TESIS AUTOMOTRIZ

REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN EDUCACIÓN ESCUELA TÉCNICA INDUSTRIAL ROBINSONIANA “RAFAEL VEGAS”

MANTENIMIENTO Y REPARACIONES DE TOYOTA MACHO LANDCRUISER 4.5 QUE PRESTAN PRESTAN SERVICIO A LA CORPORACIÓN ELÉCTRICA NACIONAL CORPOELEC! MUNICIPIO CHACAO " CARACAS

Autor: E#$%&'( F)*+%,-' Expediente: / 012 142

C','3'# +6)- 7% 10/


MANTENIMIENTO Y REPARACIONES DE TOYOTA MACHO LANDCRUISER 4.5 QUE PRESTAN PRESTAN SERVICIO A LA CORPORACIÓN ELÉCTRICA NACIONAL CORPOELEC! MUNICIPIO CHACAO " CARACAS


C','3'# +6)- 7% 10/


MANTENIMIENTO Y REPARACIONES DE TOYOTA MACHO LANDCRUISER 4.5 QUE PRESTAN PRESTAN SERVICIO A LA CORPORACIÓN ELÉCTRICA NACIONAL CORPOELEC! MUNICIPIO CHACAO " CARACAS Autor: E#$%&'( F)*+%,-' Expediente: / 012 142 Especialidad Industrial Mención: M%38()3' A+$-9-$,): Tutor Académico: ;'6$%, R-7,<*+%: D-9)(*- P%='

Tutor Industrial: D',<- D' C-#$'

C','3'# +6)- 7% 10/

DEDICATORIA

E6 >,%#%($% )(?-,9% 7% >'#'($<' #% 6- 7%7)3- ' >,)9%,'9%($% ' D)-# T-7->-7%,-#- @' +% *,'3)'# ' 6' ?% +% $%(*- %( 6 % >-7)7- #+>%,',9% 7% 9+3'# 9'(%,'#. T'9&)( %#$% )(?-,9% ' 7%7)3'7- ' 9) ?'9)6)' %#>%3)'69%($% ' 9)# >'7,%# M',<' @ L+)# 6-# 3+'6%# %#$+)%,-( 3-(9)*- ' 66',*- 7% 9) )7' @ '( %3- 9+3-# #'3,)?)3)-# >',' +% @- 9% #+>%,% @ 3+9>6' 9)# 9%$'# $,':'7'# @ ' 9) $<- A(7,# +% '+(+% (- %#$ @' 3-( (-#-$,-# #)%9>,% 6- % $%()7- %( %6 >%(#'9)%($- @ ' #)7- +(- 7% 6-# 9-$)-# >-, 6-# +% (- 9% % ,%(7)7-.

AGRADECIMIENTO A 9) 9'7,% >-, '&%,9% %(#%='7- $'($'# 3-#'# @ '&%, %#$'7- 3'7' 7<' 7% 9) )7' ' 9) 6'7- %( 6-# 9'6-# @ &+%(-# 9-9%($-# #) 9% 7)%,'( ' %6%*), %( -$,' )7' ' +(' 9'98 +)#)%,' +% -6)%,' ' #%, %66' +% '+(+% ' %3%# 9% ,%*'=% @ #% 9-6%#$% 3-(9)*- #)%9>,% %#$',8 '66< &,)(78(7-9% #+ '>-@- @ #+ '9-, >,%-3+>8(7-#% >-, 9< 3+)78(7-9% @ 78(7-9% #+ '9-,. A 9) >'7,% >-, '&%, %3- $'($-# #'3,)?)3)-# @ '&%, $,'&''7- $'($>',' 7',9% +(-# &+%(-# %#$+7)-# @ +( &+%( ?+$+,- >-, #+# 3-(#%-# >-, #+# 66'9'7'# 7% '$%(3)( @ '+(+% (- %#$+- '< %( 9) )(?'(3)' >',' '&6',9% >',' 3-9>',$), 3-(9)*- %($)%(7- 6'# ,':-(%# 7% '&%,6- %3- '#<. A 9) '&+%6' >-, 3+)7',9% $'($- 3'7' 7<' @ >-, %6 3',)=- +% 9% ' 7'7%( $-7-# %#$-# '=-#. A 9) T<- A(7,# +% 9% ):- +%,%, #%*+), '7%6'($% @ ?+% 3-9- +( >'7,% >',' 9< @ +% 7-(7% +)%,' +% %#$% #% +% #% #%($),<' -,*+66-#- 7% %, +% % 66%*'7- 6%-#. A 9) T<- V<3$-, +)%( 3-(?) %( 9< 3+'(7- ?'66 % ):- 6- >-#)&6% >',' +% #)*+)%,' '7%6'($% %( %6 3'9)(- 7% 6' )7'. A 9) T<- (*%6 +% 3-( #+# >'6'&,'# '+(+% +( >-3- 7+,'# ):- +% (9% ,)(7)%,' @ +% 7%9-#$,',' +% #) >-7<' 6-*,',6-. A 9) '&+%6- +% #)%9>,% %#$+- '< '@+78(7-9% 3+'(7- 98# 6(%3%#)$'&'. A 9)# >,)9'# >,)9-# @ $<' >-, '3%,9% ,%<, 3'7' 7<' @ '3%,9% -6)7', 7% 9)# >,-&6%9'# '#< #%' >-, +( )(#$'($%.

A $-7-# %#'# '9)#$'7%# +% %#$+)%,-( 3-(9)*- ' 6- 6',*- 7% %#$% '=%#>%3)'69%($% ' %((@ %??%,#-( N#$-, C,)#$)'( A,)&)$ Y'3J*)6&%,6)# @ A(@%6):. T'9&)( ' $-7- %6 3+,#- 7% 6- +% ?+)9-# '6*+(' %: 5$- D *,'3)'# >-, '3%,9% )), $-7-# %#-# 9-9%($-# 7% 6-3+,'# 7% '6%*,<' 7% ,+9&' 7% “3'6%+%-” @ '+(+% ' %3%# +&- 3-(?6)3$-# 6-# 3-(#)7%,- 9) -$,' ?'9)6)'. A 9) >',%' M',6%(% +(' &+%(' 9+%, ' +)%( % 66%*'7- ' '9', +)%( 66%* %( %6 9%-, 9-9%($- @ 9% '@+7- ' 6%'($',9% @ '+(+% (- $)%(% 9+3$)%9>- ' 9) 6'7- 9% ):- $%(%, +(' &+%(' ,':( >',' #%*+), '3)' 7%6'($% ' $,)+(?', 3'7' 7<' 7% 9) )7'. G,'3)'# ' #+ '>-@- %( 9-9%($-# 7)?<3)6%# %# +% % 66%*'7- '#$' '+< @ >-, 6- 3+'6 (- 9% ,%(7< 3+'(7- %#$'&' ' >+($- 7% '3%,6-.

REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN ESCUELA TÉCNICA INDUSTRIAL ROBINSONIANA “RAFAEL VEGAS”

MANTENIMIENTO Y REPARACIONES DE TOYOTA MACHO LANDCRUISER 4.5 QUE PRESTAN SERVICIO A LA CORPORACIÓN ELÉCTRICA NACIONAL CORPOELEC! MUNICIPIO CHACAO " CARACAS


RESUMEN E6 >%,<-7- 7% >'#'($<'# ?+% ,%'6):'7- %( 6' #%33)( 7% ?6-$' 7% 6' C-,>-,'3)( E63$,)3' N'3)-('6 CORPOELEC! 7%6 M+()3)>)- C'3'- " C','3'# %6 >,)(3)>'6 -&%$)- 7% %#$% )(?-,9% %# 3-(-3%, 3-9- #% ,%'6):', 6'# ,%>','3)-(%# 7% 6'# ?'66'# 98# 3-9+(%# %( 6-# TOYOTA M'3L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 6-# 3+'6%# >,%#$'( #%,)3)- ' 6' %9>,%#'

ÍNDICE GENERA P-,$'7' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. A3$' 7% A>,-&'3)( 7% T+$-,%# KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK/ D%7)3'$-,)'KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK4 A*,'7%3)9)%($-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK5 R%#+9%(KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..2 (7)3% G%(%,'6KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. I($,-7+33)(KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK01

CAPTULO I I PRESENTACIÓN DE LA EMPRESA 0.0 N-9&,% @ +&)3'3)( 7% 6' E9>,%#'KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.0 0. R%#%=' H)#$,)3'KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0 0./ V)#)(KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0 0.4 M)#)(KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...0 0.5 O&%$)-# 7% 6' E9>,%#'KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...02 0.5.0 O&%$)-# G%(%,'6%#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..02 0.5. O&%$)-# E#>%3
CAPTULO II II MARCO TEÓRICO .0 B'#%# T%,)3'#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0

. D%?)()3)( 7% $,9)(-# &8#)3-#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

CAPTULO III III DESARROLLO DE LA PASANTA /.0 A3$))7'7%#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

CAPTULO IV V%($''# @ D%#%($''# 7% 6'# P'#'($<'#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2 C-(36+#)-(%#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK R%3-9%(7'3)-(%#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...1 R%?%,%(3)'# B)&6)-*,8?)3'#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.0 A(%-#KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...

