9 9" c9 0&o 9" "stos s"cto#"s 9"2"&9("&9o 9" s0 l"to#("99 y l 9(s2o&(:(l(99. E& 2#o$"9(o $>s 9" 8.,,, "s2c(os 0" 0t(l(=#%& 9" * 5 t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 2#o@($9$"&t".
onas circun-ecinas 9 aledaas a la .lanta de .roducci5n% P#o90cc(?& 9"st(&9 l ($2o#tc(?& 9" &0"st#s l0$(&#(s.
Cantidad co6.rada .or el co6.rador .ro6edio al ao GKH D" los 9tos &t"#(o#"s s" 20"9"& clc0l# ls c&t(99"s 9" t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s 0" 0t(l(=& los co&s0$(9o#"s
For6ula: NW 9" (&st(t0c(o&"s X c&t(99 9" 0ls o sls X c&t(99 9" t0:os 9" c9 sl o 0l
7 U&(99"s "90ct(s 9" "90cc(?& :>s(c y :c6(ll"#to 8+@8,@5 555, t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s. * I&st(t0c(o&"s 9" "90cc(?& s02"#(o# 4@-,@5 *3,, t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s. 8 C"&t#os 9" sl09 77@4@7- Y 77@7,@5 7+-, t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s. 3 I&90st#( "& g"&"#l T"&tt($"&t" 8.,,,@5 *3.,,, t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s. 4 Zo&s c(#c0&"c(&s y l"9<s l 2os(c(o&$("&to 9" l 2l&t 2#o90cto# "st 9"$&9 s"#> st(s;"c6 2o# "l #"sto 9" l 2#o90cc(?& totl 9" l "$2#"s.
37
Total de de6anda de tu+os 0luorescentes conocida: 1>%2 tu+os 0luorescentes% Co$o l (9 2#o$"9(o 9" 0& l>$2# ;l0o#"sc"&t" "s 9" +4,,6 "s 9"c(#) 87*)4 9%s s" to$#> "st 9"$&9 co$o l &0l. P# co&oc"# l 9"$&9 "& t'#$(&os $o&"t#(os s" $0lt(2l(c l 9"$&9 &0l 9"l 2#o90cto 2o# "l 2#"c(o 9"l $(s$o.
(%<%
DETER#INACI!N DE LA OFERTA E& "co&o$%) s" 9";(&" l o;"#t co$o 0"ll c&t(99 9" :("&"s o s"#(c(os
0" los 2#o90cto#"s "st>& 9(s20"stos "&9"# los 9(st(&tos 2#"c(os 9"l $"#c9o. Qy 0" 9(;"#"&c(# l o;"#t 9"l t'#$(&o c&t(99 o;#"c(9) 0" 6c" #";"#"&c( l c&t(99 0" los 2#o90cto#"s "st>& 9(s20"stos "&9"# 0& 9"t"#$(&9o 2#"c(o. L c&t(99 o;#"c(9 2o# los ;:#(c&t"s o 2#o90cto#"s 9" 0& 9"t"#$(&9o :("& 9"2"&9" 9" #(os ;cto#"s 0" 2#ooc& (&c#"$"&tos o 9(s$(&0c(o&"s 9" l c&t(99 o;#"c(9 2o# "l o;"#"&t". Estos ;cto#"s so& "l 2#"c(o 9"l 2#o90cto) "l 2#"c(o 9" los ;cto#"s 0" (&t"#("&"& "& l 2#o90cc(?& 9" "s" :("&) "l "st9o 9" l t"c&olog% "@(st"&t" 2# 2#o90c(# "s" 2#o90cto y ls "@2"ctt(s 0" t"&g& los "$2#"s#(os c"#c 9"l ;0t0#o 9"l 2#o90cto y 9"l $"#c9o. P# l 9"t"#$(&c(?& 9" l o;"#t 9" los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s "s &"c"s#(o s:"# 0' 2#"c(o s" "&9"#> "l 2#o90cto y co$o s" 20"9" 9(st#(:0(# "l $(s$o 2# c2t# l t"&c(?& 9" los cl("&t"s.
(%>%
DETER#INACI!N DEL DÉFICIT S" co&oc" t$:('& co$o l 9"$&9 2ot"&c(l (&st(s;"c6) l c0l ("&"
s("&9o l c&t(99 9" :("&"s o s"#(c(os 0" "s 2#o::l" 0" "l $"#c9o co&s0$ "& los & s("&9o co$2l"t$"&t" 38
st(s;"c6os l 6o# 9" 90(#(# lg& #t%c0lo "& "l $"#c9o) y 2o# "st #=?& ls "$2#"ss t("&"& 0$"&t# l 2#o90cc(?& 2# s% 2o9"# sol"&t# "st 9"$&9.
(%?%
AN"LISIS DE PRECIO El "st:l"c($("&to 9"l 2#"c(o "s 9" s0$ ($2o#t&c() y 0" 'st" (&;l0y" $>s
"& l 2"#c"2c(?& 0" t("&" "l co&s0$(9o# ;(&l so:#" "l 2#o90cto o s"#(c(o. N0&c s" 9":" ol(9# 0' t(2o 9" $"#c9o s" o#("&t "l 2#o90cto o s"#(c(o. D":" co&oc"#s" s( lo 0" :0sc "l co&s0$(9o# "s l cl(99) s(& ($2o#t# $0c6o "l 2#"c(o o s( "l 2#"c(o "s 0& 9" ls #(:l"s 9" 9"c(s(?& 2#(&c(2l"s. E& $0c6s ocs(o&"s 0& "##?&" ;(c(?& 9"l 2#"c(o "s l #"s2o&s:l" 9" l $%&($ 9"$&9 9" 0& 2#o90cto o s"#(c(o.
(%@%
CO#ERCIALIACI!N DEL PRODUCTO P# co$"#c(l(=# 0& 2#o90cto "s $0y ($2o#t&t" "st:l"c"# c&l"s 9"
co$"#c(l(=c(?&) los c0l"s) so& ls #0ts 0" to$ 0& 2#o90cto 2# ll"g# l co&s0$(9o# ;(&l "& ls ct((99"s 9"c09s) "& "l $o$"&to (&9(c9o y l $"o# 2#"c(o) t&to 2# "l 2#o90cto# co$o 2# "l co&s0$(9o#. P# l "t2 9" (&(c(o) l "$2#"s co$"#c(l(=#> "l 2#o90cto s(g0("&9o l s(g0("&t" #0t
Productor
#a9orista
#inorista Consu6idor
39
*enta,as: P"#$(t" "l cc"so 0& $yo# &$"#o 9" co&s0$(9o#"s ;(&l"s. S" :#c co& $yo# #2(9"= "l $"#c9o.
Des-enta,as: A0$"&t "l 2#"c(o 9" "&t l co&s0$(9o# ;(&l. C:" 9"stc# 0" "& l #"g(?& to$9 co$o >#" 9" "st09(o &o s" "&c0"&t# (&stl9 &(&g0& 2l&t 2#o90cto# 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s) los 2#o90ctos ll"g& "st" $"#c9o) $"9(&t" 9(st#(:0(9o#"s.
AN"LISIS FODA GFortale4as$ O.ortunidades$ De+ilidades 9 A6ena4asH FORTALEAS
OPORTUNIDADES
DEBILIDADES
A#ENAAS
Consu6idores
Mt"#( y 2#($ y
!lt 9"
P#o90cto s0"to l
cercanos a la
s0$(&(st#os c"#c&os
c2c(tc(?& 9"l
#"g0lc(?& 9"
u+icaci5n de la
l "$2#"s &c(o&l"s
2"#so&l l:o#l
2#"c(os
Alternati-a de
P#o90cto 9" lto
Pos(:l" 9"t"&c(?&
Co$2"t"&c(
traslado de
co&s0$o
2#c(l 9"l 2#oc"so
co&sol(99 "& "l
e6.leados 8asta la
2o# "scs"= 9"
$"#c9o
.lanta
$t"#( 2#($
e6.resa
Procesos
Poc co$2"t"&c(
.roducti-os acorde
9"9(c9 l
P#o90cto s0st(t0(:l" Poc #"c"2t((99 " (&t"#'s 2o# 2#t"
40
a los a-ances
"l:o#c(?& 9"l
tecnol5=icos
2#o90cto
Alta ca.acidad
C#"c($("&to ;0t0#o 9"
D"l($(tc(?& 9"l
Escs"= 9"
.roducti-a de la
l 2l&t 9" 2#o90cc(?&
$"#c9o :st"c"#
s0$(&(st#o y
.lanta
#"90c(9
$t"#( 2#($
Personal la+oral
!lt 9" ;(&(99
!lt 9"
alta6ente cali0icado
co& los 2#o""9o#"s
$0(&#( y
e identi0icado a la
9" $t"#( 2#($ y
"0(2os 9"
6isi5n de la
s0$(&(st#os
2#o90cc(?&
9"l co&s0$(9o#
e6.resa
&c(o&l
Tabla 2.1: Detección de Fortalezas, Oportunidades, Debilidades y Amenazas Fuente: Elaboración propia
An3lisis FODA .ara
OPORTUNIDADES
A#ENAAS
deter6inar las
O'% #ateria .ri6a 9
A'% Producto su,eto a la
soluciones e
su6inistros cercanos a la re=ulaci5n de .recios%
i6.re-istos dentro de
e6.resa GnacionalesH%
A(%Co6.etencia
la .lanta de
O(%Producto de alto
consolidada
.roducci5n de
consu6o%
l36.aras
O1%Poca co6.etencia
0luorescentes
dedicada a la ela+oraci5n del .roducto%
en
el
6ercado% A1%Poca rece.ti-idad e inters
.or
.arte
del
consu6idor% A2%Escase4 de su6inistro
O2%Creci6iento a 0uturo 9 6ateria .ri6a% de la .lanta de
A;%Falta de 6aKuinaria 9
41
.roducci5n%
eKui.os
de
.roducci5n
nacional FORTALEAS
!7Y!3YO7Y O* D(s"<# !3YA7YA3 O#("&t# l 2l&"s 9" 2#o90cc(?& 0"
lt c2c(99 2#o90ct( 9"
2"#$(t& st(s;c"# l
l "$2#"s "& "l log#o 9" l
9"$&9 9" los
#"&t:(l(99 9"l 2#oy"cto
co&s0$(9o#"s
co#to y l#go 2l=o 0s&9o
2#o"c6&9o l $>@($o
6"##$("&ts co$o "l 2l&
F(% Alternati-a de
l c2c(99 2#o90ct(
$"st#o.
traslado de
9" l "$2#"s.
