GANPAT UNIVERSITY PROJECT REPORT PROJECT ON
TEMPRATURE CONTROLLER AND DISPLAY PREPARED BY:
GUIDED BY:
PATEL DHIREN ( 086440311526) PATEL JAY (086440311528) PATEL PIYUSH (086440311536)
MR. H.H.AGRAWAL
Certifcate This is certifed that
1. Patel Dhiren Bharatbhai 2. Patel Jay Sureshbhai 3. Patel Piyush Dashrathbhai
O diploma in Electronics and Communica Communication tion Engineering (6 th semester) o the academic year Dec-200 as satisactory completed their term !or" in pro#ect on TEMPRA TEMPR ATURE CONTROLLER AND DISPLAY DISPLAY They !or"ed !ith ull interest and here !ith su$mit their report in partial ulfllment o the Diploma in Electronics % Communica Communication tion Engineering&
Date of submission:
Sign of Guie: !ea of e"a#tment
Certifcate This is certifed that
1. Patel Dhiren Bharatbhai 2. Patel Jay Sureshbhai 3. Patel Piyush Dashrathbhai
O diploma in Electronics and Communica Communication tion Engineering (6 th semester) o the academic year Dec-200 as satisactory completed their term !or" in pro#ect on TEMPRA TEMPR ATURE CONTROLLER AND DISPLAY DISPLAY They !or"ed !ith ull interest and here !ith su$mit their report in partial ulfllment o the Diploma in Electronics % Communica Communication tion Engineering&
Date of submission:
Sign of Guie: !ea of e"a#tment
$e %ou& &i'e to t(an' #es"e)te ignita#ies fo# t(ei# *a&uab&e Coo"e#ation+ T(e, (a*e (e&"e us in )om"&eting t(e "#o-e)t %o#' satisfa)to#, an su))essfu&&, $e a#e #ea&&, *e#, t(an'fu& to ou# !ea of t(e e"a#tment M#+.+S+Pate& fo# gi*ing us t(e o""o#tunit, to ta'e t(is "#o-e)t %o#' on /TEMPRATURE CONTROLLER AND DISPLAY DISPLAY an en)ou#aging us in )om"&eting t(e "#o-e)t %o#' su))essfu&&,+ $e a#e *e#, t(an'fu& to ou# guie0 M#+ M#+ !+!+Ag#a%a& fo# "#o*iing us (is *a&uab&e guian)e in e*e#, as"e)ts )on)e#ne %it( ou# "#o-e)t+ !is %i&&ingness an ee" 'no%&ege (a*e a&%a,s (e&"e us in )on)ei*ing ne% ieas+ $e %ou& a&so &i'e to t(an' (im fo# (is )o o"e#ation !e (as a&%a,s 1uiet&, an g&a&, ans%e#e a&& ou# 1ue#ies #ega#ing to t(is "#o-e)t+ $e a#e a&so t(an'fu& to ou# &ab assistant M#+S(ai&es(b(ai M#+S(ai&es(b(ai as %e&& to "#o*ie us ne)essa#, &abo#ato#, e*i)es in %o#'ing o# #unning )onitions+
WITH HEARTFULL OF GRATITUDE
“E2PERIENCE IS T!E .EST TEAC!ER ”. This saying as !aye" a g#i"ing r$!e in inc!#"ing in%$r&ati$n as a art $% the c#rric#!#& $% the ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION r$gra&&e $% the GANPAT UNI3ERSITY+ This ractica! training 'ase" $n ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION r$gra&&e". De(e!$e" %ee!ing a'$#t the "i)c#!ties cha!!enges in the engineering *$r". On!y the$retica! +n$*!e"ge "$es n$t i&art c$&!ete e"#cati$n ara!!e! e,erience &#st acc$&any the$retica! +n$*!e"ge a"&iring e"#cati$n. In this "irecti$n *e ha(e try t$ $#r !e(e! 'est t$ resent a r$-ect re$rt $n “TEMPRATURE CONTROLLER AND DISPLAY”.
