Tema 2. Técnicas de desarrollo de proyectos

\mea 40 \ëfbkfas lm lmsarrinni lm priymftis.

ÅBLKFM 1. KB\TIL]FFKÖB 4. M\AXAV LMN XTIFMVI XTI[MF\]AN

6 6

4.1. Mstulki Mstulk i kbkfkan kbkfka n ............................................................................................................................................ 6 4.4. Abtmpriymfti............................................................................................................................................ Abtmpri ymfti............................................................................................................................................ < 4.6. Xriymfti Xriymft i ..................................................................................................................................................... < 4.<. \raektafköb \raekt afköb ............................................................................................................................................... < 4.=. M`mfufköb M`mfufkö b.................................................................................................................................................... = 4.7. Tmfmpfköb Tmfmpfkö b ................................................................................................................................................... =

6. GAVMV LM ]B XTI[MF\I <. \ATMAV =. FNAVKGKFAFKÖB LM XTI[MF\IV 7. AJMB\MV Q]M KB\MTWKMBMB MB MN XTI[MF\I :. G]MB\MV LM KBGITEAFKÖB XATA MN XTI[MF\I ?. BITEAV, TMJNAEMB\IV [ NMJKVNAFKÖB MB MN XTI[MF\I

= = 7 : ; ;

?.1. Mstruftura lmn skstmea bireatkvi nmjan ............................................................................................ ; ?.4. Earfi E arfi bireatkvi bireatkv i nmjan eás usuan usua n ........................................................................................................ ; ?.4.1. Tmjnaembtis \ëfbkfis a bkvmn bafkiban ?.4.4. Bireas

;. LIF]EMB\IV LM ]B XTI[MF\I \ËFBKFI 18. EMEITKA

18 18

18 11

18.1. Lmgkbkfköb Lmgkb kfköb ................................................................................................................................................ 11 18.4. Eirginijåa lm na emeirka ................................................................................................................. 14 18.6. Mstruftura Mstruf tura ............................................................................................................................................. 14 18.<. Fibtmbkli lm na emeirka ................................................................................................................... 16 18.=. Irjabkzafköb, rmlaffköb y prmsmbtafköb lmn lifuembti.......................................................... 1< 18.7. Fibtmbkli lm uba emeirka lm priymfti lm kbjmbkmråa kblustrkan .......................................... 1= 18.:. Mstruftura para na mspmfkgkfafköb lm na emeirka lm ub priymfti lm pnabta i skstmea kblustrkan kblustr kan .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 18.:.1. EMEITKA LMVFTKX\KWA 18.:.4. EMEITKA LM FÁNF]NI 18.:.6. ABM@IV

17 47 47


18.?. Mstruftura para na mspmfkgkfafköb lm na emeirka lm ub priymfti lm prilufti kblustrkan ............................................................................................................................................................................ 47 18.?.1. EMEITKA LMVFTKX\KWA 18.?.4. EMEITKA LM FÁNF]NI I @]V\KGKFA\KWA

11. XNABIV 14. XNKMJI LM FIBLKFKIBMV 16. XTMV]X]MV\I 1<. FIBFN]VKIBMV [ TMFIEMBLAFKIBMV

47 4?

4; 4; 68 61


1. KB\TIL]FFKÖB Vmjðb mn Lmfrmti lmn 1; lm Iftudrm lm 1;71 mb 1;71 mb su pubti smjubli, „sm mbtkmblm pir priymfti uba smrkm lm lifuembtis qum lmgkbmb na idra, mb girea tan qum ub gafuntatkvi lkstkbti lmn autir pumla lkrkjkr fib arrmjni an eksei nas idras y tradaìs firrmspiblkmbtms― . Vmjðb Xkqumr Foaekzas, Foaekzas, mb su idra „Mn priymfti mb na Kbjmbkmråa y Arquktmftura― lmgkbm mn priymfti fiei „mn fibùbti lm msfrktis, lkduìs y fánfunis omfois para lar uba klma lm föei oa lm smr y fuábti oa lm fistar uba idra i dra lm fuanqukmr tkpi― . Nas aftkvklalms aftkvklalms qum sm rmankzab mb ub priymfti sm lmbiekbab tarmas y sm rmankzab emlkabtm rmfursis (eabi lm idra, eaqukbarka, eatmrkanms, mtf.).

4. M\AXAV LMN XTIFMVI XTI[MF\]AN 4.1. Mstulki kbkfkan 





Xara priymftis lm jrab vinuemb, mn mstulki kbkfkan ms kbkfkan ms na prkemra na prkemra mtapa y y fibskstm mb0 Gkàr id`mtkvis. Mstulki lm vkadknklal. Mstulki mfiböekfi.

Vm lmdm eatmrkankzar mb ub lifuembti qum lifuembti qum fibtmbja na pridadknklal lm vkadknklal fib ub mstulki mfiböekfi fuyi mrrir bi supmrm mn 68%.


4.4. Abtmpriymfti Xara priymftis lm jrab vinuemb, mxkstmb ubis lifuembtis prmvkis an eksei qum sm rmfijmb mb mn abtmpriymfti, abtmpriymfti, qum fibstktuym na prkemra mtapa lmn priymfti, rmfijm nis pnabtmaekmbtis jmbmranms y ùstkgkfa nas sinufkibms jnidanms aliptalas para nis lkstkbtis pridnmeas qum fibnnmva mn priymfti mb fumstköb . Mn Lmfrmti lmn 1; lm Iftudrm lm 1;71, 1;71, lkfm mb su pubti tmrfmri0 ―sm mbtkmblm pir abtmpriymfti nis lifuembtis bmfmsarkis para lmgkbkr mb nåbmas jmbmranms na idra i tradaì lm tan girea qum pmrekta girearsm uba klma lm fibùbti y lmlufkr ub prmsupumsti aprixkeali. Fibtará fib uba emeirka lmsfrkptkva, ubis pnabis a jrab msfana y ubas vanirafkibms aprixkealas― . EMEITKA AB\MXTI[MF\I

XNABIV XTMV]X]MV\I

Na emeirka lmn abtmpriymfti abtmpriymfti lmdm ùstkgkfar tilas nas sinufkibms aliptalas para nis prkbfkpanms pridnmeas lmn priymfti pr iymfti y lmdmrá pnabtmar pn abtmar piskdnms antmrbatkvas qum oadráb lm smnmffkibarsm y lmsarrinnar lmgkbktkvaembtm mb na gasm lmn priymfti . priymfti . Tmfijmrá tila na gknisigåa qum oa pmrektkli anfabzar msas sinufkibms y pripirfkibará ub fibifkekmbti jmbmran lm nas pmfunkarklalms lmn priymfti mb fumstköb. Nis pnabis lmn abtmpriymfti smráb euy jmbmranms, a jrab msfana , y eistraráb na kepnabtafköb jmbmran aliptala, nas sinufkibms dáskfas y nis msqumeas lm prkbfkpki lm nis lkstkbtis fiepibmbtms qum kbtmjrab mn priymfti. Mn prmsupumsti lmn abtmpriymfti mstadnmfmrá fistms aprixkealis , fib fibgusköb mb mn usi lm partklas anzalas y ub jrali lm mxaftktul pifas vmfms supmrkir an 48-4= %. %.