F'%Consu6idores cercanos a la u+icaci5n de la e6.resa%
e6.leados 8asta la .lanta% F1%Procesos .roducti-os acorde a los a-ances%
!*Y!8YA* A2#o"c6# l !*Y!4YO8 R"l(=# 0&
$o9"#&(=c(?&
9"
los
:0"& s"l"cc(?& 9"
2#oc"sos 2#o90ct(os "& l
2"#so&l o#("&t9os
c#"c(?& 9" 0& 2#o90cto 9"
t#:# ";(c("&t"$"&t" "&
F2% Alta ca.acidad
l co&sol(9c(?& 9"l
.roducti-a de la
2#o90cto "& "l $"#c9o.
cl(99
c2=
9" 6c"#
;#"&t" l co$2"t"&c(.
.lanta% F;%Personal la+oral alta6ente cali0icado e identi0icado a la 6isi5n de la e6.resa
!7Y !8YO3 El0# los &c"s t"c&ol?g(cos 0" co&t#(:0y& l "@2&s(?& ;0t0#o 9" l
A8
P"#s09(#
l
co&s0$(9o#
"&
"l
co&oc($("&to
9"
los
:"&";(c(os y cl(99 9"l 2#o90cto.
"$2#"s. !4YA4 D(s"<# 2l&"s 9" $&t"&($("&to
";"ct(os
0" 2"#$(t& 2#o"c6# y
42
l#g# l (9 t(l 9" los "0(2os y 6"##$("&ts.
DEBILIDADES D'%Falta de ca.acitaci5n del .ersonal la+oral%
O*YD* Est09(# "l co$2o#t$("&to 9" l "scs"= 9" $t"#( 2#($ 2# l "l:o#c(?& 9" 2l&"s 9" 2#o90cc(?& 0"
D(%Posi+le detenci5n
2"#$(t& c0:#(# l
.arcial del .roceso
9"$&9 "& to9o
.or escase4 de
$o$"&to.
6ateria .ri6a% D1%Producto sustitui+le
O8YD8YD3 C#"# c$2<s 20:l(c(t#(s
D2%Deli6itaci5n del
2# 9# co&oc"# "l
6ercado a a+astecer
2#o90cto "& "l $"#c9o.
reducida% D;%Falta de a0inidad con los .ro-eedores de 6ateria .ri6a 9 su6inistros%
O7 YD4 I$2l"$"&t# "st#t"g(s log%st(cs ";(cc"s y ";(c("&t"s 0" 2"#$(t& ;o$"&t# :0"&s #"lc(o&"s co& los 2#o""9o#"s 9" $t"#(
43
2#($.
O3Y D7 M&t"&"# l ";(c("&c( "& l "@2&s(?& 9" l 2l&t t#'s 9" 2l&"s 9" $ot(c(?& 2# "l 2"#so&l. Tabla 2.2: Análisis FODA Fuente: Elaboración propia
(%'% DETER#INACI!N DE LA CAPACIDAD !PTI#A DE LA PLANTA
P# co&oc"# l c2c(99 $>@($ 0 ?2t($ 9" 2#o90cc(?& s" 0t(l(=#> l s(g0("&t" ;?#$0l P=
J Tc
Do&9"
P: 2#o90cc(?&.
44
): /o#&9 9" t#:o) l c0l "st> :s9 "& ls o#&9s "st:l"c(9s "& l LOTTT) 9o&9" s" o:t0o 0" "l *,78 t("&" *35 9%s l:o#:l"s) s" to$o l o#&9 9" 5 6o#s 9(#(s y 2o# lo t&to l o#&9 &0l "s 9" 753 6o#s.
Tc: T("$2o c(clo 9"l 2#oc"so) "l c0l "s 9" 8$(& 2o# c9 t0:o ;l0o#"sc"&t") "s 9"c(# 9" ,),4 6# 2o# c9 t0:o. S0st(t0y"&9o los 9tos "& l ;o#$0l s" t("&" 0"
P=
1984 h r / a ñ o 0,05 h r / tubo
= 39680 tubos / a ñ o
CAPÍTULO III Estudio de In=enier/a
45
1%'%
ESTUDIO TÉCNICO DEL PROCESO% El o:"t(o ;0&9$"&tl 9" "st" "st09(o) "s 9"t"#$(&# los #"c0#sos &"c"s#(os
y l t"c&olog% 0" s" & 0t(l(=# "& l (&stlc(?& y 20"st "& $#c6 9"l 2#oy"cto ;(& 9" st(s;c"# l 9"$&9 "st:l"c(9 "& "l 2#og#$ 9" 2#o90cc(?&.
1%'%'% Eta.a de rece.ci5n de la 6ateria .ri6a% Est "t2 co&st "& #"c(:(# los $t"#(l"s 0" s" 0t(l(=& "& l 2#o90cc(?& 9" ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s) 'stos so& l$c"&9os) g#02>&9olos 9" c0"#9o s0s c#ct"#%st(cs y ;0&c(?& 9"&t#o 9"l 2#oc"so. Post"#(o#$"&t" s" 6c"& "st09(os y 2#0":s 9" c9 0& 9" "llos 2# 9"t"#$(&# s0 c"2tc(?& o #"c6=o) y 0" l cl(99 (&(c(l 9" l $t"#( 2#($ (&;l0(#> 9(#"ct$"&t" "& l cl(99 ;(&l 9"l 2#o90cto.
Su6inistro interno: '% Tu+os .ara la +ocina Estos t0:os 2# l :oc(& so& 2"0"$2# ;l0o#"sc"&t" co&0&t$"&t" co& 0& :o0(ll o sost"&"9o#) 2s& s"# lo co&oc(9o co$o cs0(llo.
(% Tu+os de so.orte o lla6ado ta6+in +oKuilla% Estos t0:os 9" so2o#t" $" #"2#"s"&t& l 2#t" 0" ;0" "&s$:l9 2#t" 9"l t0:o 9" c#(stl lo c0l l0"go 2s#& s"# 0& sol 0&(99.
46
1% Tu+os de -ac/o% So& los t0:os 9" (9#(o y 2#oc"s9os) l($2(os y #"c0:("#tos 9" ;os;o#o 0" 2s#& l0"go s"# c(9os y ll"&os 9" los gs #g?&) l (&y"cc(?& 9" $"#c0#(o y l ct(c(?& 9"l c>to9o.
Su6inistro e7terno% 2% Ala6+res conductores% Los l$:#"s so& co&90cto#"s co&st#0(9os co& 0& solo 6(lo 9" $"tl y 20"9" "st# 9"s&09o o #""st(9o) "l l$:#" 2# :o:(&9os Est" t(2o 9" l$:#" "st> #"c0:("#to 2o# "s$lt"s "s2"c(l"s) s"9 o lgo9?& s" co&s(g0" "& "l "st9o Bol%#) C(099 Bol%#.
;% Fila6entos de tun=steno% !(l$"&to 9" t0&gst"&o 9" 0& l>$2# (&c&9"sc"&t" "st> ;o#$9o 2o# 0& l$:#" "@t#"$9$"&t" ;(&o) $0c6o $>s 0" "l 9" 0& c:l" c0l0("#. El !(l$"&to) "s 0& c0"#2o "& ;o#$ 9" 6(lo) ;l"@(:l" o #%g(9o) 0t(l(=9o "& "l 6(lo co&90cto# 9" ls l>$2#s "l'ct#(cs) ($2o#t9o 9" Est9os U&(9os 9" No#t" A$'#(c.
<% !7ido de +ario% El ?@(9o 9" :#(o "s 0& s?l(9o :l&co " 6(g#osc?2(co c0y ;?#$0l "s BO) El ?@(9o 9" :#(o s" 0s co$o #"c0:#($("&to 2# c>to9os cl("&t"s y "& t0:os 9" #yos ct?9(cos "s 2os(:l" "&co&t##lo co& 2#o""9o#"s "&"=ol&os "& "l Est9o !lc?&.
47
>% Li=adura 0luorescente N '% 10%$(co (&"#t" 2# log## l0$(&(sc"&c(.
?% Li=adura 0luorescente N (% 10%$(co (&"#t" 2# log## l0$(&(sc"&c(
@% #ercurio% S" 20"9" ($2o#t# 9(#"ct$"&t" 9" M'@(co o "s 2os(:l" co&s"g0(#lo "& los "st9o T>c6(# y L# "& V"&"=0"l. Es 0& $"tl 2"s9o 2lt"9o 0" t"$2"#t0# $:("&t" "s 0& l%0(9o (&o9o#o. No "s :0"& co&90cto# 9"l clo# co$2#9o co& ot#os $"tl"s) 0&0" "s :0"& co&90cto# 9" l "l"ct#(c(99.
'% Ce6ento +ase% Est" c"$"&to "s l $"=cl 9" c("#tos (&g#"9("&t"s 0%$(cos 0" $" 2"#$(t(#>& s"ll# ls l>$2#s co& s0s :oc(&s #"s2"ct(s 9" c9 "@t#"$o.
''% Tu+o de .a.el% So& t0:os 9" #";0"#=o 2# 2#ot"g"# l l>$2# 9" c0l0("# gol2" 0" 20"9 ll"# "& s0 t#&s2o#t" 6c( los l0g#"s 9" 9"st(&o.
48
'(% Cartones .ara el e6.aKue% Los c#to&"s 2# "l "$20" so& lo &"c"s#(o 2# #"l(=# "l "$:l" 9" c9 0&o 9" ls l>$2#s y ll"#ls l "&t.
'1% &as ar=5n% P#o90cto co&s"g0(9o "& l"&c( E9o C#:o:o. S" "$2l" co$o gs 9" #"ll"&o "& l>$2#s (&c&9"sc"&t"s y 0" &o #"cc(o& co& "l $t"#(l 9"l ;(l$"&to (&cl0so lt t"$2"#t0# y 2#"s(?&) 2#olo&g&9o 9" "st" $o9o l (9 t(l 9" l :o$:(ll) y "& s0st(t0c(?& 9"l &"?& "& l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s c0&9o s" 9"s" 0& colo# "#9"H=0l "& "= 9"l #oo 9"l &"?&. T$:('& co$o s0st(t0to 9"l &(t#?g"&o $ol"c0l# N* c0&9o 'st" &o s" co$2o#t co$o gs (&"#t" 2o# ls co&9(c(o&"s 9" o2"#c(?&.