INTROD!CCI"N L' 9%38()3' '+$-9-$,): %# 6' ,'9' 7% 6' 9%38()3' +% %#$+7)' @ '>6)3' 6-# >,)(3)>)-# >,->)-# 7% 6' ?<#)3' @ 9%38()3' >',' 6' *%(%,'3)( @ $,'(#9)#)( 7%6 9-)9)%($- %( #)#$%9'# '+$-9-$,)3%# @ >',' '#< $'9&)( ,%'6):', ,%>','3)-(%# 7% 6'# 7)#$)($'# ?'66'# +% #$-# >,%#%($%(. E6 '>6)3', %6 9'($%()9)%($- @ ,%>','3)( ' $)%9>- 7% 6-# %<3+6-# TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 %# )9>-,$'($% @' +% '#< #% %)$' +% '+9%($%( 6'# ?'66'# - +% +(' >%+%=' ?'66' #% 3-()%,$' %( '6*- ),,%>','&6% 3-( %6 >'#- 7%6 $)%9>- '6*- +% #%,<' >%,+7)3)'6 >',' 6' %9>,%#' +% >%,7%,<' $'($- 7% ?-,9' %3-(9)3' 3-9- >,-7+3$)'. L' %9>,%#' C-,>-,'3)( E63$,)3' N'3)-('6 CORPOELEC! %# +(' %9>,%#' +% #% 7%7)3' ' *%(%,', $,'(#9)$), 7)#$,)&+), @ 3-9%,3)'6):', %(%,*<' %63$,)3' ' 6' ,%*)( 7% +(' 9'(%,' 3-(?)'&6% -,)%($'7' '3)' 6' %3%6%(3)' +% )9>+6#% #+ 7%#',,-66- )($%*,'6 -?,%3)%(7- >$)9' '$%(3)( 3-( >%,#-('6 '6$'9%($% 3'>'3)$'7- @ 9-$)'7- >',' '63'(:', +(' ,%($'&)6)7'7 '>,->)'7' 9%-,'(7- 3-($)(+'9%($% 6-# >,-3%#-# '79)()#$,'$)-# @ $3()3-# 3-( 9),'# ' 9)()9):', 6-# ()%6%# 7% >,7)7'# @ +(' ,%($'&)6)7'7 +% >%,9)$' ,%'6):', 6'# )(%,#)-(%# (%3%#',)'# >',' %6 9'($%()9)%($- @ '9>6)'3)( 7%6 #)#$%9'. E( %6 3'><$+6- I #% >,%#%($' 6' %9>,%#' 7-(7% #% ,%'6): 6' >'#'($<' %#>%3)?)3'(7- 3','3$%,<#$)3'# >,->)'# 7% 6' %9>,%#'. E( %6 3'><$+6- II #% >,%#%($' %6 9',3- $%,)3- 7-(7% #% 7%?)(%( 3-(3%>$-# &8#)3-# ,%?%,%($%# ' 9%38()3' '+$-9-$,):. E( %6 3'><$+6- III #% >,%#%($' 3-9- #% 7%#',,-66 %6 >%,<-7- 7% >'#'($<'# '#< 3-9- 6'# '3$))7'7%# +% '66< #% ,%'6):',-( E( %6 3'><$+6- IV #% >,%#%($'( 6'# 3-(36+#)-(%# %($''# @ 7%#%($''# 7% 6'# >'#'($<'# )*+'69%($% #% ,%'6):'( ,%3-9%(7'3)-(%# >',' #+ 9%-,'.

I #RE$ENTACI"N DE A EM#RE$A

11

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)&)&); #AANCA DE CAM4IO$ L' P'6'(3' 7% 3'9&)- 7% +( %<3+6- '+$-9-$-, %# +( %6%9%($+$)6):'7- >',' '3$)', - 7%#'3$)', 6'# ,%6'3)-(%# 3-,,%#>-(7)%($%# 7% 6' 3'' 7% 3'9&)-# 7% +( V%<3+6- 3-9- +( '+$-9)6 3-( 3'' 7% 3'9&)-# 9'(+'6 ',)-# $)>-# 3-9+(%# 7% $,'(#9)#)( '+$-98$)3'. E6 7)#>-#)$)- #% +$)6):' >',' 3'9&)', 7% 9',3' %( +( %<3+6- 7% $,'(#9)#)( 9'(+'6. E#$' '33)( #% '3% (-,9'69%($% 9)%($,'# #% >+6#' %6 39

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40

L-# >%7'6%# #% 7)?%,%(3)'( >-, 6' >-#)3)( 7% 6' ',$)3+6'3)( #$' >+%7% %#$', %( 6' >',$% 7% ',,)&' %( %#$% 3'#- #% 7%(-9)('( >%7'6%# #+#>%(7)7-#! %( 6' )(?%,)-, %#$' 6$)9' 3-6-3'3)( %# 6' 9%-, 7%#7% %6 >+($- 7% )#$' 7%6 '33)-('9)%($- >+%#$- +% %6 ',3- 7%#3,)$- >-, %6 >%7'6 #% '>,-)9' 9+3- '6 9-)9)%($- 7%6 >)% '6,%7%7-, 7% #+ >+($- 7% '>-@- >%,- >6'($%' >,-&6%9'# 7)9%(#)-('6%# '6 $%(%, +% 3-6-3', 6-# 7)#>-#)$)-# )7,8+6)3-# @ 6-# #)#$%9'# 7% >'6'(3'. E6 3-(+($- 7% 9'(7-# 7%6 >%7'6 7% +( '+$-9)6 #+%6% %#$', 3-9>+%#$- *%(%,'69%($% >-, 6-# >%7'6%# 7%6 '3%6%,'7-, ' 6' 7%,%3'! %6 ?,%(%( %6 3%($,-! @ 7%6 %9&,'*+% ' 6' ):+)%,7'! '7%98# >+%7% %)#$), $'9&)( %6 >%7'6 >',' %6 '33)-('9)%($- 7%6 ?,%(- 7% %#$'3)-('9)%($-. E#$' 7)#>-#)3)( #% *%(%,'6): ' >',$), 7% 0/1 '($%,)-,9%($% %)#$<' +(' +()?)3'3)( 7% 6-# 9'(7-# @ #-&,% $-7- %6 9'(7- 7%6 '3%6%,'7-, >-7<' #%, $'($- 7% 9'(- 3-9'3->6'7- '6 >%7'6 7%6 ?,%(- - $'9&)( 7% >%7'6 >%,- %( >-#)3)( 3%($,'6. L'# 3','3$%,<#$)3'# >,)(3)>'6%# 7%6 3-(+($- #-( 6' 7)#$'(3)' %($,% +( >%7'6 @ %6 -$,- 6' >-#)3)( ,%3<>,-3' %($,% %6 ?,%(- @ %6 '3%6%,'7-, 7% 6' 3+'6 7%>%(7% 6' >-#)&)6)7'7 @ 6' ?'3)6)7'7 7% ,%'6):', 6' 9'()-&,' >+($'$'3( @ 6' 7)#>-#)3)( '>,-)9'7'9%($% 3%($,'7' ,%#>%3$- '6 '#)%($- @ '6 -6'($%.