4+
Int#ou)tion
5+
Ci#)uit Diag#am
6+
Ci#)uit Des)#i"tion
7+
Com"onent List
8+
Data s(eets
9+
Refe#en)e
A si&!e intr$"#cti$n a'$#t the te&erat#re c$ntr$!!er circ#it.
This
circ#it r$-ect is &ain!y #se" #se" %$r te&erat#re in"icat$r te&erat#re c$ntr$!!er An" in c$ntr$!!ing "e(ice "een" $n te&erat#re.
C$ntr$!!ing "e(ices !i+e air heater %act$ry in"#stria! a!icati$n.
In te&erat#re c$ntr$!!er circ#it there are t*$ art c$nsist $% o ADC /0/1 inter%ace *ith at02s34. o LCD inter%ace *ith at02s34.
The
har"*are circ#it $% te&erat#re c$ntr$!!er *ith c$ntr$!!er t$ nee" the r$gra&&ing.
There
are t*$ $ssi'i!ities 5SO r$gra&&ing asse&'!y !ang#age r$gra&&ing c !ang#age
6ere *e #se the asse&'!y !ang#age r$gra&&ing #sing +ei! 789isi$n1 IDE: s$%t*are. This r$gra&&ing #s#a!!y !$a" in the at02s34 c$ntr$!!er ic.
At02s34 is a %a&i!y $% 0/3;.
The
r$gra&&ing e&'e""e" syste&.
The
%$r
0/3;.this
syste&
is
ca!!e"
&ain rinci!e $% this r$-ect t$ in"icate te&erat#re ana!$g t$ "igita! t$ c$ntr$! the te&erat#re < inter%acing.
$o#'ing : 6$* t$ inter%ace ADC/0/1 #sing 0/3; &icr$c$ntr$!!er 7AT02C34: ADC/0/1 is $ne $% the &$st c$&&$n!y #se" ana!$g t$ "igita! c$n(erter IC. In &any a!icati$ns it is re=#ire" t$ c$n(ert the $#t#t $% the sens$r *hich is ana!$g#e in nat#re t$ a "igita! %$r&. The "ata in "igita! %$r&at can then 'e #ti!i>e" %$r %#rther r$cessing 'y the "igita! r$cess$rs. Tyica! a!icati$ns inc!#"e s$#n" r$cessing te&erat#re r$cessing etc. This circ#it "e&$nstrates the rinci!e an" $erati$n $% inter%acing a si&!e ADC /0/1 #sing 0/3; &icr$c$ntr$!!er 7AT02C34:. ADC/0/1 is c$nnecte" as sh$*n in the circ#it "iagra&. 6ere the in#t is ta+en %r$& a reset *hich gi(es "i?erent ana!$g signa!s t$ the ADC. The $#t#t ins $% the ADC are c$nnecte" t$ LEDs. The c$ntr$! ins $% the ADC are c$nnecte" t$ the &icr$c$ntr$!!er AT02C34. ADC/0/1 is a sing!e channe! ana!$g t$ "igita! c$n(ert$r i.e. it can ta+e $n!y $ne ana!$g signa!. An ADC has n 'it res$!#ti$n 7'inary %$r&: *here n can 'e 0;/;4;@ $r e(en 41 'its. ADC /0/1 has 0 'it res$!#ti$n. The higher res$!#ti$n ADC gi(es s&a!!er ste si>e. Ste si>e is s&a!!est change that can 'e &eas#re" 'y an ADC. 5$r an ADC *ith res$!#ti$n $% 0 'its the ste si>e is ;2.3&9 739B433:. The ti&e ta+en 'y the ADC t$ c$n(ert ana!$g "ata int$ "igita! %$r& is "een"ent $n the %re=#ency $% c!$c+ s$#rce. ADC/0/1 can 'e gi(en c!$c+ %r$& e,terna! s$#rce. It a!s$ has an interna! c!$c+. the c$n(ersi$n ti&e cann$t 'e &$re 6$*e(er than;;/#s. T$ #se the interna! c!$c+ a caacit$r an" resist$r is c$nnecte" t$ in ;2 an" 1 as sh$*n in the circ#it "iagra&. The %re=#ency is gi(en 'y the re!ati$n % ;B 7;.;RC:. The circ#it #ses a resistance $% ;/+ an" a caacit$r $% ;3/5 t$ generate c!$c+ %$r ADC/0/1. 9in *hich is the in#t in is c$nnecte" t$ a reset t$ r$(i"e ana!$g in#t.