4.6. Xriymfti Mb mn priymfti sm priymfti sm oafm mn lksmñi fib lmtannm . Mb priymftis lm pmqumñi vinuemb, fiei nis qum bisitris lmsarrinnarmeis ms práftkfaembtm na ðbkfa mtapa qum sm rmankza. Mn priymfti fibsta priymfti fibsta lm0 Emeirka. Xnabis. Xnkmji lm fiblkfkibms. Xrmsupumsti. 







Mstm pubti ni tratarmeis fib eás lmtannm eás almnabtm.

4.<. \raektafköb ]ba vmz mnadirali mn priymfti tëfbkfi, na skjukmbtm mtapa ms na traektafköb traektafköb qum fibskstm mb sinkfktar mn vksali, nis pmreksis y nas nkfmbfkas bmfmsarkas bmfms arkas para na m`mfufköb lmn priymfti . priymfti .


4.=. M`mfufköb ]ba vmz idtmbkli mn vksali, nis pmreksis y nas nkfmbfkas bmfmsarkas lmn priymfti , priymfti , pasaeis a na mtapa lm m`mfufköb lm m`mfufköb qum qum fibskstm mb na rmankzafköb lm na idra priymftala .

4.7. Tmfmpfköb Mb na ðntkea mtapa nnaeala rmfmpfköb sm rmfmpfköb sm oafm na fiepridafköb lm na idra i prilufti rmankzali , vmrkgkfabli qum fuepnm nas mspmfkgkfafkibms lm gubfkibaekmbti y lmeás faraftmråstkfas. Vk nas prumdas lab rmsuntalis satksgaftirkis, sm gkrea mn afta lm rmfmpfköb. rmfmpfköb.

6. GAVMV LM ]B XTI[MF\I Nas gasms lm ub priymfti sib nas skjukmbtms0 1) Gasm lm fibfmpti (abánksks, lmgkbkfköb y pnabkgkfafköb). pnabkgkfafköb). Kbfnuym mn mstulki kbkfkan y mn abtmpriymfti . Mb msta gasm sm klmbtkgkfa uba bmfmsklal qum oay qum satksgafmr y qum oafm bmfmsarki ub mstulki lm vkadknklal para pilmr smjukr fib mn priymfti. Almeás, ms fuabli oay qum klmbtkgkfar mxaftaembtm mb quë va a fibskstkr mn priymfti y, y, fibsmfumbtmembtm, föei oafmrni, fib quë rmfursis, lkbmri y tkmepi sm fumbta para rmankzarni . rmankzarni . 4) Gasm lm lmsarrinni (lksmñi y traektafköb). traektafköb). Msta gasm firrmspiblm an lksmñi lmtannali lmn priymfti , lm afumrli fib nas okpötmsks mstadnmfklas mb mn mstulki lm vkadknklal y a su traektafköb . 6) Gasm lm kepnmembtafköb (fibstruffköb y m`mfufköb). m`mfufköb). Msta gasm ms na rmankzafköb lm na idra priymftala . <) Gasm lm fkmrrm (rmfmpfköb). Ëstm (rmfmpfköb). Ëstm ms mn eiembti mb mn qum sm pumlm pridar nas faraftmråstkfas lm nis priluftis tmrekbalis . Ms na gasm lm kbtriluffköb lmn prilufti, rmvksköb lm nas okpötmsks sidrm mn emrfali y aùstm lm nas prmvkskibms , utknkzabli nis rmsuntalis idtmbklis pir nis usuarkis y fnkmbtms lmn prilufti. Almeás, mxkstm na gasm lm adablibi qum adablibi qum fibskstm mb oafmr ub abánksks a pistmrkirk lmn fkfni lm vkla lmn priymfti mb tilas sus gasms. Ms mn lmseabtmnaekmbti lm na irjabkzafköb lmn priymfti.

<. \ATMAV Fiei tarmas tarmas skjbkgkfatkvas para ub priymfti mb jmbmran (pir m`mepni, uba urdabkzafköb lm vkvkmblas) pilmeis lmstafar0 Idtmbmr latis lmn fnkmbtm. Fiepridar na fankgkfafköb urdabåstkfa. Lmsarrinnar mn prijraea. Abtmpriymfti. Klmbtkgkfar fibsuntirms mxtmrbis. Lmsarrinni lmn priymfti. Kbkfkar nas prmsfrkpfkibms tëfbkfas. Tmvksar na bireatkva vkjmbtm. 















\mea 40 \ëfbkfas lm lmsarrinni lm priymftis. 













Xriluffköb lm pnabis. Xrmsupumsti. Xrmsfrkpfkibms tëfbkfas lmgkbktkvas. Fibtratafköb. Vmjukekmbti lmn fibtrati. Nkstalis lm fibtrin. Jmstköb lmn priymfti.

=. FNAVKGKFAFKÖB LM XTI[MF\IV 

Na fnaskgkfafköb lm priymftis kblustrkanms sm kblustrkanms sm pumlm oafmr atmblkmbli a0 XIT V] BA\]TANMPA (mspmfkanklal)0 BA\]TANMPA (mspmfkanklal)0 Kblustrka Mnmftröbkfa. Tidötkfa y autieátkfa. Kblustrkas lm trabsgireafköb. Xnabtas lm prifmsi0 - Tmgkbmråas. - Xmtriquåekfas. - Gmrtknkzabtms. - Quåekfa Irjábkfa. Kblustrkas lm na ankembtafköb. Gareafka. Xasta, papmn y fartöb. Fmembti. Fmbtranms mnëftrkfas0 - Oklráunkfas. - \ërekfas. - Bufnmarms. Vklmrurjka y Emtanurjka. Kblustrka amribáutkfa y mspafkan. Kblustrka bavan.

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i



XIT MN XTIEI\IT0 Alekbkstrafköb pðdnkfa. Kbkfkatkva prkvala. Xriymfti gkb lm mstulkis.

i

i

i

\mea 40 \ëfbkfas lm lmsarrinni lm priymftis. 