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41

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)&)&,/ 4ATERÍA S% 7%(-9)(' &'$%,<' &'$%,<' %63$,)3' '3+9+6'7-, %63$,)3- #)9>6%9%($% '3+9+6'7-, '6 7)#>-#)$)- +% '69'3%(' %(%,*<' %63$,)3' +#'(7>,-3%7)9)%($-# %6%3$,-+<9)3-# @ +% >-#$%,)-,9%($% 6' 7%+%6% 3'#) %( #+ $-$'6)7'7 %#$% 3)36- >+%7% ,%>%$),#% >-, +( 7%$%,9)('7- (9%,- 7% %3%#. S% $,'$' 7% +( *%(%,'7-, %63$,)3- #%3+(7',)- %# 7%3), +( *%(%,'7-, +% (>+%7% ?+(3)-(', #)( +% #% 6% '@' #+9)()#$,'7- %6%3$,)3)7'7 >,%)'9%($% 9%7)'($% 6- +% #% 7%(-9)(' >,-3%#- 7% 3',*'. L'# &'$%,<'# ' 7)?%,%(3)' 7% 6'# >)6'# #-( ,%3',*'&6%# '+(+% #%*( >'<#%# @ 3-($%$-# 6-# $,9)(-# >+%7%( )($%,3'9&)',#% - 3-(?+(7),#%. E( %#$% ',$<3+6- #% ,%?%,),8 ' 6' >,)9%,' 7%?)()3)(.

)&)&,6 #I@"N O R!EDA I4RE U( >)=( 6)&,% - ,+%7' 6)&,% %# %6 9%3'()#9- +% >%,9)$% ' +( %% *),', 6)&,%9%($% %( +( #%($)7- @ #%, %(*,'('7- %( %6 #%($)7- 3-($,',)-. U( >)=( 6)&,% >%,9)$% >-, %%9>6- +% +( 3)36)#$' 7%', 7% >%7'6%', #)( >,--3', +% 6' ,+%7' #% ?,%(% - &6-+%%.

)&)&,7 GATO +IDR5!ICO E6 *'$- - *'$' %( C)6% @ %( %6 E3+'7-,! %# +(' 98+)(' %9>6%'7' >',' 6' %6%'3)( 7% 3',*'# 9%7)'($% %6 '33)-('9)%($- 9'(+'6 7% +(' 9'()%6' - +(' >'6'(3'. S% 7)?%,%(3)'( 7-# $)>-# #%*( #+ >,)(3)>)- 7% ?+(3)-('9)%($- *'$-# 9%38()3-# @ *'$-# )7,8+6)3-#. L-# *'$-# 9%38()3-# 7)#>-(%( 7% +( %(*,'('% 7% >)=( @ 3,%9'66%,' - 7% +( +#)66- 9)%($,'# +% 6-# *'$-# )7,8+6)3-# 7)#>-(%( 7% +(' >,%(#' )7,8+6)3' >',' -&$%(%, 6' %($'' 9%38()3' (%3%#',)'. 42

)&)&,7&%

GATO DE 4OTEA

E# '+%6 %( %6 3+'6 %6 9&-6- #% %(3+%($,' %( >-#)3)( %,$)3'6 @ -?,%3% #->-,$% 7),%3$- ' 6' >6'$'?-,9' +% $)%(% 3-($'3$- 7),%3$- 3-( %6 -&%$- ' 6%'($',. C-( +(' #-6' '33)( 7%6 9&-6- 6' 3',*' ' 6%'($', %# 3-(#)7%,'&6%9%($% 9%(-, %( 7-&6% >,->-,3)( '6 3-6'>#- 7%6 *'$- )7,8+6)3- 3-(),$)(7-6- %( +(' %,,'9)%($' ,%($'&6% >',' 6' 9'@-,<' 7% %<3+6-# 3-( >%#- >,-9%7)-. P',' 6%'($', %#$,+3$+,'# 3-9- 3'#'# 6' )($%,3-(%)( )7,8+6)3' 7% 96$)>6%# *'$-# 7% &-$%66' ' $,'# 7% #+# 86+6'# 7%#'&)6)$' 6' 7)#$,)&+3)( 7% ?+%,:'# 9)%($,'# 7%#'&)6)$' %6 >%#- (%$- 7% 6' 3',*'.

)&)&,7&)

GATO DE #I$O

E# '+%6 +% $)%(% %6 9&-6- %( >-#)3)( -,):-($'6 %6 3+'6 #% )9>+6#' '6 $,9)(- 7% +(' 9'()%6' 3-( +( 6',*- &,':- +% 6- >,-%% 7% 9-)9)%($-# %,$)3'6%# >',' 6' >6'$'?-,9' 7% 6%'($'9)%($- 9'($%()(7-6' -,):-($'69%($%. L-# *'$-# 7% >)#- +#+'69%($% )(36+@%( ,+%7'# >%,9)$)%(7- 6' 3-9>%(#'3)( 7%6 ',3- ?-,9'7- >-, 6' >6'$'?-,9' 7% 6%'($'9)%($-. E#$% 9%3'()#9- >,-%% +(' $'#' 7% 3-6'>#- 9<()9' @ ?83)69%($% 9'()-&,'&6% 7%&'- 7% +( %<3+6>+%# >%,9)$% +(' 3-(#)7%,'&6% %$%(#)( 7%6 *'$- )7,8+6)3-.

)&)&,9 MARTIO E6 9',$)66- %# +(' %,,'9)%($' 7% >%,3+#)( +$)6):'7' >',' *-6>%', 7),%3$' - )(7),%3$'9%($%0 +(' >)%:' 3'+#'(7- #+ 7%#>6':'9)%($- - 7%?-,9'3)(. E6 +#- 98# 3-9( %# >',' 36'', )(3,+#$', +( 36'- 7% '3%,- %( 9'7%,' + -$,9'$%,)'6! 3'6:', >',$%# >-, 6' '33)( 7% 6' ?+%,:' '>6)3'7' %( %6 *-6>% +% 6' >)%:' ,%3)&%! - ,-9>%, +(' >)%:'. L-# 9',$)66-# #-( ' 9%(+7- 7)#%='7-# >',' +( >,->#)$- %#>%3)'6 >-, 6- +% #+# 7)#%=-# #-( 9+@ ',)'7-#. U( $)>- 7% 9',$)66- $)%(% +(' 3+=' '&)%,$' %( 6' >',$% $,'#%,' >',' 6' ,%9-3)( 7% 36'-#.

)&)&,; #INA DE #!NTA L'# >)(:'# 7% >+($' - '6)3'$% >+($)'*+7- #-( +( '6)3'$% 7% 3-,$% @ #+%3)( +#'7- >-, %6%3$,)3)#$'# @ -$,-# ',$%#'(-# >',' 7-&6', ,%>-#)3)-(', @ 3-,$', '6'9&,%. 43

G,'3)'# ' #+ ?-,9' '6',*'7' #-( $)6%# >',' '63'(:', -&%$-# %( 3')7'7%# 7-(7% 6-# 3'&6%# + -$,- 9'$%,)'6 #% '( '$-,'7- - #-( )('63'(:'&6%# >',' 6-# 7%7-# @ -$,-# 9%7)-#.

)&)&.< AICATE U(-# '6)3'$%# +()%,#'6%# #-( +(' %,,'9)%($' >',' %6 $,'&'- 9'(+'6. S% 3-9>-(% 7% 7-# >)%:'# 7% 9%$'6 3-(%3$'7'# 7% +(' 9'(%,' #)9)6', ' 6'# $)%,'# ?-,9'(7- +(' %#>%3)% 7% >)(:'# #% +$)6):'( >',' 9'()>+6', %6 -&%$>',' #-#$%(%,6- 3-9- #) ?+%,' +(' 9-,7': 7-&6',6- 3-,$',6- - >%6',6- %( %6 3'#- 7% 3'&6%# %63$,)3-#. E6 )($%,)-, 7% 6' 3'&%:' %# '>6'('7' @ $)%(% +(' $%$+,' #+>%,?)3)'6 ,+*-#' '($)7%#6):'($%. L' 3'&%:' $)%(% +( '*+%,- -'6'7- @ +( 3-,$'7-, 7% 3'&6% ' 9%(+7- +$)6):'7- >',' >%6', 3'&6%# %63$,)3-#. E6 9'(*#+%6% %#$', 3+&)%,$- 3-( >68#$)3- + -$,- 9'$%,)'6 ')#6'($% 3-( +(' ?-,9' 3-(?-,$'&6% %( 6' 9'(-.

