WKOQGP^OLFL KFNOJKFE LG OKHGKOGPÄF AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^
FPVWO\GN\WPF SGPWFKF O 036<-OO
\GPPO\JPOJ, F^GK\FDOGK\J _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
OKLONG 6. \Ä\WEJ 0. OKLONG >. OK\PJLWNNOÞK <. \GPPO\JPOJ <.6. W`onfnoþk Hgjhræaonf <.0. W`onfnoþk ejnfe <.>. Nfrfntgrästonfs lge tgrrotjroj <.<. Sftrþk lg fsgktfdogktj gk ge tgrrotjroj
7. F^GK\FDOGK\J J NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ, Jrhfkozfnoþk lge Fsgktfdogktj 7.6 Gdpefzfdogktj lge fsgktfdogktj gk ge tgrrotjroj. 7.0 Gdpefzfdogktj lge fsgktfdogktj gk ge tgrrotjroj g odpefktfnoþk gk ge njktgxtj pfosfiästonj. 7.> Jrogktfnoþk lge Njdpegij Frqugjeþhonj lg Sfnmfnfdfn 1. FPVWO\GN\WPF
1.6 NWE\WPF EODF 1.0 XFPO 1.> _NM^DF 1.< ODSGPOJ OKNF 8. NJKNEW^OJKG^ =. @O@EOJHPFAOF
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Gk ge fktohuj Sgrù, qug sg gxtgkläf dunmj dæs feeæ lg sus fntufegs arjktgrfs, gxostogrjk pug`ejs jrhfkozfljs, gstfljs ljdokfljrgs y noulflgs nuyjs jrähgkgs y fktohõglfl kj sjk fùk njkjnoljs njk gxfntotul, sogklj gxtrfjrlokfrof ef vfroglfl y roqugzf lg sus rgstjs frqugjeþhonjs. Gktrg gstjs rgstjs fpfrgngk lgtfeegs y njkiuktjs lg FPVWO\GN\WPF lovgrsfs, sjrprgklgktgs y djkudgktfegs. djkudgktfegs. ^ogdprg sjk hrfklgs njdpjsonojkgs lg tgdpejs, tud`fs ajrtfegzfs j pfefnojs y sogdprg, f pgsfr lg efs fngktuflfs loagrgknofs y lg lostfknof y lg togdpj qug gxostgk gktrg ejs lovgrsjs ngktrjs nueturfegs, sg gknugktrf uk lgkjdokfljr njdùk lg PO\DJ y lg AJPDF, qug eg lf ukolfl f gsfs gxprgsojkgs frquotgntþkonfs, qug efs mfng SGPWFKF^ pjr su gsgknof, y efs prjejkhf mfstf mjy njdj trfälfs pjr ukf njrrogktg tgeùronf Mïntjr Qgefrlg @.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
OK\PJLWNNOÞK Gk ge prgsgktg trf`fij djkjhræaonj sg fkfeozfræ ge njdpegij ur`fkj lg Sfnmfnfdfn, tgkogklj gk nugktf ejs fspgntjs lge \grrotjroj gk ljklg sg gstf`egnogrjk, sus nfrfntgrästonfs, y ge pftrþk lg fsgktfdogktj qug tuvogrjk lgktrj lge tgrrgkj. ^g vgræ tfd`oïk ge djlj lg fsgktfdogktj njdj tfe, efs nfrfntgrästonfs y ef njksolgrfnoþk lge pfosfig lg gstf nueturf gk lonmj tgrrotjroj. Sjr ùetodj, ef frquotgnturf lg Sfnmfnfdfn. ^g mfræ ge fkæeosos lg ef gloaonfnoþk lgslg su auknoþk, ajrdf y njkstrunnoþk mfstf ef lgsnropnoþk lg efs dosdfs y gstflj fntufe. Aokfeozfklj njk ejs njdgktfrojs y njkneusojkgs rgspgntovfs. Srgvoj fe lgsfrrjeej lg ef djkjhrfaäf, gs kgngsfroj njkjngr fspgntjs hgkgrfegs lge euhfr, gxpeonfljs f njktokufnoþk.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
<.- \GPPO\JPOJ <.6.- W`onfnoþk Hgjhræaonf9 Ge Njdpegij Frqugjeþhonj lg Sfnmfnfdfn sg u`onf gk ge boeþdgtrj >0 lg ef nfrrgtgrf Sfkfdgronfkf ^ur gktrg ejs lostrotjs lg Euräk y ^fk ^fevfljr lg Sfnmfnfdfn gk ef prjvoknof lg Eodf, gk ge Sgrù. Ge ærgf nu`rg ukf supgraonog lg
W@ONFNOÞK GK GE DFSFSF SGPWFKF Augktg9 \gsos-^FK\WFPOJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN -Srjygntj lg njksgrvfnoþk lg Gdgrhgknof 033=
<.6.- W`onfnoþk Ejnfe9 Ge ærgf nu`rg ukf supgraonog lg
QO^\F FÏPGF LGE ^O\OJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN Augktg9 Hjjheg Gfrtm. Sfnmfnfdfn Njdpegij Frqugjeþhonj. Föj 036<
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
<.0.- Nfrfntgrästonfs lge \grrotjroj9 Ge ^fktufroj sg fsogktf gk ef dfrhgk lgrgnmf lge räj Euräk sj`rg ukf gxpefkflf ljdokflf pjr nuftrj prjdjktjrojs rjnjsjs. Ef zjkf njdprgklg vfrojs gnjsostgdfs, gktrg ejs nufegs tgkgdjs ge `jsqug ro`grgöj y ef lgsgd`jnflurf lge räj Euräk, ef eäkgf njstgrf njk ejs rgnursjs lg dfr y ef zjkf feglföf qug prgsgktf faejrfnojkgs lg fhuf y mudglfegs, ge gnjsostgdf lg ejdfs gk efs prodgrfs gstro`fnojkgs fklokfs, ge vfeeg y ge dgloj njstgrj lgsïrtonj nfrfntgrozflj pjr ejs sglodgktjs lg frgkf.
QO^\F FÏPGF LGE NJDSEGIJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN (EF AJ\J SJ^O@EGDGK\G AWG \JDFLF LWPFK\G GE ^GHWKLJ NWFP\J LGE ^OHEJ ]]) Augktg9 mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnm.mtd
Ef njkaohurfnoþk hgjeþhonf lg Sfnmfnfdfn rgspjklg f ef Ajrdfnoþk Sfdpejkf njkstotutovj lg ef njeudkf gstrftohræaonf lg Eodf, ef nufe gstæ ajrdflf pjr ejs dfktjs lg frgkf lg jrohgk gþeonj sglodgktfroj lge nuftgrkfroj y ef prgsgknof lg lojrotf hf`rj eutotf gk ef afnog njktokgktfe. Ge neodf lg ef zjkf gs nfrfntgrästonj lg ef njstf ngktrfe gs lgnor ærolj, sgdo næeolj y mùdglj. Sjr jtrf pfrtg ukf lg efs nfrfntgrästonfs hgjtgntþkonfs gs ef fntovolfl säsdonf nuyjs djvodogktjs fenfkzfk prjauklolflgs dfyjrgs f ejs 13 Bd. lg prjauklolfl.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
7. F^GK\FDOGK\J J NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ, Jrhfkozfnoþk lge Fsgktfdogktj 7.6 Gdpefzfdogktj lge fsgktfdogktj gk ge tgrrotjroj. F pfrtor lg ejs lftjs frqugjeþhonjs prjpjrnojkfljs pjr efs okvgstohfnojkgs, sf`gdjs qug ef jnupfnoþk lge ^fktufroj Frqugjeþhonj lg Sfnmfnfdfn sg okonoþ gk ge Ajrdftovj \frläj, pugs gk efs pfdpfs u`onflfs argktg f ef zjkf djkudgktfe sg gknugktrf uk ngdgktgroj njrrgspjklogktg f pj`efljrgs qug prj`f`egdgktg voväfk lglonfljs f ef pgsnf, ef fhronueturf y f ef gxpejtfnoþk lg efs ejdfs. Gk ge pgrojlj lg ejs Lgsfrrjeejs Pghojkfegs (033-133 l.N.) sg lgsfrrjeeþ ef nueturf Eodf qug sg lostro`uyg gk ef njstf ngktrfe gk ejs vfeegs njktohujs lg Nmfknfy, Nmoeeþk, Pädfn y Euräk. Ef njkstrunnoþk lge sfktufroj sg okonoþ gk gstg pgrojlj, sogklj Sfnmfnfdfn ge ngktrj dæs odpjrtfktg lge vfeeg lg Euräk. Gk gsg gktjkngs sg njkstruygrjk tfktj ge \gdpej Qogij, ukf odpjkgktg djeg mgnmf njk flj`otjs ajrdfklj pfkgegs njk tïnkonf lg ―eo`rgrj—, njdj ge Njkiuktj lg Flj`gs Eodf ―Flj`otjs—.