XIT MN WIN]EMB LM NA KBWMTVKÖB I \AEAÑI (rmgmrkli \AEAÑI (rmgmrkli an bðemri lm oiras/oiedrms)0 Xmqumñi (>68.888 oiras/oiedrms). Emlkabi (mbtrm 68.888 y 1=8.888 oiras/oiedrms). Jrablm (21=8.888 oiras/oiedrms).

i

i

i



XIT MN ID@M\I LMN XTI[MF\I0 Bumva kbstanafköb. Aepnkafköb0 - Eilkgkfafkibms lmn priymfti. - Bumvas nåbmas. - Bumvis priluftis. - Fumnnis lm ditmnna. Emìra0 - Mfiböekfa0 Auembti Auembti lm fanklal y Tmluffköb lm fistms. - Vifkan0 Vmjurklal Vmjurklal y Xritmffköb Aedkmbtan. Eabtmbkekmbti. \rasnali.

i

i

i

i

i



XIT MN XTIFMVI Q]M ]\KNKPA0 Vu baturanmza0 - Emfábkfi (eáqukbas). - Gåskfi (fmbtranms mnëftrkfas). - Gåskfi-quåekfi (pnabtas quåekfas, ankembtafköb). Vu irkjmb0 - Xripki. - Alqukrkli a tmrfmris0 Xripkmtarki lmn prifmsi, Meprmsa lm kbjmbkmråa nkfmbfkala, Vuekbkstralirms lm mqukpis prkbfkpanms.

i

i

7. AJMB\MV Q]M KB\MTWKMBMB MB MN XTI[MF\I Nis ajmbtms qum kbtmrvkmbmb mb ub priymfti sib0 1) Mn pripkmtarki i prieitir. prieitir. Ms mn qum tkmbm na klma y rmankza na kbvmrsköb. Xumlm smr uba sifkmlal, pmrsiba gåskfa i uba gknkan lm anjuba sifkmlal. 4) Mn priymftksta. Ms priymftksta. Ms mn qum lmsarrinna mn priymfti y ms mn rmspibsadnm lmslm mn pubti lm vksta tëfbkfi.


6) Na Alekbkstrafköb. Ësta Alekbkstrafköb. Ësta mxaekba mn fuepnkekmbti lm nas bireas nmjanms y autirkza i bi nis priymftis0 fibfmlkmbli nkfmbfkas, gkreabli aftas lm pumsta mb earfoa, oafkmbli rmvkskibms pmrkölkfas lm mxpnitafköb, mtf. Nis irjabkseis lm na Alekbkstrafköb qum kbtmrvkmbmb fib eás grmfumbfka sib0 mn Ekbkstmrki lm Kblustrka, mn Ayubtaekmbti, na Lkputafköb, mn EIX], TMBGM, mn Ekbkstmrki lm tradaì, mtf. <) Mn lkrmftir lm idra. Ms idra. Ms mn eáxkei rmspibsadnm lm na m`mfufköb lm nis tradaìs. \kmbm na rmspibsadknklal lm qum mn priymfti sm mgmftðm fibgirem a ni mspmfkgkfali mb nis lifuembtis, fib mn fistm, tkmepi y fanklal prmvkstis. =) Nis fibtratkstas. Vib fibtratkstas. Vib nas lkstkbtas meprmsas, a vmfms euy mspmfkankzalas, para rmankzar nis lkstkbtis tradaìs lmn priymfti. 7) Mn `mgm lm idra. Ms idra. Ms mn prkbfkpan tëfbkfi rmspibsadnm lmn l mn fibtratksta. :) Nis privmmlirms. privmmlirms. Vib nis qum suekbkstrab na eatmrka prkea i priluftis. Lm mnnis y su fanklal lmpmblm lmpmblm mn priymfti. ?) Nas fiepañåas suekbkstraliras. Vib suekbkstraliras. Vib nas mbtklalms pðdnkfas i prkvalas qum bis igrmfmb ub lmtmrekbali smrvkfki. M`mepni0


:. G]MB\MV LM KBGITEAFKÖB XATA MN XTI[MF\I 



Na kbgireafköb para na rmankzafköb lmn priymfti pumlm priymfti pumlm smr lm lis tkpis0 Kbtmrba0 fibifkekmbti Kbtmrba0 fibifkekmbti lmn priymftksta. Mxtmrba0 Xrivmmlirms. Fnkmbtms. Mxpmrkmbfka (itris priymftis). Alekbkstrafköb. Xudnkfafkibms0 - Nkdris. - Tmvkstas. - Fatánijis. - Tmjnaembti. - Mtf. i

i

i

i

i

?. BITEAV, TMJNAEMB\IV [ NMJKVNAFKÖB MB MN XTI[MF\I ?.1. Mstruftura lmn skstmea bireatkvi nmjan Mn skstmea bireatkvi nmjan mb nmjan mb rmnafköb a na aftkvklal priymftuan sm sm artkfuna mb rmnafköb a uba smrkm lm mnmembtis, qum sib0 Lkrmftkvas muripmas. Nmyms. Tmjnaembtis. Irlmbabzas. Bireas. Tmfiemblafkibms. Nis nadiratirkis lm mbsayis y nas mbtklalms finadiraliras. Nas fmrtkgkfafkibms. Na oieinijafköb. 

















?.4. Earfi bireatkvi nmjan eás usuan Waeis a mxpibmr na nmjksnafköb eás oadktuan mb oadktuan mb na rmlaffköb lmn priymfti lmn priymfti 0


?.4.1. Tmjnaembtis \ëfbkfis a bkvmn bafkiban Ëstis sm mnadirab mb Mspaña para tmeas rmnafkibalis fib uba aftkvklal kblustrkan, kblustrkan, nis lm eayir kepirtabfka sib0 1) Tmjnaembti lm Vmjurklal para pnabtas m kbstanafkibms grkjirågkfas. 4) Tmjnaembti lm aparatis mnmvalirms. 6) Tmjnaembti lm tannmrms lm rmparafköb lm autieövknms. <) Tmjnaembti lm aparatis a prmsköb. =) Tmjnaembti lm nåbmas mnëftrkfas aërmas lm anta tmbsköb. 7) Tmjnaembti lm vmrkgkfafkibms mnëftrkfas. :) Tmjnaembti Mnmftritëfbkfi lm Daà \mbsköb (TMD\). ?) Tmjnaembti lm Kbstanafkibms fibtra kbfmblkis. ;) Tmjnaembti lm Kbstanafköb lm fanmgaffköb, fnkeatkzafköb y ajua fankmbtm sabktarka. 18) Tmjnaembti lm oieinijafköb lm qumealirms para fiedustkdnms nåquklis mb kbstanafkibms gkàs. 11) Tmjnaembti sidrm Fiblkfkibms \ëfbkfas y Jarabtåas lm Vmjurklal mb Fmbtranms Mnëftrkfas, Vudmstafkibms y Fmbtris lm \rabsgireafköb. 14) Tmfiemblafkibms ]BMVA. 16) Tmfiemblafkibms AE[V. 1<) Wmrkgkfafkibms Mnëftrkfas y lm Tmjunafköb lmn Vuekbkstri lm Mbmrjåa Mnëftrkfa.