'2% Fos0oro% Est" ;os;o#o 0t(l(=9o "s ($2o#t9o 9" c6(&) $s s(& "$:#go 6y l0g#"s "& 9o&9" s" 20"9"& co&s"g0(# "& &0"st#o 2%s co$o "& "l "st9o A20#") "s t(l 2# 2#oy"ct# l ;l0o#"sc"&c( 9" l l>$2#.
';% &as ne5n% I$2o#t9o 9"s9" #g"&t(&) "l gs &"?& "s 0& "l"$"&to $0y co$& "& "l 0&("#so) 2"#o "s :st&t" ##o "& l T("##. El &"?& &o s" 0t(l(= 6:(t0l$"&t") y 0" "s 0& "l"$"&to $0y c#o. P0"9" t"&"# 0& lo# 9" 4, "c"s "l costo 9" 6"l(o) y 0" "s $0c6o $>s ##o. El &"?&) co$o "l #"sto 9" gs"s &o:l"s 2#"s"&t ls s(g0("&t"s
49
2#o2("99"s Es (&colo#o) (&o9o#o y $0"st# 0& #"ct((99 0%$(c $0y : "& co&9(c(o&"s &o#$l"s. El "st9o 9"l &"?& "& s0 ;o#$ &t0#l "s gs"oso. El &"?& "s 0& "l"$"&to 0%$(co 9" s2"cto (&colo#o y 2"#t"&"c" l g#02o 9" los gs"s &o:l"s.
1%'%(% Proceso .roducti-o de las l36.aras 0luorescentes% El t(2o 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9" los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s s" #"l(= "& c9"&. L 2#o90cc(?& "& l%&" ;0" 0& 2#oc"so #"ol0c(o&#(o "& l 2#o90cc(?& (&90st#(l c0y :s" "s l c9"& 9" $o&t" 0& ;o#$ 9" o#g&(=c(?& 9" l 2#o90cc(?& 0" 9"l"g c9 t#:9o# 0& ;0&c(?& "s2"c%;(c y "s2"c(l(=9 "& $>0(&s t$:('& $>s 9"s##oll9s.
*enta,as: . P"#;"cc(o&$("&to 9"l 2#o90cto 0" 9(;"#"&c( 9" l 2#o90cc(?& 2o# "&c#go) "& l 2#o90cc(?& "& s"#(") "l 2t#?& o $ol9" 2# l ;:#(cc(?& "st> 99o 2o# ls $>0(&s lo 0" ($2l(c 2ocs o &(&g0& ($2"#;"cc(?& ?2t(c yo 9" ;0&c(o&$("&to. :. El 2#o90cto "s $>s ;>c(l 9" ;:#(c# y 0" "l 2#oc"9($("&to 9" ;:#(cc(?& "s "l $(s$o. Co$o &t"#(o#$"&t" 9(c6o) "l 2t#?& o $ol9") y s" "&c0"&t# co&;(g0#9o "& ls $>0(&s. c. El 2#o90cto "s $>s :#to) y 0" "l 0so y l oc02c(?& 9" ls $>0(&s &"c"s#(s 2# l ;:#(cc(?& 20"9"& s"# o2t($(=9o. A9"$>s l co$2# "& g#&9"s c&t(99"s 9" los $t"#(l"s 2# l ;:#(cc(?& "s s(g&(;(ct($"&t" $0c6o $>s :#t. 9. El 2#o90cto "st> 9(s2o&(:l" "& "l $"#c9o "& g#&9"s c&t(99"s) lo 0" s(g&(;(c $yo# c0:"#t0# y $yo# lc&c".
50
". Alt 2#o90ct((99 ;. Los t("$2os 9" 2#o90cc(?& so& $>s co#tos. g. Pos(:(l(99 9" co&t#t# 2"#so&l "&t#"&9o "& l0g# 9" 2"#so&l lt$"&t" c0l(;(c9o) lo 0" #"90c" los costos 9" 2"#so&l.
Des-enta,as: . S" 2("#9" l (&9((90l(99 y o#(g(&l(99 9"l 2#o90cto) "s 9"c(# &o "@(st"& “2("=s &(cs”. :. !:#(c&t"s 2"0"< "scl y ;:#(c&t"s #t"s&l"s solo 20"9"& sc# :"&";(c(os t#'s 9" l ;:#(cc(?& 9" 2#o90ctos 0" &o "@(st& g#& "scl "& "l $"#c9o o 0" &o t"&g& $0c6 o &(&g0& co$2"t"&c(. c. Alt &"c"s(99 9" $0c6o c2(tl 2# (&stl# 0& ;>:#(c. L 2#o90cc(?& 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s "s ll"9 c:o "& c0t#o "t2s. L $yo#% 9"l t#:o "s #"l(=9o 2o# $0(&#( 0to$>t(c) #"0(#("&9o s?lo 0& &$"#o $%&($o 9" t#:9o#"s. Ls c0t#o "t2s 9" 2#o90cc(?& so& o o o o
P#o90cc(?& 9" l :s" 9"l ;(l$"&to. P#"2#c(?& 9" los t0:os 9" (9#(o. P#"2#c(?& 9" ls t2s lt"#l"s. E&s$:l".
'% Producci5n de +ase del 0ila6ento: T#"s $>0(&s so& 0s9s 2# 6c"# l 2#o90cc(?& 9"l $o&t" 0" ;o#$ l :s" 9"l ;(l$"&to. Est $0(&#( 20"9" s"# 0s9 2# 2#o90c(# ls :s"s 9"l ;(l$"&to 2# $0c6os t(2os 9" l>$2#s. Et2s
51
A% #3Kuina de .roducci5n de las +ocinas .ara la +ase del 0ila6ento: U& $>0(& 9(s"<9 "s2"c(l$"&t" co& 7* c:"=l"s 0:(c9os l#"9"9o# 9" los :o#9"s 9" l 2lc g(#to#( #":o#9" los t0:os 9" (9#(o 0" so& 0t(l(=9os 2# 2#o90c(# ls :oc(&s.
B% #3Kuina de .roducci5n de +ases de 0ila6ento: Los t0:os 9" c%o y los l$:#"s co&90cto#"s "&t#& 9"s9" ls tols 2#"cls(;(c9o#s 0&to co& ls :oc(&s) "& l $>0(& 9" 2#o90cc(?& 0" ;o#$ 0to$>t(c$"&t" ls :s"s 9" ;(l$"&to.
C% #3Kuina de 6onta,e con el 0ila6ento: Ls :s"s 9" ;(l$"&to so& "&(9s l $>0(& 9" $o&t" 9o&9" los ;(l$"&tos 9" l$:#"s 9" t0&gst"&o o@(99os so& 96"#(9os) co$2l"t&9o 9" "st $&"# "l 2#oc"so 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9" los $o&t"s co& "l ;(l$"&to.
(% Pre.araci5n de los tu+os de -idrio: A% Los t0:os 9" (9#(o 9" 0& lo&g(t09 2#o2(9 so& coloc9os "& l $>0(& 9" #"c0:#($("&to y l9o. Est $>0(& 0s g0 cl("&t" y (#" cl("&t" 2# l# y s"c# los t0:os 9" (9#(o &t"s 0" ls 2#"9"s (&t"#&s 9" los t0:os s"& #"c0:("#ts co& 2olo ;l0o#"sc"&t".
B% D"s20's 9" 6:"# s(9o #"c0:("#to co& 2olo ;l0o#"sc"&t") los t0:os so& 9"sc#g9os 0to$>t(c$"&t" so:#" 0& t#&s2o#t9o# 9" #o9(llos "l c0l los t#&s2o#t t#'s 9" 0& 6o#&o y t#'s 9" 0& c>$# 9" "&;#($("&to.
C% C0&9o 2s& t#'s 9" l c>$# 9" "&;#($("&to) 9os $>0(&s l($2(9o#s c"2(ll& los "@t#"$os 9"l ;l0o#"sc"&t" 0to$>t(c$"&t"
52
#"$o("&9o "l #""st(9o "& los "@t#"$os 9" los t0:os. L0"go) "l t#&s2o#t9o# ll" los t0:os l $>0(& 9" s"ll9o 2# s0 "&s$:l" ;(&l.
1% Pre.araci5n de las ta.as laterales: A% Ls 2o#c(o&"s #"0"#(9s 9" los (&g#"9("&t"s &"c"s#(os 2# 6c"# "l co$20"sto s"ll9o# so& $"=cl9s co&0&t$"&t" "& 0& $>0(& $"=cl9o# 9" c"$"&to.
B% El co$20"sto s"ll9o# "s 9(st#(:0(9o so:#" ls t2s lt"#l"s 9" ls l>$2#s 2o# 0& $>0(& 9" #"ll"&9o 0to$>t(co. L0"go ls t2s so& "&(9s l $>0(& 9" c($"&t9o 2# s0 "&s$:l" ;(&l.
2% Ensa6+la,e: Ls $o&t0#s co& "l ;(l$"&to) los t0:os 9" (9#(o) y ls t2s lt"#l"s #"ll"&s 9" c"$"&to so& "&s$:l9s "& 2#o90ctos c:9os.
A% #3Kuina selladora auto63tica: Los t0:os 9" (9#(o so& coloc9os "& los c:"=l"s 9" l $>0(& s"ll9o#) los ;(l$"&tos so& l($"&t9os 9"&t#o 9" l $>0(& 9"s9" los ot#os l9os. Los $o&t"s so& coloc9os 0to$>t(c$"&t" "& l 2os(c(?& 9"c09 &t"s 0" s"& s"ll9os $"9(&t" cl"&t$("&to 9" los t0:os.
B% #3Kuina de -aciado auto63tico: Est $>0(& 9"slo 0to$>t(c$"&t" ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s s"ll9s) (&y"ct "l $"#c0#(o) lo ll"& co& gs #g?& y ct( "l c>to9o.