LG^FPPJEEJ^ PGHOJKFEG^ Augktg9 Okstotutj Kfnojkfe lg Nueturf. ^FK\WFPOJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. Glonoþk 033?
Lgslg ge 133 fe 6633 l.N. sg njkngktrfk gvolgknofs lge odpgroj Xfro gk Sfnmfnfdfn. Ge fpjhgj lge jrænuej lg Sfnmfnfdfn jnurroþ prgnosfdgktg lurfktg ge pgrojlj Mjrozjktg Dgloj - Xfro, fe trfksajrdfrsg gk uk ngktrj rgeohojsj qug ftrfäf hrfk nfktolfl lg pgrghrokjs fenfkzfklj uk prodgr gspegkljr pfkfklokj. Lg gstf ïpjnf lftf uk gxtgksj ngdgktgroj, gxnfvflj pjr Dfx Wmeg gk 6=?1, qug sg gknugktrf fe pog y pjr lg`fij lge \gdpej lg Sfnmfnfdfn, fsä njdj ukf sgrog lg jargklfs lg ngrædonf mfeeflfs gk ef zjkf.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
XFPO Augktg9 Okstotutj Kfnojkfe lg Nueturf. ^FK\WFPOJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. Glonoþk 033?
Mfnof 6633 l.N., ejs _nmdf gstf`egnogrjk su ngktrj lg pjlgr gk Sfnmfnfdfn, njk ukf sgrog lg fsgktfdogktjs mf`otfnojkfegs y fldokostrftovjs qug okneuygk porædolgs njk rfdpf, gktrg jtrjs, sj`rgsfeogklj \oigrfegs, Vug`rflf Hjejklrokf, Sfnfg Pgljklj y Sfkquoedf, gk ge vfeeg lg Euräk.
G^\FLJ^ PGHOJKFEG^ Augktg9 Okstotutj Kfnojkfe lg Nueturf. ^FK\WFPOJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. Glonoþk 033?
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Gk 6<83 ejs Oknfs mf`äfk gstf`egnolj gk Sfnmfnfdfn ukf odpjrtfktg nfpotfe prjvoknofe ljklg lgstfnf`fk gloaonfnojkgs njdj ge \gdpej lge ^je y ge Fneefwfso, gktrg jtrjs.
ODSGPOJ OKNF Augktg9 Okstotutj Kfnojkfe lg Nueturf. ^FK\WFPOJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. Glonoþk 033?
Ge ^fktufroj Frqugjeþhonj lg Sfnmfnfdfn ajrdf pfrtg lge Vmfpfq Öfk, Gstg gstuvj njdpugstj pjr uk njdpegij sostgdf lg njdukonfnoþk vofe qug ukäf f tjlj ge Odpgroj Oknf j \fwfktoksuyu. Sfnmfnfdfn grf ge puktj lg okonoj lge nfdokj trfksvgrsfe qug ej ukäf fe ngktrj fldokostrftovj Oknf lg Mftuk ]fuxf, u`onflj gk ef Pghoþk Iukäk, frtonuefklj fsä f tjlf ef rghoþk lg ejs Fklgs ngktrfegs.
\PFDJ ]FW]F-SFNMFNFDFN LGE VMFSFV ÖFK. Augktg9 Srjhrfdf Vmfpfq Öfk. Dokostgroj lg Nueturf
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
7.0 GDSEFYFDOGK\J LGE F^GK\FDOGK\J GK GE \GPPO\JPOJ G ODSEFK\FNOÞK GK GE NJK\G]\J SFO^FIÄ^\ONJ. Ef kfturfegzf gxngpnojkfe lge ^fktufroj Frqugjeþhonj lg Sfnmfnfdfn, sg nfrfntgrozf pjr ef gxtrfjrlokfrof njkngktrfnoþk lg frquotgnturf djkudgktfe y ef pgrdfkgktg gvjeunoþk lg su lgsfrrjeej ur`fkj, ej qug kjs prjpjrnojkf uk tgstodjkoj ùkonj lg ukf kjtf`eg y njktokuf jnupfnoþk nueturfe, qug f`frnf ukjs quokng sohejs, okonoflf pjr ej dgkjs lgslg ef ïpjnf Eodf (nf. 633-133 l.N.) pfrf nuedokfr njk ef tfrläf jnupfnoþk Oknf. Sfnmfnfdfn sg u`onf gk ge vfeeg `fij lg Euräk, gk uk dfrnj pfosfiästonj ljklg sg njkiuhfk lg ajrdf gspgnofe ef pefkonog feuvofe qug sg gknugktrf `fij nuetovj y ge nfung lge räj2 fe jgstg ejs mudglfegs y ef jroeef lg pefyf lge eotjrfe dfrokj, gk nuyj mjrozjktg sg pgraoefk efs osefs lg Sfnmfnfdfn2 fe kjrtg uk fdpeoj tf`efzj lgsïrtonj qug nuedokf gk ukf gegvfnoþk qug sg prjygntf lg ajrdf njktuklgktg gk ef lgsgd`jnflurf lge vfeeg.
SFO^FIG SFPF NJK\GDSEFP _ LO^APW\FP GK SEGKJ NJPFYÞK LG EWPÄK. Augktg9 Pgvostf Hfngtf Nueturfe pæh. 0<. Gktrgvostf fe Frq. Ijsï Nfkzofko Fdonj
Srgnosfdgktg, ge sotoj frqugjeþhonj sg gknugktrf gdpefzflj sj`rg gstg tf`efzj gegvflj, dogktrfs qug ef frquotgnturf djkudgktfe lg ef zjkf kunegfr sg ejnfeozf sj`rg uk kjtf`eg y fùk dæs gegvflj prjdjktjroj rjnjsj. Sjr njkstotuor ge euhfr dæs gegvflj y fprjvgnmfklj su pjsonoþk gstrftïhonf, prjdokgknof y ljdokoj vosufe sj`rg ge pfosfig lge gktjrkj, sg gdpefzfrjk feeä ejs gloaonojs djkudgktfegs lg dfyjr sohkoaonfnoþk sfnrf y rgprgsgktfnoþk sod`þeonf, ej qug sg vgroaonf lgslg ejs okonojs lg ef jnupfnoþk lge sotoj lurfktg ef ïpjnf Eodf, njk ef njkstrunnoþk gk ge euhfr lg hrfklgs peftfajrdfs porfdolfegs njdj ge \gdpej Qogij lg Sfnmfnfdfn, y qug aokfedgktg tgklræ su fpjhgj njk ef oktgrvgknoþk oknf y ef njkstrunnoþk lge \gdpej lge ^je gk ef nodf dæs gegvflf lge sotoj y sj`rg ukf fktohuf porædolg Eodf. Gstg gdpefzfdogktj, qug ejhrf ukf gspgntfnuefr oksgrnoþk gk ge pfosfig y qug pgrdotg ukf gspgntfnuefr njktgdpefnoþk pfosfiästonf, rgvgef ge prjauklj gkrfozfdogktj lg ejs frtäaongs lge lgsfrrjeej lge ngktrj ngrgdjkofe njk ejs fspgntjs sod`þeonjs qug ge pfosfig oknjrpjrþ gk sus dùetopegs oktgrrgefnojkgs. Kjs rgagrodjs f ef gspgnofe oktghrfnoþk qug jargng ef lovgrsolfl lg njdpjkgktgs pfosfiästonjs, njk sus fsjnofnojkgs gnjsostïdonfs y sus AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
rgspgntovjs rgnursjs kfturfegs. Ef sfnrfeozfnoþk lg gstg pfosfig dæhonj sg dfkoaogstf gk ejs tgstodjkojs gtkjmostþronjs, gspgnofedgktg ejs gstulofljs pjr Dfräf Pjstwjrjwsbo, y gk ejs rgeftjs dätonjs rgukoljs gk ge nïeg`rg ljnudgktj Lojsgs y Mjd`rgs lg Mufrjnmorä. Lgslg ef tgdprfkf ïpjnf Eodf, ge gdpefzfdogktj lg efs proknopfegs gloaonfnojkgs ngrgdjkofegs lg Sfnmfnfdfn provoeghof ef zjkf njkstotuolf pjr ge prjdjktjroj gegvflj qug sg gknugktrf fe sur lge sotoj. Gstg gs uk euhfr lgslg ge qug sg njktgdpef uk fdpeoj rghostrj vosufe, njk uk f`fkonj njdpugstj lg pfosfigs duy gspgnofegs y njktrfstfljs gk su sokhuefr fnjstfdogktj. Gstg gs ge nfsj nufklj sg njktgdpef mfnof ge kjrtg ejs frgkfegs lge ærolj lgsogrtj `jrlgfljs pjr ge vgrljr lge vfeeg `fij2 njdj tfd`oïk mfnof ge gstg y sur ge räj qug njrrg mfnof su lgsgd`jnflurf gk ge dfr, fe ohufe qug ejs eefkjs nuetovfljs lge vfeeg njk su trfdf lg fngquofs y fr`jeglfs, lgeodotfljs gk ge mjrozjktg pjr ejs ngrrjs qug lgsnogklgk lg ef njrloeegrf jnnolgktfe2 dogktrfs qug mfnof ge sur y ge jgstg sg ljdokfk ejs mudglfegs qug fktgnglgk f efs pefyfs y ge mjrozjktg dfrokj, lge nufe gdgrhg ef gkohdætonf soeugtf lg ef osef lg Sfnmfnfdfn y su sïquotj lg osejtgs. Kj gs, pjr ej tfktj, nfsufe qug gk gstf sokhuefr ejnfeozfnoþk pfosfiästonf sg mfyfk njkngktrflj efs proknopfegs oktgrvgknojkgs frquotgntþkonfs pjstgrojrgs y gspgnofedgktg ef Oknf, fe ohufe qug kj gs nfsufe qug efs trflonojkgs dätonfs qug pgrlurfrjk mfstf kjsjtrjs sg mfyfk kutrolj y nuedokflj sus rgeftjs y mfzföfs mgrjonfs njk ef dfhof lg uk gsngkfroj tfk ftrfntovj njdj gstg.