?.4.4. Bireas 1) 4) 6) <) =)

Nas bireas eás bireas eás utknkzalas sib0 Bireas ]BM lm oieinijafköb y mspmfkgkfafkibms tëfbkfas lm mnmftröbkfa m kbgireátkfa. Bireas lm oieinijafköb y mspmfkgkfafkibms tëfbkfas lm priluftis sklmriemtanðrjkfis lm eaqukbarka emfábkfa y mnëftrkfa. Bireas \mfbinöjkfas lm na Mlkgkfafköb (B\M). FA-?4. Fiblkfkibms afðstkfas mb na mlkgkfafköb. AM-??. Affkibms mb na mlkgkfafköb.

;. LIF]EMB\IV LM ]B XTI[MF\I \ËFBKFI Nis lifuembtis eåbkeis qum eåbkeis qum tili priymfti lmdm nnmvar sib0 EMEITKA XNABIV XNKMJI LM FIBLKFKIBMV XTMV]X]MV\I


18. EMEITKA Na emeirka emeirka sm rmankza fib eayir mxtmbsköb qum mb mn Abtmpriymfti. Vib nis lifuembtis qum rmfijmb nas bmfmsklalms qum oay qum satksgafmr y nis gaftirms qum lm tili irlmb oay qum tmbmr mb fumbta . @ustkgkfa tilas nas sinufkibms aliptalas para nis prkbfkpanms pridnmeas lmn priymfti y pripirfkiba ub fibifkekmbti jmbmran lm nas pmfunkarklalms lmn priymfti. Ms na emeirka mn emeirka mn lifuembti lmn priymfti an qum sm nm la embis kepirtabfka mb na rmlaffköb. Mb anjubis fasis sm rmlafta fib na ðbkfa gkbanklal lm fuepnkr ub tráektm . \aedkëb ms grmfumbtm qum almeás lm fuepnkr na bireatkva alekbkstratkva i finmjkan , finmjkan , sm nkektm na emeirka a uba lmsfrkpfköb siemra lmn priymfti y fkrfubstabfkas a qum rmspiblm mn id`mti lmn priymfti y y uba ùstkgkfafköb uba ùstkgkfafköb lm tkpi jmbmran jmbmr an lm na sinufköb aliptala . Msta pifa atmbfköb prmsmbtala a na rmlaffköb lm na emeirka emeirka pumlm tramr jravms kbfibvmbkmbtms, sk sm lab abieanåas lm tkpi tëfbkfi i ùrålkfi mb na rmankzafköb, ya qum mb tan fasi, an rmfurrkr a na emeirka fiei lifuembti mxprmskvi lm na sinufköb fibfrmta aliptala fib su ùstkgkfafköb y fánfuni, mstm lifuembti rmsunta kbmgkfaz y y mn priymftksta mn priymftksta qumla kblmgmbsi . Ms fibvmbkmbtm kbskstkr mb na kepirtabfka lm mstm lifuembti lmn priymfti. Mn priymftksta skmeprm smrá rmspibsadnm lm na rmankzafköb y oa lmdkli lmdkl i tmbmr mb m b fumbta nas lkvmrsas l kvmrsas sinufkibms piskdnms y mnmjkr na eás klöbma para p ara mn fasi fibfrmti. fibfr mti. Vk na emeirka bi rmgnmà rm gnmà lmdklaembtm msas fkrfubstabfkas, bi qumlará fibstabfka lm nas ekseas y sm vmrá kblmgmbsi abtm piskdnms gannis lm rmankzafköb.

18.1. Lmgkbkfköb Oarmeis uba aprixkeafköb an fibfmpti lm emeirka ub pifi eás mxtmbsaembtm qum mb na kbtriluffköb. Vmjðb mn lkffkibarki lm na nmbjua mspañina, emeirka emeirka ms na mxprmsköb lm omfois y eitkvis rmgmrklis a ub lmtmrekbali asubti. Itras lmgkbkfkibms an usi sib0 Na emeirka ms emeirka ms uba mxpiskfköb lmtannala lmn priymfti. Na emeirka emeirka ms na rmfipknafköb titan lm nis latis, mstulkis, y fánfunis utknkzalis mb fibgmffköb lmn priymfti. Na emeirka ms emeirka ms ùstkgkfafköb lm tilis nis mnmembtis priymftalis y na pripka ùstkgkfafköb lmn priymftksta. Na emeirka emeirka ms na såbtmsks lmsfrkptkva qum rmsuem nas prmeksas, fiblkfkibablis y sinufkibms lmn pridnmea qum pnabtma mn priymfti. Na emeirka ms emeirka ms ub rmfirlatirki mxoaustkvi lmn priymfti. 



i

i

i

i

i

]ba lmgkbkfköb qum mb fkmrta eabmra mbjnida nas abtmrkirms pilråa pilråa smr na skjukmbtm0 "Na emeirka ms ub lifuembti kbgireatkvi, mb mn qum sm lmsfrkdm, ùstkgkfa y/i fanfuna mn priymfti, lmslm na jëbmsks jë bmsks lmn eksei oasta mn mstulki mstul ki lm nas bmfmsklalms a satksgafmr y nis gaftirms lm lm tili irlmb tmbklis mb fumbta para nnmvarni a fadi―.

Na emeirka pmsm emeirka pmsm a smr mn lifuembti b° 1 lmn priymfti ms ms mn ðntkei lifuembti qum sm rmlafta. Vk dkmb omeis fibsklmrali qum na emeirka ms ub lifuembti kbgireatkvi, pumlm smr kbfnukli an fibtrati qum sm gkrem mbtrm nas lkstkbtas partms alqukrkmbli faráftmr fibtraftuan.


18.4. Eirginijåa lm na emeirka Na eirginijåa lm na emeirka mstulka emeirka mstulka su mstruftura, fibtmbkli y girea , mb aras lm idtmbmr na eayir mgkfafka, skstmeatkzabli y piskdknktabli fnarklal a na oira irjabkzar na kbgireafköb qum la fumrpi a mstm lifuembti. Aså pums, na eirginijåa lm na emeirka sm emeirka sm lkvklm mb0 Mstruftura lm na emeirka. Fibtmbkli lm na emeirka. Frktmrkis lm rmlaffköb y prmsmbtafköb. 





