10 Ten Subtypes of Psychopathy THEODORE MILLON ROGER D. DAVIS
As the chapters of this book will attest ps!chopaths ha"e bee# $escribe$ as ha"i#% a para$e of characteristics. So&e So&e obser"e obser"ers rs see ps!chopat ps!chopaths hs as i&p'lsi" i&p'lsi"e e i&&at're i&&at're #ai"e #ai"e ai&less a#$ fli%ht!( others "iew the& as sl! c'##i#% a#$ well e$'cate$ capable of cle"er cle"er lo#%)ra#%e lo#%)ra#%e pla#s that $ecei"e a#$ e*ploit others. others. O# the o#e ha#$ ps!chopaths ha"e co&&o#l! co&&o#l! bee# #ote$ for their cr'el a%%ressi"e#ess a%%ressi"e#ess a#$ for the kee# pleas'res the! $eri"e fro& $isr'pti#% a#$ i#ti&i$ati#% others( o# the other other these i#$i"i$'als are so&eti&es pict're$ pict're$ as lacki#% i# hostile i#te#tio#s a#$ are beli e"e$ to e* perie#ce e*tre&e $is co&for co&fortt whe# whe# their their actio#s actio#s pro" pro"ee har&f' har&f'll or 'psetti#% to others. S'ch $ia&etric $ia&etricall! all! oppose$ oppose$ co#ceptio#s co#ceptio#s ste& i# part fro& fro& a fail're fail're to reco%#i+e reco%#i+e that p s!ch opa thi c beha "io rs spri#% fro& appreciabl! $iffere#t perso#alit! patter#s. That is social $e"iatio# &a! arise as a co#se,'e#ce of f'#$a&e#tall! $iffere#t st!les of life-each of which &a! lea$ howe"er to si&ilar rep'%#a#t actio#s. I# this chapter we will $iffere#tiate the $isor$er i#to the se"eral perso#alit! s'bt!pes that we belie"e lie at its fo'#$atio fo'#$atio#s. #s. To hi%hli%ht hi%hli%ht these these $iffer $iffere#t e#t pathwa!s pathwa!s to ps!chopa ps!chopath! th! we will $escribe $escribe / "aria#ts of this $isor$er $isor$er each of which is fo'#$ pri&aril! i# o#e or a#other of the DSM0s DSM0s I12s I12s a#$ other other s!ste s!ste&s &s00 perso pe rso #al it ! $is or$ ers . 3e bel b elie" ie" e that th at th ese t!p es acc o'#t o' #t for fo r the th e %re at &a4 ori t! of tho se c'r re#t re #tl! l! class cl ass ifi e$ as ps!cho ps!chopath pathic. ic. Si#ce we are co#cer#e$ co#cer#e$ with $iffere $iffere#tiat #tiati#% i#% s'bt!pes s'bt!pes o'r foc's foc's is o# $iscri& $iscri&i#a#t i#a#t characterist ics. Howe"er Howe"er all ps!chopaths e*hibit certai# co&&o#alities co&&o#alities #otabl! a &arke$ &arke$ self)ce#ter self)ce#tere$#ess e$#ess a#$ $is$ai# for the #ee$s of others. I# a$$itio# to this ce#tral core the! ofte# $ispla! i# co&&o# se"eral s'bsi$iar! feat'res that &ake $iffere#tial $ia%#oses e*tre&el! $if $iffic' fic'lt lt.. Ne"e Ne"ert rthe hele less ss it is i#st i#str' r'ct cti" i"ee for for pe$a%o%ical p'rposes to hi%hli%ht their &ore &ore $iscri&i#able $iscri&i#able cli#ical characteristics a#$ a#$ perso#alit! back%ro'#$s.
THE UNPRINCIPLED PSYCHOPATH
The '#pri#ciple$ ps!chopath is see# &ost fre,'e#tl! i# co#4'#ctio# with #arcissistic perso#alit! patter#s. These i#$i"i$'als are ofte# s'ccessf'l i# keepi#% their acti"ities 4'st with withi# i# the the bo'#$ bo'#$ar arie iess of the law law a#$ i#fre,'e#tl! e#ter i#to cli#ical treat&e#t. These ps!chopaths e*hibit a# arro%a#t se#se of self)worth a# i#$iffere#ce to the welfare of others a#$ a fra'$'le#t fra'$'le#t social &a##er. &a##er. There is a $esire to e*ploit others or at leas leastt to e*pect e*pect speci special al reco reco%# %#it itio io#s #s a#$ co#s co#si$ i$er erat atio io#s #s witho witho't 't ass'& ass'&i#% i#% recip recipro roca call respo#sibilities. respo#sibilities. A $eficie#t social co#scie#ce is e"i$e#t i# the te#$e#c! to flo't co#"e#tio#s to e#%a%e i# actio#s that raise ,'estio#s of perso#al perso#al i#te%rit! i#te%rit! a#$ to $isre%ar$ $isre%ar$ the ri%hts of others. others. Achie"e&e#t Achie"e&e#t $eficits a#$ social irrespo#sibilit irrespo#sibilities ies are 4'stifie$ b! e*pa#si"e fa#tasi es a#$ fra#k pre"aricatio#s. Descripti"el! we &a! characteri+e this ps !chopath as $e"oi$ of a s'pere%o-that s'pere%o-that is