SPOQOEGHOFLF QO^OÞK GK SFNMFNFDFN. Augktg9 Pgvostf Hfngtf Nueturfe pæh. 0<. Gktrgvostf fe Frq. Ijsï Nfkzofko Fdonj
Lgslg ge puktj lg vostf fd`ogktfe, nogktäaonj y glunftovj, Sfnmfnfdfn rgvostg tfd`oïk ukf njklonoþk gspgnofe, yf qug gs ukj lg ejs gsnfsjs euhfrgs lg Eodf qug sg gknugktrf gstrgnmfdgktg voknueflj f uk njkiuktj lg gnjsostgdfs y f sus njrrgspjklogktgs lostoktjs topjs lg pfosfigs, qug ge sotoj frtonueþ lgslg su gspgnofe gdpefzfdogktj gstrftïhonj. Fsjnofljs fe dfkgij lg gstjs lostoktjs gnjsostgdfs ef gtkjmostjrof rghostrf ef prgsgknof lg lovgrsfs gktolflgs ïtkonfs y nurfnfzhjs, ej qug sg gxprgsf gk ge rghostrj frqugjeþhonj lg ejs pftrjkgs lg fsgktfdogktj gstf`egnoljs gk lostoktjs sgntjrgs lge vfeeg lg Euräk y gk su gktjrkj tgrrotjrofe.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Gk ge pftrþk lg fsgktfdogktj lg efs ïpjnfs tfrläfs, lgstfnf ef prgsgknof lg ngktrjs pj`efljs lg dglofkf igrfrquäf njdj Sfdpf lg Aejrgs, fsä njdj pj`efljs y felgfs rurfegs gdpefzfljs f ej efrhj lg ejs lostoktjs sgntjrgs lge vfeeg dgloj, njdj \oigrfegs, Mufynæk lg Nogkghuoeef, Sfkquoedf y Nmjktfy, gktrg jtrjs. Gk nufktj fe gspgnofe gnjsostgdf lg ejdfs, lgstfnfk efs lge vfeeg lg Euräk, njdj efs ejdfs lg Eùnudj, Dfefknmg y Nfrokhf fe oktgrojr lg efs qug`rflfs gktrg Suktf Mgrdjsf y ^fk @frtjej2 euhfrgs njk pj`efnojkgs tro`utfrofs lg Sfnmfnfdfn, njdj ejs Nfrokhf qug dfkgif`fk efs ejdfs lg efs qug`rflfs gktrg Euräk y Nmoenf. Aokfedgktg sg gknugktrfk efs pfdpfs lgsïrtonfs njkstotuolfs pjr frgkfegs j pglrghfegs, kjrdfedgktg provfljs lg ef prgsgknof lg vghgtfnoþk. F gstg prjpþsotj, gs lg lgstfnfr qug ukf fdpeof gxtgksoþk lgsïrtonf qug sg gknugktrf gktrg ef sghuklf y tgrngrf durfeef y fùk dæs fe kjrtg, aug oknjrpjrflf fe jrænuej pfrf fe`grhfr tgdpjrfedgktg f ejs pgrghrokjs qug fnuläfk njkvjnfljs pjr ge sfktufroj.
SFNMFNFDFN, QO^\F FE DFP mttp9//www.fktopjlgtrfvge.njd/gs/vofigspgru/pfnmfnfdfn-fu-pgrju
Pgsuetf sohkoaonftovj fprgnofr qug lgslg gstg euhfr ærolj, qug pjlgdjs fsjnofr sod`þeonfdgktg fe rïhodgk lg f`stokgknof y fyukj f ejs nufegs sg sjdgtäfk ejs pgrghrokjs, sg odpjkäf ukf vosoþk gspgntfnuefr, sfnrfeozflf pjr ef jrogktfnoþk mfnof ge sur, qug togkg njdj ajklj ge rgargsnfktg vgrljr lge vfeeg y ge räj (säd`jejs lg rgprjlunnoþk-agrtoeolfl), y ge mjrozjktg lge dfr y efs osefs (fsjnofljs f ef dfdfnjnmf-nuetj eukfr-lojsgs dfrokjs). Gstf vosoþk gs oktgrdgloflf pjr ef oktgrpjsonoþk lg ef noulfl sfhrflf, njrjkflf pjr ejs tgdpejs proknopfegs9 ge Qogij \gdpej lg Sfnmfnfdfn y ge rgspefklgnogktg tgdpej sjefr oknf. Ejs gxngpnojkfegs vfejrgs lg gstg pfosfig nueturfe lg`gk sgr prgsgrvfljs y pugstjs gk vfejr. Gstg gs prgnosfdgktg ukj lg ejs j`igtovjs ngktrfegs lge pefk lg dfkgij gk gef`jrfnoþk, njksolgrfklj su gspgnofe oktghrfnoþk njk ejs vfejrgs pftrodjkofegs qug ge sfktufroj lg Sfnmfnfdfn ftgsjrf.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
7.> JPOGK\FNOÞK LGE NJDSEGIJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN
GE ^OHWOGK\G SEFKJ LG SFNMFNFDFN KJ^ DWG^\PF EF^ LOQGP^F^ NJK^\PWNNOJKG^ DJKWDGK\FEG^ _ PG^OLGKNOFEG^, F^O \FD@OGK ^G DWG^\PF ^W JPOGK\FNOÞK _ W@ONFNOÞK NJK PG^SGN\J FE PÄJ EWPÄK Augktg9 mttp9//pfnmfnfdfn.nueturf.pg/sotgs/lgafuet/aoegs/pefkjZsfktufroj.iph
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
6>
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1. FPVWO\GN\WPF 1.6 SPGNGPÆDONJ Lgslg ge pgrojlj Srgngrædonj sg gknugktrfk yf gk ef njstf pgrufkf gstf`egnodogktjs nfrfntgrozfljs pjr hrupjs njdpugstjs pjr vfrofs gstrunturfs djkudgktfegs njkng`olfs sghùk ge dosdj djlgej frquotgntþkonj.
1.6.6 \GDSEJ QOGIJ 1.6.6.6 LG^NPOSNOÞK9 Ge \gdpej Qogij lg Sfnmfnfdfn gs ukf porædolg njkstruolf njk flj`otjs sj`rg uk pgqugöj prjdjktjroj kfturfe u`onflf gk ef zjkf dæs rgstrokholf lg tjlj gstg sotoj frqugjeþhonj9 lgktrj lg ef Srodgrf Durfeef. ^u ajrdf gs orrghuefr, fukqug gk eäkgfs hgkgrfegs, vostf lgslg ge forg, togkg ajrdf lg trfpgnoj. Ef dgknojkflf ajrdf rgnugrlf f ejs lo`uijs lg nf`gzfs lg sgrpogktgs j f ef rgprgsgktfnoþk gstoeozflf lge to`urþk, fd`fs duy njdukgs gk ef onjkjhrfaäf lg ef nueturf Eodf.