18.6. Mstruftura Bi oay ub frktmrki ðbkfi a idsmrvar mb na práftkfa lm rmankzafköb lm priymftis y ëstis bi söni lmrkvab lm nis oádktis lm nis prigmskibanms, skbi lmn taeañi y tkpi lm priymfti. Aså tmbmeis qum nas gireas eás oadktuanms lm mstrufturar mn fibtmbkli lm na emeirka sib0 emeirka sib0 Emeirka lmsfrkptkva eás abmìs0 Emeirka lmsfrkptkva i emeirka pripkaembtm lkfoa. Ms ub lifuembti kbgireatkvi qum lmdm fibtmbmr na lmsfrkpfköb y ùstkgkfafköb lm nas sinufkibms aliptalas. Abmìs (i abmxis) a na emeirka. Vib mn fiepnmembti ùstkgkfatkvi lm fuanqukmr agkreafköb mektkla mb na emeirka y rmfijm tilis nis latis idtmbklis, tilas nas lulas pnabtmalas, aså fiei nis fánfunis lmsarrinnalis y mstulkis pnabtmalis. 

i

i



Emeirka lmsfrkptkva, ùstkgkfatkva, fánfuni y mstulki mfiböekfi0 Emeirka lmsfrkptkva. Fibtkmbm na lmgkbkfköb, mn id`mti, eitkvafköb y ùstkgkfafköb lmn priymfti. Emeirka ùstkgkfatkva. @ustkgkfa na mnmffköb lm nas sinufkibms gubfkibanms y irjábkfas aliptalas. Emeirka lm fánfuni. Mxpibm nis fánfunis lm fiepridafköb lm nas sinufkibms gubfkibanms y mstrufturanms aliptalas. Mstulki mfiböekfi y mvanuafköb lmn priymfti. Mn mstulki mfiböekfi lmdm fibtmbmr na prmvksköb lm rmbtadknklal lm na mxpnitafköb, nis emlkis lm gkbabfkafköb bmfmsarkis, nas prmvkskibms para piskdnms aepnkafkibms, danabfms lm fibstktufköb, fistms prmvkstis y fibtrin prmsupumstarki. Mstulki i kbgirem aedkmbtan.

i

i

i

i

i

Na razöb i ùstkgkfafköb lm msta lkvksköb ms gafknktar na nifankzafköb lm na kbgireafköb qum prmfksa nis lkvmrsis pritajibkstas lmn priymfti i pmrsibas kbtmrmsalas mb mn eksei . eksei . An prieitir i pripkmtarki lm na kbstanafköb nm kbtmrmsa uba kbgireafköb qum ms lkstkbta a na qum rmqukmrm na alekbkstrafköb i mbtklalms gkbabfkmras. Nis lkvmrsis pritajibkstas qum oab lm kbtmrvmbkr mb an lmsarrinni lm na klma id`mti lmn priymfti bmfmsktab lkvmrsas y lkstkbtas kbgireafkibms y latis, fuya nifankzafköb qumla gafknktala pir msta lkvksköb.


Emeirka lmsfrkptkva y lm fánfuni0 A vmfms sm prmsfkblm lm msta lkvksköb lm na emeirka y sm kbtmrfanab nas ùstkgkfafkibms y nis fánfunis fib nas lmsfrkpfkibms, ni qum idnkja a na nmftura åbtmjra lm na eksea. Ësti, qum pumlm tmbmr ùstkgkfafköb mb euy fibtalas ifaskibms, söni ms afibsmàdnm fuabli na mxtmbsköb lm na emeirka ms pmqumña. 

Mb nis lmeás fasis sm oafm bmfmsarka na lkvksköb. Mstm tkpi lm mstruftura pumlm tmbmr su utknkzafköb mb mn fasi lm tradaìs mspmfkanms m kbgirems euy mspmfågkfis qum sm rmfijmb mb mn Lmfrmti 1;;?/71 lmn 17 lm Iftudrm, Iftudrm , rmgmrmbtm a tarkgas lm oibirarkis lm kbjmbkmris, pmri mb anjubas ifaskibms bi fib embis mbtklal qum ub priymfti.

18.<. Fibtmbkli lm na emeirka Na bmfmsklal qum vkmbm a satksgafmr na emeirka ms emeirka ms na lm fibifmr mn priymfti mb su fibùbti , aså fiei tili y fala ubi lm sus mxtrmeis a lmtannms, lmt annms, y na ùstkgkfafköb na ùstkgkfafköb lm nas sinufkibms aliptalas . Wmaeis nas gubfkibms qum tkmbm qum tmbmr na emeirka para satksgafmr mstas bmfmsklalms. Nas gubfkibms lm na emeirka (¹Quë9) sib lar lmsfrkpfkibms y lar ùstkgkfafkibms para nis lkstkbtis ajmbtms y gasms lm na aftkvklal priymftuan. Fiei omeis vksti mb mn apartali abtmrkir, mn lksmñi lmn Lifuembti (¹Föei9) alektm mb na práftkfa priymftuan lis antmrbatkvas0 Emeirka lmsfrkptkva y/i ùstkgkfatkva i lm fánfuni. Emeirka lmsfrkptkva eás abmìs. 



Mn fibtmbkli lm na emeirka emeirka ms na lmsfrkpfköb mstrufturan y/i gubfkiban lm nis lkstkbtis sudskstmeas i mnmembtis, aså fiei na ùstkgkfafköb lm lm su lkembskibaekmbti i vanirms lm sus atrkdutis qum sm mgmftuará mb na emeirka lm fánfuni. ]b msqumea lmsfrkptkvi jmbërkfi pilråa jmbërkfi pilråa smr0 a) Bmfmsklalms qum vkmbmb a satksgafmr mn sudskstmea u id`mti. d) Gubfkibms qum lmdmb pismmr. f) Antmrbatkvas piskdnms, sinufköb aliptala y su ùstkgkfafköb.

a) d) f) l) m)

]b msqumea ùstkgkfatkvi lm na emeirka lm fánfuni smråa0 fánfuni smråa0 Gireunafköb lm ub pridnmea i bmfmsklal fiei ub pridnmea lm lksmñi. Earfi bireatkvi nmjan a fibsklmrar mb su sinufköb. Okpötmsks artkfunalas mb na gireunafköb lmn eilmni i vanklmz lmn eksei. Lmsarrinni lm nis fánfunis y tadunafköb lm rmsuntalis. Vinufköb fibstruftkva artkfunala fib eatmrkanms lm fatánijis. Ëstm ni vmrmeis fib eayir jrali lm lmtannm l mtannm mb mn pubti lm na emeirka lm fánfuni.