as e"i$e#ci#% a# '#scr'p'lo's a&oral a#$ $ecepti"e approach to relatio#ships with others. More tha# &erel! $islo!al a#$ e*ploiti"e these ps!chopaths &a! be fo'#$ a&o#% societ!0s co# artists a#$ charlata#s &a#! of who& are "i#$icti"e towar$ a#$ co#te&pt'o's of their "icti&s. The '#pri#ciple$ ps!chopath ofte# e"i$e#ces a rash willi#%#ess to risk har& a#$ is 's'all! fearless i# the face of threats a#$ p'#iti"e actio#. Malicio's te#$e#cies are pro4ecte$ o'twar$ precipitati#% fre,'e#t perso #al a#$ fa& il ! $iffic'l ti es as wel l as occa sio#al le%al e#ta#%le&e#ts. Ve#%ef'l %ratificat io# is ofte# obtai#e$ b! h'&iliati#% others. These #arcissistic ps!chopaths operate as if the! ha"e #o pri#ciples other tha# e*ploiti#% others for their perso#al %ai#. Lacki#% a %e#'i#e se#se of %'ilt a#$ possessi#% little social co#scie#ce the! are opport'#ists who e#4o! the process of swi#$li#% others o'twitti#% the& i# a %a&e the! e#4o! pla!i#% i# which others are hel$ i# co#te&pt beca'se of the ease with which the! ca# be se$'ce$. Relatio#ships s'r"i"e o#l! as lo#% as this t!pe of ps!chopath has soði#% to %ai#. 5eople are $roppe$ with #o tho'%ht to the a#%'ish the! &a! e*perie#ce as a co#se,'e#ce of the ps!chopath0s irrespo#sible beha"iors. These ps!chopaths $ispla! a# i#$iffere#ce to tr'th that if bro'%ht to their atte#tio# is likel! to elicit a# attit'$e of #o#chala#t i#$iffere#ce. The! are skillf'l i# the wa!s of social i#fl'e#ce are capable of fei%#i#% a# air of 4'stifie$ i##oce#ce a#$ are a$ept i# $ecei"i#% others with char& a#$ %lib#ess. Lacki#% a#! $eep feeli#%s of lo!alt! the! &a! s'ccessf'll! sche&e be#eath a "e#eer of polite#ess a#$ ci"ilit!. Their pri#cipal orie#ta) tio# is that of o'twitti#% others-6Do '#to others before the! $o '#to !o'.6 A #'&ber of these ps!chopaths atte&pt to prese#t a# i&a%e of cool stre#%th acti#% arro%a#t a#$ fearless. To pro"e their co'ra%e the! &a! i#"ite $a#%er a#$ p'#ish&e#t. 7't p'#ish&e#t o#l! "erifies their '#co#scio's reco%#itio# that the! probabl! $eser"e to be p'#ishe$ for their '#pri#ciple$ beha"iors. Rather tha# ha"i#% a $eterre#t effect it o#l! rei #fo rce s their e*ploiti"e beha"iors. I# &a#! wa!s the '#pri#ciple$ ps!chopath is si&ilar to the $isi#%e#'o's ps!chopath to who& we will t'r# #e*t. The! share a $e"io's a#$ %'ilef'l st!le plotti#% a#$ sche&i#% i# their calc'latio#s to &a#ip'late others. Howe"er the $isi#%e#'o's ps!chopath a "aria#t of the histrio#ic perso#alit! co#ti#'es to p'rs'e a stro#% #ee$ for atte#tio# a#$ appro"al-characteristics #ot prese#t i# the '#pri#ciple$ ps!chopath who e*hibits a basic self)ce#tere$#ess a#$ a# i#$iffere#ce to the attit'$es a#$ reactio#s of others. 2#pri#ciple$ ps!chopaths pre! o# the weak a#$ "'l#erable e#4o!i#% o!i#% their $is&a! a#$ a#%er( $isi#%e#'o's ps!chopaths b! co#trast seek to hol$ the respect a#$ affectio# of those the! p't asi$e i# their p'rs'i t of #ew so'rces of l o"e a#$ a$&iratio#. THE DISINGENUOUS PSYCHOPATH
The $isi#%e#'o's ps!chopath0s beha"ior is t!pifie$ b! a "e#eer of frie#$li#ess a#$ sociabilit!. Altho'%h &aki#% a s'perficiall! %oo$ i&pressio# 'po# ac,'ai#ta#ces this ps!chopath fre,'e#tl! shows a &ore characteristic '#reliabilit! i&p'lsi"e te#$e#cies a#$ $eep rese#t&e#ts a#$ &oo$i#ess a&o#% fa&il! &e&bers a#$ other close associates. A sociall! facile lifest!le &a! i#cl'$e persiste#t seeki#% of atte#tio# a#$ e*cite&e#t ofte# e*presse$ i# se$'cti"e beha"iors. Relatio#ships are shallow a#$ fleeti#% fre,'e#tl! $isr'pte$ b! ca'stic co&&e#ts a#$ i&p'lses that are acte$ 'po# with i#s'fficie#t $eliberat io#-characte ristics t!pi call ! fo'#$ a&o#% h istrio#ic perso#alit ies whi ch the $isi#%e#' o's ps!chopath &ost rese&bles. Others ofte# see this s'bt!pe as irrespo#sible a#$ '#$epe#$able e*hibiti#% short)li"e$ e#th'sias&s a#$ i&&at're sti&'l's)seeki#% beha"iors. Notable also a&o#% these $isi#%e#'o's ps!chopaths are te#$e#cies to be co#tri"i#% a#$ plotti#%( to e*hibit a craft! a#$ sche&i#% approach to life( a#$ to be i#si#cere calc'lati#% a#$ $eceitf'l. Not likel! to a$&it respo#sibilit! for perso#al or fa&il! $iffic'lties this ps!chopath &a#ifests a cle"erl! $efe#si"e $e#ial of ps!cholo%ical te#sio#s or co#flicts. I#terperso#al $iffic'lties are ratio#ali+e$ a#$ bla &e is pro4ecte$ 'po # other s. Alt ho' %h sel f)i #$' l%e #t a#$ i#s iste# t o# att e#t io# the $isi# %e#'o' s t!p e pro "i$es oth ers with errati c lo!alt! a#$ reciprocal affectio#. A fla%ra#t $eceitf'l#ess