Terminologies in Personal Identification

Coland Systems Technology College College of Criminology Datulna B. Mamaluba, Jr., RCrim. Instructor

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TERMINOLOGIES

Type of Prints 1. Exemplar Exemplar - "known prints" - fingerprints fi ngerprints deliberately collected from a subject. 2. Latent Latent - means chance or accidental impression left by the friction ridge skin on a surface regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition. Although the word latent means hidden or invisible i n modern usage for forensic science. 3.Patent 3.Patent - chance friction ridge ridge impressions which are are obvious to the human eye eye and which have been caused by the transfer of foreign material from a fi nger into a surface. 4. Plastic Print Print - is a friction ridge impression left in a material that retains the shape of the ridge detail. 5. Electronic Recording Recording - example, a man selling selli ng stolen watches sending images of them on a mobile phone and those images i mages included parts of his hands in enough detail for police to be able to identifyfingerprint patterns. Notes: 

Plantar Plantar - refers to feet and toes.

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Palmar Palmar - refers to finger and palm.

Personalities who significantly contributed to the science offingerprint.

1. Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1787 Purkinje  (1787 - 1869) - a czech physiologist and professor of anatomy at the university of Breslau, published a thesis in 1823 discussing 9 fingerprint patterns but he did not mention any possibility of using fingerprint to identify people. 2. Georg Von Meisner (1829 Meisner (1829 - 1905) - German anatomist who studied friction ridges. 3. Sir William James Herschel Herschel - initiated fingerprinting in India. In 1877 at Hoogly near Calcutta, he instituted the use offingerprints on contracts and deeds to prevent the then rampant repudiation of signatures and he registered government pensioners fingerprint to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioners death. 4. Henry Faulds Faulds - a Scottish surgeon who in 1880, in a Tokyo hospital, publi shed his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal nature. He took up the study of "skin furrows" after noticing finger marks on specimens of prehistoric pottery. 5. Juan Vucetich Vucetich  - an Argentine chief of police p olice who created the first method of recording the fingerprint fingerprint of individuals on file, associating associating this these fingerprints to the anthropometric system of Alphonse Bertill on.

6. Alphonse Bertillon - created in 1879 a system to identify individuals by anthropometric photographs and associated quantitative descriptions. 7. Edward Richard Henry - UK home secretary who conducted an inquiry into identification of criminals by measurements andfingerprints. The Henry Classification System of classifyingfingerprint was named after hi m. 8. Azizul Hague and Hem Chandra Bose - Indian fingerprintexpert who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor Sir Edward Richard Henry. 9. Henry P. deForrest - used fingerprinting in the New York civil service in 1902 and by 1906. Pioneered U.S. fingerprinting. 10. Nehemiah Grew -(1641 - 1712) - in 1684, this English physician, botanist and microscopist published the first scientific paper to describe the ridge structure of the skin covering the fingers and palms. 11. Marcelo Malphigi - an anatomy professor at the university of Bologna, noted in his treatise in 1686, ridges, spirals and loops infingerprints, A layer of skin was named after him "malphigi layer" which is approximately 1.8 mm thick. 12. Mark Twain - in his memoir life on the Mississippi 1883, it mentioned a melodramatic account of a murder in which the killer was identified by a thumbprint. Twain's novel Pudd'n head Wilson published in 1893 includes a court room drama that turns on fingerprint identification. Fingerprint Sensor - is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a li ve scan. Biometrics (Biometric Authentication) - refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits Characteristics of a Ridge (minutia Features) 1. Ridge Ending - the end of a ridge. 2. Bifurcation - the Y-shaped split of one ridge into two. 3. Dot - is a very short ridge that looks like a dot. When is fingerprint ridges formed? ans. formed during the third to fourth month of fetal development. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) - is the process of automatically matching one of many unknown fingerprintsagainst a database of known and unknown prints. What is a Loop? ans. the ridges enter from one side of the finger, form a curve and then exit on that same side. What is a whorl? ans. ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger.

What is an Arch? ans. the ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the center forming an arch and then exit the other side of the finger. What does a Minutiae Include? ans. It includes the following: 1. Ridge Ending - the abrupt end of a ridge. 2. Ridge Bifurcation - a single ridge that divides into two ridges. 3. Short Ridge or Independent Ridge - a ridge that commences, travels a short distance and then ends. 4. Island - a single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is not connected to all other ridges. 5. Ridge Enclosure - a single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly afterward to continue as a single ridge. 6. Spur - a bifurcation with a short ridge branching off a longer ridge. 7. Crossover or Bridge - a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges. 8. Delta - a Y-shape ridge meeting. 9. Core - A U-turn in the ridge pattern. Forensic Anthropology - forensic discipline that studies human skeletal remains for identification. Forensic Odontology - study of dental features to identify a victim when the body is otherwise unidentifiable.