W@ONFNOÞK LGE \GDSEJ QOGIJ LGK\PJ LGE NJDSEGIJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. Augktg9 mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZtvogij.mtd
^us lodgksojkgs sjk lg 673 dgtrjs lg efrhj pjr 60> dgtrjs lg fknmj y 03 dgtrjs lg feturf. ^us proknopfegs njdpjkgktgs frquotgntþkonjs sjk9 Ge okhrgsj proknopfe, ge pfsfig lg fnngsj f ef nodf, ge pftoj proknopfe, ge njrrgljr lg fnngsj f ef peftfajrdf njk rgnoktjs, ef peftfajrdf supgrojr njk rgnoktjs, ejs nfdokjs gxtgrojrgs gk ejs argktgs kjrtg y sur y efs tgrrfzfs lg jargklfs). Ge pftoj proknopfe gs uk fdpeoj gspfnoj f`ogrtj lg 13 pjr 73 dgtrjs. Srgsgktf `fkqugtfs lg 1 dgtrjs lg fknmj pjr ukj lg fetj gk sus efljs sur, jgstg y kjrjgstg efs qug pjso`egdgktg gstuvogrjk tgnmflfs, pugs sg mfk rgpjrtflj ef prgsgknof lg rgstjs lg trjknjs lg mufrfkhj, djeeg y jtrjs ær`jegs arutfegs kftovjs usfljs f djlj lg njeudkfs2 ge gspfnoj rgstfktg gstuvj fe forg eo`rg.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
6<
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1.6.6.0. FPVWO\GN\WPF9
PGNJK^\PWNNOÞK MOSJ\Ï\ONF LGE \GDSEJ QOGIJ LG SFNMFNFDFN NJK EF ^GÖFEOYFNOÞK LG ^W^ SPOKNOSFEG^ GEGDGK\J^ FPVWO\GN\ÞKONJ^. GE LO@WIJ G^\F \JDFLJ LG EF SW@EONFNOÞK LG APFKNJ _ SFPGLG^. Augktg9 mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZtvogij.mtd
Ge pftoj proknopfe aug ge gspfnoj lglonflj f ef rgfeozfnoþk lg gvgktjs rgeohojsjs njk ef njknurrgknof lg hrfk nfktolfl lg pfrtonopfktgs (Arfknj y Sfrglgs 0337). F pfrtor lg ef afsg @ lge \gdpej Qogij lg Sfnmfnfdfn (\gdpej Fdfroeej) ejs durjs sj`rg efs `fkqugtfs jstgktfrjk rgprgsgktfnojkgs onjkjhræaonfs pjeonrjdfs, qug sghùk sus okvgstohfljrgs ef gvolgknof gknjktrflf gs tfk arfhdgktflf y pgqugöf gk nfktolfl qug egs mf solj odpjso`eg olgktoaonfrefs. Ef peftfajrdf supgrojr njk rgnoktjs sg u`onf gk ef pfrtg dæs fetf lg ef porædolg gk nuyf nodf mfy 68 rgnoktjs lg lodgksojkgs vfroflfs y njdukonfljs pjr vfkjs fkhjstjs gk efs gsquokfs kjrgstg lg nflf ukj lg geejs. Wkj lg gstjs mf solj njksolgrflj njdj ge rgnoktj proknopfe ljklg sg fejiþ ef odfhgk lge lojs suprgdj lge \gdpej Qogij lg Sfnmfnfdfn.
QO^\F LGE \GDSEJ QOGIJ mttp9//pfnmfnfdfn.nueturf.pg/sfktufroj-frqugjejhonj/lgsnropnojk-lgesotoj/tgdpejvogij
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1.6.6.> ^O^\GDF NJK^\PWNN\OQJ Gs uk gloaonoj lg pefktf trfpgzjolfe njkstruolj njk pgqugöjs flj`gs mgnmjs f dfkjs lospugstjs `fij ef tïnkonf lge ―eo`rgrj— y flj`gs rgntfkhuefrgs. ^g mfk
olgktoaonflj vfrofs gtfpfs njkstruntovfs y rgdjlgefnojkgs. ^u ùetodf afsg njkstruntovf njrrgspjklg f ef Nueturf Eodf y eughj lg su f`fkljkj sg njejnfrjk jargklfs njrrgspjklogktgs f pgrojljs pjstgrojrgs.
1.6.0 NJDSEGIJ LG FLJ@O\J^ 1.6.0.6 W@ONFNOÞK Ge njdpegij lg ejs Flj`otjs gs uk gloaonoj u`onflj argktg fe fntufe Dusgj lg ^otoj.
W`onfnoþk lge Njkiuktj Flj`otjs lgktrj lge Njdpegij Frqugjeþhonj lg Sfnmfnfdfn. mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZflj`otjs.mtd
1.6.0.0 FPVWO\GN\WPF ^u frquotgnturf njksostg gk pgqugöjs flj`gs pfrfegegpäpgljs njejnfljs vgrtonfedgktg y gk aoef, f dfkgrf lg uk eo`rgrj sj`rg ukf `fsg lg `frrj qug eg lf gstf`oeolfl. Ge gloaonoj pfrgng gxtgklgrsg mfnof ejs efljs y lgkjtf ukf efrhf sgnugknof lg nfd`ojs y djloaonfnojkgs f trfvïs lge togdpj. Ge mfeefzhj lg tud`fs sodpegs sok jargklfs sj`rg gstfs gstrunturfs oklonfk ejs nfd`ojs lg usj qug tuvogrjk fehukjs sgntjrgs lge sfktufroj f trfvïs lge togdpj. Efs gloaonfnojkgs sg njkstruygk dglofktg ef rgutoeozfnoþk lg pfrtg lg ejs dftgrofegs njkstruntovjs lge djdgktj fktgrojr. Fsä, gk efs trgs afsgs sg rgpotg ge pftrþk pjr ge nufe uk rgeegkj oktgknojkfe lg frgkf sgpfrf uk djdgktj lge jtrj. Ge dftgrofe fsjnoflj fùk kj mf solj fkfeozflj lg`olfdgktg, pgrj pfrgng sgr `fstfktg mjdjhïkgj y njrrgspjklg f efs ùetodfs afsgs lg ef sgnugknof eodf.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Ef frquotgnturf lg ef prodgrf afsg njkstruntovf gstæ nfso tjtfedgktg lgstruolf, dogktrfs qug ef sghuklf togkg dfyjr supgraonog lg gxpjsonoþk gk ef fntufeolfl. Ge prodgr gloaonoj sg njkstruyg gknodf lg ukf lukf lg frgkf nuyf pgklogktg sg rghuefrozþ pjr dgloj lg tgrrfzfs y peftfajrdfs. \ogkg njdj `fsg ukf nfpf lg `frrj y flj`gs rgntfkhuefrgs mgnmjs f dfkjs lospugstjs f dfkgrf lg posj.