is a pri#cipal protot!pal characteristic of this "aria#t of ps!chopath!. These i#$i"i$'als are &ore willf'l a#$ i#si#cere i# their relatio#ships $oi#% e"er!thi#% #ecessar! to obtai# what the! #ee$ a#$ wa#t fro& others. Moreo"er a#$ i# co#trast to other ps!chopaths the! see& to e#4o! se$'cti"e pla ! %ai#i# % %rat ificat io# i# th e e* ci te &e #t a# $ te #s io # th 's e# %e #$ er e$ . Ofte # th e! are ca lc 'l at i# % a# $ %'ile f'l whe# so&eo#e else has what the! co"et be it the atte#tio# of a perso# or so&e ta#%ible possessio#. De"elop&e#tall! their #ee$ for the appro"al of others %ra$'all! ero$es o"er ti&e a#$ is replace$ b! the &ea#s 'se$ to achie"e appro"al. I# the e#$ o#l! a &a#ip'lati"e a#$ c'##i#% st!le re&ai#s. The $eceitf'l#ess of the $isi#%e#'o's ps!chopath is e*te#$e$ to the self. The atte#tio# a#$ co&&e#$atio# of others are alwa!s percei"e$ as co#se,'e#ces of the ps!chopath0s ow# plotti#% a#$ sche&i#% beha"iors( rarel! are the! see# as e*pressio#s of '#co#$itio#al re%ar$. 7e#eath the s'rface s'ch ps!chopat hs0 %reates t fear is that #o o#e will care for or lo"e the& '#less the ! are &a$e to $o so. Despi te this reco%#itio# the! atte&pt to pers'a$e the&sel"es that their i#te#tio#s are basicall! %oo$ a#$ that their i#) si#cerel! &oti"ate$ sche&i#% is appreciate$ for its i#tri#sic worth. Thro'%ho't these &i*e$ i#ter#al
&essa%es #e"ertheless the $isi#%e#'o's ps!chopaths persist i# seeki#% what is &ost i&porta#t to the&sel"es alwa!s a#%li#% a#$ &a#e'"eri#% to ac,'ire it. These ps!chopaths are #o less self)$ecepti"e abo't their &oti"es tha# the! are abo't those who& the! $ecei"e. Altho'%h their weak poi#ts are 's'all! co#ceale$ thro'%h "eils of $eceitf'l#ess $isi#%e#'o's perso#s are ofte# fearf'l that others &a! see the& as i#$ecisi"e or softhearte$. 3he# &il$l! crosse$ s'b4ect to &i#or press'res or face$ with pote#tial e&barrass&e#t these ps!chopaths &a! be ,'ickl! pro"oke$ to a#%er ofte# e*presse$ i# a re"e#%ef'l or "i#$icti"e wa!. The air of s'perficial affabilit! is e*tre&el! precario's a#$ the! are rea$! to $epreciate a#!o#e whose attit'$es to'ch a se#siti"e the&e. 3he# the thi# "e#eer of sociabilit! is ero$e$ there &a! be &o&e#tar! 'ps'r%es of ab'se a#$ ra%e altho'%h these are i#fre,'e#t. THE RISK-TAKING PSYCHOPATH
The #e*t t!pe of ps!chopath ofte# e#%a%es i# risk taki#% for itself-for the e*cite&e#t it pro"i$es a#$ for the se#se of feeli#% ali"e a#$ i#"ol"e$ i# life rather tha# for s'ch p'rposes as &aterial %ai# or $efe#se of rep'tatio#. Ma#! i#$i"i$'als respo#$ before thi#ki#% act i&p'lsi"el! a#$ beha"e i# a# '#reflecti"e a#$ '#co#trolle$ &a##er. 7e!o#$ s'ch si&ple i&p'lsi"e#ess howe"er the risk)taki#% ps!chopaths are i# a$$itio# s'bsta#tiall! fearless '#bla#che$ b! e"e#ts that &ost people e*perie#ce as $a#%ero's or fri%hte#i#%. 5ractice$ to this $e%ree their "e#t'reso&e#ess see&s foolhar$! #ot co'ra%eo's( the! appear bli#$ to the pote#tial co#se,'e#ces of serio's ph!sical har&. 2#willi#% to %i"e 'p their #ee$ for a'to#o&! a#$ i#$epe#$e#ce lacki#% habits of self)$iscipli#e a#$ '#s're that the! ca# e"er achie"e or f'lfill the e&pti#ess the! feel withi# the&sel"es i# the real worl$ the! are te&pte$ to pro"e the&sel"es a%ai#st #ew a#$ e*citi#% "e#t'res tra"eli#% o# a h!peracti"e a#$ erratic co'rse of ha+ar$o's acti"it!. Descripti"el! we &a! characteri+e these ps !ch op at hs as be i# % $a '# tl ess i# tr ep i$ bo l$ a#$ a' $a ci o' s. Th 's th is s' bt !pe represe#ts a# a$&i*t 're or co&&i#%li#% of both a#tisocial a#$ histrio#ic perso#alit! feat'res. I# co#trast to &a#! ps!chopaths whose basic &oti"atio#s are lar%el! a%%ra#$i+e&e#t a#$ re"e#%e these i#$i"i$'als are $ri"e# b! the #ee$ for e*cite&e#t a#$ sti&'latio# for a$"e#t'res that are i#tri#sicall! treachero's. The! are i# effect thrill seekers easil! i#fat'ate$ b! opport'#ities to pro"e their &ettle or ope# their possibilities. The factors that &ake the& ps!chopathic are the '#$epe#$abilit! a#$ irrespo#sibilit! of their actio#s a#$ their $is$ai# for the effects of their beha"iors o# others as the! p'rs'e a restless chase to f'lfill o#e capricio's whi& after a#other.