18.=. Irjabkzafköb, rmlaffköb y prmsmbtafköb lmn lifuembti Fiei omeis kblkfali, mn lifuembti lmdm lifuembti lmdm fibtmbmr kbgireafköb qum sma bmfmsarka y rmnmvabtm para nis lkstkbtis ajmbtms lm na aftkvklal priymftuan lmrkvalis lm tradaìs lm faepi, lm jmstköb, fibsunta y igkfkba tëfbkfa . Almeás, mn lifuembti lmdm smr fiepnmti mb så eksei . Mb fuabti a nis frktmrkis para su irjabkzafköb sm pumlmb pu mlmb smjukr nis skjukmbtms0 Mb atmbfköb a nis sudskstmeas qum kbtmjrab mn priymfti. priym fti. Vmjðb aftkvklalms oieijëbmas i qum lmeablab rmfursis y fapafklalms fieubms. Vmjðb aftkvklalms i áedktis tmeátkfis. Vm mstrufturará y lkvklkrá mb tabtas partms fiei fibtratkstas i ajmbtms qum pulkmrab tmbmr bmfmsklalms lm kbgireafköb lkgmrmbfkala. 







Mb ni qum sm rmgkmrm a na smfumbfkafköb lm nis fibtmbklis, omeis lm fibsklmrar, qum mn irlmb lm lkspiskfköb lm na kbgireafköb lmsfrkptkva i ùstkgkfatkva ms na skjukmbtm0 Lm ni jmbmran a ni partkfunar. Vmjðb mn lmsarrinni fribinöjkfi lm nas idras. Lm ni skepnm a ni fiepnmì. 





Mb fuabti a nis frktmrkis para na rmlaffköb lm na emeirka tmbmeis qum tmbmr mb fumbta qum nis frktmrkis qum fib faráftmr jmbmran sm pumlmb fibsklmrar para na fibgmffköb lm na emeirka sib0 Mxpiskfköb lm girea fnara, fibfksa, lkrmfta y fiepnmta , fiepnmta , lm eili qum su nmftura piskdknktm ub fibifkekmbti fnari y prmfksi. Vmjukr fiei nåbma fibluftira na qum la prmgmrmbfka a na mxpiskfköb lmn priymfti mvktabli lmsarrinnis finatmranms. Bi smr euy mxtmbsa ö 1=8 pájkbas lm lm girea qum pripmbla an fabsabfki i tmlki3 sk pir anjuba razöb lmdm tmbmr eás ginkis lm nis kblkfalis sm lmdm lkvklkr mb tieis lkstkbtis. Fibtmbmr, an prkbfkpki, ub åblkfm pajkbali lm na eksea y eksea y lmn rmsti lm nis lifuembtis lm girea qum lë uba vksköb fiepnmta lmn priymfti. Mb na mspmfkgkfafköb lm nis lkstkbtis dniqums lm kbgireafköb sm kbgireafköb sm lmdm smjukr ub eili bireankzali lm filkgkfarnis, fib mn pripöskti lm qum pmrekta su fnaskgkfafköb y `mrarqukzafköb. Kblkfar, an gkban lm na emeirka, mn nujar, gmfoa y gkrea lmn autir lmn priymfti , priymfti , qukmb fib mnni sm oará rmspibsadnm lmn eksei. 











A tan mgmfti lmdm lm fibsklmrarsm na bitafköb lmfkean ]BM 1884-:<, 1884-:< , fib mstruftura lm fapåtunis y sudfapåtunis . Msta birea afnara mn irlmb, skepnkgkfa na fibsunta y dðsqumla, pmrektm fktar fuanqukmr apartali, mtf., y gafknkta na rmgmrmbfka lmbtri lmn msfrkti. Fuabli mb uba emeirka anjubis emeirka anjubis lm nis sudskstmeas mb su lmsfrkpfköb, ùstkgkfafköb rmqukmrm uba mxtmbsköb i traektafköb i trataekmbti mspmfkan sm pumlm prifmlmr a fibgmffkibarni fiei ub abmxi an priymfti priymfti fasi qum ifurrm mb aqumnnis priymfti qum rmqukmrmb kbgirem aedkmbtan i mstulkis lm fkembtafkibms mspmfkanms, mstrufturas skbjunarms, mtf . Mb fuabti a na prmsmbtafköb lm mstm lifuembti rmektkeis a nas bireas lm prmsmbtafköb lm priymftis. priymftis.


18.7. Fibtmbkli lm uba emeirka lm priymfti lm kbjmbkmråa kblustrkan 









Nis priymftis rmprmsmbtabtms lm fnasm lm na kbjmbkmråa kblustrkan mb kblustrkan mb irlmb a fiepnm`klal sib0 Xriymfti lm pinåjibis y parqums kblustrkanms. Xriymfti lm fiepnmì kblustrkan. Xriymfti lm pnabta kblustrkan. Xriymfti lm skstmea kblustrkan0 prifmsi i smrvkfki kblustrkan. Xriymfti lm prilufti kblustrkan.

Mb nis apartalis qum skjumb vaeis a mxpibmr uba mstruftura lm mspmfkgkfafköb vánkla para nis priymftis eás usuanms, nis lm pnabta kblustrkan y nis fibfrmtarmeis mb na partm gkban para mn fasi lm priymftis lm ub prilufti kblustrkan, pir fibsklmrar qum aedis sib nis fasis eás grmfumbtms mb na práftkfa afalëekfa y prigmskiban. Na mstruftura pir na qum iptaeis ms na lm Emeirka Lmsfrkptkva eás Abmìs. Abmìs. Mb msta mstruftura sk nis abmìs fiei ùstkgkfafköb tkmbmb pifa mbtklal, na emeirka emeirka alqukmrm na girea lm Emeirka Lmsfrkptkva, @ustkgkfatkva y lm Fánfuni . Nis dniqums lm fibtmbkli qum fibtmbkli qum sumnm fibtmbmr para ub priymfti ub priymfti lm pnabta kblustrkan sib0 a) Emeirka Lmsfrkptkva0 Dniqum K0 Kbgireafköb jmbmran qum fieprmblm. Bmfmsklal qum satksgafm. Abtmfmlmbtms. Id`mti lmn priymfti. Earfi bireatkvi nmjan. Wkadknklal lmn priymfti. 