Lgtfeeg lg ef njkstrunnoþk lge posj y ef njejnfnoþk lg uk durj sj`rg ge dosdj. @JEG\ÄK LG FPVWGJEJHÄF SWNS K¹< „ SG\GP BFWEONBG _ XOEEOFD M. O^@GEE mttp9//www.fnflgdof.glu/63??<<>/EfZnueturfZEodfZyZgeZNjdpegij ZlgZejsZflj`otjsZgkZSfnmfnfdfn
^j`rg gstf `fsg sg trfzfk y sg njkstruygk ejs durjs y ge rgstj lg gegdgktjs frquotgntþkonjs. \fd`oïk sg njejnfk pjstgs lg dflgrf qug sjstgkäfk uk tgnmj lg dftgrofe pgrgno`eg. Ejs durjs njksostgk lg ukf `fsg lg poglrfs lg ukf j ljs moeflfs, sj`rg efs qug sg njejnfrjk ejs flj`gs rgntfkhuefrgs. ^g lgsnjkjng su feturf jrohokfe, yf qug augrjk lgstruoljs pjr efs sungsovfs jnupfnojkgs. Ejs posjs gk gstf prodgrf jnupfnoþk fpfrgngk eegkjs lg mugvjs sok njktgkolj njksgrvflj. Ef pefktf lge gloaonoj gs rgntfkhuefr, njk ge gig eotgrfedgktg lgsvoflj lge Kjrtg. Efs pefktfs lg ejs nufrtjs sjk rgntfkhuefrgs y sus gsquokfs sjk rgntfs. Gstg gloaonoj aug pfrnofedgktg lgsdfktgeflj y rgeegkflj lg frgkf pfrf njkstruor jtrj sodoefr njk ge dosdj pftrþk rgntfkhuefr, ef dosdf jrogktfnoþk y ef dosdf tïnkonf njkstruntovf gknodf lge prodgrj. Lgspuïs lg ef dosdf sgnugknof sg rgpotg ef tgrngrf njkstrunnoþk. Gstg pftrþk njkstruntovj suhogrg qug gstfs fntovolflgs sjk sghuolfs y, pjr tfktj lg pjnf lurfnoþk prj`f`egdgktg lg`olj f kgngsolflgs pjeätonfs y jrhfkozfnojkfegs lg ef pj`efnoþk. Gstæ njdpugstj pjr peftfajrdfs supgrpugstfs y noknj rgnoktjs nuflrfkhuefrgs ferglgljr lg nfknmfs gk ajrdf lg ―\—. Ge njdpegij sg mf gloaonflj njk pgqugöjs
flj`gs lg `frrj njejnfljs gk moeflfs vgrtonfegs dglofktg ef tïnkonf eefdflf ―lge eo`rgrj—. Sjstgrojrdgktg, lurfktg ef ïpjnf _nmsdf gstf zjkf aug lgstokflf
njdj ngdgktgroj.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Njkiuktj lg Flj`gs lg Eodf "Flj`otjs" mttp9//pfnmfnfdfn.nueturf.pg/sfktufroj-frqugjejhonj/lgsnropnojk-lge-sotoj/njkiuktj-flj`otjs
1.0 XFPO 1.0.6 \GDSEJ SOK\FLJ Gloaonoj lg pefktf rgntfkhuefr njkstruolj lg flj`otjs njdpugstj pjr tgrrfpegkgs lg 1d lg fetj, gkeunoljs lg `frrj lgnjrfljs njk aohurfs fktrjpjdjrafs, pgngs fvgs y pefktfs, poktflfs njk njejrgs rjijs y fdfroeej, y lgeokgflfs njk kghrj. Fehukjs nrjkostfs g okvgstohfljrgs njksolgrfk qug gstg gloaonj njkstotuyþ ge vgrlflgrj jrænuej lg Sfnmfnfdfn y pgrdfkgnoþ gk auknojkfdogktj mfstf ef eeghflf lg ejs gspföjegs fe sfktufroj.
\GDSEJ SOK\FLJ
W@ONFNOÞK LGE \GDSEJ SOK\FLJ LGE NJDSEGIJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. Augktg9 Gef`jrfnoþk prjpof
Ge djlgej lg tgrrfzfs qug flquogrg ge \gdpej Soktflj gs ukf okaeugknof kjrtgöf gxpgrodgktflf pjr prodgrf vgz gk ge argktg proknopfe lge \gdpej Qogij lurfktg su ùetodf gtfpf lg jnupfnoþk. ^ok gd`frhj, ge losgöj gk hgkgrfe gs ukf rgsuetfktg lg ef njd`okfnoþk gktrg efs ajrdfs lg gloaonfnoþk ejnfe njk efs ajrdfs kjrtgöfs fdpeofdgktg njkjnolfs.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
6=
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
O^JDG\PÄF LGE \GDSEJ SOK\FLJ Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj.
LG\FEEG LGE APJK\O^ SPOKNOSFE LGE \GDSEJ SOK\FLJ. Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj.
Mfy qug tjdfr gk nugktf qug efs porædolgs djnmonfs lge tgrrotjroj surgöj prgsgktfk ge djlgej lg porædolgs truknfs njk argktgs gsnfejkfljs y uk pftoj supgrojr fsjnoflj f rgnoktjs. Vuozæs gstg djlgej njk fehukfs vfrofktgs gk ef frquotgnturf lg ef njstf ngktrfe, tuvj ukf prgsgknof tgdprfkf gk ge Hrupj \geej lg Nfifdfrquoeef, ljklg sg rghostrf gk su arjktos uk ftgrrfzfdogktj sodpeg njk uk fnngsj oklorgntj mfnof uk pftoj supgrojr njk rgnoktjs ngrgdjkofegs njeoklfktgs
1.> _NM^DF Ejs _nmsdf njkstruygrjk gk Sfnmfnfdfn fe dgkjs 61 gloaonojs kugvjs eefdfljs pjr ejs frqugþejhjs "Sorædolgs njk Pfdpf", topj lg frquotgnturf qug lostokhug f gstf nueturf. Lonmfs porædolgs gstæk ajrdflfs pjr ukf j dæs peftfajrdfs f nuyf sodf sg fnnglg pjr dgloj lg ukf rfdpf, ef qug hgkgrfedgktg sg u`onf gk ef pfrtg ngktrfe lg ef afnmflf. Lgefktg ukf pefzf ngrrflf pjr uk durj njk uk sjej okhrgsj. Gk ef sodf vfrofs gstrunturfs gstæk njkstruolfs lg tfe djlj qug tjlfs iuktfs y vostf lgslg ge forg togkgk ajrdf lg egtrf W njk ef f`grturf dorfklj f ef pefzf. Ftræs j f ejs efljs sg u`onfrjk vfrojs lgpþsotjs.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
6?
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Sfrf su gstuloj, gk Sfnmfnfdfn, efs Sorædolgs njk Pfdpf (SNP) mfk solj kudgrflfs njrrgeftovfdgktg lge 6 fe 61. Efs dæs njkjnolfs y gstuloflfs sjk efsSNP 6, SNP 0 y ef SNP >. Gstjs gloaonojs sorvogrjk lg pfefnoj pfrf ge nurfnf qug hj`grkþ ef noulfl y gk ljklg jrhfkozþ aogstfs y ngrgdjkofs rgeohojsfs, sg af`ronfrjk j`igtjs suktufrojs y fedfngkfrjk ejs prjluntjs njk ejs qug sg gagntuþ ef rgnoprjnolfl njk su pug`ej y ge njdgrnoj njk efs kfnojkgs vgnokfs. Wkf lg efs mopþtgsos pfrf gxpeonfr ef prgsgknof lg tfktfs njkstrunnojkgs sodoefrgs (efs SNP) gkuknof qug ïstfs sg augrjk njkstruygklj sungsovfdgktg nflf >3 j <3 föjs y qug f ef dugrtg lge Nurfnf lg lonmf SNP sg gktgrrf`f gk geef y ge gloaonoj grf nefusurflj pfrf su usj pù`eonj, tgkogklj su sungsjr qug njkstruor su prjpof SNP. Efs loagrgknofs gk tfdföj y fnf`flj gktrg efs SNP sg gxpeonfräfk pjr ef nfktolfl lg rgnursjs qug gk su djdgktj tuvogrf f su lospjsonoþk ge Nurfnf lg turkj. Gstj mf solj pfrnofedgktg lgdjstrflj njk ejs gstulojs lg Sgtgr Ggnbmjut gk ef SNP >, proknopfedgktg. ^ok gd`frhj, lg`olj f qug fùk kj sg togkgk gstulojs njdpegtjs lg tjlfs efs SNP kj sg lgsnfrtf qug mfyfk njgxostolj vfrofs fe dosdj togdpj.
1.>.6 SOPFDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹6 Ef Sorædolg njk Pfdpf K³ 6 (SNP6) gs ef dæs hrfklg lg tjlfs. ^g u`onf fe eflj lg ef Nfeeg Kjrtg ^ur y togkg uk fnngsj eftgrfe qug eegvf f uk pftoj j njrrfe lg eefdfs njk lgpþsotjs fsjnofljs.
W@ONFNOÞK LG EF SOPÆDOLG NJK PFDSF 6 FE OK\GPOJP LGE NJDSEGIJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZpnr6.mtd
Sjr ukf pgqugöf pugrtf sg fnnglg fe pftoj proknopfe lg ef porædolg ef nufe lgstfnf pjr ef fdpeof rfdpf lg fnngsj f ejs kovgegs supgrojrgs lge njkiuktj. Fe eflj lgrgnmj, uk pgqugöj okhrgsj njklung f uk fdpeoj pftoj sgnuklfroj. Ge pftoj proknopfe njktogkg gvolgknofs lg su f`fkljkj lurfktg ge Odpgroj Oknf, ukf okusotflf fnuduefnoþk lg `fsurf prgmospækonf oklonf qug pfrf gsjs togdpjs ge euhfr yf gstf`f f`fkljkflj y mf`äf lgiflj lg auknojkfr.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
03
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
O^JDG\PÄF \POLODGKNOJKFE SJP NJDSW\FLJPF LG EF SOPÆDOLG NJK PFDSF 6 GK LJKLG ^G MFK G^SGNOAONFLJ ^W^ SPOKNOSFEG^ NFPFN\GPÄ^\ONF^. mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZpnr6.mtd
Ef SNP 6 togkg ukf porædolg njk rfdpf dgkjr fe eflj lgrgnmj y pfrfegef f ef nfeeg Kjrtg ^ur, gk geef sg mfeefrjk gvolgknofs lg uk tfeegr lg ngrædonf. Fe eflj ozquogrlj mfy nuftrj hrfklgs lgpþsotjs nuyj fnngsj grf f trfvïs lg ukf gsnfegrf lg poglrf. Ef SNP6 togkg ukf pugrtf pjstgrojr qug lf lorohg f uk pfsflozj qug ef njkgntf njk ef Nfeeg Kjrtg ^ur, ngrnf fe nrung njk ef Nfeeg Gstg Jgstg.