)&)&.% TENAA$ CORTA AAM4RE$ L'# $%(':'# 3-,$' '6'9&,%# - #)9>6%9%($% 3-,$' '6'9&,%# #-( +(' %,,'9)%($' +% >-, >,%#)( '3%( 3-,$%# 6)9>)-# %( 3'&6%# - )6-# 9%$86)3-#. L' 9'@-,<' 7% $%(':'# 3-,$''6'9&,%# #-( 9'(+'6%# #)9)6',%# ' 6-# '6)3'$%# +#'7-# %( $',%'# 7% %6%3$,()3'. D% %3- 9+3-# $)>-# 7% '6)3'$%# 3-9- 6'# >)(:'# 7% >+($' 6-# '6)3'$%# +()%,#'6%# - %6 >%6'7-, 7% 3'&6% %#$8( >,-)#$-# 7% '6*+(' %#>%3)% 7% ?+(3)( 3-,$''6'9&,%#. O$,'# $%(':'# 3-,$''6'9&,%# #-( *,'(7%# %,,'9)%($'# (%+98$)3'# +% #% +#'( >',' 3'&6%# 98# 7%(#-# 3-9- 6'# 6<(%'# 7% '6$' $%(#)(. A6*+('# &'@-(%$'# 9-7%,('# >-#%%( 3','3$%,<#$)3'# 3-,$''6'9&,%# +% #% +#'( >',' '&,),#% 3'9)(- %($,% '6'9&,%# 7% >'# - 7% 3+3)66'# %( %6 3'9>7% &'$'66'.

)&)&.) #ATA DE CA4RA U( >)% 7% 3'&,' >'$' 7% 3'&,' 7)'&6- - '6:'>,)9' %# +(' %,,'9)%($' +% 3-(#$' 7% +(' &',,' 7% 9%$'6 3+,'7' %( +( %$,%9- @ 7% >+($'# '>6'('7'# +% >-, 6- *%(%,'6 66%' +(' >%+%=' ?)#+,' %( +(' - '9&'# $%,9)('3)-(%# >',' +)$', 36'-#. 44

S% +#' 3-9- >'6'(3' >',' #%>',', 7-# -&%$-# +% #% %(3+%($,'( %9>'69'7-# #)%(7- +$)6):'7'# 3-9(9%($% >',' '&,), 3''# 7% 9'7%,' +% %#$8( 36''7'#. O$,- +#- '&)$+'6 %# %6 7% $',%'# 7% 7%9-6)3)( 3-9'6:'>,)9', $'&6-(%# @ ,-9>%, 3-#'#. T'9&)( 6- +$)6):'( 6-# $'>)3%,-# >',' 6%'($', 6-# $%)7-# >',%3)7-# +% %#$8( 36''7-# - *,'>'7-# %( 6-# 9+%&6%# 3-9- #)66-(%# #-?8# #->'>)# &-9&-#...

)&)&., 4ORNE U( &-,(% %# 3'7' +(' 7% 6'# >',$%# 9%$86)3'# 7% +(' 98+)(' 7)#>-#)$)- %63$,)3- 7-(7% #% >,-7+3% 6' 3-(%)( 3-( %6 3),3+)$- %63$,)3%$%,)-, '6 9)#9-. N-,9'69%($% 6-# &-,(%# 7% +(' &'$%,<' 9-$-, - 3+'6+)%, -$,- $)>- 7% '>','$- %63$,)3- #% 3-(%3$'( ' $,'# 7% $%,9)('6%# ' 6-# 3'&6%# +% #),%( >',' #+ '6)9%($'3)( %63$,)3'.

)&)&.. 4!=IA$ L' &+<' %# %6 %6%9%($- +% >,-7+3% %6 %(3%(7)7- 7% 6' 9%:36' 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% @ '),% %( 6-# 3)6)(7,-# 9%7)'($% +(' 3)#>' %( +( 9-$-, 7% 3-9&+#$)( )($%,(' 7% %(3%(7)7- >,--3'7- MEP! $'($- '6$%,('$)- 7% 3)36O$$- 3-9- ;'(J%6. S+ 3-,,%3$- ?+(3)-('9)%($- %# 3,+3)'6 >',' %6 &+%( 7%#',,-66- 7%6 >,-3%#- 7% 3-9&+#$)(%>'(#)( 7%6 3)36- O$$- @' #%' 7%  $)%9>-# T! 3-9- 7% 3+'$,- 4T! @ >%,$%(%3% '6 #)#$%9' 7% %(3%(7)7- 7%6 9-$-,.

)&)&./ DI$TRI4!IDOR E6 7)#$,)&+)7-, %# +( %6%9%($- 7%6 #)#$%9' 7% %(3%(7)7- %( 6-# 9-$-,%# 7% 3)36- O$$- 9-$-,%# 7% *'#-6)(' %$'(-6 @ *'#! +% %(<' 6' 3-,,)%($% %63$,)3' 7% '6$- -6$'% >,-3%7%($% 7% 6' &-&)(' 7% %(3%(7)7- 9%7)'($% +( 7%7- - ,-$-, *),'$-,)- %( %6 -,7%( ,%+%,)7- >-, %6 3)36- 7% %(3%(7)7- 7% 3'7' +(- 7% 6-# 3)6)(7,-# '#$' 6'# &+<'# 7% 3'7' +(- 7% %66-#. E#$' 3-,,)%($% 3-(%,$)7' %( 3)#>' '6 66%*', '6 %6%3$,-7- 7% 6' &+<' >,-7+3% 6' 3-9&+#$)( 7% 6' 9%:36' +% #% %(3+%($,' 3-9>,)9)7' 7%($,- 7%6 3)6)(7,- '6 ?)('6 7% 6' 3',,%,' 7% 3-9>,%#)( '3)%(7- #+&), 6' >,%#)( %( 6' 389',' %9>+'(7- '6 >)#$( '3)' ?+%,' >,-7+3)%(7- +( $,'&'- $)6

45

$,'(#9)$)7- ' 6' &)%6' @ 6+%*- '6 3)*X%='6. E#$' %# 6' 3',,%,' 7% %>'(#)( - 7% %>6-#)(. E6 >,)9%, 7)#$,)&+)7-, 6- ,%'6): 6' %9>,%#' D%63- 7%6 *,+>- '+$-9-$-, G%(%,'6 M-$-,#. H-@ %( 7<' >-, 9-$)-# 7% ?)'&)6)7'7 %( %6 ?+(3)-('9)%($- ' 7%'7- 7% 9-($',#% 7'(7- 6+*', ' 6-# %(3%(7)7-# 7% $)>- E#$8$)3- DIS - 7% &-&)(' )(7))7+'6.

)&)&.6 EM4RAG!E E6 %9&,'*+% %# +( #)#$%9' +% >%,9)$% $'($- $,'(#9)$), 3-9- )($%,,+9>), 6' $,'(#9)#)( 7% +(' %(%,*<' 9%38()3' ' #+ '33)( ?)('6 7% 9'(%,' -6+($',)'. E( +( '+$-9)6 >-, %%9>6- >%,9)$% '6 3-(7+3$-, 3-($,-6', 6' $,'(#9)#)( 7%6 >', 9-$-, 7%#7% %6 9-$-, '3)' 6'# ,+%7'#.

)&)&.7 C!ATA DE CIINDRO$ E#$' >,->-,3)-(' 6' 389',' 7% 3-9&+#$)( @ %6 9%3'()#9- 7% 86+6'#. L' 3+6'$' 7% 3)6)(7,-# %# 9-($'7' %( 6' >',$% #+>%,)-, 7%6 &6-+% 7% 3)6)(7,-# +% %( +()( 3-( 6-# 3)6)(7,-# @ >)#$-(%# ?-,9'( 6' 389',' 7% 3-9&+#$)(. C-9- %( %6 &6-+% 7% 3)6)(7,-# 6' 3+6'$' 7% 3)6)(7,-# %#$8 %3' 7% )%,,- ?+(7)7- - '6%'3)( 7% '6+9)()-.

)&)&.9 4O!E DE CIINDRO$ P',$% ?+(7'9%($'6 7%6 9-$-, +% ?-,9' 6' %#$,+3$+,' 7%6 3+%,>- >,)(3)>'6 7%6 9-$-,. E6 &6-+% 7% 3)6)(7,-# ?-,9' %6 ',9':( 7%6 9-$-,. G%(%,'69%($% %#$8 %3- 7% )%,,- ?+(7)7- >%,- ' ?)( 7% ,%7+3), %6 >%#- '#< 3-9- >',' 9%-,', 6' %?)3)%(3)' 7% %(?,)'9)%($- 9+3-# #-( %3-# 7% '6%'3)( 7% '6+9)()-.