C% #3Kuina de ci6entado auto63tico: Los t0:os s"ll9os y c(9os so& coloc9os $&0l$"&t" 9"&t#o 9" ls g##9"#s 9" l $>0(& 9" c($"&t9o y cl"&t9os 2o# 0& gs 0"$9o#. Ls t2s lt"#l"s ll"&s 9" c"$"&to so&
53
96"#(9s c9 "@t#"$o 9" ls l>$2#s co$2l"t&9o 9" "st $&"# "l 2#oc"so 9" $&0;ct0#. El to0" ;(&l "s s"ll# 2"#$&"&t"$"&t" l t2 9"l t0:o y y "st> t"#$(&9o
D% Pro+ado 9 e6.aKue: Ls l>$2#s so& coloc9s $&0l$"&t" "& l $>0(& y to9s ls ot#s o2"#c(o&"s so& 0to$>t(cs. To9os los t0:os s" 2#0":& "& 0& 2ost"#(o# #0"9 9" "&syo) 2# "#(;(c# s0 cl(99. U& "= t"#$(&9 l $"t(c0los (&s2"cc(?& 9" los t0:os y 20"9"&
2s# l
9"2#t$"&to 9" "$:l".
Co6.onentes del Tu+o Fluorescente:
54
1%(%
ELABORACI!N EL DIA&RA#A DE FLU)O DE PROCESOS
55
1%1%
DESSCRIPCI!N DE LA #AUINARIA EUIPOS
'H #3Kuina de re-estido 9 la-ado Est $>0(& 0s g0 cl("&t" y (#" cl("&t" 2# l# y s"c# los t0:os 9" (9#(o &t"s 0" ls 2#"9"s (&t"#&s 9" los t0:os s"& #"c0:("#ts co& 2olo ;l0o#"sc"&t".
(H #3Kuina de li6.ie4a 9 8orneado Es 0& $>0(& 0" c"2(ll los "@t#"$os 9"l ;l0o#"sc"&t" 0to$>t(c$"&t" #"$o("&9o "l #""st(9o "& los "@t#"$os 9" los t0:os l0"go los t0:os so& ,
9"sc#g9os 0to$>t(c$"&t" so:#" 0& t#&s2o#t9o# 9" #o9(llos "l c0l los t#&s2o#t t#'s 9" 0& 6o#&o.
1H #3Kuina de .roducci5n de +ocinas% Es 0& $>0(& 9(s"<9 "s2"c(l$"&t" 2# l 2#o90cc(?& 9" 9" ls :oc(&s) c0"&t co& 9oc" c:"=l"s 0:(c9os l#"9"9o# 9" 0& 2lc g(#to#(.
2H #3Kuina de .roducci5n de +ase del 0ila6ento Est $>0(& (&t#o90c" ls :oc(&s y los l$:#"s 2# ;o#$# 0to$>t(c$"&t" los t0:os 9" ;(l$"&to.
;H #3Kuina de 6onta,e Los ;(l$"&tos so& "&(9os l $>0(& 9" $o&t" 9o&9" so& (&s"#t9os "& los so2o#t"s y s" #"l(= l 2l(cc(?& 9" l s0st&c( 0" 2"#$(t(#> l 2#o90cc(?& 9" l l0=.
0(& s"ll9o#) "& "st "t2 s" 0&"& "l so2o#t" y "l t0:o 9" c#(stl. Los c0l"s so& s"ll9os $"9(&t" cl"&t$("&to 9" los t0:os t"$2"#t0#s $0y lts.
>H #3Kuina de -aciado Est $>0(& s" "&c#g 9" c(# "l t0:o 9" (#" y ll"&#lo 9" gs) 9"sc#:0# "l t0:o " (&t#o90c" l got 9" $"#c0#(o ;0&9$"&tl 2# 2#o90c(# l0=.
?H #3Kuina de ci6entado Los t0:os s"ll9os y c(9os so& coloc9os $&0l$"&t" 9"&t#o 9" ls g##9"#s 9" l $>0(& 9" c($"&t9o y cl"&t9os 2o# 0& gs 0"$9o#. Ls t2s lt"#l"s
56
ll"&s 9" c"$"&to so& 96"#(9s c9 "@t#"$o 9" ls l>$2#s co$2l"t&9o 9" "st $&"# "l 2#oc"so 9" $&0;ct0#.
@H #3Kuina de soldadura de .in E& "st $>0(& s" (&co#2o#& los c>to9os 0" 2"#$(t(#>& l t#&s$(s(?& 9" l co##("&t") l c0l s" l" 9 ;o#$ y s" l" cl("&t 2# "(t# 0" "l #""st($("&to s" "@t("&9 ot#s s02"#;(c("s.
'H #3Kuina de rellenado de ce6ento E& "st $>0(& s" 2l(c 0& c2 ;(& 9" ;os;o#o "& ls s02"#;(c("s (&t"#(o#"s) "s "l ;?s;o#o "s 0" 2#o90c" l l0= $"9(&t" l (o&(=c(?& 9"l $"#c0#(o.
''H #3Kuina 6e4cladora de ce6ento Est $>0(& #"l(= l $"=cl 9" los $t"#(l"s 0" co&;o#$& "l c"$"&to o ;?s;o#o) "l c0l "st> (&t"g#9o 2o# co$20"stos 9" $"tl"s 9" t#&s(c(?& o co$20"stos 9" t("##s ##s 9" 9("#ss cls"s. T$:('& 2l(c "l $"#c0#(o 0" 2#o90c" l ct(c(?& 9" l l0=.
1%2%
DESCRIPCI!N DE LA #ANO DE OBRA L $&o 9" o:# "s "l "s;0"#=o ;%s(co y $"&tl 0" #"l(=& los (&t"g#&t"s 9"
0& o#g&(=c(?& 2# l ;:#(cc(?& 9" 0& :("& o l 2#"stc(?& 9" s"#(c(o. L $&o 9" o:# 20"9" s"# 9(#"ct o (&9(#"ct) 2"#o 2# cls(;(c#l 2#($"#o 9":"$os 9"t"#$(&# l c&t(99 9" "$2l"9os 0" #"0("#" l 2l&t. Est c&t(99 s" "st:l"c"#> 9" c0"#9o l &$"#o 9" 9"2#t$"&tos &"c"s#(os 2# c0$2l(# co& ls ct((99"s 9" l "$2#"s. E& l t:l 8.3) s" (&9(c& los c#gos y &$"#o 9" "$2l"9os s(g&9os "stos.
57
Car=os
N de E6.leados
&erente &eneral
7
Secretaria
7
Su.er-isor de .roducci5n
*
Su.er-isor de Control de calidad
7
In=% en 6anteni6iento 9 se=uridad
7
Su.er-isor de co6.ra J -entas 9 6ercadeo
7
O.eradores 9 o+reros
-
#ec3nicos
*
Al6acenista
3
*i=ilante
3
Personal de li6.ie4a
4
Total
(? Ta+la 1%2 Car=os 9 n6ero de e6.leados asi=nados Fuente: El:o#c(?& 2#o2(
U& "= o:t"&(9os los c#gos s" 20"9" #"l(=# l cls(;(cc(?& 9" c0l"s co##"s2o&9"& l $&o 9" o:# 9(#"ct y c0l"s l (&9(#"ct. 7 C#gos 0" co##"s2o&9"& l M&o 9" o:# 9(#"ct
Su.er-isor de .roducci5n Su.er-isor de Control de calidad
58
In=% en 6anteni6iento 9 se=uridad O.eradores 9 o+reros Estos so& los c#gos 0" "st>& #"lc(o&9os 9(#"ct$"&t" co& l 2#o90cc(?& 9" los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s) "s 9"c(#) so& los c#gos ;0&9$"&tl"s 2# 0" s" 20"9 9# l 2#o90cc(?& 9" los t0:os.
* C#gos 0" co##"s2o&9"& l M&o 9" o:# (&9(#"ct
&erente &eneral Secretaria Su.er-isor de co6.ra J -entas 9 6ercadeo #ec3nicos Al6acenista *i=ilante Personal de li6.ie4a Estos so& los c#gos 0" "st>& #"lc(o&9os (&9(#"ct$"&t" co& l 2#o90cc(?& 9" los t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s) y 0" &o "st>& (&ol0c#9os co$o tl "& "l 2#oc"so 2#o90ct(o s(&o "& lo 0" co$2"t" l O#g&(=c(?&.
1%;%
ESTRUCTURA OR&ANIATI*A E& 0& "$2#"s) l "st#0ct0# o#g&(=t( 9"l #"c0#so 60$&o) s02o&" los
l%$(t"s 9" #"s2o&s:(l(99"s "&t#" los 9(;"#"&t"s 9"2#t$"&tos 0" co&;o#$& l
59
$(s$) "& ;0&c(?& 9"l t(2o 9" 2#o90cc(?& y 2o# s020"sto 9" s0s 9($"&s(o&"s. S" 2#o2o&" 0& "st#0ct0# o#g&(=t() l c0l 20"9" c$:(# o "ol0c(o&# 9" c0"#9o ls 2ol%t(cs o 2l&"s ;0t0#os 9" l "$2#"s co&t(&0c(?& s" $0"st# "l o#g&(g#$ 9" l "$2#"s G"#"&t" g"&"#l
As"so# /0#%9(co S02"#C(so# 9" C"&ts $"#c9"o
S"c#"t#(
I&g. "& Mtto y s"g0#(99
Al$c"&(sts
S02"#C(so# 9" cl(99
M"c&(cos
S02"#C(so# 9" 2#o90cc(?&
O2"#9o#"s y o:#"#os
P"#so&l 9" l($2("=
Or=ani=ra6a de la e6.resa Fuente: El:o#c(?& 2#o2(
1%<%
DISTRIBUCI!N DE LA PLANTA S" 9":"& 9(st#(:0(# ";(c("&t"$"&t" ls >#"s 9" t#:o 9" 0& "$2#"s o l0g#
9o&9" s" 2#"st" lg& s"#(c(o) "sto co&s(st" "& $&t"&"# 9" ;o#$ o#9"&9 los 2#oc"sos y 0" "@(st 0& ;l0o 9"&t#o 9" ls o2"#c(o&"s) "s 9"c(#) s" :0sc "st:l"c"# 0& o#9"& "& l 0:(cc(?& 9" c9 9"2#t$"&to 9" l 2l&t co$o so& l$c'& 9" $t"#( 2#($) 9" 2#o90cto t"#$(&9o y "l >#" 9" 2#o90cc(?&) co& "l ;(& 9" 2#o2o#c(o&# 0& ;l0o ?2t($o 9" $t"#(l"s. 60
E& "st" s2"cto :0sc l #"90cc(?& 9" l 9(st&c( l $o$"&to 9" $o"# los $t"#(l"s t#'s 9"l 2#oc"so 2#o90ct(o) "sto 2"#$(t(#> "l"# l ";(c("&c( 9"l $(s$o y 2#o2o#c(o&# "& lo 2os(:l" l $"o# co&9(c(?& 9" t#:o) co&9(c(o&"s ?2t($s 9" s"g0#(99 y :("&"st# 2# los t#:9o#"s. S"g& Bc U#:(& *,7,) los o:"t(os y 2#(&c(2(os :>s(cos 9" 0& 9(st#(:0c(?& 9" 2l&t so& los s(g0("&t"s
Integración total . B0sc (&t"g## c9 0&o 9" los ;cto#"s 0" 2o9#%& ;"ct#
l 9(st#(:0c(?& "sto "s) t"&"# "& c0"&t c9 0& 9" ls >#"s y l #"lc(?& 0" 9":"& "@(st(# "&t#" "lls l $o$"&to 9" "st:l"c"# l 2os(c(?& y c"#c&% 2# g#&t(=# 0& o2"#c(?& lo $>s "co&?$(c 2os(:l".