THE COVETOUS PSYCHOPATH
I# the co"eto's ps!chopath we see i# its &ost $istille$ for& a# esse#tial feat're of the DSM0s a#tisocial perso #al it ! $isor $er a#$ the I1D 0s $!s so cia l per so# alit ! $isor $er8 a%% ra#$i +e& e#t . The se i#$i"i$'als fee l that life has #ot 6%i"e# the& their $'e6( that the! ha"e bee# $epri"e$ of their ri%htf'l le"el of lo"e s'pport or &aterial rewar$s( that others ha"e recei"e$ &ore tha# their share( a#$ that the! perso#all! #e"er were %i"e# the bo'#ties of the %oo$ life. Th's the! are $ri"e# b! e#"! a#$ a $esire for retrib'tio#-a wish to take back wha t the! ha" e bee # $ep ri" e$ of b! $es ti #!. Thr o'%h act s of theft or $estr'ctio# the ! co&p e#sate the&sel"es for the e&pti#ess of their ow# li"es $is&issi#% with s&'% e#title&e#t their "iolatio#s of the social or$er. T he! act o# the ratio #ali+a tio# that the! alo#e &'st restore the kar&ic i&bala#ce with which life has b'r$e#e$ the&. 9or those who are &erel! so&ewhat rese#tf'l a#$ for who& so&e co#scio's co#trols re&ai# i#tact s&all tra#s%ressio#s a#$ pett! ac,'isitio#s ofte# s'ffice to bl'#t the e*pressio# of &ore e*tre&e characteristics. 9or the &ore se"erel! $isor$ere$ howe"er the 's'rpatio# of others0 ear#e$ achie"e&e#t s a#$ po ssess io #s be co&es th e hi %hest rewar$. Here the ple as' re lie s i# tak i#% rat her tha# i# ha" i#% . Lik e h'# %r! a#i&als p'rs'i#% pre! co"eto's ps!chopaths ha"e a# e#or&o's $ri"e a rapacio's#ess. The! &a#ip'late others a#$ treat the& as paw#s i# their power % a&es. Altho'%h the! ha"e littl e co&passio# for the effects of their beha"iors feeli#% little or #o %'ilt for their actio#s the! re&ai# at heart ,'ite i#sec're abo't their power a#$ their posse ssi o#s ( the! #e"er feel th at e#o' %h has be e# ac ,' ire$ to &ake 'p for ea rl ie r $ep ri" ati o#s . Re% ar$ les s of their achie"e&e#ts the! re&ai# e"er 4ealo's a#$ e#"io's p'sh! a#$ %ree$! prese#ti#% oste#tatio's $ispla!s of &aterialis& a#$ co#spic'o's co#s'&ptio#. 9or the &ost part the! are co&pletel! self)ce#tere$ a#$ self)i#$'l%e#t ofte# profli%ate a#$ wastef'l '#willi#% to share with others for fear that the! will take a%ai# what was so $esperatel! $esire$ i# earl! life. He#ce s'ch ps!chopaths #e"er achie"e a $eep se#se of co#te#t&e#t. The! feel '#f'lfille$ e&pt! a#$ forlor# re%ar$less of their s'ccesses a#$ re&ai# fore") er $issatisfie$ a#$ i#satiable. 7elie"i#% the! will co#ti#'e to be $epri"e$ these ps!chopaths show &i#i&al e&path! for those who are e*ploite$ a#$ $ecei"e$. So&e &a! beco&e s'ccessf'l e#trepre#e'rs
e*ploiters of others as ob 4ects to satisf! their $esires. Altho'%h si&ilar i# certai# ce#tral characteristics to the '#pri#ciple$ ps!chopathic perso#alit! the co"eto's "aria#t &a#ifests a s&'% or 4 'stifie$ rather tha# be#i%# e#title&e#t. Here a# acti"e e*ploiti"e#ess &a#ifeste$ thro'%h %ree$ a#$ the appropriatio# of others0 possessio#s beco&es a ce#tral &oti"ati#% force. The #arcis sistic ps!cho path s feel a se#se of i#tri#sic s'periorit! of bei#% &ore tha# others. The co"eto's ps!chopaths howe"er e*perie#ce #ot o#l! a $eep a#$ per"asi"e se#se of e&pti#ess-a powerf'l h'#%er for the lo"e a#$ reco%#itio# #ot recei"e$ earl! i# life-b't also a# i#sec'rit! that the! perhaps reall! are i#tri#sicall! less tha# others so&ehow $eser"i#% of life0s &ar%i#al $ispe#satio#s.
THE SPINELESS PSYCHOPATH
So&e ps!chopaths are habit'all! powerf'l a#$ "icio's tor&e#tors of others. The e*plosi"e t!pe :$escribe$ #e*t; acts i# this &a##er perio$icall! a#$ the# is tro'ble$ a#$ co#trite abo't the co#scio#abilit! of s'ch irratio#al actio#s. I# co#trast a#other "aria#t is $eepl! i#sec're a#$ irresol'te perhaps e"e# fai#t)hearte$ a#$ cowar$l!. 5s!chopathic a%%ressio# i# this "aria#t represe#ts a para$o*ical respo#se to felt $a#%ers a#$ fears i#te#$e$ to show persec'tors that o#e is not a#*io's or weak a#$ will not s'cc'&b to e*ter#al press're or coercio#. I# o'r t!polo%! s'ch cra"e# a#$ cowar$l! i#$i"i$'als are spi#eless ps!chopaths. These perso#alities co&&it "iole#t acts as a &ea#s of o"erco&i#% fea rf' l#ess a#$ of sec'r i#% ref '%e. 9or th e& a%%ressio# is #ot i#tri#sicall! rewar$i#% b't is i#stea$ esse#tiall! a co'#terphobic act. A#ticipati#% real $a#%er pro4ecti#% hostile fa#tasies spi#eless t!pes feel it is best to strike first hopi#% thereb! to forestall their a#ta%o#ists. The $!#a&ics of the spi#eless ps!chopath are $eri"ati"e of the a"oi$a#t a#$ $epe#$e#t perso#alities. Here others are fa#tasi+e$ as powerf'l a%%ressi"e sa$istic e#e&ies. I# co#trast the self is "iewe$ as a precari o'sl! a#$ helplessl ! '#$ efe# $e$ tar%et. E*pe rie#ci#% pa#ic spi#el ess ps!c hop aths seek to hea$ off i#e"itable a##ihilatio# b! e#%a%i#% i# the "er! acts &ost $eepl! feare$ as a for& of pree&pti"e attack. 7! p'b lic a#$ stro #% $ispl a! of the opposit e of their $eep fea r the ! pre se# t a fac a$e of for&i $ab le stre# %th. Their beha"ior is co'#terphobic as #ote$ abo"e a#$ as the a#al!sts ha"e poi#te$ o't so clearl!. Not o#l! $oes thi s &e cha #is & se r"e to e#ab le the & to &ast er t hei r p erso #al fears b't it ser"es to $i"ert a#$ i&press the p'blic b! a false se#se of co#fi$e#ce a#$ self)a ss'ra# ce. So&e t'r# i#war$ as soo # as the i#"a$ ers ha" e bee# rep ell e$. I# others howe"er we see the p'blicl! swa%%eri#% spi#eless t!pe a belli%ere#t a#$ i#ti&i$ati#% "aria#t( these i#$i"i$'als wa#t the worl$ to k#ow that the! 6ca##ot be p'she$ aro'#$.6 As with &a#! other ps!chopaths p'blic a%%re ssi "e#ess is #ot a si%# of %e# 'i#e co# fi$e# ce a#$ perso#al stre #%t h b't a $esperate &ea# s to tr! to feel s'perior a#$ self)ass're$. Neither #at'rall! &ea#)spirite$ #or i#tri#sicall! "iole#t these spi#eless "ari a#ts beco &e cari cat'res of swa%%eri#% 6to'%h %'!s6 a#$ pett! t!ra#ts. Ma#! spi#eless ps!chopaths 4oi# &ilitaristic %ro'ps that search for a share$ scape%oat-a people or eth#ic pop'latio# that has bee# 6sa#ctio#e$ to hate6 or so)calle$ 6o'tsi$ers6 of all "arieties who i#"ariabl! e&bo$! the "er! weak#esses that these ps!chopaths feel withi# the&sel"es. I# a per"erse twist of ps!chi c l o%ic the se ps!c hopath s assa'lt thei r scape% oats i# or$er to $e stro ! th e "er! ele&e#ts wit hi# the&sel"es that the! wish a#$ seek to $e#!. Thro'%ho't histor! these i#$i"i$'als ha"e ofte# ba#$e$ to%ether to beco&e the 6e*ec'tio#ers6 of totalitaria# power str'ct'res8 the i#,'isitors of the &e$ie"al 1atholic 1h'rch the sla"e$ri"ers of the A&erica# So'th the brow#shirts of Na+i Ger&a#! a#$ the b'rea'crats of So"iet 1o&&'#is& to #a&e 4'st a few e*a&ples.