)&)&.; CIINDRO$ E#$-# #-( 6-# $+&-# 3)6<(7,)3-# %( 6-# 3+'6%# 6-# >)#$-(%# #% 9+%%( ',,)&' @ '&'-.

46

)&)&/< CAMI$A$ DE AG!A E#$'# >,-%%( 3-(7+3$-# >',' %6 ,%?,)*%,'($% +#'7- >',' %(?,)', 6-# 3)6)(7,-#.

)&)&/% GAERIA$ DE ACEITE E#$'# >,-%%( 3-(7+3$-# >',' 6' %($,%*' 7%6 '3%)$% 7% 9-$-, '6 &6-+% 7% 3)6)(7,-# @ 3+6'$' 7% 3)6)(7,-#.

)&)&/) RODAMIENTO$ DE CIG?E@A E#$'# >',$%# #-#$)%(%( '6 3)*X%='6 <' ,-7'9)%($-#.

)&)&/, ORI8ICIO$ DE ADMI$I"N  E$CA#E E#$-# #-( 3-(7+3$-# ' $,'# 7% 6-# 3+'6%# 6' 9%:36' '),%3-9&+#$)&6% %# %($,%*'7' '6 3)6)(7,- @ ' $,'# 7% 6-# 3+'6%# 6-# *'#%# 7% %#3'>% #-( %>+6#'7-# 7%#7% 6-# 3)6)(7,-#. E66-# #-( '&)%,$-# @ 3%,,'7-# >-, #+# ,%#>%3$)'# 86+6'#.

)&)&/. MECANI$MO DE -A-!A$ E( +( 9-$-, 7% 4 3)36-# 3'7' +(- 7% 6-# 3)6)(7,-# %# >,-)#$- 3-( +(' 7-# 86+6'# 7% '79)#)( @ 86+6'# 7% %#3'>%. E6 9%3'()#9- 7% 86+6' %# %6 %+)>- %6 3+'6 '&,% @ 3)%,,' #$'# 86+6'# %( %6 9-9%($- >$)9- >',' +% %6 9-)9)%($- 7% 6'# 86+6'# 3-)(3)7' 3-( 6-# >)#$-(%# 3+'(7- %66-# #% 9+%%( ',,)&' @ '&'-. L-# 9%3'()#9-# 7% 86+6' >,)(3)>'69%($% 3-(#)#$%( 7% 6-# 9%3'()#9-# OHV OHC @ DOHC.

O+- B-l1ula Encima de la Cmara& E#$% %# +( 9%3'()#9- 3-( +( %% 7% 6%'# %6 3+'6 %#$8 +&)3'7- %( %6 3-#$'7- 7% 6-# 3)6)(7,-#. L-# 9-)9)%($-# 7% %#$' 6%' '3$'( <' ',)66'# 7% %9>+% &,':-# 7% &'6'(3<( + -$,-# 9%3'()#9-# +% '&,%( @ 3)%,,'( 6'# 86+6'# +&)3'7'# %( 6' >',$% #+>%,)-, 7% 6' 389',' 7% 3-9&+#$)(.

O+C BE0e de e1a Encima de la Cmara& E#$% %# +( 9%3'()#9- 3-( +( %% 7% 6%'# %6 3+'6 %#$8 +&)3'7- %( 6' 3+6'$' 7% 3)6)(7,-#. L-# 9-)9)%($-# 7% %#$' 6%' '3$'( <' &,':-# 7% &'6'(3<( >',' 9-%, 6'# 86+6'#. 47

DO+C BDo'le E0e de e1as Encima de la Culata& E#$% %# +( 9%3'()#9- 3-(  %%# 7% 6%'# +(- +#'7- %36+#)'9%($% >',' 6'# 86+6'# 7% '79)#)( @ %6 -$,- +#'7- %36+#)'9%($% >',' 6'# 86+6'# 7% %#3'>% 6-# 3+'6%# '&,%( @ 3)%,,'( 6'# 86+6'# 7),%3$'9%($%.

)&)&// -A-!A$ C-(#)#$%( %( 86+6'# 7% '79)#)( )(#$'6'7'# %( 6-# -,)?)3)-# 7% '79)#)( >',' '&,), @ 3%,,', %6 3-(7+3$- >',' %($,%*', 6' 9%:36' 7% '),%3-9&+#$)&6% @ %( 6'# 86+6'# 7% %#3'>% )(#$'6'7'# %( 6-# -,)?)3)-# 7% %#3'>% >',' '&,), @ 3%,,', 6-# 3-(7+3$-# >',' %6 %#3'>% 7% 6-# *'#%# 7% 3-9&+#$)(. D%&)7- ' +% 6'# 86+6'# #-( #)%9>,% #-9%$)7'# ' '6$'# $%9>%,'$+,'# 7% 6-# *'#%# % )9>'3$-# 7% 6' %>6-#)( 7% 6' 3-9&+#$)( %66'# 7%&%( #%, #+?)3)%($%9%($% ?+%,$%# >',' ,%#)#$), %6 3'6-, @ 6-# *,'(7%# )9>'3$-#.

)&)&/6 RE$ORTE$ DE -5-!A$ E#$-# ?+(3)-('( >',' 3%,,', 6'# 86+6'# '#%*+,'(7- 6' ,%#>+%#$' '6 9-)9)%($- 7% 6'# 6%'#.

)&)&/7 4RAO$ DE 4AANCINE$ E#$-# #-( )(#$'6'7-# %( 6' 3+6'$' 7% 3)6)(7,-# @ #-( '>-@'7-# %( %6 3%($,>-, +( %%. L' 9)$'7 7% 6-# &,':-# 7% &'6'(3)(%# #)*+%( %6 9-)9)%($- 7% 6' 6%' @ #-( 7% #$% 9-7- 9-)7-# 3%,3' '6 %% 7% -#3)6'3)( ?-,9'7- >-, #$% %%. L' -$,' 9)$'7 7% 6-# &,':-# 7% &'6'(3)(%# '3$'( >',' %9>+', 6'# 86+6'# @ '&,),6'#.

)&)&/9 E-ANTA -A-!A$ E#$'# #-( >)%:'# 7% ?-,9' 3)6<(7,)3' 6'# 3+'6%# %($,'( %( 3-($'3$- 3-( %6 %% 7% 6%'# @ 3'9&)'( 6'# ,-$'3)-(%# 7% 6' 6%' ' 9-)9)%($- >',' ',,)&' @ >',' '&'-.

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)&)&/; -ARIA$ DE EM#!=E E#$'# ?+(3)-('( >',' $,'(#9)$), 6-# 9-)9)%($-# 7% 6-# 6%'($' 86+6'# ' 6-# &,':-# 7% &'6'(3)(%#.

)&)&6< ANIO$ DE #I$T"N L-# '()66-# 7% >)#$( 3-(#)#$%( %( '()66-# 7% 3-9>,%#)( 6-# 3+'6%# '3$'( >',' >,%%(), +% 6-# *'#%# %#3'>%( ' $,'# 7% 6' -6*+,' %($,% %6 >)#$( @ 6'# >',%7%# 7%6 3)6)(7,- @ 6-# '()66-# 7% '3%)$% 6-# 3+'6%# '3$'( >',' ,'#>', %6 %3%#- 7% '3%)$% 6+&,)3'($% 7% 6'# >',%7%# 7%6 3)6)(7,- +% ?6+@% ,%*,%#'(7- '6 38,$%, 7% '3%)$%.

)&)&6% E!I#O DE !4RICACI"N H'@ 9+3'# >)%:'# +% ,-$'( %( %6 )($%,)-, 7% +( 9-$-,. C+'(7- %6 9-$-, %#$8 ?+(3)-('(7- $-7'# %#$'# >)%:'# ,-$'$)'# *%(%,'( 3'6-, >-, 6' ?,)33)( +% 6'# >)%:'# 7% 9%$'6 '3%( 3+'(7- %($,'( %( 3-($'3$- 7),%3$- 3-( -$,'# >)%:'# 7% 9%$'6. C-9- ,%#+6$'7- 7%6 7%#*'#$% @ %6 3'6-, 7% $-7- %#$% 9-)9)%($- @ ?,)33)( %# ?83)6 >',' +( 9-$-, '*',,-$',#% - %9>%:', ' 7'=',#%. E6 %+)>- 7% 6+&,)3'3)( 3,%' +(' >%6<3+6' 7% '3%)$% %( 6'# >)%:'# 7% 9%$'6 %( 9-)9)%($- 7%6 9-$-, '6))'(7- %6 7%#*'#$% @ %6 3'6-, -,)*)('(7- +% 6'# >)%:'# ,-$%( ?83)69%($%.