Pin Descriti$n
;. CS Chi Se!ect This is an acti(e !$* in an" #se" t$ acti(ate the ADC/0/1. 4. RD Rea" This is an in#t in an" acti(e !$*. A%ter c$n(erting the ana!$g "ata the ADC st$res the res#!t in an interna! register. This in is #se" t$ get the "ata $#t $% the ADC /0/1 chi. hen CS/ < high t$ !$* #!se is gi(en t$ this in the "igita! $#t#t is sh$*n $n the ins D/FDG. . R rite This is an in#t in an" acti(e !$*. This is #se" t$ instr#ct the ADC t$ start the c$n(ersi$n r$cess. I% CS/ an" R &a+es a !$* t$ high transiti$n the ADC starts the c$n(ersi$n r$cess. 1. CLH IN C!$c+ IN This is an in#t in c$nnecte" t$ an e,terna! c!$c+ s$#rce. 3. INTR Interr#t This is an acti(e !$* $#t#t in. This in g$es !$* *hen the c$n(ersi$n is $(er. @.
9in Ana!$g In#t .
G.
9inF Ana!$g In#t. C$nnecte" t$ gr$#n".
0.
AJND Ana!$g Jr$#n".
2. 9re%B4 This in is #se" t$ set the re%erence ($!tage. I% this is n$t c$nnecte" the "e%a#!t re%erence ($!tage is 39. In s$&e a!icati$n it is re=#ire" t$ re"#ce the ste si>e. This can 'e "$ne 'y #sing this in. ;/. DJND Digita! Jr$#n". ;;F;0. O#t#t Data Kits 7DGFD/:. ;2. CLHR C!$c+ Reset. 4/. 9cc P$siti(e S#!y
Cont#o&&ing fun)tions :
The
!c" "is!ay t*$ te&erat#re ;:c#rrent te&erat#re 4:set $int te&erat#re
The
set $int incre&ent < "ecre&ent #sing s*itch.
hen *e set the s7 set $int : !ess than the c#rrent te&erat#re then trigger the #!se t$ 'ase $% transist$r 'y c$ntr$!!er.
The
c$!!ect$r c#rrent $* in c$i!. s$ the LED *i!! 'e ON.
In ON c$n"iti$n $% re!ay the c$&&$n ter&ina! is c$nnecte" *ith NO $% re!ay.
5ina!!y the '#>>er *i!! 'e ON.
hen s is &$re than c#rrent te&erat#re. in this c$n"iti$n !e" < re!ay < '#>>er *i!! 'e $?.
s%r P//,0/ s%r P;/,0/ s%r P;/,2/ s%r P4/,A/
s%r P/,K/ s'it re!ay P;/ S'it inc P;; s'it "ec P;4 "efne a"c"ata P s'it intr P44 BB3 s'it r" P4/ BB4 s'it *r P4; BB s'it rs P43 s'it r* P4@ s'it en P4G #nsigne" char !ine1Q /,0//,C//,2//,D/ "efne DKUS P/ "efne KLINHLCD /,/2 "efne ONCURSOR /,/A "efne ONLCD /,/C "efne CLEARLCD /,/; "efne 6OMELCD /,/4 "efne ENTRYMODE /,/@ "efne 5UNCSET /,0 ($i" *r!c"c&"7#nsigne" char c&" : ($i" *r!c""ata7#nsigne" char Data : ($i" "e!ay7#nsigne" int c$#nt: ($i" *r&sg7char LineN$char en"!$c #nsigne" char &sgQ: ($i" get"ata7: static #nsigne" char s/ c$"e #nsigne" char scr34Q ;@Q Te& SP
c$"e #nsigne" char scr;4Q ;@Q VAY Pate! KSPP 4n" S6I5T ($i" &ain7: #nsigne" char i #nsigne" char ,";"4"(a!a/ P/,?