THE EXPLOSIVE PSYCHOPATH
The e*plosi"e ps!chopath is $iffere#tiate$ fro& other ps!chopathic "aria#ts b! the '#pre$ictable a#$ s'$$e# e&er%e#ce of hostilit!. These 6a$'lt ta#tr'&s6 characteri+e$ b! '#co#trollable ra%e a#$ fearso&e attacks 'po# others oc c'r fre ,'e#t l! a %ai#st &e&bers of the ps!chopath0s ow# fa&il!. S'ch e*plosi"e beha"ior er'pts precipito'sl! before its i#te#si"e #at're ca# be i$e#tifie$ a#$ co#strai#e$. 9eeli#% thwarte$ or threate#e$ these ps!chopaths respo#$ i# a "olatile a#$ h'rtf'l wa! bewil$eri#% others b! th e abr' pt ch a# %e th at ha s o" erta ke # th e& sa !i #% '# fo r% i"a ble th i# %s st ri ki# % '# fo r% et ta bl e bl ows . As with chil$ re# ta#tr'&s are i#sta#ta#eo's reactio#s to cope with fr'stratio# or fear. Altho'%h the e* ) plos i"e beha "ior is ofte# effect i"e i# i#ti &i$ati# % othe rs i#to sile#ce or passi"it ! it is #ot pri& aril ! a# i#str'&e#tal act b't rather a# o'tb'rst that ser"es to $ischar%e pe#t)'p feeli#%s of h'&iliatio# a#$ $e%ra$atio#.
Disappoi#te$ a#$ feeli#% fr'strate$ i# life these perso#s lose co#trol a#$ seek re"e#%e for the &istreat&e#t a#$ $eprecatio# to which the! feel s'b4ecte$. I# co#trast to other ps!chopaths e*plosi"e i#$i"i$'als $o #ot &o"e abo't i# a s'rl! a#$ tr'c'le#t &a##er. Rather their ra%es b'rst o't '#co#trollabl! ofte# with #o appare#t pro"ocatio#. I# per io$s of e*p losi" e ra% e the! &a! '#l eash a tor re#t of ab'se a#$ stor& abo't $efia#tl! c'rsi#% a#$ "oici#% bitter co#te&pt for all. This ,'alit! of s'$$e# a#$ irratio#al belli%ere#ce as well as the fre#+ie$ lashi#% o't $isti#%'ishes these ps!chopathics fro & the othe r s'bt!pes. Ma#! are h!perse#siti"e to feeli#%s of betra!al or &a! be $eepl! fr'strate$ b! the f'tilit! a#$ hopeless#ess of their li"es. 3he# e*plosi"e ps!chopaths are face$ with repeate$ fail'res h'&iliatio#s a#$ fr'stratio#s their li&ite$ co#trols &a! be ,'ickl! o"err'# b! $eepl! felt a#$ '#$ischar%e$ rese#t&e#ts. O#ce release$ the f'r! of the &o&e#t $raws 'po# &e&ories a#$ e&otio#s of the past that s'r%e '#restrai#e$ to the s'rface break i# % o't i#to a wil $ irr atio#al a#$ '#co#trol lable ra% e. 9ro & the pre ce$ i# % $escr ip tio #s it wo' l$ #ot be '#reaso#able to h!pothesi+e that e*plosi"e ps!chopaths possess be#eath their s'rface co#trols a patter# si&ilar to that of i#$i"i$'als $escribe$ as 6sa$istic bor$erli#es.6 2s'all! '#$er co#trol b't lacki#% the cohesio# of ps!chic str'ct're to &ai#tai# co#trols across all sit'atio#s these i#$i"i$'als perio$icall! er'pt with precip ito's a#$ "i#$i cti"e beha"iors that si%#if! their ps!chopathic st!le. 3hether 4'stifie$ or #ot certai# perso#s co&e to s!&boli+e for e*plosi"e ps!chopaths the se#se of fr'stratio# a#$ hopeless#ess that sparks their e*plosi"e reactio#s. As the ps!chopaths see it these s!&bolic fi%'res &'st be obliterate$. Ma#! s'ch ps!chopaths ha"e establishe$ 6safe part#ers6 for ab'se-i#$i"i$'als who ha"e co&e to s!&boli+e their fail'res a#$ fr'stratio#s who 6k#ow6 their i#a$e,'acies. The &ere prese#ce of these s!&bolic i#$i"i$'als stirs $eep feeli#%s of fail're a#$ re&i#$s the& of the wa!s life has "iolate$ their hopes a#$ their i#te%rit!. 7eca'se the! are '#able to resol"e the real so'rces of their rese#t&e#t a#$ fr'stratio# the! co&e to feel that these s!&bols of f'tilit! a#$ hopeless#ess &'st be re&o"e$ fro& the sce#e. 1o#fro#te$ b! their &a$e,'acies e*pl osi" e ps!chopaths &a! be pro" oke$ i#to pa#ic a#$ bli# $ ra%e. The res'l ti#% "iole#ce is a $esperate lashi#%)o't act a%ai#st s!&bols rather tha# realit!. 3he# ph!sical assa'lts are $irecte$ a%ai#st perso#s other tha# safe part#ers the! are ofte# the pro$'ct of "erball! '#skille$ ps!chopaths0 seeki#% to ter&i#ate altercatio#s i# which the! feel i#capable of respo#$i#% effecti"el!. 2#able to "erbali+e what the! feel a#$ wh! feeli#% o't&a#e'"ere$ a#$ h'&iliate$ the ps !ch op aths res po #$ i# th e o#l! wa! possi ble to re& o"e the irrit atio#. Th' s i&p ote#c e a#$ per so#al fai l' re beco& e the so'rc e of th ese a%% res si"e act s whi ch ser "e to relea se acc '&' lat e$ te#si o#s. 7ec a's e these e*plosi"e ps!chopaths &a! be pro"oke$ b! otherwise i##oc'o's i#teractio#s their "icti&s ofte# see& rather i#ci$e# tal a#$ arbitrari l! select e$. T he e*plosi o#s are #ot so &'ch a social respo#se as a# e&otio#al release.