Mínima distancia de recorrido. Esto "s) "st:l"c"# l #"lc(?& "&t#" ls >#"s
0:(c>&9ols lo $>s c"#c 2os(:l") co& "l 2#o2?s(to 9" 0" "l ;l0o 9" $t"#(l"s s" lo $>s ?2t($o 2os(:l") "s 9"c(#) #>2(9o y "co&?$(co.
Utilización del espacio cubico. M0c6s "c"s l $o$"&to 9" l$c"&# los
2#o90ctos) &o s" 2#o"c6 $0c6s "c"s l lt0# 9"l l$c'&) "s 9"c(# solo s" 9(st#(:0y"& los 2#o90ctos "& "l >#" c09#9 y &o s" 0t(l(= "l "s2c(o c0:(co) $0c6s "c"s s" 2os"" 0& $2l(o l$c'& y &o s" 2#o"c6 co$2l"t$"&t" "l "s2c(o 9(s2o&(:l".
Seguridad y bienestar de los trabajadores. D":" t#t# 9" :#(&9#s" l
co$o9(99 y :("&"st# 9" los t#:9o#"s 9"&t#o 9" l 2l&t y 0" $("&t#s "l t#:9o# s" "&c0"&t#" "& 0& $:("&t" l:o#l 9o&9" s" s("&t c?$o9o) s" 20"9" s"g0## 0& :0"& #"&9($("&to "& "l 9"s##ollo 9" s0s ct((99"s) y "sto s" #";l" "& l 2#o90ct((99 9" l "$2#"s.
Flexibilidad. Esto 9"2"&9"#> :>s(c$"&t" 9"l t(2o 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& 0" s"
($2l"$"&t". D"2"&9("&9o 9" "st") s" 2o9#> "st($# "l g#9o 9" ;l"@(:(l(99 0" 2#"s"&t# l 2l&t.
61
Po# $"9(o 9" l 9(st#(:0c(?& "& 2l&t s" co&s(g0" "l $"o# ;0&c(o&$("&to 9" ls (&stlc(o&"s. Alg0&os 20&tos ($2o#t&t"s 9" "st so&
S0 0t(l(99 s" "@t("&9" t&to 2#oc"sos (&90st#(l"s co$o 9" s"#(c(os.
L 9(st#(:0c(?& "& 2l&t "s 0& ;0&9$"&to 9" l (&90st#() 9"t"#$(& l
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Co&t#(:0y" l #"90cc(?& 9"l cost" 9" ;:#(cc(?&. Ls 9"c(s(o&"s 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& 9" 2l&t so& 0&o 9" los s2"ctos cl" 0"
9"t"#$(&& l ";(c("&c( 9" ls o2"#c(o&"s l#go 2l=o. Ls 9(st#(:0c(o&"s t("&"& &0$"#oss ($2l(cc(o&"s "st#t'g(cs) y 0" "st:l"c"& 2#(o#(99"s co$2"t(t(s "& 0& o#g&(=c(?&) co& #"s2"cto l c2c(99) los 2#oc"sos) l ;l"@(:(l(99 y los costos "st>& soc(9s co& "l 6o#(=o&t" 9" 9"c(s(?& t>ct(co) y "st>& co&sg#9s l co&c#"c(?& 9" 9"c(s(o&"s "st#t'g(cs) co$o l locl(=c(?& 9" 2l&t.
1%<%'% Ti.o de distri+uci5n E& c0&to l ;o#$ "& l c0l s" 9(st#(:0(# l "$2#"s) s" :0sc s("$2#" "s $@($(=# ls sl(9s y $"o## los 2#o90ctos) "& l :s0"9 9" l ";(c("&c() cl(99 y #"s20"st. Act&9o lo &t"#(o#) s" #"s0$" 0" l ;o#$ 0" s" to$# 2# 9(st#(:0(# l 2l&t 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s) s"#> 0& 9(st#(:0c(?& 2o# 2#oc"so) 9":(9o 0" "s l $>s co#9" ls ct((99"s 0" s" #"l(=&. S" 9";(&" "st" t(2o 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& co$o 0"ll 0" Ag#02 los t#:9o#"s y l "0(2o 9" c0"#9o co& l s"c0"&c( 9" o2"#c(o&"s #"l(=9s so:#" "l 2#o90cto) s" 0t(l(= "0(2o 0to$t(=9o 2# 2#o90c(# g#&9"s ol$"&"s 9" 2#o90ctos. Es l 9(st#(:0c(?& $>s ";"ct( y ";(c= l 6o# 9" o#(g(&# 0& lto ol0$"& 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9" 0&(99"s (9'&t(cs.
62
Es 0& 9(st#(:0c(?& #"lt($"&t" s"&c(ll) 20"s s" t#t 9" 0:(c# c9 o2"#c(?& t& c"#c co$o s" 2os(:l" 9" s0 &t"c"so# 2# "(t# s% 0" s" g"&"#"& c0"llos 9" :ot"ll. Ls $>0(&s s" s(t& 0&s 0&to ot#s lo l#go 9" 0& l%&" "& l s"c0"&c( "& 0" c9 0& 9" "lls 6 9" s"# 0t(l(=9 "l 2#o90cto so:#" "l 0" s" t#: #"co##" l l%&" 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9" 0& "stc(?& ot# $"9(9 0" s0;#" ls o2"#c(o&"s &"c"s#(s.
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Syst"$t(c Lyo0t Pl&&(&g. Bc U#:(& *,7, lo 9";(&" co$o 0& $'to9o s(st"$>t(co 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& 0" to$ "& c0"&t los s(g0("&t"s s2"ctos s0g"#(9os 2o# R(c6#9 M0t6"# 2# l 9(st#(:0c(?&
P#o90cto P) co& to9s s0s "s2"c(;(cc(o&"s) ls c0l"s s" 9"cl#& 9"s9" "l 2#(&c(2(o 9" l "l0c(?& 9"l 2#oy"cto.
63
C&t(99 9" 2#o90cto 1) 0" s" 9"s" "l:o##) l c0l s" 9"t"#$(& "& "l "st09(o 9" $"#c9o co$o "& l 9"t"#$(&c(?& 9"l t$
S"c0"&c( R) 0" s(g0" l $t"#( 2#($ 9"&t#o 9"l 2#oc"so 9" 2#o90cc(?&. I&s0$os S) &"c"s#(os 2# ll"# c:o "l 2#oc"so 2#o90ct(o. T("$2o T) 0" "s l [2#og#$c(?& 9" l 2#o90cc(?&. Est" $'to9o 0t(l(= 0& t'c&(c 2oco c0&t(tt( l 2#o2o&"# 9(st#(:0c(o&"s co& :s" "& l co&"&("&c( 9" c"#c&% "&t#" los 9"2#t$"&tos y "$2l" l s(g0("&t" s($:olog% (&t"#&c(o&l $ost#9 "& "l s(g0("&t" c09#o
Si6+olo=/a del 6todo SLP !0"&t". Bc U#:(&) El0c(?& 9" 2#oy"ctos. A9"$>s 9" "sto s" 9":" co&st#0(# l $t#(= 9(go&l o 9(g#$ 9" co##"lc(?&) l c0l s" 0t(l(= 2# "st:l"c"# l #"lc(?& 0" 9":" 6:"# "&t#" ls >#"s 9" l 2l&t.
64
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65
Aplicación del método SLP (SystematicLayoutPlanning)
El $'to9o s" 2l(c# ls >#"s 9" l 2l&t 2# 9"t"#$(&# l #"lc(?& y 9(st#(:0c(?& g"&"#l 9" l "$2#"s) y ls ct((99"s 0" s" 9"s##oll#& "& "l 9"2#t$"&to o >#" 9" 2#o90cc(?&. L #"lc(?& 9" ls ct((99"s 9" ls >#"s 9" l 2l&t "& g"&"#l) s" $0"st# "& l s(g0("&t" $t#(=
#atri4 de relaci5n de la e6.resa !0"&t" El:o#c(?& 2#o2(
E& (st 9" los #"s0lt9os o:t"&(9os "& l $t#(= 2#"s"&t9) s" 2#oc"9" l #"l(=c(?& 9"l 2l&o 9" l "$2#"s) "l c0l 9":" #"s2"t# ls &o#$s "st:l"c(9s "& 66
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1%<%1% U+icaci5n de los Puestos 9 3reas de tra+a,o P# 0:(c# los 20"stos 9" t#:o) "s &"c"s#(o co&oc"# ls >#"s "& ls 0" s" 9((9(# l "$2#"s) "& tl s"&t(9o s" 2l&t"& co&t(&0c(?& ls >#"s 9"s##oll# •
"rea de &erencia: Co$2#"&9" l g"#"&c( y l s"c#"t#()
9o&9"
s"
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"rea de Control de Calidad: S" #";("#" l >#" 9o&9" s" "l l cl(99 9"l P#o90cto y s" "l:o#& los 2l&"s 9" s"g0#(99 2# los t#:9o#"s) t("&" "& totl 7,, $* "& "s2c(o ;%s(co.
•
"rea de Producci5n: S" #";("#" l >#" 9o&9" s" ll" c:o "l co&t#ol 9" l 2#o90cc(?& 9" ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s y l g"st(?& 9" #"lc(?& co& los 2#o""9o#"s) t("&" "& totl 74, $* "& "s2c(o ;%s(co.
•
"rea de Sanitarios: Ests (&stlc(o&"s "st#>& 9"st(&9s 2# t"&9"# ls &"c"s(99"s ;(s(ol?g(cs y "l s"o 2"#so&l 9" los t#:9o#"s) ls c0l"s s" 9((9"& "& :
•
"rea de Co6edor Gca0et/nH: S" #";("#" l >#" 9o&9" los t#:9o#"s 20"9"& co$"# y 9"sc&s# "& s0s t("$2os l(:#"s) t("&" 0& "s2c(o ;%s(co 9" 78, $*.