)&)&6) 4OM4A DE ACEITE E#$' &-9&' 3),3+6' %6 '3%)$% 7%6 9-$-,. E#$' '#>),' '3)' ',,)&' %6 '3%)$% '69'3%('7- %( %6 38,$%, 7% '3%)$% %($,%*8(7-6- ' 6-# 3-)(%$%# >)#$-(%# %% 7% 6%'# 86+6'# @ -$,'# >',$%#.

)&)&6, REG!ADOR DE #RE$ION DE ACEITE C+'(7- %6 9-$-, %#$8 %( ?+(3)-('9)%($- ' '6$'# %6-3)7'7%# %#$% 7)#>-#)$)- '+#$' %6 -6+9%( 7% &-9&%- 7% '3%)$% '6 9-$-, >',' +% ('7' 98# %6 '3%)$% (%3%#',)- #%' %($,%*'7-. C+'(7- 6' >,%#)( 7% 6' &-9&' 7% '3%)$% #% %6%' +(' 86+6' 7% #%*+,)7'7 )($%,)-, 7%6 ,%*+6'7-, 7% >,%#)( 7% '3%)$% #% '&,% >%,9)$)%(7- +% %6 %3%#- 7% '3%)$% ,%$-,(% '6 38,$%, 7% '3%)$%.

49

)&)&6. 8ITRO ACEITE A 9%7)7' +% #% +#' %6 '3%)$% 7%6 9-$-, %#$% #% 3-($'9)(' *,'7+'69%($% 3-( >',$<3+6'# 7% 9%$'6 3',&( #+3)%7'7 '%,-$,'(#>-,$'7' %$3. S) 6'# >)%:'# 7%6 9-$-, +% %#$8( %( 9-)9)%($- ?+%,'( 6+&,)3'7'# >-, 7)3'3%)$% #+3)- %66'# #% 7%#*'#$',<'( ,8>)7'9%($% @ 3-9- ,%#+6$'7- %6 9-$-, >-7,<' '*',,-$',#%. P',' %)$', %#$- #% ?)' +( ?)6$,- 7% '3%)$% %( %6 3),3+)$- 7% '3%)$% +% ,%9+%' %#'# #+#$'(3)'# )(7%#%'&6%#. EI ?)6$,- 7% '3%)$% %# 9-($'7' 6' 9)$'7 7%6 3'9)(- 7%6 3),3+)$- 7% 6+&,)3'3)(. E#$% ,%9+%% 6'# >',$<3+6'# 7% 9%$'6 7%#*'#$'7'# 7% 6'# >)%:'# 7%6 9-$-, >-, ?,)33)( '#< 3-9- $'9&)( 6' #+3)%7'7 3',&( @ -$,'# )9>+,%:'# 7%6 '3%)$%. S) %6 %6%9%($- 7%6 ?)6$,- 7% '3%)$%>'>%6 ?)6$,'($%! %6 3+'6 ,%9+%% 6'# )9>+,%:'# 66%*' ' -&#$,+),#% +(' 86+6' 7% #%*+,)7'7 %#$8 3-6-3'7' %( %6 ?)6$,- 7% '3%)$% 6+%*- %#$% ?6+- 7% '3%)$% (- #%,8 &6-+%'7- 3+'(7- )($%($% >'#', ' $,'# 7%6 %6%9%($- -&#$,+)7-.

)&)&6/ TI#O$ DE 8ITRO DE ACEITE E( 6-# 9-$-,%# ' *'#-6)(' #% +#' %6 ?)6$,- $)>- 7% ?6+- 3-9>6%$- %( %6 3+'6 $-7- %6 '3%)$% +% 3),3+6' >-, %6 3),3+)$- 7% 6+&,)3'3)( %# ?)6$,'7- >-, %6 %6%9%($-.

)&)&66 -A-!A DE DERI-ACI"N C+'(7- %6 %6%9%($- 7% ?)6$,- 66%*' ' -&#$,+),#% >-, 6'# )9>+,%:'# @ 6' >,%#)( 7)?%,%(3)'6 %($,% 6-# 6'7-# 7% '79)#)( @ 7%#3',*' 7%6 ?)6$,- '+9%($' >-, %(3)9' 7% +( ()%6 >,%7%$%,9)('7- '>,-. 0 J*39 04 >#) -  JP'! 6' 86+6' 7% 7%,)'3)( #% '&,% @ >%,9)$% +% %6 '3%)$% #% 7%#<% 7%6 %6%9%($- 7% ?)6$,-. E( %#$' ?-,9' %6 '3%)$% %# #+9)()#$,'7- 7),%3$'9%($% ' 6'# >',$%# %( 9-)9)%($- >',' >,-$%*%, 7% +% #% '*',,-$% %6 9-$-,.

)&)&67 CARTER DE ACEITE E6 38,$%, 7% '3%)$% ,%3-6%3$' @ '69'3%(' %6 '3%)$% 7% 9-$-,. M+3-# 38,$%, 7% '3%)$% #-( %3-# 7% 689)('# 7% '3%,- >,%(#'7- 3-( +(' :-(' +%3' >,-?+(7' @ +(' >6'3' 7))#-,' 3-(#$,+)7' %( >,%)#)( '6 -6%'% 7%6 '3%)$% >',' '7%6'($% @ >',' '$,8#. A7%98# +( $'>( 7% 7,%('% %#$8 >,-)#$- %( 6' >',$% )(?%,)-, 7%6 38,$%, 7% '3%)$% >',' 7,%(', %6 '3%)$% 3+'(7- #%' (%3%#',)-. 50

)&)&69 E!I#O DE EN8RIAMIENTO C+'(7- %6 9-$-, %#$8 ?+(3)-('(7- 6' $%9>%,'$+,' 7% $-7'# #+# >)%:'# #% %6%' 7%&)7- '6 3'6-, 7% 6' 3-9&+#$)( %( 6' 389',' 7% 3-9&+#$)(. S) 7%'9-# %#$' 3-(7)3)( %6 9-$-, >-7,<' ,8>)7'9%($% #-&,%3'6%($',#% @ 7'=',#%. E6 %+)>- 7% %(?,)'9)%($- %(?,<' 6'# >',$%# 7%6 9-$-, ' ?)( 7% >,%%(), %6 #-&,%3'6%($'9)%($- D%>%(7)%(7- 7%6 9$-7- +#'7- +( 9-$-, >+%7% #%, %(?,)'7- >-, '),% - >-, '*+'. S)( %9&',*- %6 #)#$%9' 7% %(?,)'9)%($*%(%,'69%($% 98# +$)6):'7- %# %6 #)#$%9' 7% %(?,)'9)%($- >-, '*+'. U( #)#$%9' 7% %(?,)'9)%($- >-, '*+' %# 3-9>6%- >%,- (- #6- %($,%*' %(?,)'9)%($%#$'&6% '7%98# '3$' >',' 3-($,-6', %6 ,+)7- 7%6 9-$-, @ 6' $,'(#?%,%(3)' 7%6 3'6-, 7%6 ,%?,)*%,'($% >+%7% #%, +#'7' %( 6' 3'6%?'33)( 7%6 %<3+6-.

)&)&6; 4OM4A DE AG!A E#$' &-9&' 3),3+6' %6 ,%?,)*%,'($%. E#$8 9-($'7' %( %6 ?,%($% 7%6 &6-+% 7% 3)6)(7,-# @ %# 3-(7+3)7' >-, +(' 3-,,%' %( V 7%#7% %6 3)*X%='6.

)&)&7< TERMO$TATO E6 $%,9-#$'$- $,'&'' '+$-98$)3'9%($% >',' 9'($%(%, 6' $%9>%,'$+,' 7%6 ,%?,)*%,'($% 3-(#$'($%. E#$% %# )(#$'6'7- %( %6 3),3+)$- 7%6 ,%?,)*%,'($% %($,% %6 ,'7)'7-, @ %6 9-$-,. C+'(7- 6' $%9>%,'$+,' 7%6 ,%?,)*%,'($% %#$8 &'' %6 $%,9-#$'$- 3)%,,' 6' 86+6' >%,9)$)%(7- '6 ,%?,)*%,'($% 3),3+6', '6,%7%7-, 7%6 )($%,)-, 7%6 9-$-,. C+'(7- 6' $%9>%,'$+,' 7%6 ,%?,)*%,'($% )%(% ' #%, '6$' %6 $%,9-#$'$- '&,% 6' 86+6' >%,9)$)%(7- '6 ,%?,)*%,'($% 3),3+6', '3)' %6 ,'7)'7-,.