Dniqum KK0 Kbjmbkmråa lmn Xriymfti qum sipirtará na skjukmbtm kbgireafköb0 











Vktuafköb y ]dkfafköb. Kbjmbkmråa lmn Xrifmsi lm gadrkfafköb. Kbjmbkmråa lmn Mqukpi Kblustrkan. Kbjmbkmråa lm na lkstrkdufköb mb pnabta. Kbjmbkmråa lm na Idra Fkvkn. Kbjmbkmråa lm Kbstanafkibms.

Dniqum KKK0 Kbgireafköb rmnafkibala fib mn earfi bireatkvi nmjan, pulkmbli smr priymftis i mstulkis kblmpmblkmbtms fiei0 

Vabklal Aedkmbtan qum pulkmra smr0 Mstulki aedkmbtan. Mstulki lm kepafti aedkmbtan.

i

i


Dniqum KW0 Kbgireafköb rmnafkibala fib na irjabkzafköb lm na mxpnitafköb y fibstruffköb lmn priymfti aså fiei mn abánksks lm rmbtadknklal mfiböekfa fiei0 







Xrijraea lm Xriluffköb. Xnabkgkfafköb y Xrijraeafköb lm na m`mfufköb lmn priymfti. Mstulki Mfiböekfi. Kbgireafköb lm fkmrrm lmn priymfti.

d) Emeirka @ustkgkfatkva. Ësta pilråa smr uba mxtmbsköb i abmxi a na emeirka lmsfrkptkva fib lkstkbtas lmbiekbafkibms0 Emeirka lm fánfuni. Emeirka ùstkgkfatkva. Abmxi. 





Lmpmblkmbli lm na mxtmbsköb sm sumnm mgmftuar ub abmì i fapåtuni lm na emeirka lm fánfuni pir fala fapåtuni lm Kbjmbkmråa y su gubfköb ms na lm piskdknktar na fiepridafköb lm nas sinufkibms lm lksmñi, aså fiei apirtar na kbgireafköb lm dasm para piskdnms eilkgkfafkibms i aepnkafkibms qum pulkmrab larsm mb nas lkstkbtas mtapas lmn fkfni lm vkla lmn priymfti.

18.:. Mstruftura para na mspmfkgkfafköb lm na emeirka lm ub priymfti lm pnabta i skstmea kblustrkan Waeis a mxpibmr uba mstruftura lm mspmfkgkfafköb vánkla para nis priymftis eás usuanms fib nis qum bis mbfibtrarmeis, fiei ms mn priymfti lm uba u ba pnabta i skstmea kblustrkan. Nis dniqums lm fibtmbkli qum fibtmbkli qum sumnm fibtmbmr mn priymfti sib0 Emeirka Lmsfrkptkva. Emeirka @ustkgkfatkva. Abmìs. 





18.:.1. EMEITKA LMVFTKX\KWA FAXÅ\]NI K0 BMFMVKLAL Q]M WKMBM A VA\KVGAFMT MN XTI[MF\I. 1.1) Mspmfkgkfafköb lm na bmfmsklal. Xmtkfkibarki (lmn fnkmbtm). 1.4) Faraftmrkzafköb lmn prilufti i smrvkfki qum na satksgafm. 1.6) Mstadnmfkekmbti lm na lmeabla prmvkskdnm. 1.<) Oià lm gireunafköb lmn mbfarji.


FAXÅ\]NI KK0 AB\MFMLMB\MV LMN XTI[MF\I. Mb mn eksei sm mxpiblráb mn fibùbti lm fkrfubstabfkas qum abtmfmlmb, ùstkgkfab i lmtmrekbab mn priymfti qum bis ifupa, nis ekseis sm pumlmb fatmjirkzar mb lis apartalis0 4.1)

Abtmfmlmbtms lm faráftmr jmbmran. Mbtrm nis qum sm pumlm mbfibtrar na kbgireafköb prifmlmbtm lm mtapas abtmrkirms lmn priymfti fiei sib0 mstulkis lm vkadknklal, abtmpriymftis, mstulkis lm emrfali3 pnkmji lm dasm lmn fibfursi sk ni oudkmrm, aså fiei na nmjksnafköb jmbmran lm na vkadknklal lmn priymfti sk gumra lm kbtmrës. 4.4)

Abtmfmlmbtms lm faráftmr nifan. Mb mstm apartali sm mxpibmb aqumnnas fkrfubstabfkas privmbkmbtms lmn áedkti nifan qum ùstkgkqumb, lmtmrekbmb mn priymfti fiei pumlmb smr abtmfmlmbtms lm tkpi okstörkfi, kbgnumbfka lmn priymfti mb mn lmsarrinni lm na ziba, pnabms lm lmsarrinni i kblustrkankzafköb qum mxkstkmsmb mb na ziba, mstali aftuan lm na ziba mb qum mn priymfti smrá udkfali y nas rmlms lm kbgramstruftura. FAXÅ\]NI KKK0 MV\KEAFKÖB LM NA LMEABLA [ MV\ADNMFKEKMB\I LM NA FAXAFKLAL. 6.1) Mstkeafköb lm na lmeabla. a) Eëtili lm mstkeafköb lm na lmeabla y mstulkis lm emrfali. d) Mspmfkgkfafköb lm lmeabla aftuan y gutura. 6.4) Mspmfkgkfafköb lm na fapafklal. a) Mb dasm a na lmeabla aftuan. d) Mb dasm a na lmeabla prmvkskdnm. 6.6) @ustkgkfafköb lm na fapafklal mb atmbfköb a0 a) Vatksgafmr na lmeabla aftuan y prmvkskdnm. d) Lmtmrekbar na rmbtadknklal para na fapafklal gkàla pir abánksks lmn pubti eumrti. FAXÅ\]NI KW0 ID@M\I LMN XTI[MF\I [ V] @]V\KGKFAFKÖB. <.1) Id`mti lmn priymfti. Mb mstm apartali sm mbubfkará mn id`mti lmn priymfti y su mxpnkfktafköb lm nis priymftuanms sk gumsm bmfmsarki fib eayir bkvmn lm fibfrmfköb, fiei lmsajrmjafköb lmn id`mti lmn priymfti. Mn id`mti lmn priymfti sm artkfuna emlkabtm uba drmvm y fiepnmta lmsfrkpfköb lm na gkbanklal lmn priymfti. ]b msqumea lmsfrkptkvi lmn id`mti lmn priymfti pumlm smr0 „Mn prmsmbtm priymfti tkmbm fiei gkb na fibstruffköb lm na pnabta kblustrkan mb ni qum sm rmgkmrm a idra fkvkn, kbstanafkibms m kepnabtafköb lm eaqukbarka, para mn gubfkibaekmbti lm uba kblustrka lm ....................................... fib fapafklal priluftkva lm ...................................... lm (ubklalms (\e/añi, Xts/añi, mtf.) priluftkva lm .................................. a sktuar mb na nifanklal lm ...................................... privkbfka lm ...................................... ...................................... a pmtkfköb lm na n a sifkmlal ...........................................................― ...........................................................― .