•
"rea de Estaciona6iento: S" #";("#" l >#" 9o&9" los t#:9o#"s y cl("&t"s 2o9#>& "stc(o&# s0 "6%c0lo) $oto ? :(c(cl"t co& to9 s"g0#(99 y :#c 0& "s2c(o ;%s(co 9" 3,, $*.
•
"rea de *i=ilancia: Es 0& cs(ll 9" (g(l&c( y :#c 0& >#" 9" -, $*.
•
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•
"rea de Productos Ter6inados: E& "st >#" s" "&c0"&t# "l 2#o90cto ;(&l l(sto 2# s"# 9(st#(:0(9o y :#c 0& "s2c(o ;%s(co 9" 7,, $*.
•
"reas de Car=a 9 Descar=a: Est> >#" s" 9"st(&#> 2# 0" "6%c0los c#g0"& los 2#o90ctos t"#$(&9os y 9"sc#g0"& ls $t"#(s 2#($s y c9 0& :#c 0& "s2c(o ;%s(co 9" 7,, $*.
•
"rea de Se=uridad: Est> >#" s" #";("#" l 6olg0# 0" 2os"" l "$2#"s co& #"s2"cto l totl(99 9"l t"##"&o y "l >#" #"l$"&t" oc029) "st> >#" s" 2#"st 2# ;0t0#s $2l(c(o&"s 9" (&;#"st#0ct0# y 2# $t"#( 2#($ "@c"s() oc02 0& totl 9" 7,, $*. L (&stlc(?& 9" l 2l&t 2#o90cto# 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s "& #"s0$"&
#"0("#" 9" 0& "s2c(o ;%s(co 9" *,,, $* 2#o@($9$"&t".
68
"rea de Procesos
1%>%
LOCALIACI!N DE LA PLANTA L locl(=c(?& 9" l 2l&t #"2#"s"&t 0&o 9" los 2#oc"9($("&to $>s
s(g&(;(ct(os) 9":(9o 0" s" log# 9"t"#$(&# "l s(t(o $>s ?2t($o 9o&9" s" 0:(c# g"og#>;(c$"&t" l 2l&t to$&9o co$o :s" c("#tos c#(t"#(os.
a L locl(=c(?& ;"ct l ;0&c(?& 9" 2#o(s(o&$("&to) y 0" c9 2os(:l" 0:(cc(?& 2#"s"&t#> 9(st(&ts lt"#&t(s "& c0"&to l o;"#t 9" ;cto#"s 2#o90ct(os) co$o $t"#(s 2#($s) "&"#g%) $&o 9" o:#.
69
+ L locl(=c(?& t$:('& ;"ct l ;0&c(?& 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& y co$"#c(l(=c(?&) 20"sto 0" los $"#c9os) los cl("&t"s y ls 2os(:(l(99"s 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& y 9" co$0&(cc(?& ;%s(c 9"2"&9"#>& 9"l l0g# "l"g(9o. C0&9o s" ll" c:o 0& "st09(o 9" "st" t(2o "s ($2o#t&t" 2l&"#lo c0(99os$"&t") y 0" s( 2ost"#(o#$"&t" s" 0("#" ll"# c:o 0& c$:(o) "st" g"&"# 0& costo "l"9o y 9"s;o#:l". A2l(c&9o "l $'to9o 9" C"&t#o 9" G#"99 2# 0:(c# l 2l&t "st09(#) s" co&s(9"##o& ls s(g0("&t"s 2os(:l"s =o&s 9" cl("&t"s co& s0s #"s2"ct(s coo#9"&9s) ls 0" s" l" 20"9" 9(st#(:0(# &0"st#o 2#o90cto
U+icaci5n
Latitud GCoordenada H
Lon=itud GCoordenada H
A#g0 9" B#c"lo&
)34-
H-3)5*
S&t A&
)87+
H-3)-4,
C&t0#
.877
H-3)84
A&co
)38
H-3)3+8
Ta+la Q'
U+icaci5n
Po+laci5n
A#g0 9" B#c"lo&
*+.,*4
A&co
7**.-83
S&t A&
7-.,,,
C&t0#
3*.,,,
Total
*,+.-4
Ta+la Q( 70
C>lc0lo 9"l c"&t#o 9" g#"99 C x =
( 9,456 x 27025 ) +( 9,317 x 16000 )+ ( 9,311 x 42000 )+( 9,439 x 122634 ) 207659
C x =9,406 ° Norte
C y =
(−64,829 x 27025 ) +(−64,650 x 16000 ) +(−64,473 x 42000 )+(−64,359 x 122634 ) 207659
C y =−64,466 ° Oeste
71
Ubicación de la Planta -64.1 9.3
9.32
9.34
9.36
9.38
9.4
9.42
9.44
9.46
-64.2 CANTAURA -64.3 -64.36 -64.4
LONGITUD
-64.47 -64.47
-64.5
-64.6 -64.65 -64.7 -64.83
-64.8
-64.9
LATITUD
D" c0"#9o l c"&t#o 9" g#"99 o:t"&(9o) l 2os(:l" locl(=c(?& 9" l 2l&t "& :s" l &$"#o 9" 6:(t&t"s) "st> "& l =o& c"#c& A&co o % 6c( C&t0#) s("&9o "st 0& locl(=c(?& ;ct(:l" 2"#o l "= t"&tt() 2#t(# 9" l c0l s" 20"9" s"g0(# 6st ll"g# l ?2t($.
Factores secundarios a considerar en la 03+rica de tu+os 0luorescentes .ara esta+lecer la locali4aci5n: E0ectos so+re el cli6a G#edio A6+ienteH: Ls l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s so& 0& 9" ls ;0"&t"s 9" (l0$(&c(?& 9(s2o&(:l"s $>s ";(c("&t"s "& "l 0so
72
9.48
9" "&"#g%. Los t0:os 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s co&t("&"& 0& 2"0"< c&t(99 9" $"#c0#(o $"=cl9o co& #g?& "& ;o#$ 9" 2o# gs"s) "l c0l 9(#(g" "l ;l0o 9" l co##("&t" "l'ct#(c 9"&t#o 9"l t0:o. M0c6s (&stlc(o&"s 6og#"s) o;(c(&s) (&st(t0c(o&"s) c"&t#os s(st"&c(l"s y "90cc(o&l"s) "tc.) g"&"#& (&t"#$(t"&t"$"&t" 0& g#& &$"#o 9" #"s(90os 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s co& co&t"&(9o 9" $"#c0#(o Qg. C0&9o los t0:os 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s s" #o$2"&) l(:"#& 9" s0 (&t"#(o# 2o#"s 9" $"#c0#(o $"=cl9o co& #g?&) lt$"&t" t?@(cos 0" ;"ct& 2"l(g#os$"&t" l sl09 60$& y l $:("&t" co& l 2os(:(l(99 9" co&t$(&c(?& 9" los c0"#2os 9" g0) s02"#;(c(l y s0:t"##>&" (&;(lt#c(?& 9" l(@((9os) 9"l s0"lo) (#" y s"#"s (os. Es 2o# "so 0" s" to$#>& ls $"9(9s &"c"s#(s 2# 0" "l 2#oc"so 9" ;:#(cc(?& y s0 ;(&l(=c(?& &o ;"ct"& 9" $&"# &"gt( "l $:("&t" 9o&9" s" 9"s##oll&) co& "l o:"t(o 2#(&c(2l 9" $(&($(=# c0l0("# ($2cto $:("&tl &"gt(o. Es cl#o 0" 9":" "@(st(# co##"s2o&s:(l(99 y co$o "$2#"s 9":"$os g#&t(=# 0& $:("&t" s&o) s"g0#o y "0(l(:#9o "col?g(c$"&t".
Ordenan4as e i6.uestos 6unici.ales: "& co&s(9"#c(?& 0" l 2l&t s" "&c#g# 9" l ;:#(cc(?& 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s) ls $(s$s 9":"#>& s"g0(# "l 2t#?& 0" ls l"y"s "@(g"&) s% $(s$o ls 9(;"#"&t"s o#9"&&=s 0" "@(g" "l $0&(c(2(o 9o&9" s" 9"s" locl(=# l $(s$. D"&t#o 9" "llos t"&"$os •
Costo y co&9(c(o&$("&to 9"l t"##"&o
•
I$20"stos
•
P"#$(sos s&(t#(os co##"s2o&9("&t"s
•
P"#$(solog% $:("&tl
73
•
L"y 9" t#:9o#"s) 9"&t#o 9" ot#s.
Pu+licidad: 9":" log##s" l 9(;0s(?& 9"l 2#o90cto "&t#" los co&s0$(9o#"s 9" tl ;o#$ 0" los $(s$os s" ;$(l(#(c"& co& "l co&c"2to 9"l 2#o90cto L 2l&t c0"&t co& 0& 2l& "st#t'g(co 9" 20:l(c(99 0" log#" 0& co:"#t0# y ";"ct( 9" &0"st# 09("&c( o:"t(. E&t#" ls "st#t"g(s "st>&
A&0&c(os 20:l(c(t#(os "& 2"#(?9(cos y t"l"(s(?& locl. O;"#t y 9(st#(:0c(?& 2#o$oc(o&l. Pl& 9" 9"sc0"&to.
1%>%'% *enta,as .ara la co6unidad en la Kue se localice la .lanta V"&ts
P"#$(t" l g"&"#c(?& 9" ;0"&t"s 9" "$2l"o "& l locl(99 y $0&(c(2(os l"9
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M"o# l "co&o$% 9" l co$0&(99 "& g"&"#l y 0" "l 2#"c(o 9"l 2#o90cto "s 9" ;>c(l cc"so 2# l $(s$.
A0$"&to 9"l s"cto# 2#o90ct(o "& l locl(99.
74
El 2#o90cto "st> o#("&t9o 6c( ls &"c"s(99"s y st(s;cc(?& 9"l cl("&t". P#"s"&t# y 2#"s"## 0& $:("&t" 9" t#:o s"g0#o y 0" #"s2"t" ls &o#$t(s "st:l"c(9s 2o# los 9(;"#"&t"s "&t"s soc(l"s) "s 0&o 9" los g#&9"s #"tos 9" l "#go&o$% y "l 2#(&c(2l c#(t"#(o 9" ls (&g"&("#%s) 0" :0sc& $"o## co&st&t"$"&t" los 2#oc"sos y l sl09 y s"g0#(99 9" s0s t#:9o#"s. P# "llo :0sc& o:t"&"# co&9(c(o&"s 9" t#:o c?$o9s y s"g0#s 2# los o2"##(os.