)&)&7% -ENTIADOR L' %6-3)7'7 7%6 %($)6'7-, %6%' %6 ?6+- 7% '),% +% >'#' ' $,'# 7%6 ,'7)'7-, >',' 6' %?)3)%(3)' 7% %(?,)'9)%($- 7%6 9)#9-. E6 %($)6'7-, %# 9-($'7 +#$- %( 6' >',$% >-#$%,)-, 7%6 ,'7)'7-,. A6*+(-# %($)6'7-,%# #-( 3-(7+3)7-# >-, +(' 3-,,%' %( V +% )%(% 7%#7% %6 3)*X%='6 @ -$,-# #-( 3-(7+3)7-# >-, +( 9-$-, %63$,)3-.

51

)&)&7) CORREA$ L-# %($)6'7-,%# 7% %(?,)'9)%($- #-( ' 9%(+7- )9>+6#'7-# >-, 3-,,%'# 3-,,%'# %( V - 3-,,%'# N%,'7'# %( V!. O$,'# +()7'7%# $'6%# 3-9- 6' &-9&' 7% '*+' '6$%,('7-, &-9&' 7% 6' #%,-7),%33)( @ 3-9>,%#-, 7%6 '3-(7)3)-('7-, 7% '),% #-( $'9&)( )9>+6#'7-# >-, 3-,,%'#. L'# 3-,,%'# #-( %6 9%7)- 98# #%(3)66- 7% $,'(#9)#)( 7% ?+%,:' +% (- ,%+)%,% 6+&,)3'3)(.

)&)&7, CORREA$ EN L'# 3-,,%'# %( V '( #)7- +$)6):'7'# >-, 9+3-# '=-#. S-( 66'9'7'# %( “V” 7%&)7- ' +% %66'# $)%(%( +(' #%33)( $,'(#%,#'6 %( ?-,9' 7% V 6' 3+'6 )(3,%9%($' 6' %?)3'3)' 7% $,'(#9)#)( 7% ?+%,:'. U(' 3-,,%' %( V *%(%,'69%($% %#$8 3-9>+%#$' 7% *-9' #)($$)3' $%$,( + -$,- ,%?+%,:- @ %#$8 3+&)%,$' 7% 6-(' %( '9&-# 6'7-#. D%($,- 7% %#$' 3'$%*-,<' %#$8 6' 3-,,%' %( V 7%6 $)>- 7%($'7- 3-( 7)%($%# #%9)%6<>$)3-# L'# 3-,,%'# %( V $,'(#9)$%( 6' ?+%,:' 7%#7% %6 3)*X%='6 ' 6' &-9&' 7% '*+' %($)6'7-, '6$%,('7-, %$3. L' #%33)( %( 3-,$- 7% %#$% $)>- 7% 3-,,%' %# %( 6' ?-,9' 7% V +% 7' +(' *,'( %?)3)%(3)' 7% $,'(#9)#)( 7% >-$%(3)'.

)&)&7. CORREA$ NER-ADA$ EN L'# 3-,,%'# %( V %#$8( #)%(7- *,'7+'69%($% ,%%9>6':' 7'# >-, 3-,,%'# (%,'7'# %( V 3+@' #%33)( $,'(#%,#'6 #% 9+%#$,' ' 6' 7%,%3'. E6 %#>%#-, $-$'6 %# 9%(-, +% %6 7% 6'# 3-,,%'# %( V. L'# 3-,,%'# (%,'7'# %( V $)%(%( ,%&-,7%# %( ?-,9' 7% V %( %6 6'7- +% %#$8 %( 3-($'3$- 3-( 6' >-6%'. A7%98# $)%(%( +(' 9'@-, %?)3)%(3)' %( 6' $,'(#9)#)( 7% ?+%,:' @ 9'@-, ,%#)#$%(3)' '6 3'6-, @ 7%#*'#$% +% 6'# 3-,,%'# %( V. S-( 9%(-# '?%3$'7'# >-, %6 %#$),'9)%($3'+#'7- >-, %6 3'6-,.

)&)&7/ E!I#O DE COM4!$TI4E E6 %+)>- 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% %# +#'7- >',' #+9)()#$,', *'#-6)(' '6 9-$-,. D)3- %+)>- 3-(#)#$% %( +( $'(+% 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% 6' &-9&' 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% +% '#>),' 6' *'#-6)(' 7%#7% %6 $'(+% 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% @ 6' %(<' '6 9-$-,! %6 ?)6$,- 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% +% ,%9+%% 6' #+3)%7'7 7%6 3-9&+#$)&6%! %6 3',&+,'7-,

52

+% 9%:36' %6 3-9&+#$)&6% 3-( %6 '),% >',' '3%, 6' 9%:36' '),%3-9&+#$)&6%! @ 6'# 6<(%'# 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% +% %(6':'( %#$-# 3-9>-(%($%#.

)&)&76 TAN!E DE COM4!$TI4E E6 $'(+% 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% %# +( 3-($%(%7-, >',' '69'3%(', *'#-6)('. C-9(9%($% %#$% %# 9-($'7- %( 6' >',$% )(?%,)-, 7%6 %<3+6- @ $)%(% +(' 3'>'3)7'7 7% 41 ' 1 6)$,-#. U( #%(#-, 9%7)7-, 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% - 7)#>-#)$)#)9)6', >',' )(7)3', 6' 3'($)7'7 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% ,%9'(%($% %# )(#$'6'7- %( %6 $'(+%. P6'3'# 7))#-,)'# #-( $'9&)( )(#$'6'7'# %( %6 $'(+% 7% 3-9&+#$)&6% >',' >,%%(), +% %6 3-9&+#$)&6% >,-7+:3' -6%'% >',' '$,8# @ >',' '7%6'($% 3+'(7- %6 %<3+6- >',' ,%>%($)('9%($% - 3+'(7- '3%6%,' ,%>%($)('9%($%.

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C'9&)- 7% '3%)$% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%#, 4.5 '=- 0 #% ):,%)#)( 7% 6-# ?,%(-# @ #% 3-9>,-& 7%#*'#$% %( 6'# &'(7'# @ #% ,%%9>6':',-( 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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S% ,%9-)%,-( 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- ' +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 112 >-, >,%#%($', 7%#*'#$% @ 6+%*- 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, %6 9)#9- >,-&6%9'.

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M'($%()9)%($- 7% +( 3',&+,'7-, 7% +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 02 >-, (- $%(%, +(' &+%(' )(@%33)( ,%%9>6':- 7% 3'9&)- 7% ?,%(-# @ 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%. 71

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C'9&)- 7% &-9&' 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOTOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=115 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-#.

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C'9&)- 7% 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=114.

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F+% #+#$)$+)7- 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% % TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 02 >-, 7%#*'#$% 6+%*- #% ,%)#',-( 6-# ?,%(-# @ #% 3-9>,-& +% '( %#$'&'( %( &+%( %#$'7-.

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M'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 ?+% +$)6):'7- %( %#$% 3'#- +( J)$ >',' ,%>',', 3',&+,'7-,%# 3'9&)7% &'(7' 7% ?,%(-# >-, 7%$%,)-,-.

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C-6-3'3)( 7% ?,%(- 7% >'#$)66'# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=11 >-, 7%#*'#$% ,%)#)( 7% ?,%(-# @ %#$-# %#$'&'( %( &+%( %#$'7- (- '#< 6-# (%+98$)3-# 6-# 3+'6%# 7%&)%,-( #%, ,%9-)7-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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R%)#)( ' +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 02 #% >+73-9>,-&', +% %#$'&' %( 9+@ 9'6 %#$'7- >-, 6- 3+'6 ?+% 6''7-.

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R%%9>6':- 7% &-9&' 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 111 >-, ?+*' ,%)#)( 7% 6' >'#$)66' 7% ?,%(-# @ #% 3-9>,-& +% %#$'&' %( &+%( %#$'7- 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$% @ 3-6-3'3)( 7% '3%)$%.