THE ABRASIVE PSYCHOPATH
I# co#trast to other ps!chopaths who e*hibit a str'%%le betwee# $oi#% the bi$$i#% of others a#$ e*pressi#% their fr'stratio#s i# a passi"e a#$ i#$irect &a##er the abrasi"e ps!chopath acts i# a# o"ertl ! a#$ $irectl! co#te#tio's a#$ ,'arrelso&e wa!. To the abrasi"e ps!chopath e"er!thi#% a#$ e"er!o#e is a# ob4ect a"ailable for #a%%i#% a#$ assa'lti#% a so'#$i#% boar$ for $ischar%i#% i##er irritabilities or e"e# a tar%et for liti%io's actio#. More tha# &erel! a#%r! i# a %e#eral wa! these perso#s are i#te#tio#all! abrasi"e a#$ a#ta%o#istic. Abrasi"e ps!chopaths ha"e i#cessa#t $iscor$s with others &a%#if!i#% e"er! &i#or frictio# i#to repeate$ a#$ bitter str'%%les. The! &a! ha"e few ,'al&s a#$ little co#scie#ce or re&orse abo't $e&ea#i#% e"e# their &ost i#ti&ate associates. The followi#% a$4ecti"es &a! be 'se$ to characteri+e this abrasi" e t!pe8 co#te#tio's i#tra#si%e#t fractio's irritable ca'stic $ebasi#% ,'arrelso&e acri&o#io's a#$ corrosi"e. Not s'rprisi#%l! &a#! e*hibit feat'res 's'all! associate$ with the #e%ati"istic a#$ para#oi$ perso#alit! $isor$ers. So&e abrasi"e ps!chopaths i#sist that their ,'arrelso&e#ess is $e$icate$ to certai# hi%h pri#ciples( tho'%h a ker#el of tr'th &a! be fo'#$ i# their beliefs these hi%her pri#ciples i#"ariabl! correspo#$ to positio #s the! the &se l" es hol $. Oth ers are '#,'e sti o#abl! wro #% a#$ th e! are '#,' esti o# abl! ri %ht. 9a'lt) fi#$i#% a#$ $o%&atic these ps!chopaths achie"e special $eli%ht i# co#tra$icti#% others. The! take less pleas 're i# the le%it i&ac! a#$ lo%ic of their rea so#i#% tha# i# its 'se to fr' strat e a#$ '#$er&i #e the ir oppo#e#ts. Not s'rpri si# %l! the beh a"i or of the abr asi "e per so# ali t! rese&bles that of a$o les ce#t s who seek i# % to establish their separate#ess a#$ i#$i"i$'alit! act i# wa!s that clearl! oppose their pare#ts. Th's the chil$re# of $eepl! co&&itte$ co#ser"ati"es will fa"or hi%hl! liberal or socialistic "al'es whereas those of liberal pare#ts &a ! a$opt i#te#sel! co#ser"ati"e poi#ts of "iew. 7't the rebellio# of a$olesce#ts a%ai#st pare#tal c'sto&s a#$ sta#$ar$s is 's'all! ti&e)li&ite$-a sta%e of $e"elop&e#t i# which strate%ies of self)assertio# are appropriate. O#ce a se#se of i#$epe#$e#ce is achie"e$ oppositio#al tee#a%ers are likel! to $rop this st!le of
beha"ior ofte# re"erti#% to the "er! c'sto&s pre" io'sl! opp ose$ . I# co#t rast the host ile a#$ opposi#% &a## er of abrasi"e ps!chopaths is part of the core of their bei#%. Their k#ack of belittli#% a#$ $e#i%rati#% a#!o#e i# the #a&e of whate"er pri#ciple the! happe# to espo'se is well rehearse$ a#$ persiste#t. 1riticis& of others as 6%oo$ for the&6 &a! e"e# be "iewe$ as a# esse#tial correcti"e &echa#is&. 7elie"i#% that the! take #o per so# al satisfactio# i# tel li#% peo ple off or i# ha" i#% 'l te rior &oti"es for $oi# % so th ese i# $i "i$' als feel '#co#strai#e$ free to sa! a#$ $o a#!thi#% the! please 6to set people ri%ht.6 Those with who& abrasi"e ps!chopaths relate k#ow their prete#sio#s of pri#ciple$ beha"ior to be b't a thi# "e#eer. 9ace$ with a#! oppositio# especiall! fro& perso#s the! co#si$er of lesser stat're tha# the&sel"es these perso#s spew forth bitter co&plai#ts of how the! are 'tterl! '#appreciate$ a#$ ill treate$. A#!thi#% per so# al the ! h a"e $o# e t o oth ers $oes #ot reall ! refl ect the ir characte r b 't is &erel! a 4 'stifie$ reactio# to the '#cari#% treat&e#t to which the! ha"e bee# e*pose$. Th's the! are 4'stifie$ i# what the! sa! a#$ $ o with #o ,'al&s o f co#scie# ce or re&orse for h a"i#% acte$ i# the &ost ob#o*io's wa!. As the ar%'&e#t is 4oi#e$ the $eeper ori%i#s of their perso#alit! st!le are perpet'all! reacti"ate$ a#$ ref'ele$.