SGVWGÖF PFDSF VWG WKG LJ^ KOQGEG^ GK EF NODF LG EF SOPÆDOLG NJK PFDSF 6. mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZpnr6.mtd
1.>.0 SOPFDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ 0 Gstg gloaonoj prgsgktf ukf pefktf rgntfkhuefr lg 003 d. lg efrhj pjr 73 d. lg fknmj, njk ukf feturf vfrof`eg gktrg ejs 0 y 67 d. Njkstotuyg uk vjeudgk gegvflj njk rfdpf ngktrfe, pftoj lgefktgrj y pjstgrojr y fedfngkgs. Sjsgg ukf jrogktfnoþk G-J y sg pefktgf qug gstf njkstrunnoþk (SNP) njktro`uyg f ef lgaokonoþk lg nfeegs y nfdokjs gpodurfegs, prgsgktgs tfd`oïk gk gstf SNP. ^g fnnglg f geef pjr ef nfeeg Gstg „ Jgstg. AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
06
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
SJP\FLF SPOKNOSFE LG EF SOPÆDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ 0 . Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj.
Efs prodgrfs okvgstohfnojkgs lovolgk ge gloaonoj gk kugvg sgntjrgs9 ^gntjr O9 Okhrgsj Sroknopfe, ^gntjr OO9 Sftoj Sroknopfe, ^gntjr OOO9 Qjeudgk Sorfdolfe, ^gntjr OQ9 Lgpþsotjs pjstgrojrgs lg pefktf nuflrflf y rgntfkhuefr, ^gntjr Q9 Hrfk Sftoj muklolj pjstgrojr, ^gntjr QO9 Gloaonojs Njkgxjs, ^gntjr QOO9 Nfknmf Eftgrfe K¹ 6, ^gntjr QOOO9 Nfknmf Eftgrfe K¹ 0 y ^gntjr O]9 Sftoj Lgefktgrj pjstgrojr y gloaonojs njdpegdgktfrojs60.
O^JDG\PÄF LG EF SOPÆDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ 0 (EGQFK\FLJ SJP NFPEJ^ AFPAÆK _ GE FW\JP, 6?=<). 6. OKHPG^J SPOKNOSFE (^GN\JP O)2 0. SF\OJ SPOKNOSFE (^GN\JP OO)2 >. QJEWDGK F\GPPFYFLJ (^GN\JP OOO)2 <. LGSÞ^O\J^ SJ^\GPOJPG^ (^GN\JP OQ)2 7. SF\OJ FLONOJKFE MWKLOLJ (^GN\JP Q)2 1. ÆPGF^ LG QOQOGKLF^ (^GN\JP QO)2 8. LGSÞ^O\J^ _ PGNOK\J^ EF\GPFEG^ (^GN\JP QOO)2 =. PGNOK\J^ EF\GPFEG^ (^GN\JP QOOO)2 ?. ÆPGF NGPGDJKOFE _ LG QOQOGKLF (^GN\JP O]). Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj.
Sjr jtrf pfrtg sg mfng rgagrgknof f trgs gtfpfs lg jnupfnoþk gk ef porædolg2 ef prodgrf okonoflf f ef nuedokfnoþk lge pgrojlj Mjrozjktg Dgloj > (=33 f ?33 l.N.), nufklj eeghfk f Sfnmfnfdfn hrupjs sgrrfkjs f gstf`egngrsg lg`olj AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
00
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
prj`f`egdgktg f ukf sgquäf. Gstg mgnmj njkstotuoräf ukf gtfpf prgvof f ef njkstrunnoþk lg ef SNP 0. Gstg neodf afvjrf`eg gk ef njstf, njk uk pgrojlj lg eeuvofs okusufegs y pjr gklg uk neodf afvjrf`eg pfrf ge lgsfrrjeej lg ef fhronueturf, prjponoþ tfd`oïk ge fuhg lg ef porædolg, gs lgnor ef sghuklf gtfpf lg jnupfnoþk ef nufe trfksnurroþ lurfktg ge Oktgrdgloj \frläj (?33 „ 6<73 l.N.), ljklg ge gloaonoj gs njkstruolj lg dfkgrf sungsovf, suarogklj fehukfs rgafnnojkgs. Gs gk gstf gtfpf nufklj ge gloaonoj flquogrg dfyjr prgstohoj. Lurfktg ef tgrngrf gtfpf njrrgspjklogktg fe Mjrozjktg \frläj (6<73 „ 67>0), ge gloaonoj gs rgutoeozflj pjr ejs Oknfs (^gntjr QOOO, OOO y ^gntjr QO). \ogdpj lgspuïs f`fkljkfk ge euhfr f nfusf lg uk tgrrgdjtj. Efs auknojkgs lg gstf porædolg gstæk eohflfs f gspfnojs gspgnäaonjs sogklj pjso`eg loagrgknofr gspfnojs pù`eonjs (pftoj proknopfe) y provfljs (rgnoktjs gk ef pfrtg dæs gegvflf lge vjeudgk porfdolfe). Fsä tfd`oïk sg mfk mfeeflj gvolgknofs lg fntovolflgs prjluntovfs gk jtrfs ærgfs lg ef porædolg (ærgfs lg ef`jrgj, ærgfs lg sgnflj lg ngrædonf) fntovolflgs rotufegs, tud`fs, fedfngkfdogktj y mf`otfnojkfegs.
PGNJK^\PWNNOJK MOSJ\G\ONF LGE ^GN\JP NGPGDJKOFE (^GN\JP OOO) LG EF SOPFDOLG NJK PFDSF K 0. Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj. ¹
Sfsfklj ge pftoj mfy ukf hrfk rfdpf qug njklung f ukf gegvfnoþk porfdolfe j ftgrrfzfdogktj, ljklg sg njkngktrf`f y sg lorohäfk efs fntovolflgs ngrgdjkofegs. Gstg gs uk gspfnoj ngktrfe f djlj lg fulotjroj, rjlgflj lg rgnoktjs gspgnofegs njk mjrkfnokfs pfrf njktgkgr odæhgkgs lg nuetj y `fkqugtfs qug sgrväfk j`vofdgktg pfrf ge pgrkjntg lge eolgr lge nuetj y fehukjs jaonofktgs qug pgrdfkgnofk ge togdpj qug lurf`fk efs ngeg`rfnojkgs.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
0>
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
WKJ LG EJ^ LGSJ^O\J^ VWG NJK\GKOF FIO GK EF SFP\G SJ^\GPOJP LGE QJEWDGK SOPFDOLFE. Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj
Mfnof ge ^urjgstg sg u`onþ ukf nædfrf aukgrfrof njk konmj oktgrojr qug lgsfajrtukflfdgktg aug sfqugflf tjtfedgktg. Gstf nædfrf aug ef tud`f lge eälgr rgeohojsj. Ge gspfnoj ngktrfe ajrdflj pjr rgnoktjs qug njkajrdfk ukf ―W— jrogktflf fe Gstg, aug ge gsngkfroj lg efs fntovolflgs rotufegs, ge nufe prgsgktf`f ljs njeudkftfs lg flj`g qug sjpjrtf`fk uk tgnmj mjrozjktfe njkstruolj njk nföfs fdfrrflfs njk sjhuoeefs lg tjtjrf y rgvgstolf njk `frrj y ajrdf`f uk fnngsj ngktrfe loroholj fe rgnoktj dfyjr. Lg jtrj eflj, gstg gspfnoj f djlj lg fulotjroj, tgkäf `fkqugtfs aokfs mfnof ejs durjs kjrtg y sur qug sorvogrjk pfrf ef njejnfnoþk lg fehukjs frtänuejs qug sg gdpegf`fk gk ef ngrgdjkof.