1%>%(% Otros 0actores a considerar T$:('& 9":" co&s(9"##s" 0" co&t# co& 0& :0"& $:("&t" 9" t#:o) $"o# ls co&9(c(o&"s 9" ";(c("&c( y ";"ct((99 9"&t#o 9" ls "$2#"ss) "s 2o# "sto) 0" s" 9":" 9(s"<# 0& "@c"l"&t" $:("&t" 9" t#:o 2# los "$2l"9os. Los &("l"s c"2t:l"s 9" ls co&9(c(o&"s 9" t#:os y $"9(9s c"2t:l"s "st>& "st&9#(=9os 2o# ls &o#$s COVENIN) 9o&9" s" "st:l"c"& ls $"9(9s 2"#$(s(:l"s y &"c"s#(s 2# $&t"&"# ls co&9(c(o&"s ?2t($s 9" t#:o 9"&t#o 9" l 2l&t. Ls c#ct"#%st(cs 9"l $:("&t" 9" t#:o g"&"#l$"&t" s" "&c0"&t#& 9";(&(9s 2o# los s(g0("&t"s s2"ctos
Il0$(&c(?& V"&t(lc(?& T"$2"#t0# Polo R0(9o
75
C9 0&o 9" "llos) 9";(&" ls co&9(c(o&"s 9" t#:o 9" los o2"##(os) 6y 0" t"&"# "& c0"&t 0" s( "stos s" "&co&t## "& "@c"so) 20"9" s"# &oc(o 2# los "$2l"9os y ;"ct& l 2#o90ct((99 9" l "$2#"s.
Ilu6inaci5n S"g& l &o#$ COVENIN **3H78) s" 9";(&" Il0$(&c(?& l 2l(cc(?& 9" l0= o:"tos) o s0s l#"9"9o#"s 2# 0" s" 20"9 "#. E& "st" s2"cto l (l0$(&c(?& 2"#$(t" #"l(=# l t#" ";(c("&t"$"&t" 9"s9" "l 20&to 9" (st 0" 2"#$(t" l o2"##(o (s0l(=# $"o# y ;>c(l$"&t" lo 0" "st> 9"s##oll&9o) 9" (g0l "st" 2"#$(t" #"90c(# "l #("sgo 9" 0" oc0## los (&c(9"&t"s y cc(9"&t"s 9" t#:os. Po# l #=?& 0" 2#"s"&t l &o#$) "s 2os(:l" (9"&t(;(c# 0" "&t#" los ;cto#"s 0" #"g0l& "l c0$2l($("&to 9" ls ct((99"s y l 9(s$(&0c(?& 9" cc(9"&t"s " (&c(9"&t"s) s" "&c0"&t#& l 9"t"#$(&c(o&"s 9" l (l0$(&c(?& "& ls >#"s 0" co&t("&" l "$2#"s. Al $o$"&to 9" 9(s"<# 9":" #"s2"t#s" "st &o#$ y "#(;(c# los lo#"s $%&($os y $"9(os "& s"#(c(os #"co$"&99os 2# (l0$(&c(?& &o#$l) 0" 2o#t& $"o# (s(?& y 2oyo los t#:9o#"s.
Se=uridad No so& $>s 0" $"c&(s$os y cc(o&"s 0" s" 0t(l(=& 2# "l# y 2#ot"g"# los t#:9o#"s 9" c0l0("# (&c(9"&t" yo cc(9"&t"s) co& "l 2#o2?s(to 9" g#&t(=# s0 (&t"g#(99 ;%s(c) 9" ls (&stlc(o&"s y 9"l $"9(o $:("&t". P# g#&t(=# l (&t"g#(99 ;%s(c 9"l t#:9o#) s" l" 9":" s"g0## 0t(l(=&9o los "0(2os 9" 2#ot"cc(?& 2"#so&l (9?&" 2# c9 ct((99 y 9" (g0l ;o#$ :#(&9>#s"l" l c2c(tc(?& g"&"#l "& c0&to los #("sgos los 0" "st>& "@20"stos l $o$"&to 9" 9"s##oll# ls ct((99"s 9"&t#o 9" l 2l&t.
76
Los "0(2os 9" 2#ot"cc(?& 2"#so&l 0" s" 0t(l(=#& s"
&o$:#&
co&t(&0c(?& 7 Los "0(2os 9" 2#ot"cc(?& 2# l c:"= s"#>& cscos 9"l t(2o A) los c0l"s "st>& co&st#0(9os 9" $t"#(l (sl&t" 2# 2#ot"g"# co&t# o:"tos 0" 20"9"& c"# y 9" c6o0"s "l'ct#(cos 9" 6st **,, olt(os. * P# l 2#ot"cc(?& 9" los oos s" 0t(l(=#& l"&t"s 9" s"g0#(99) co&t# 2#t%c0ls $"=cl9s co& "l (#". 8 E& c0&to l 2#ot"cc(?& 9" ls $&os) s" 0t(l(=#& g0&t"s #"s(st"&t"s l t"$2"#t0# o gol2"s 0" (&c(9& 9(#"ct$"&t" so:#" ls $&os) "(t&9o c0l0("# l"s(?& 2"#$&"&t" o t"$2o#l. 3 S" 9":" 2#ot"g"# los 2("s) 2# "sto s" 0t(l(=#& :ots 9" s"g0#(99 co& "l 2#o2?s(to 9" 2#ot"g"# los 2("s 9"l t#:9o# 9" c0l0("# gol2" o 9" lg0& 2(s9 0" 20"9 oc0##(# so:#" "st". 4 P# 2#ot"g"# los o%9os) 9":"#>& 0t(l(=#s" t2o&"s o t2 o%9os 0" #"90c"& l "@2os(c(?& l #0(9o) 9" $&"# 0" "l t#:9o# &o 2"#c(: t&to "l #0(9o y 20"9" 9"s##oll# s0 t#:o s(& &(&g0& $ol"st(. - P# l 2#ot"cc(?& #"s2(#to#() 20"9"& 0t(l(=#s" $sc#s 20#(;(c9o#s 9" (#") ls c0l"s ;(lt#& "l (#" 9"l $:("&t" &t"s 9" s"# (&6l9os 2o# los t#:9o#"s) 20"9"& s"# 0t(l(=9s l $o$"&to 9" #"l(=# l l($2("= l >#" 9" 2#o90cc(?&. P# l 2#ot"cc(?& 9" ls (&stlc(o&"s) s"#>& 0t(l(=9os los "@t(&to#"s 9" $&"# 0" s" "(t" l 2#o2gc(?& 9"l ;0"go "& ls (&stlc(o&"s y slg0#9# los t#:9o#"s) "stos 9":"& s"# coloc9os c"#c 9" ls >#"s 9o&9" 20"9 2#o90c(#s" co&to 9" (&c"&9(o. D" (g0l ;o#$ "& ot#os l0g#"s 9" l "$2#"s) >#"s 9$(&(st#t(s) (g(l&c() "stc(o&$("&to) "&t#" ot#s.
77
Li6.ie4a 9 conser-aci5n D":" $&t"&"#s" l 6(g("&" 9"&t#o 9" ls (&stlc(o&"s co& "l 2#o2?s(to 9" 0" &o s" " ;"ct9o "l 2#o90cto t"#$(&9o) y 2#ot"g"# 9" (g0l ;o#$ los t#:9o#"s) 2# "sto s" 0t(l(=#& 0t"&s(l(os 9" l($2("=) los &"c"s#(os 2# $&t"&"# l 6(g("&" 9"&t#o 9" ls (&stlc(o&"s "& g"&"#l.
Esttica L "st't(c 6c" #";"#"&c( 6c( los colo#"s 0" ll"#& ls 2#"9"s 9" l "$2#"s) 2# "ll 9":" t"&"#s" "& c0"&t "l 2o#c"&t" 9" #";lct&c( 9" los $(s$os 2# 0" &o ;"ct" l l:o# 9" los t#:9o#"s) s( s" 0t(l(=#& l>$2#s 0" "$(t"& c("#t c&t(99 9" l0$(&&c( 9":" co&s(9"##s" "l colo# 0" ll"#& ls 2#"9"s) 20"sto 0" c9 colo# 2os"" c("#to 2o#c"&t" 9" #";lct&c( los c0l"s 20"9"& 0$"&t# o &o l (l0$(&c(?& 9"&t#o 9"l >#" 9" t#:o ;"ct&9o s% l (s(:(l(99 9"l t#:9o#. S( s" 0t(l(= 0& colo# cl#o "st" t("&9" 0$"&t# l (l0$(&c(?& 9"&t#o 9"l >#" 9" t#:o) y s( 0$"&t 9"$s(9o 20"9" c"g# l t#:9o#) y s( s" coloc 0& colo# osc0#o 20"9" #"90c(# l (s(:(l(99 9"l t#:9o# 9":(9o 0" #"90c" l (s(:(l(99.
78
1%?%
COSTOS DE IN*ERSI!N P# 9"t"#$(&# l (&"#s(?& (&(c(l 9" 0& 2#oy"cto s" 9":"& s0$# to9os los
gstos 0" s" 9":"& #"l(=# 2# (&(c(# 0& "$2#"s. Est l(st (&cl0y"
1%?%'%
Costos 9"l E0(2o Costos 9" l (&;#"st#0ct0# 9o&9" ;0&c(o&#> l "$2#"s. I$20"stos El costo 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9"l 2#o90cto El costo 9" l $&o 9" o:# Costos 9" t#&s2o#t" Costos 9" 20:l(c(99
An3lisis econ56ico esti6ati-o El "st09(o "co&?$(co t("&" co$o ;(& 9"t"#$(&# "l $o&to 9" los #"c0#sos
"co&?$(cos &"c"s#(os 2# l #"l(=c(?& 9"l 2#oy"cto. Co$o 2#($"# 2so) 6y 0" 9"t"#$(&# los gstos totl"s y l (&"#s(?& (&(c(l) 0" s" :s ;0&9$"&tl$"&t" "& los "st09(os 9" (&g"&("#%) 99o 0" los costos 9" (&"#s(?& (&(c(l 9"2"&9"& 9" l t"c&olog% 0s# y l co&st#0cc(?& 9" l 2l&t ;%s(c "& s%) 2# l0"go 9"t"#$(&# l 9"2#"c(c(?& y $o#t(=c(?& 9" to9os los ct(os 9" c2(tl.