P4/,/% re!ay/ *r!c"c&"75UNCSET: BBset "ata !engthn$ $% "is4F!ine "is!ay *r!c"c&"7ONLCD: BB"is!ay an" c#rs$r $n *r!c"c&"7ENTRYMODE:BBinc. DDra& a""ress *r!c"c&"7CLEARLCD: BBC!ear "is!ay %$r7i/iW4i: "e!ay7;//: *r&sg7!ineiQ;@scr;iQ: %$r7i/iW;3i: "e!ay73////: %$r7i/iW4i: "e!ay7;//: *r&sg7!ineiQ;@scr3iQ: *hi!e7;: *r/ "e!ay7;//: *r; *hi!e7intr X ;: *hi!e7intr X /: r"/ "e!ay7;/: (a!a"c"ata r"; *r!c"c&"7!ine/Q2:
,(a!B;/ ";(a!;/ "4,;/ ",B;/
*r!c""ata7"/,/: "e!ay7;/: *r!c""ata7"4/,/: *r!c""ata7";/,/: "e!ay7;/: a7"Z;//:7"4Z;/:"; *r!c""ata7[C[: *r!c"c&"7!ine;Q2: *r!c""ata77sB;/:/,/: *r!c""ata77s;/:/,/: i%7inc/: *hi!e7inc/: s i%7 7"ec/: << s\/ : *hi!e7"ec/: sFF i%7a\s: re!ay; e!se re!ay/ "e!ay743///: ($i" *r!c"c&"7#nsigne" char c&" :
DKUS c&" "e!ay7;/: !
"
"e!ay7;/: r* / "e!ay7;/: en ; "e!ay7//: en / "e!ay74/:
BB*rite &$"e
($i" *r!c""ata7#nsigne" char Data : DKUS Data "e!ay7;/: rs ; BBse!ect "ata reg "e!ay7;/: r* / "e!ay7;/: en ; "e!ay7//: en / "e!ay7;/: rs / "e!ay74/: ($i" *r&sg7char LineN$char en"!$c #nsigne" char &sgQ: #nsigne" char i *r!c"c&"7LineN$: %$r7i /iWen"!$ci: *r!c""ata7&sgiQ: "e!ay73/: ($i" "e!ay7#nsigne" int "!y: *hi!e7"!y\/: "!yFF
4+ Resisto#; 4'0 4<'0 =+5'0 4<' "ot 5+ Ca"a)ito# 488"f0 66"f0 4
7+ LED 8+ S%it)( 9+ T#ansisto# >+ .u??e# =+ Re&a, @+ C#,sta& 4<+ AT=@S85 44+ ADC <=<7 45+ >=<8
46+Senso# LM 68 47+ Dis"&a, 48+ So)'et
RESISTOR: A,ia!F !ea" resist$rs $n tae. The tae is re&$(e" "#ring asse&'!y 'e%$re the !ea"s are %$r&e" an" the art is inserte" int$ the '$ar". Three car'$n c$&$siti$n resist$rs in a ;2@/s (a!(e 7(ac##& t#'e: ra"i$. A resist$r is a t*$Fter&ina! e!ectr$nic c$&$nent that r$"#ces a ($!tage acr$ss its ter&ina!s that is r$$rti$na! t$ the e!ectric c#rrent thr$#gh it in acc$r"ance *ith Oh&[s !a*
3 IR Resist$rs are e!e&ents $% e!ectrica! net*$r+s an" e!ectr$nic circ#its
an" are #'i=#it$#s in &$st e!ectr$nic e=#i&ent. Practica! resist$rs can 'e &a"e $% (ari$#s c$&$#n"s an" f!&s as *e!! as resistance *ire 7*ire &a"e $% a highFresisti(ity a!!$y s#ch as nic+e!Bchr$&e:. The ri&ary characteristics $% a resist$r are the resistance the t$!erance &a,i&#& *$r+ing ($!tage an" the $*er rating. Other characteristics inc!#"e te&erat#re c$e)cient n$ise an" in"#ctance. Less *e!!F+n$*n is critica! resistance the (a!#e 'e!$* *hich $*er "issiati$n !i&its the &a,i&#& er&itte" c#rrent $* an" a'$(e *hich the !i&it is a!ie" ($!tage. Critica! resistance "een"s #$n the &ateria!s c$nstit#ting the resist$r as *e!! as its hysica! "i&ensi$ns it[s "eter&ine" 'y "esign. Resist$rs can 'e integrate" int$ hy'ri" an" rinte" circ#its as *e!! as integrate" circ#its. Si>e an" $siti$n $% !ea"s 7$r ter&ina!s: are re!e(ant t$ e=#i&ent "esigners resist$rs &#st 'e hysica!!y !arge en$#gh n$t t$ $(erheat *hen "issiating their $*er.