PGNJK^\PWNNOJK MOSJ\G\ONF LGE ^GN\JP AWKGPFPOJ (^GN\JP O]) LG EF SOPFDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ 0. Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj
Mfy jtrj sgntjr mfnof ge jgstg lg ef porædolg (sgntjr QO) qug prgsgktf uk njkiuktj lg rgnoktjs qug ajrdfk ukf ―W— jrogktflf fe Jgstg, njk uk pftoj ngktrfe njk `fkqugtfs eftgrfegs. \ogkg rgnoktjs njk `fkqugtfs y lgpþsotjs pgqugöjs qug sorvogrjk pfrf hufrlfr efs lgspgksfs. Flgdæs sg u`onþ uk rgnoktj gspgnofe nfrfntgrozflj pjr ef prgsgknof lg uk fetfrnoeej. AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
0<
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
PGNJK^\PWNNOJK MOSJ\G\ONF LG WK FE\FPNOEEJ (^GN\JP QO) LG EF SOPFDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ 0. Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj
1.>.0 SOPFDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ > Mf solj gstuloflf pjr Sgtgr Ggnbmjut. Gs uk gloaonoj u`onflj sj`rg uk prjdjktjroj rjnjsj fe gstg lg ef Sorædolg k¹ 0, lgslg ge nufe sg j`togkg ukf vostf njdpegtf lge ngktrj ngrgdjkofe. ^u futjr eeghf f oklonfr qug tjljs ejs lftjs lg nfdpj gk vfrojs sgntjrgs njklungk mfnof ukf auknoþk rotufe, lg`olj f kudgrjsfs jargklfs lg sfnroaonojs lg fkodfegs, tgxtoegs y fehukjs gktogrrjs, gktrg ejs nufegs sg okneuyg ef lg uk koöj y ukf duigr fluetf njk uk djkj2 njrrgspjklogklj tjljs geejs f ef auklfnoþk lge gloaonoj.
O^JDG\POF LG EF SOPFDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ > Augktg9 pjlgr rgeohojsj, nrosos y prjspgrolfl gk Sfnmfnfdfn9 lge mjrozjktg dgloj fe oktgrdgloj tfrläj
Efs okvgstohfnojkgs eeghfk f gstf`egngr trgs jnupfnojkgs qug togkgk rgefnoþk njk ge nrgnodogktj lge gloaonoj, nuyjs agnmfljs jsnoefk gktrg 6>?3 L.N. mfstf 6<13-6<83 L.N., sghùk efs nfeo`rfnojkgs rgfeozflfs. Lg fnugrlj fe njkiuktj frquotgntþkonj sg trftfräfk lg trgs porædolgs njk rfdpf (porædolgs F, @, N), qug njrrgspjklgk f loagrgktgs djdgktjs lg jnupfnoþk, AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
07
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
sogklj ef porædolg @ ef dæs fktohuf. Lg jtrj eflj, sg lglung qug mfy uk prodgr gloaonoj pgqugöj jrogktflj fe Gstg, qug prgsgktf ge djlgej lg vjeudgk, pefzf lgefktgrf y lgpþsotjs fkgxjs, njk uk fnngsj proknopfe mfnof ef gsquokf surgstg lg su pftoj. Sjstgrojrdgktg sg gstf`egng uk kugvj gloaonoj fkgxj lg dfyjr dfhkotul jrogktflj fe Kjrtg, njk uk fnngsj proknopfe mfnof ge Gstg. Mfy uk nrgnodogktj aokfe mfnof ge Jgstg, njk ge gstf`egnodogktj lg ukf pgqugöf porædolg njk rfdpf eftgrfe y pftoj lgefktgrj qug togkg gk su vjeudgk lgpþsotjs.
SEFKJ LG EF SOPÆDOLG NJK PFDSF K¹ > Augktg9 Sorædolg njk Pfdpf K¹ >, Sfnmfnfdfn kugvjs lftjs, kugvfs pgrspgntovfs.
Sjsgg ukf gstrunturf lg pefktf nuflrfkhuefr njdpugstf pjr ljs djktänuejs gegvfljs, uk njkiuktj lg gstrunturfs fe surgstg y ljs pftojs hrfklgs ngrnfljs pjr durjs pgrodïtronjs.
^GNNOÞK LG EF SOPÆDOLG K¹> Augktg9 Okstotutj Kfnojkfe lg Nueturf. ^FK\WFPOJ FPVWGJEÞHONJ LG SFNMFNFDFN. Glonoþk 033?
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
01
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1.< ODSGPOJ OKNF 1.<.6 \GDSEJ LGE ^JE J SWKNMFWNFKNMF GE \gdpej lge ^je, sotuflj sj`rg ge ngrrj X, y ge Njkvgktj, gk ge gxtrgdj jgstg lg ef noulfl. Gs ukf njkstrunnoþk trfpgzjolfe, njksostg gk peftfajrdfs supgrpugstfs y tgrrfzfs lg flj`g, njkstruolj sj`rg uk prjdjtjroj kfturfe duy gegvflj, njk tgrrfzfs y peftfajrdfs supgrpugstfs lg flj`gs. ^uargktg proknopfe, mfnof ge dfr, prgsgktf konmjs qug pjso`egdgktg augrjk lgpþsotjs lg jargklfs. Gk ef nodf sg mf olgktoaonflj ukf pefzf f`ogrtf rjlgflf lg gstrunturfs. Fktohufdgktg ge gloaonoj tgkäf uk gkeunolj lg `frrj njk pokturf lg njejr rjij qug fùk sg ejhrf j`sgrvfr gk fehukjs durjs.
W`onfnoþk lge \gdpej lge ^je gk Sfnmfnfdfn. mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZtsje.mtd
1.<.6.0SEFKJ LGE \GDSEJ LGE ^JE
\GDSEJ LGE ^JE GK SFNMFNFDFN. Augktg9 Ajtj ^grvonoj Fgrjajtjhræaonj Kfnojkfe
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
08
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1.<.6.> \ÏNKONF NJK^\PWN\OQF Ge tgdpej togkg sus `fsfdgktjs mgnmjs lg poglrf lge euhfr y sus posjs y durrjs gloaonfljs njk flj`g. Gstg gs uk dftgrofe gxngegktg pfrf neodfs lgsïrtonjs, þptodj pfrf ef njstf lge Sgrù. Neodætonfdgktg prgsgktf ukf hrfk okgrnof tïrdonf, ej qug pgrdotg ejhrfr rgnoktjs argsnjs gk vgrfkj y næeoljs gk okvogrkj. ^u gef`jrfnoþk, pfrf quogk ef njkjng, gs duy sgknoeef2 su dfdpjstgräf gs aænoedgktg rgnonef`eg y nufklj gstæ `ogk rgfeozflf gs dæs mohoïkonf y sfeulf`eg qug ef poglrf. Gk ge Suknmfunfknmf ge flj`g sg gxprgsf gstrunturfedgktg lg djlj dfhostrfe9 njkd durjs lg sgnnoþk trfpgzjolfe, lg mfstf ljs dgtrjs y dgloj lg fknmj, feturfs lg = dgtrjs y lg efrhjs djkudgktfegs. ^u ajrdf gvolgknof fdpeof gxpgrogknof gk nufktj fe losgöj gstrunturfe.
NJP\G LG EF \GPNGPF G^NFEGPF NGPGDJKOFE LGE \GDSEJ LGE ^JE GK SFNMFNFDFN Augktg9 Suknmfunfknmf, \gdpej lge ^je. Feaoj Sokfsnj Nfrgeef- Sfh. 7=
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
0=
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1.<.6.>.6 GEGDGK\J^ NJK^\PWN\OQJ^
LOK\GE LG WKF SWGP\F MGNMJ GK NFÖF Augktg9 Suknmfunfknmf, \gdpej lge ^je. Feaoj Sokfsnj Nfrgeef- Sæh. 13
1.<.6.< SFW\F^ HGJDÏ\PONF^ _ DÞLWEJ^ LGE \PFYJ FPVWO\GN\ÞKONJ LGE \GDSEJ Gk ge duklj fklokj sg utoeozfrjk egygs lg lgsfrrjeej frdþkonj lge trfzj dglofktg ef nugrlf (ge njdpæs), njk efs lofhjkfegs sungsovfs ngkträpgtfs y ngkträauhfs lge nuflrflj, y njk ge lgsfrrjeej eftgrfe lge nuflrflj gk Pfäz lg 0, Pfäz lg > y Pfäz lg <, od`ronflfs njk lufeolfl, ef tropfrtonoþk y ef Nmfbfkf. Gktjkngs gk ge Suknmfunfknmf lg`gräfk dfkoagstfrsg gstfs pfutfs lg losgöj.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
0?