72

$E#TIMA $EMANA

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H+&- 3-,,%33)( 7% ?,%(-# 7% TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 @ 9'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, @' +% (- $%(<' +(' &+%(' )(@%33)(.

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S% >,%3)# ' +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 115 +% 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- %#$'&'( 7%#*'#$'7'# >-, 6- 3+'6 ?+%,-( ,%%9>6':'7'# L+%*- ?+%,-( 3'9&)'7-# 6-# (%+98$)3-# >-, 6'# 9)#9'# ,':-(%#.

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C'9&)- 7% 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% 7% TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, ,':-(%# 7% 7%#*'#$% ,%)#)( 7% &'(7' @ ,%'6):'7' 6' ,%9-3)( 7% 6' 9)#9' >-, 6' 9)#9' ,':( 6+%*- #% ,%)#',-( 6-# (%+98$)3-# 6-# 3+'6%# #% %(3-($,'&'( %( &+%( %#$'7-. 73

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P-, 7%#*'#$% ' +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 112 #% 6% ,%%9>6':',-( 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- #% ,%)#',-( 6-# ?,%(-# @ %#$-# %#$'&'( %( &+%( %#$'7-.

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C'9&)- 7% 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 05 6-# ?,%(-# ?+%,-( )*+'69%($% ,%)#'7-# @ 3-9>,-&'7- +% 6' &'(7' %#$'&' 7%#*'#$'7' @ ' #+ %: ,%%9>6':'7' 6-# (%+98$)3-# %( 3'9&)- #% %(3-($,'&'( %( &+%( %#$'7-.

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C'9&)- ' +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 0 7% '3%)$% 7)#37% %9&,'*+% >-, 7%#*'#$%^ ,%9-3)( 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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M'($%()9)%($- 7%6 3',&+,'7-, 7% TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=02 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

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P-, >,-&6%9'# %( 6-# ?,%(-# %( +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=111 #% ):- (%3%#',)- %6 3'9&)- 7% 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- %6 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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S+#$)$+3)( 7% 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 05 %6 3+'6 $%(<' 7%#*'#$% 6' &'(7' )*+'69%($% ?+% #+#$)$+)7' >-, 7%$%,)-,-.

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R%)#)( 7% TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 11/ ?+%,-( 3'9&)'7'# 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% 6-# ?,%(-# >-, 7%#*'#$% 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

74

OCTA-A $EMANA 

S% 3-6-3 6' &'(7' 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, 7%$%,)-,- 9'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, >-, ?'6$' 7% +(' &+%(' )(@%33)(.

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C'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 115 >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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R%%9>6':- 7% &-&)(' ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 11 @ 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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S% 3'9&)',-( 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 110 >-, 7%#*'#$% 7% 6'# 9)#9'# 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-#.

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C'9&)- 7% 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% %( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, 7%#*'#$% 7%6 9)#9- #+#$)$+3)( 7% 6' &'(7' >-, %#$', )*+'69%($% 7%$%,)-,'7'.

75

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M'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, >,-&6%9'# 7% )(@%33)(.

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P-, ?'6$' 7% 9'($%()9)%($- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 02 %6 9)#9- (- >+7- #%, ,%>','7- >-, $%(%, 9+3'# ?'66'# >-, 6- +% #% >,-3%7) ' ,%$),', 6-# ,%>+%#$-# +% #% %(3-($,'&'( %( &+%('# 3-(7)3)-(%# >',' #%, ,%+$)6):'7'#.

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R%%9>6':'7- %( +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 0 6-# (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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C'9&)- 7% 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=114 >-, 7%$%,)-,- 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

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F+% 3-6-3'7' +(' (+%' &'(7' 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 02 @' +% #% %(3-($,'&' 7%#*'#$'7' 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

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S% 3-6-3 +( (+%- 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 11/ >-, 7%#*'#$% 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# 6-# 3+'6%# %#$'&'( )*+'69%($% 7%$%,)-,'7-#.

76

NO-ENA $EMANA F

B#+%7' 7% ,%>+%#$-# %( CORPOELEC 7% G+'$),% >',' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 #% 3',*',-( %( +( 3'9)( >+%,$'# 7%6'($%,'# @ $,'#%,'# 3'> 9)3'# 7% 6+3%# 7%6'($%,'# @ $,'#%,'# $,'(#9)#)-(%# 3''# 7% 3'9&)-# )7,)-# 7% %($'('# '9-,$)*+'7-,%# @ &'66%#$'#.

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C'9&)- 7% 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 %6 3+'6 %#$'&' 9+@ 7%$%,)-,'7- ,%%9>6':- 7% &'(7' 7% ?,%(- @ (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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C'9&)- 7% '3%)$% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 11 3-6-3'3)( 7% (+%-# (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%$%,)-,-.

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R%%9>6':'7'# 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 112 >-, 7%#*'#$% 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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C-6-3'3)( 7% &'(7' ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 02 >-, 7%#*'#$% 7%6 9)#9- 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%$%,)-,- @ 3-6-3'3)( 7% '3%)$%.

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C'9&)- 7% >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=11 >-, 7%$%,)-,- 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%. 77

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S% 3-6-3 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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S% ,%'6): 9'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 111 #% 3-6-3 '3%)$%.

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S6- #% 3-6-3',-( (%+98$)3-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=02 >-, 7%$%,)-,-.

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R%%9>6':- 7% &'(7' 7% ?,%(-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, 7%#*'#$% 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# @ '3%)$%.

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S6- #% 3-6-3 '3%)$% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 112.

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M'($%()9)%($- 7%6 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=110 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$% @ 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

78

D>CIMA $EMANA 

P-, >,-&6%9'# 7% ?,%(-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- ?+%,-( >+,*'7-# 6-# ?,%(-#.

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F+% ,%'6):'7- 3'9&)- 7% >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- %( TOYOTA M'3L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 11 >-, 7%#*'#$% @ 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

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S6- ?+% 3-6-3'7- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 112 3'9&)7% '3%)$%.

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M'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=02 >-, 9%-,', #+ )(@%33)( 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

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C'9&)- 7% >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=112>-, 7%$%,)-,- 7% 6'# 9)#9'# 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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C'9&)- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 0 >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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C'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 115 >-, %#$', 7%#*'#$'7-#.

79

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S% 3-6-3 +(' (+%' &'(7' 7% ?,%(-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 0 >-, %(3-($,',#% 9+@ 7%$%,)-,'7' 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# +% )*+'69%($% #% %(3-($,'&'( 7%#*'#$'7-#.

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C-6-3'3)( 7% +( (+%- 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 0 >-, 7%#*'#$% )*+'69%($% 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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M'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#, 4.5 '=111 >-, >,-&6%9'# 7% )(@%33)(.

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C-6-3'3)( 7% 6' &'(7' 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, 7%#*'#$% %( 6' 9)#9' '#< )*+'69%($% #% ,%'6): %6 3'9&)- %( 6-# (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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C'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 112.

80

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C'9&)- 7% '3%)$% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 0 @ ,%)#)( 7% ?,%(-#.

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S-6- 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=115 >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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C'9&)- 7% 7)#3- 7%6 %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=11/ >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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M'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, %( +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 114 #% ,%'6): >-, $%(%, >,-&6%9'# 7% )(@%33)(.

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R%)#)( ,%'6):'7' ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 115 3'9&)7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%$%,)-,- @ +( 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

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C'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 02 >-, %#$', 7%#*'#$'7-#.

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C'9&)- 7% &'(7' 7% ?,%(-# ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=05 >-, 7%#*'#$%.

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R%%9>6':- 7% 6'# >'#$)66'# 7% ?,%(- ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 114 >-, 7%$%,)-,- 7% 6'# 9)#9'# 3'9&)- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%#*'#$%.

81

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M'($%()9)%($- 7% 3',&+,'7-, ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=112 >-, (- $%(%, +(' &+%(' )(@%33)(.

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C'9&)- 7%6 7)#3- 7% %9&,'*+% ' TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=0 >-, 7%#*'#$% ,%%9>6':- 7% (%+98$)3-# >-, 7%$%,)-,- @ 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

82

D!OD>CIMA $EMANA 

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R%)#)( 7% ?,%(-# ' +( TOYOTA M'3- L'(7C,+)#%, 4.5 '=- 0 %6 3+'6 (- >,%#%($ ()(*( )(3-(%()%($% @ 6+%*- 3'9&)- 7% '3%)$%.

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