IN*ERSI!N INICIAL E& l s(g0("&t" t:l s" 9"sc#(:" l (&"#s(?& (&(c(l "& ct(os &"c"s#(os 2# (&(c(# "l ;0&c(o&$("&to 9" l 0&(99 2#o90ct( 2#oc"s9o# 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s.
79
S0"l9os y Sl#(os.
Car=os
N
de Sueldos 9 salarios
E6.leados CU GBS%FH &erente &eneral
7
*,.,,,
Secretaria
7
8.4,,
Su.er-isor de .roducci5n
*
.,,,
Su.er-isor de Control de calidad
7
.,,,
In=% en 6anteni6iento 9 se=uridad
7
74.,,,
Su.er-isor de co6.ra J -entas 9 7
.,,,
6ercadeo O.eradores 9 o+reros
-
4.,,,
#ec3nicos
*
+.,,,
Al6acenista
3
3.4,,
*i=ilante
3
.,,,
Personal de li6.ie4a
4
8.4,,
Total
(?
'@%
Costo 9" $t"#( 2#($ 2# 0&
#ateria .ri6a
Cantidad de 6ateria .ri6a Costo
de
6ateria
.ri6a
80
.ara un ao de .roducci5n GBS%FH Ala6+res conductores
7,, #ollos 9" 4, $
-,, CU
Fila6entos de tun=steno
*4, #ollos 9" 4, $
,, CU
O7ido de +ario
* to&"l9s
8.-,, CTo&"l9
Li=adura 0luorescente Q' *, g CU
+,, Cg
9 Q( #ercurio
4 l(t#os 9" 83.4 g
4.,,, CL(t#o
&as ar=5n
8, :o$:o&s 9" -,,, $8
4.4,, CBo$:o&
Fos0oro lu6iniscente
7 to&"l9
-.,,, CTo&"l9
Tu+os de .a.el
8+.73, 0&(99"s
,.4 CU
Cartones o ca,as .ara el 8+.73, 0&(99"s
7 CU
e6.aKue Total
;;>%@'$
Costo 9" l $0(&#(
Descri.ci5n
Ti.o
M>0(& 9" #""st(9o y l9o
Cantida d
Costo GBs%FH
7
8+5.,,,
81
7
-8.,,,
7
4-.+,,
7
*-,.,,,
M>0(& 9" $o&t"
7
44,.,,,
M>0(& s"ll9o#
7
-4,.,,,
M>0(& 9" c(9o
7
5*,.,,,
M>0(& 9" l($2("= y 6o#&"9o
M>0(& 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9" :oc(&s M>0(& 9" 2#o90cc(?& 9" :s" 9"l ;(l$"&to
82
M>0(& 9" c($"&t9o
7
84,.,,,
M>0(& 9" sol990# 9" 2(&
7
34,.,,,
M>0(& 9" #"ll"&9o 9" c"$"&to
7
3-,.,,,
7
84,.,,,
7
4-,.,,,
7
8,,.,,,
78
4.*3+.+,,
M>0(& 9" $"=cl9o# 9" c"$"&to So2l9o# o ;0"ll" Co$2#"so# 9" (#" 9" lt 2#"s(?& TOTAL
Nota: Costos ll"9os 9" 9?l#"s :ol%#"s co& 2#"c(o #";"#"&c(l 9" 7\ -)8,Bs! Costo "st($9o 9" l (&"#s(?& (&(c(l DESCRIPCI!N
IN*ERSI!N GBS%FH
#aKuinaria 9 EKui.os
4.*3+.+,,),,
83
Terreno O:# c((l
Ca6i5n Ca-a de trans.orte G7(H Mo:(l(#( y E0(2os A0@(l(#"s E0(2os 9" S"g0#(99 y Q"##$("&ts
,.,,,),, -5,.,,,),, 388.-44),, @ * 7,,.*,,),, *,.5,,),,
#o+iliario 9 6ateriales de o0icina
-,.,,,
Sueldos 9 salarios
7,.,,,
Bienes in6ue+les de co6edor
54.,,,
#ater teria .ri .ri6a G.ar .ara un ao de .roducci5nH
44+.+-,),,
Total de in-ersi5n inicial
>%?@?%>>$
Nota: El costo 9"l t"##"&o "s 9" 34Bs; $ * (&;o#$c(?& s0$(&(st#9 2o# los "&9"9o#"s 9"l "s2c(o. El t"##"&o 2os"" 0& >#" totl 9" *.,,, $*) g"&"#&9o 0& costo 9" ,.,,, Bs;.
NOTA BIBLIO&R"FICA: C9 0&o 9" "stos 2#"c(os y s0$s "st($9s 2# l (&"#s(?& (&(c(l ;0"#o& "@t#%9os 9" ls s(g0("&t"s 2>g(&s ": 6tt2.l(::.co$ 6tt2s2&(s6.l(::.co$ 6tt2.c6"#ol"t.co$."&2#Hc$(o&H9"Hc#g.6t$l 84
6tt2.sl(9"s6#".&"tl"@&9"#g0#&(=2#o90cc(&Ht0:osH;l0o#"sc"&t"s 6tt2.2l&s"".co$"sMt"#(l"sHT0&gst"&oH3,8.6t$ 6tt2."6o"&"s2&ol.co$0sosH9"lHgsH&"o&H(&;o]87-88-
CONCLUSI!N L ;:#(cc(?& 9" 0& 2l&t 2#o90cto# 9" t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s "& "l 9(st#(to) t#"#% g#&9"s :"&";(c(os l $yo#% 9" s0s 6:(t&t"s) 9":(9o 0" l"s s"#% $>s ;>c(l o:t"&"# "st" 2#o90cto) s(& 909 lg0& 0" los $>s :"&";(c(9os s"#%& ls =o&s (&90st#(l"s) g#&9"s) 2"0"<s y $"9(&s "$2#"ss) (&st(t0c(o&"s "90ct(s) y c"&t#os 9" sl09. L ($2o#t&c( 9" l 0t(l(=c(?& 9" l>$2#s ;l0o#"sc"&t"s #9(c "& s0 l#g 90#c(?& y $"&o# co&s0$o co& #"s2"cto ot# 9" ls l>$2#s $>s 0t(l(=9s co$o lo "s l (&c&9"sc"&t". A l 6o# 9" to$# l 9"c(s(?& 9" "st:l"c"# 0& 2l&t 0" ;:#(0" t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s s" 9":"& co&s(9"## ;cto#"s $0y ($2o#t&t"s 2# 0" "l 2#oy"cto s" "@(toso) 9"&t#o 9" "llos s" 20"9"& #"slt#
L 9"t"#$(&c(?& 9" l 9"$&9 y 0" s" 9":"& co&oc"# los 2os(:l"s co&s0$(9o#"s 2ot"&c(l"s 9"l 2#o90cto 2# s% 9";(&(# c0>l s"#> l c&t(99 o;"#t# los $(s$os. 85
A&>l(s(s 9"l 2#"c(o 9":(9o 0" l (9" "s 0" "l 2#o90cto s" cc"s(:l" to9os los 2os(:l"s co&s0$(9o#"s y 0" s0 "= g"&"#" g&&c(s l "$2#"s.
C2c(99 ?2t($ 9" l 2l&t "s ($2o#t&t" 0" l c2c(99 c0$2l co& l 9"$&9 "@(st"&t" 2# s% log## 0& 2#"st(g(o co$o "$2#"s #"s2o&s:l" y c0$2l(9o#. Lo 9"sc#(to &t"#(o#$"&t" s?lo co##"s2o&9" lo 0" "s "l $"#c9o) 2"#o 9"$>s s" 9":"& co&s(9"## los #"c0#sos &"c"s#(os 2# 2o&"# "& $#c6 l 2l&t 9" ;:#(cc(?& 9" t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s y 9"&t#o 9" los 0" $>s 9"stc& s" t("&"
M&o 9" o:# "s (tl 2# 9# ;0&c(o&$("&to to9os los 9"2#t$"&tos 9" l 2l&t) "s lo 0" ;o#$#> l o#g&(=c(?& y "& "st" 2#oy"cto "st> co&st(t0(9 2o# *5 2"#so&s 9" 9(;"#"&t"s c#gos.
M0(&#( y "0(2os so& ;0&9$"&tl"s 2# l 0to$t(=c(?& 9"l 2#oc"so 9":(9o 0" 2"#$(t"& 0" l ;:#(cc(?& s" #"l(c" 9" ;o#$ 0& 2oco $>s s"&c(ll y #>2(9. El $"#c9o y los #"c0#sos so& solo 0& 2#t" 9" lo 0" co$2#"&9" "l "st09(o 0" s" 9":" #"l(=# 2# "st:l"c"# 0& 2l&t) "@(st"& 9("#sos %t"$s 0" 9":"& s"# &l(=9os y co&s(9"#9os co$o lo so&
Locl(=c(?& 9" l 2l&t "sto "s lgo 0" 9":" #"l(=#s" to$&9o "& c0"&t s( 6y 9(s2o&(:(l(99 9" t"##"&o 2# "l "st:l"c($("&to) los ;cto#"s $"9(o$:("&tl"s co&s(9"##) l s"g0#(99 9" l 0:(cc(?&) los :"&";(c(os 0" o;#"c" "& c0&to s"#(c(os) y l 9(st&c( 0" 6y 6st s0s 2os(:l"s 20&tos 9" 9(st#(:0c(?& ;(& 0" s" ;ct(:l" t&to 2# los t#:9o#"s co$o los co&s0$(9o#"s.
Costos 9" (&"#s(?& so& &"c"s#(os 2# 0" l "$2#"s 20"9 ;0&c(o&# 9"l to9o) "stos 9":"& (&cl0(# los costos t&to 9" 2#o90cc(?&) co$o 9" o2"#c(?& y sl#(os) "sto &os 2"#$(t(#> co&oc"# s( "s ;ct(:l" o &o l #"l(=c(?& 9"l 2#oy"cto. S( s" co&s(9"#& to9os los ;cto#"s &"c"s#(os 2# "l "st:l"c($("&to 9" 0& 2l&t 9" ;:#(cc(?& 9" t0:os ;l0o#"sc"&t"s y 9"$>s s" t#: "& :s" to9s ls
86