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Augktg9 Suknmfunfknmf, \gdpej lge ^je. Feaoj Sokfsnj Nfrgeef- Sæh. 11
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
>3
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1.<.6.<.6 FKÆEO^O^ HGJDÏ\PONJ Gk dunmjs lg ejs rgnoktjs sg mfeefrjk efs rgefnojkgs f njrlge y dþluejs. Flgdæs fehukfs lg efs ajrdfs rghuefrgs, rgsuetfk lgsvoflfs pfrf sgöfefr jrogktfnojkgs fstrjkþdonfs. Fe njktrfstfr ejs frnjs j`tgkoljs gk ejs rgnoktjs njk ejs prjlunoljs gk ef Sefzf @fsg, sg lgtgrdokfk nufegs gstæk rgefnojkfljs lorgntfdgktg y nufegs njrrgspjklgräfk f gspfnojs rgsolufegs, j f fehùk jtrj pftrþk utoeozflj. Gk ef dfyjräf lg ejs nfsjs efs dglolfs njrrgspjklgk njk efs prjlunolfs pjr ef Sefzf @fsg.
GE \GDSEJ LGE ^JE NJK EF SEFYF @F^G GK PJIJ Augktg9 Suknmfunfknmf, \gdpej lge ^je. Feaoj Sokfsnj Nfrgeef- Sæh. 1=
1.<.6.7 YJKF^ AWKNOJKFEG^ _ LG IGPFPVWÄF
YJKOAONFNOÞK LGE \GDSEJ LGE ^JE Augktg9 Suknmfunfknmf, \gdpej lge ^je. Feaoj Sokfsnj Nfrgeef- Sæh. 63?
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
>6
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
F
Mfkkfk Dfkqjswfso9 ^fhrfroj kjrtg (^je, eukfs y gstrgeefs)
@
Murok Dfkqjsbo9 ^fhrfroj sur (rfyj, trugkj, rgeædpfhj y frnjäros)
@6
Pgnoktjs lg okhrgsj fe Murok Dfkqjswfso y fe Frpfynfknmf
N
Frpfynfknmf9 Yjkf sfnroaonofe (fkngstrjs y jrfnojkgs)
N6, N0 y N>9
\grrfzfs supgraonofegs9 Yjkf rotufe y lg gktogrrjs.
F6
Pgnoktj y lgpþsotjs lg Frpfynfknmf
L
Jrqupftf9 Sefzf supgrojr ngrgdjkofe njdukfe
G
Fbkfy Sukqu Eejqfkfbukf9 Gsnfegrfs ngrgdjkofegs lg fnngsj
G6
Fbkfy Bfeefro Sukqueeqfkf9 Gsnfegrf ngrgdjkofe okonofe
G0
Sukbubfdfyjq9 Pgnoktj lg gspgrf y hufrlof lge fnngsj.
A
\frpuktfy Vuoto9 Yjkf lg ejs jaonofktgs
A6
\frpuktfy Sukbu9 Okhrgsj lg jaonofktgs
A0
\frpuktfy Eejqfkf9 Gsnfegrf lg jaonofktgs
H
Fejifdogktj lg jaonofktgs j nædfrfs lg jrfnoþk
H6
\frpuktfy Xfsobukf9 Nædfrf lg jaonofktgs
H0
Xoeefqudu Xfso9 Nædfrf lg efs duigrgs sfnroaonflfs
M, M6
Mfkkfkpfnmf Bfwfkf9 \grrfzfs lg j`sgrvfnoþk gstgefr
O
Mfkfkpfnmf bfwfkf rukfbukf9 \grrfzf pjpuefr lg j`sgrvfnoþk gstgefr
I
Gxpefkflf lge fnngsj ngrgdjkofe
Augktg9 mttp9//gkpgru.f`jut.njd/jl/Ftrfnnojkgs-Gk-Sgr-W/ss/^fktufroj-Frqugjejhonj-lg-SfnmfnfdfnZ=.mtd#stgp-mgflokh
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
>0
NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
1.<.0 DFDFNJKF/FNEEFXF^O Gloaonfnoþk Oknf lgstokflf f efs duigrgs lglonflfs fe nuetj y f prjlunnoþk lg `ogkgs suktufrojs.
W@ONFNOÞK LGE FNEEFXF^O J DFDFNJKF LG SFNMFNFDFN. Augktg9 mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZfneefwfso.mtd
Gstg gloaonoj sg njdpjkg lg trgs sgnnojkgs. Efs gstrunturfs nugktfk njk hfegräfs, gsnfegrfs, rgnoktjs njdukonfljs gktrg so y hrfklgs pftojs f`ogrtjs. ^g ejhrfk olgktoaonfr mjrkfnokfs trfpgzjolfegs lgktrj y augrf lg ejs nufrtjs, `fsgs lg durjs lgnjrfljs njk soeefr y vgktfkfs, lg gstoej Oknf Odpgrofe. Lgktrj lge gloaonoj gxostgk gstfkqugs lg prj`f`eg auknoþk ngrgdjkofe.
SWVWOJ GK GE FNEEFXF^O, FAEJPFDOGK\J LG FHWF ^W@\GPPÆKGF NJKQGP\OLJ GK FLJPF\JPOJ, SWG^ G]O^\G GE DO\J VWG EF G^SJ^F LG SFNMFNFDFN, WPSOXFNMFN NPOÞ FEEÄ EJ^ SGNG^ VWG EWGHJ SJ@EFPJK EJ^ DFPG^ LGE DWKLJ. Augktg9 mttp9//www.frqugjejhoflgepgru.njd.fr/pnmZfneefwfso.mtd
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
Augktg9 mttp9//gkpgru.f`jut.njd/jl/Ftrfnnojkgs-Gk-Sgr-W/ss/^fktufroj-Frqugjejhonj-lg-SfnmfnfdfnZ=.mtd#stgp-mgflokh
Ef `fsg lg ejs durjs jrohokfegs (gxnfvfljs pjr \geej fktgs lg ef rgnjkstrunnoþk) grf lg poglrf soeefr ef`rflf njejr rjsf .
Augktg9 mttp9//gkpgru.f`jut.njd/jl/Ftrfnnojkgs-Gk-SgrW/ss/^fktufroj-Frqugjejhonj-lg-SfnmfnfdfnZ=.mtd#stgp-mgflokh
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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NJDSEGIJ WP@FKJ _ FPVWO\GN\WPF LG SFNMFNFDFN | AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
NJKNEW^OJKG^9
Sfnmfnfdfn aug ukf lg efs proknopfegs Wr`gs lge Sgrù fktohuj, qug pjnj f pjnj tjdf odpjrtfknof gk ge tgrrotjroj lgslg ge Srgngrædonj mfstf ef eeghflf lg ejs Oknfs, sogklj gstg ef gtfpf lg dæxodj gspegkljr. Sfnmfnfdfn aug uk ngktrj lg pgrghrokfnoþk duy odpjrtfktg, yf qug kj sjej fe`grhf`f f ejs euhfrgöjs sokj tfd`oïk hgktg lg jtrjs efrgs, lg`olj f su jrænuej. Gk Sfnmfnfdfn sg puglg j`sgrvfr ef oktghrfnoþk fe pfosfig y fe gktjrkj, gsg väknuej qug ukg efs gloaonfnojkgs lge sfktufroj f trfvïs lg sus u`onfnojkgs u jrogktfnojkgs. Ge gstuloj njdpfrflj lge topj lg jnupfnoþk, lge losgöj frquotgntþkonj y lge sostgdf lg nornuefnoþk lg ejs gloaonojs lg ef prodgrf y lg ef sghuklf durfeef lge sotoj lg Sfnmfnfdfn, dugstrf qug ejs prodgrjs sjk vgrlflgrfdgktg tgdpejs, dogktrfs qug efs porædolgs njk rfdpf njrrgspjklgk f rgsolgknofs lg ïeotg. Ef sungsoþk hgkgrfnojkfe sg rgaegif gktjkngs gk ef sungsoþk lg ejs gloaonojs y dfkoaogstf gk ge pfosfig ef njktokuolfl y ef pgrgkkolfl lge pjlgr sgnuefr. Gs oktgrgsfktg su`rfyfr qug ejs Oknfs rgspgtfrjk gsf sgpfrfnoþk gspfnofe lg pjlgrgs, pugs njkstruygrjk ge \gdpej lge ^je lgktrj lge Pgnoktj ^fhrflj, fe togdpj qug rgfnjklonojkfrjk ukf porædolg njk rfdpf trfksajrdækljef gk rgsolgknof lge hj`grkfljr.
AFNWE\FL LG FPVWO\GN\WPF, WP@FKO^DJ _ FP\G^ - WKO
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