Resisto# Co&o# Coing
4<' 3a#iab&e Resisto#:
9aria'!e resist$rs c$nsist $% a resistance trac+ *ith c$nnecti$ns at '$th en"s an" a *ier *hich &$(es a!$ng the trac+ as y$# t#rn the sin"!e. The trac+ &ay 'e &a"e %r$& car'$n cer&ets 7cera&ic an" &eta! &i,t#re: $r a c$i! $% *ire 7%$r !$* resistances:. The trac+ is #s#a!!y r$tary '#t straight trac+ (ersi$ns #s#a!!y ca!!e" s!i"ers are a!s$ a(ai!a'!e. 9aria'!e resist$rs &ay 'e #se" as a rhe$stat *ith t*$ c$nnecti$ns 7the *ier an" -#st $ne en" $% the trac+: $r as a $tenti$&eter *ith a!! three c$nnecti$ns in #se. Miniat#re (ersi$ns ca!!e" resets are &a"e %$r setting # circ#its *hich *i!! n$t re=#ire %#rther a"-#st&ent. 9aria'!e resist$rs are $%ten ca!!e" $tenti$&eters in '$$+s an" cata!$g#es. They are secife" 'y their &a,i&#& resistance !inear $r !$garith&ic trac+ an" their hysica! si>e
CAPACITORF Electronic symbol:Type: - Passive
A caacit$r $r c$n"enser is a assi(e e!ectr$nic c$&$nent c$nsisting $% a air $% c$n"#ct$rs searate" 'y a "ie!ectric. hen a ($!tage $tentia! "i?erence e,ists 'et*een the c$n"#ct$rs an e!ectric fe!" is resent in the "ie!ectric. This fe!" st$res energy an" r$"#ces a &echanica! %$rce 'et*een the !ates. The e?ect is greatest 'et*een *i"e at ara!!e! narr$*!y searate" c$n"#ct$rs. The c$n"#ct$rs an" !ea"s intr$"#ce an e=#i(a!ent series resistance an" the "ie!ectric has an e!ectric fe!" strength !i&it res#!ting in a 'rea+"$*n ($!tage. Caacit$rs are *i"e!y #se" in e!ectr$nic circ#its t$ '!$c+ the $* $% "irect c#rrent *hi!e a!!$*ing a!ternating c#rrent t$ ass t$ f!ter $#t inter%erence t$ s&$$th the $#t#t $% $*er s#!ies an" %$r &any $ther #r$ses. They are #se" in res$nant circ#its in ra"i$ %re=#ency e=#i&ent t$ se!ect artic#!ar %re=#encies %r$& a signa! *ith &any %re=#encies. Ce#ami) Ca"a)ito#: Cera&ic caacit$rs are c$nstr#cte" *ith &ateria!s s#ch as titani#& aci" 'ari#& #se" as the "ie!ectric. They can 'e #se" in high %re=#ency a!icati$ns. Tyica!!y they are #se" in circ#its *hich 'yass high %re=#ency signa!s t$ gr$#n". These caacit$rs ha(e the shae $% a "is+. Their caacitance is c$&arati(e!y s&a!!. The caacit$r $n the !e%t is a ;//5 caacit$r *ith a "ia&eter $% a'$#t &&.The caacit$r $n the right si"e is rinte" *ith ;/ s$ ;/ , ;/ 5 'ec$&es /./; 85. The "ia&eter $% the "is+ is a'$#t @ &&. Cera&ic caacit$rs ha(e n$ $!arity Cera&ic caacit$rs sh$#!" n$t 'e #se" %$r ana!$g circ#its Keca#se "ist$rt the signa!.