THE MALEVOLENT PSYCHOPATH
The &ale"ole#t s'bt!pe is o#e of the least attracti"e of the ps!chopathic "aria#ts. These i#$i"i$'als are pa rt ic 'l ar l! "i #$ ic ti "e a# $ ho st il e( th ei r retr ib 't i" e i& p' ls es ar e $i sc har%e $ i# a hat ef' l a#$ $es tr' cti "e $efia#ce of co#"e#tio#al social life. Distr'stf'l of others a#$ a#ticipati#% betra!al a#$ p'#ish&e#t the! ha"e ac,'ire$ a col$)bloo$e$ r'thless#ess a# i#te#se $esire to %ai# re"e#%e for the real or i&a%i#e$ &istreat&e#t to which the! were s'b4ecte$ i# chil$hoo$. Here we see a sweepi#% re4ectio# of te#$er e&otio#s a#$ a $eep s'spicio# that others0 efforts at %oo$will are &erel! plo!s to $ecei"e a#$ '#$o the&. The! &a! ass'&e a chip)o#)the)sho'l$er attit'$e a rea$i#ess to lash o't at those who& the! wish to $estro! or ca# 'se as scape%oats for their re"e#%ef'l i&p'lses. Ma#! are fearless a#$ %'iltless i#cli#e$ to a#ticipate a#$ search o't betra!al a#$ p'#iti"e#ess o# the part of others. The pri&ar! ps!chopathic characteristics of these i#$i"i$) 'als ble#$ with those of the sa$istic or para#oi$ perso#alit! :or both; reflecti#% #ot o#l! a $eep se#se of $epri"atio# a#$ a $esire for co&pe#sator! retrib'tio# b't also a# i#te#se s'spicio's#ess a#$ hostilit !. Ma#! &'r$erers a#$ serial killers fit this ps!chopathic patter#. S'ch perso#s &i%ht be $escribe$ as belli%ere#t &or$a#t ra#coro 's "icio 's &ali%#a#t br'tal callo's tr'c'le#t a#$ "e#%ef'l. To 6pro"e6 thei r co'ra%e &ale"ole#t ps!chopaths &a! e"e# co'rt p'#i sh&e#t. Rather tha# ser"i#% as a $eterre#t howe"er p'#ish&e#t ofte# rei#forces their $esire for retrib'tio#. I# positio#s of power the! ofte# br'tali+e oth ers to co#fir& their se lf)i&a% e of str e#% th. If the ! a re fac e$ wit h p ersist e#t fai l'r e beate# $ ow# i# efforts to $o&i#ate a#$ co#trol others or fi#$i#% aspiratio#s far o't$ista#ci#% their l'ck their feeli#%s of fr'stratio# rese#t&e#t a#$ a#%er &o'#t to a poi#t where their co#trols %i"e wa! to raw br'talit! or secreti"e acts of "e#%ef'l hostilit!. Sp'rre$ b! repeate$ re4ectio# a#$ $ri"e# b! a# i#creasi#% #ee$ for retrib'tio# a%%ressi"e i&p'lses will s'r%e i#to the ope#. At these ti&es the ps!chopaths0 beha"iors &a! beco&e o'tra%eo'sl! a#$ fla%ra#tl! a#tisocial. Not o#l! $o the! show &i#i&al %'ilt or re&orse for their "iole#t acts b't the ! &a ! i#stea$ $ispla! a# arro%a#t co#te&pt for the ri%hts of the others. 3hat $isti#%'ishes &ale"ole#t ps!chopaths is their capacit! to '#$ersta#$ %'ilt a#$ re&orse if #ot #ecessaril! to e*perie#ce it. Altho'%h the! are capable of %i"i#% a perfectl! ratio#al e*pla#atio# of ethical co#cepts -that is th e! k#ow th e $i ffere#c e betwee# ri%h t a#$ wro#% -the ! see& #e"ertheless i#capable of feeli#% it. These ps!chopaths ofte# relish &e#aci#% others &aki#% the& cower a#$ with$raw. The! are co&bati"e a#$ seek to bri#% &ore press're 'po# their oppo#e#ts tha# their oppo#e#ts are willi#% to tolerate or to bri#% a%ai#st the&. Most &ake few co#cessio#s a#$ are i#cli#e$ to escalate as far as #ecessar! #e"er letti#% %o '#til others s'cc'&b. I# co#trast to other s'bt!pes howe"er &ale"ole#t ps!chopaths reco%#i+e the li&its of what ca# be $o#e i# their ow# self)i#terest. The! $o #ot lose self)co#scio's aware#ess of their actio#s a#$ press forwar$ o#l! if their %oals of retrib'tio# a#$ $estr'cti"e#ess are likel! to be achie"e$. Accor$i#%l! their a$"ersarial sta#ce is so&ewhat co#tri"e$ a#$ works as a bl'ffi#% &echa#is& to e#s're that others will back off. I#fre,'e#tl! actio#s are take# that &a! lea$ to &is4'$%&e#t a#$ co'#terreactio# i# these &atters.
THE TYRANNICAL PSYCHOPATH
Alo#% with the &ale"ole#t t!pe 4'st $escribe$ the t!ra##ical ps!chopath sta#$s a&o#% the &ost fri%hte#i#% a#$ cr'el of the ps!chopathic s'bt!pes. 7oth relate to others i# a# attacki#% i#ti&i$ati#% a#$ o"erwhel&i#% wa!( are fre,'e#tl! acc'sator! a#$ ab'si"e( a#$ are al&ost i#"ariabl! $estr'cti"e.