LED : Beatu#es F ater C!ear Lens 03/n& a(e!ength 5$r*ar" 9$!tage F ;.G9
A &ig(temitting ioe 7LED: is an e!ectr$nic !ight s$#rce. LEDs are #se" as in"icat$r !a&s in &any +in"s $% e!ectr$nics an" increasing!y %$r !ighting. LEDs *$r+ 'y the e?ect $% e!ectr$!#&inescence "isc$(ere" 'y acci"ent in ;2/G. The LED *as intr$"#ce" as a ractica! e!ectr$nic c$&$nent in ;2@4. A!! ear!y "e(ices e&itte" !$*Fintensity re" !ight '#t &$"ern LEDs are a(ai!a'!e acr$ss the (isi'!e #!tra(i$!et an" in%ra re" *a(e!engths *ith (ery high 'rightness. LEDs are 'ase" $n the se&ic$n"#ct$r "i$"e. hen the "i$"e is %$r*ar" 'iase". LEDs resent &any a"(antages $(er tra"iti$na! !ight s$#rces inc!#"ing !$*er energy c$ns#&ti$n !$nger !i%eti&e i&r$(e" r$'#stness s&a!!er si>e an" %aster s*itching. 6$*e(er they are re!ati(e!y e,ensi(e an" re=#ire &$re recise c#rrent an" heat &anage&ent than tra"iti$na! !ight s$#rces. A!icati$ns $% LEDs are "i(erse. They are #se" as !$*Fenergy in"icat$rs '#t a!s$ %$r re!ace&ents %$r tra"iti$na! !ight s$#rces in genera! !ighting a#t$&$ti(e !ighting an" tra)c signa!s. The c$&act si>e $% LEDs has a!!$*e" ne* te,t an" (i"e$ "is!ays an" sens$rs t$ 'e "e(e!$e" *hi!e their high s*itching rates are #se%#! in c$&&#nicati$ns techn$!$gy.
TRANSISTORF
RELAY:
A re!ay is an e!ectrica! s*itch that $ens an" c!$ses #n"er the c$ntr$! $% an$ther e!ectrica! circ#it. In the $rigina! %$r& the s*itch is $erate" 'y an e!ectr$&agnet t$ $en $r c!$se $ne $r &any sets $% c$ntacts. It *as in(ente" 'y V$seh 6enry in ;03. Keca#se a re!ay is a'!e t$ c$ntr$! an $#t#t circ#it $% higher $*er than the in#t circ#it it can 'e c$nsi"ere"
t$ 'e in a 'r$a" sense a %$r& $% an e!ectrica! a&!i%ier.
Fig. 4.26 Sugar cube relay
Desite
the
see"
%$techn$!$gica!
"e(e!$&ents
s$&e r$"#cts r$(e s$ $#!ar that their +ey ara&eters an" "esign %eat#res re&ain (irt#a!!y #nchange" %$r years. One s#ch r$"#ct is the ]s#gar c#'e^ re!ay sh$*n in the fg#re a'$(e *hich has r$(e" #se%#! t$ &any "esigners *h$ nee"e" t$ s*itch # t$ ;/A *hi!st #sing re!ati(e!y !itt!e PCK area Since re!ays are s*itches the ter&in$!$gy a!ie" t$ s*itches is a!s$ a!ie" t$ re!ays. A re!ay *i!! s*itch $ne $r &$re $!es each $% *h$se c$ntacts can 'e thr$*n 'y energi>ing the c$i! in $ne $% three *ays
the re!ay is acti(ate " the circ#it is "isc$nnecte" *hen the re!ay is inacti(e. It is a!s$ ca!!e" a 5ORM A c$ntact $r “&a+e” c$ntact.
4.No#ma&&, )&ose NC c$ntacts "isc$nnect the circ#it *hen the re!ay is acti(ate" the circ#it is c$nnecte" *hen re!ay is inacti(e. It is a!s$ ca!!e" 5ORM K c$ntact $r” 'rea+” c$ntact
.C(angeo*e# o# oub&et(#o% c$ntacts c$ntr$! t*$ circ#its $ne
n$r&a!!y $en c$ntact an" $ne n$r&a!!y _
c!$se" c$ntact *ith a c$&&$n ter&ina!. It is a!s$ ca!!e" a 5$r& C “trans%er “c$ntact.
"C" denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types
E
SPST Sing&e Po&e Sing&e T(#o%: These ha(e t*$
ter&ina!s *hich can 'e c$nnecte" $r "isc$nnecte". Inc!#"ing t*$ %$r the c$i! s#ch a re!ay has %$#r ter&ina!s in t$ta!. It is a&'ig#$#s *hether the $!e is n$r&a!!y $en $r n$r&a!!y c!$se". The ter&in$!$gy SPNO an" SPNC is s$&eti&es #se" t$ res$!(e the a&'ig#ity.
E
SPDT Sing&e Po&e Doub&e T(#o%: A c$&&$n
ter&ina! c$nnects t$ either $% t*$ $thers. Inc!#"ing t*$ %$r the c$i! s#ch a re!ay has f(e ter&ina!s in t$ta!. E
DPST Doub&e Po&e Sing&e T(#o%: These ha(e t*$
airs $% ter&ina!s. E=#i(a!ent t$ t*$ SPST s*itches $r re!ays act#ate" 'y a sing!e c$i!. Inc!#"ing t*$ %$r the c$i! s#ch a re!ay has si, ter&ina!s in t$ta!. It is a&'ig#$#s *hether the $!es are n$r&a!!y $en n$r&a!!y c!$se" $r $ne $% each. DPDT Doub&e Po&e Doub&e T(#o%: These ha(e t*$ r$*s $% changeF$(er ter&ina!s. E
E=#i(a!ent t$ t*$ SPDT s*itches $r re!ays act#ate" 'y a sing!e c$i!. S#ch a re!ay has eight ter&ina!s inc!#"ing the c$i!. E
FPDT Fua#u"&e Po&e Doub&e T(#o%: O%ten
re%erre" t$ as `#a" P$!e D$#'!e Thr$* $r 1PDT. These ha(e %$#r r$*s $% changeF$(er ter&ina!s. E=#i(a!ent t$ %$#r SPDT s*itches $r re!ays act#ate" 'y a sing!e c$i!
$r t*$ DPDT re!ays. In t$ta! %$#rteen ter&ina!s inc!#"ing the c$i!.