2#like the &ale"ole#t ps!chopaths howe"er the t!ra##ical ps!chopaths see& to be sti&'late$ b! resista#ces or weak#esses which e#co'ra%e attack rather tha# $eter it or slow it $ow#. So&e are cr'$el! assa'lti"e a#$ $istressi#%l! "'l%ar whereas others are ph!sicall! restrai#e$ b't o"erwhel& their "icti&s b! '#rele#ti#% criticis& a#$ bitter tira$es. This "aria#t $eri"es a special se#se of satisfactio# fro& forci#% "icti&s to cower a#$ s'b&it. A&o#% those who are #ot ph!sicall! br'tal we see "erball! c'tti#% a#$ scathi#% co&&e#taries that are both acc'sator! a#$ $e&ea#i#%. Ma#! i#te#tio#all! hei%hte# a#$ $ra&ati+e their s'rl! ab'si"e i#h'&a#e a#$ '#&ercif'l beha"iors. Altho'%h these i#$i"i$'als are i# &a#! respects the p'res t t!p e of cla ssi cal ps !ch opaths the! $o e*h ibit fea t'res of se" eral perso #al it ! $isor$e rs &os t #otab l! the DSM)III)R0s sa$istic a#$ the DSM)IV0s #e%ati"istic perso#alit! $isor$ers. Especiall! $isti#cti"e is this t!pe of ps!chopath0s $esire a#$ willi#%#ess to %o o't of the wa! to be '#&ercif'l a#$ i#h'&a#e. Ofte# calc'lati#% a#$ cool t!ra##ical ps!chopaths are selecti"e i# their choice of "icti&s i$e#tif!i#% i#$i"i$'als who are likel! to s'b&it rather tha# to react with co'#ter"iole#ce. <'ite fre,'e#tl! the! $ispla! a $isproportio#ate le"el of ab'si"e#ess a#$ i#ti&i$atio# i# or$er to i&press #ot o#l! their "icti&s b't those who obser"e the ps!chopaths0 '#co#strai#e$ power. More tha# a#! other s'bt!pe these i#$i"i$'als $eri"e $eep satisfactio# i# creati#% s'fferi#% a#$ i# seei#% its effect o# others. I# co#trast to the e*plosi"e ps!chopaths for who& hostilit! ser"es pri&aril! as a $ischar%e of pe#t)'p feeli#%s the t!ra##ical ps!chopaths e&plo! "iole#ce i#str'&e# ta ll ! as a &ea #s to i#spir e te rro r a#$ i# ti &i$ati o# . These e*peri e#ces the# beco&e the ob4ect of self)co#scio's reflectio# pro"i$i#% the ps!chopaths with a se#se of $eep satisfactio#. Ma#! other s'bt!pes b! co#trast ha"e seco#$ tho'%hts a#$ feel a &eas're of co#tritio# abo't their actio#s. M'ch of what $ri"es t!ra##ical ps!chopaths is their fear that others &a! reco%#i+e their i##er i#sec'rities a#$ low se#se of self)estee&. To o"erco&e these $eepl! felt i##er weak#esses the! ha"e lear#e$ that the! ca# feel s'per ior thro' %h o"erwh el&i# % o thers b! the force of their ph!sical power a#$ br'tal "i#$icti"e#ess. THE MALIGNANT PSYCHOPATH
Mali%#a#t ps!chopaths represe#t str'ct'rall! $efecti"e "aria#ts of the ps!chopathic patter#. Their feat'res fre,'e#tl! ble#$ with those of the para#oi$ perso#alit! $isor$er. The! are characteri+e$ best b! their a'tocrat ic power orie#tat io# a#$ b! their &istr'st rese#t&e#t a#$ e#"! of others. 2#$erl!i#% these feat'res is a r'thless $esire to "i#$icate the&sel"es for past wro#%s b! c'##i#% re"e#%e or callo's force if #ecessar!. I# co#trast to the other s'bt!pes the &ali%#a#t ps!chopaths ha"e fo'#$ that their efforts to ab'se a#$ t!ra##i+e others ha"e o#l! pro&pte$ the others to i#flict &ore of the hostilit! a#$ harsh p'#ish&e#t e*perie#ce$ i# chil$hoo$. The ps!chopaths0 strate%! of arro%a#ce a#$ br'tali+atio# has backfire$ too ofte# a#$ the! #ow seek retrib'tio# #ot as &'ch thro'%h actio# as thro'%h fa#tas!. Isolate$ a#$ rese#tf'l the! i#creasi#%l! t'r# to the&sel"es to co%itate a#$ &'ll o"er their fate. Left to their ow# r'&i#atio#s the! be%i# to i&a%i#e a plot i# which e"er! facet of the e#"iro#&e#t pla!s a threate#i#% a#$ treachero's role. Moreo"er thro'%h the i#traps!chic &echa#is& of pro4ectio# the! attrib'te their ow# "e#o& to others ascribi#% to the& the &alice a#$ ill will the! feel withi# the&sel"es. As the li#e betwee# ob4ecti"e a#ta%o#is& a#$ i&a%i#e$ hostilit! beco&es thi# the belief takes hol$ that others are i#te#tio#all! persec'ti#% the&. Not i#) fre,'e#tl! persec'tor! $el'sio#s co&bi#e with $el'sio#s of %ra#$e'r( howe"er these latter beli efs pla ! a seco#$ar! role a&o#% &ali%#a#t ps!chopaths i# co#trast to their pri&ac! a&o#% fa#atic para#oi$ perso#alities. 5ree&i#e#t a&o#% &ali%#a#t ps!chopaths is their #ee$ to retai# their i#$epe#$e#ce a#$ cli#% te#acio'sl! to the belief i# their ow# self)worth. The #ee$ to protect their a'to#o&! a#$ stre#%th &a! be see# i# the co#te#t of their persec'tor! $el'sio#s. Male"ole#ce o# the part of others is "iewe$ as #either cas'al #or ra#$o&( rather it is see# as $esi%#e$ to i#ti&i$ate offe#$ a#$ '#$er&i#e the i#$i"i$'als0 self)estee&. 6The!6 are seeki#% to weake# the ps!chopaths0 6will6 to $estro! their power to sprea$ lies to thwart their tale#ts to co#trol their tho'%hts a#$ to i&&obili+e a#$ s'b4'%ate the&. These ps!chopaths $rea$ losi#% their self)$eter&i#atio#( their persec'tor! fa#tasies are fille$ with fears of bei#% force$ to s'b&it to a'thorit ! o f bei #% &a$ e so ft a #$ p lia#t a#$ of bei#% tricke$ to s'rre#$er their self)$eter&i#atio#.
SUMMARY
I# this chapter we ha"e $escribe$ / ps!chopathic s'bt!pes. Diffic'lt as it &a! be to $iscri&i#ate a&o#% se"eral of these s'bt!pes we belie"e there is "al'e especiall! i# t his chaotic era i# atte&pti#% to $isti#%'ish the &a#! "arieties of those whose character a#$ acts i#cli#e the& to be a#tisocial cri&i#al a#$ "iole#t. Note howe"er that the #'&ber / is b! #o &ea#s special. The t!pes ha"e bee# s!#thesi+e$ i#$'cti"el! thro'%h cli#ical obser"atio# a#$ e*perie#ce cli#ical lore a#$ a rea$i#% of the research literat're. Ta*o#o&ies &a! be p't
forwar$ at le"els that are &ore coarse or &ore fi#e)%rai#e$. Altho'%h other a'thors &i%ht ha"e chose# = > or t!pes we belie"e that those e*plicate$ herei# are appro*i&atel! co¶ble i# their le"el of abstractio#. 9'rther&ore we hope that b! #oti#% relatio#ships betwee# ps!chopath! a#$ the perso#alit! patt er#s of th e DSM I1D a#$ ot her #oso lo%i es we ha"e &a$e it clear th at 6ps!ch op at hic beha" ior 6 #ee $ #ot refer o#l! to the classic ps!chopath of tra$itio# b't &a! i#stea$ be broa$e#e$ to i#cl'$e other cli#icall! rele"a#t a#$ 'sef'l or%a#i+i#% pri#ciples.