AT89S52 :-
SENSORLM68:
IC>=<8:
LCD:
LIFUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY A !i=#i" crysta! "is!ay 7LCD: is a thin %!at "is!ay "e(ice &a"e # $% any n#&'er $% c$!$r $r &$n$chr$&e i,e!s arraye" in %r$nt $% a !ight s$#rce $r re%!ect$r. Each i,e! c$nsists $% a c$!#&n $% !i=#i" crysta! &$!ec#!es s#sen"e"
'et*een t*$ transarent e!ectr$"es an" t*$ $!ari>ing f!ters the a,es $% $!arity $% *hich are eren"ic#!ar t$ each $ther. Eith$#t the !i=#i" crysta!s 'et*een the& !ight assing thr$#gh $ne *$#!" 'e '!$c+e" 'y the $ther. The !i=#i" crysta! t*ists the $!ari>ati$n $% !ight entering $ne %i!ter t$ a!!$* it t$ ass thr$#gh the $ther. Many &icr$c$ntr$!!er "e(ices #se [s&art LCD[ "is!ays t$ $#t#t (is#a! in%$r&ati$n. LCD "is!ays "esigne" ar$#n" 6itachi[s LCD 6D11G0/ &$"#!e are ine,ensi(e easy t$ #se an" it is e(en $ssi'!e t$ r$"#ce a rea"$#t #sing the 0,0/ i,e!s $% the "is!ay. They ha(e a stan"ar" ASCII set $% characters an" &athe&atica! sy&'$!s. 5$r an 0F'it "ata '#s the "is!ay re=#ires a 39 s#!y !#s ;; IBO !ines. 5$r a 1F'it "ata '#s it $n!y re=#ires the s#!y !ines !#s se(en e,tra !ines. hen the LCD "is!ay is n$t ena'!e" "ata !ines are triFstate an" they "$ n$t inter%ere
*ith the $erati$n $% the &icr$c$ntr$!!er. Data can 'e !ace" at any !$cati$n $n the LCD. 5$r ;@4 LCD the a""ress !$cati$ns are
Bi#st &ine
=< =4 =5 =6 =7 =8 =9
t(#oug(
=B
Se)on &ine C< C4 t(#oug( CB
C5 C6 C7
C8
C9
The LCD a!s$ re=#ires c$ntr$! !ines %r$& the &icr$c$ntr$!!er
4 Enab&e E This !ine a!!$*s access t$ the "is!ay thr$#gh RB an" RS !ines. hen this !ine is !$* the LCD is "isa'!e" an" ign$res signa!s %r$& RB an" RS. hen 7E: !ine is high the LCD chec+s the state $% the t*$ c$ntr$! !ines an" res$n"s acc$r"ing!y.
5 Rea$#ite RG$ This !ine "eter&ines the "irecti$n $% "ata 'et*een the LCD an" &icr$c$ntr$!!er. hen it is !$* "ata is *ritten t$ the LCD. hen it is high "ata is rea" %r$& the LCD .
6 Registe# se&e)t RS ith the he! $% this !ine the LCD interrets the tye $% "ata $n "ata !ines. hen it is !$* an instr#cti$n is 'eing *ritten t$ the LCD. hen it is high a character is 'eing *ritten t$ the LCD.
Logi) status on )ont#o& &ines: b E F / Access t$ LCD "isa'!e" F ; Access t$ LCD ena'!e" b RB F / riting "ata t$ LCD F ; Rea"ing "ata %r$& LCD b RS F / Instr#cti$n F ; Characte r
$#iting an #eaing t(e ata f#om t(e LCD: riting "ata t$ the LCD is "$ne in se(era! stes ;: Set RB 'it t$ !$* 4: Set RS 'it t$ !$gic / $r ; 7instr#cti$n $r character: : Set "ata t$ "ata !ines 7i% it is *riting: 1: Set E !ine t$ high 3: Set E !ine t$ !$* Rea" "ata %r$& "ata !ines 7i% it is rea"ing: ;: Set RB 'it t$ high 4: Set RS 'it t$ !$gic / $r ; 7instr#cti$n $r character: : Set "ata t$ "ata !ines 7i% it is *riting: 1: Set E !ine t$ high 3: Set E !ine t$ !$*
PIN DESCRIPTION M$st LCDs *ith ; c$ntr$!!er has ;1 Pins an" LCDs *ith 4 c$ntr$!!er has ;@ Pins 7t*$ ins are e,tra in '$th %$r 'ac+F!ight LED c$nnecti$ns:.