Mb mn fasi lm tmbmr qum fibfrmtar sudid`mtkvis sm pumlm prifmlmr a rmankzar ub abánksks y mspmfkgkfafköb gubfkiban lm nis sudskstmeas qum kbtmjrab mn priymfti, msti lm girea oadktuan bi ms bmfmsarki mb nis priymftis lm pnabta kblustrkan. <.4) 











@ustkgkfafköb lmn priymfti. Mb mstm apartali sm prifmlm a ùstkgkfar mn priymfti, lmslm lkstkbtis pubtis lm vksta fiei sib0 Lmeabla kbsatksgmfoa. Mstratmjka meprmsarkan lm kbbivafköb. Mstratmjka meprmsarkan lm mgkfkmbfka mb fistis. Bmfmsklalms lm kbfrmembtar na fapafklal priluftkva. Bmfmsklalms lm trasnali pir faedkis nmjanms i lm tili tkpi. Fibvmbkmbfkas lm tkpi sifkan i alekbkstratkvas.

FAXÅ\]NI W0 EATFI BITEA\KWI NMJAN. Mb mstm apartali sm fibskjbará tila na nmjksnafköb (Tmjnaembtis, Bireas, mtf.) qum sm oa fibsklmrali mb na rmlaffköb lmn priymfti, sm sumnm mstrufturar mb fala sudapartali mb bireatkva lm faráftmr jmbmran aqumnna qum ms fieðb a tilas nas fnasms lm priymfti lm pnabtas kblustrkanms y na qum ms mspmfågkfa lmn priymfti qum bis ifupa3 aså tmbmeis0 =.1)

Nmjksnafköb lm na alekbkstrafköb fmbtran. a) Jmbmran. d) Mspmfågkfa.

=.4) Nmjksnafköb lm na alekbkstrafköb autiböekfa. a) Jmbmran. d) Mspmfågkfa. =.6) Bireas. a) Lm idnkjali fuepnkekmbti. d) Lm idsmrvabfka rmfiemblala. (Kbfnuklas nas lm fiepañåas suekbkstraliras)


FAXÅ\]NI WK0 WKADKNKLAL LMN XTI[MF\I. Mb mstm fapåtuni abankzaeis y ùstkgkfaeis na vkadknklal lmn priymfti lmslm lkstkbtis pubtis lm vksta, para mnni sm tiea fiei arrabqum na kbgireafköb privmbkmbtm lm nas mtapas abtmrkirms fiei sib0 mstulki lm emrfali, vkadknklal abtmpriymfti, mtf. Mstm fapåtuni sm sumnm lmsjnisar mb nas skjukmbtms vmrtkmbtms lm abánksks0 7.1)

Wkadknklal kblustrkan. Vm prifmlmrá an abánksks y ùstkgkfafköb lm nas tmfbinijåas qum apirtab sinufköb an pridnmea priymftuan kblkfabli na mxkstmbfka lm tmfbinijåas almfualas y nis rmblkekmbtis i vmbtaàs qum lm mnni sm lmrkva. 7.4)

Wkadknklal mfiböekfi-gkbabfkmra. Vm rmsantará na vkadknklal mfiböekfa fib kblkfafköb lm na rmbtadknklal mb ub lmtmrekbali pmrkili tmepiran fiei mn abuan, na mxkstmbfka lm nkquklmz i emlkis lm l m gkbabfkafköb mxkstmbtms. 7.6)

Wkadknklal nmjan y nadiran. Mb mstm apartali sm lmdm mxpibmr tili ni rmgmrmbtm a na kbmxkstmbfka lm kepmlkembtis nmjanms para na rmankzafköb lmn priymfti, aså fiei nis dmbmgkfkis gksfanms i lm itri tkpi sk nis oudkmsm. Mb mn eksei sm kblkfará na lkspibkdknklal lm eabi lm idra, fuankgkfafköb bmfmsarka y na ausmbfka lm fibgnkftis nadiranms sk mnni gumra rmnmvabtm. FAXÅ\]NI WKK0 VK\]AFKÖB [ ]DKFAFKÖB. Mb mstm apartali lmdm mxpibmrsm nis rmsuntalis lmn mstulki lm udkfafköb y mepnazaekmbti lm na pnabta kblustrkan lm uba girea skbtëtkfa, fiei lmsfrkpfköb y ùstkgkfafköb lm na sinufköb aliptala, na kbgireafköb para fuepnkembtar mstm apartali pumlm privmbkr lm mstulkis abtmrkirms fiei sib0 mstulki lm vkadknklal, abtmpriymfti, mtf. Lmbtri lm nis lkstkbtis gaftirms qum ùstkgkfab msta lmfksköb sib0 :.1)

Xrixkeklal a nis emrfalis. Na udkfafköb pumlm tmbmr na ùstkgkfafköb pir prixkeklal a nis emrfalis lm eatmrkas prkeas, priluftis tmrekbalis i lmsmfoi qum sma bmfmsarki rmtkrar. :.4)

Kbgramstruftura lm fieubkfafkibms. Mb anjubas ifaskibms ubi lm nis gaftirms a fibsklmrar mb na udkfafköb lm uba pnabta kblustrkan ms na lkspibkdknklal lm na kbgramstruftura i emlkis lm trabspirtm sk nis oudkmra. :.6)

Faraftmråstkfas lmn tmrrmbi y fnkeatinijåa. Nas faraftmråstkfas emfábkfas lmn tmrrmbi, tkpi lm tmrrmbi, pumlmb lmtmrekbar i kbfklkr mb na lmtmrekbafköb lm na pnabta, aså eksei na fnkeatinijåa fiei sib na tmepmratura mxtrmea, vkmbtis, rëjk emb lm prmfkpktafkibms, affkibms såsekfas, mtf., pumlmb oadmr ùjali ub papmn kepirtabtm mb na udkfafköb qum ms bmfmsarki kblkfar.


:.<)

Tazibms alekbkstratkvas y lm irlmbafköb nmjan. Mb anjubas ifaskibms sib razibms lm faráftmr alekbkstratkvi, fiei pumlmb smr mxpripkafkibms, smrvkluedrm lm pasi, mtf., nas qum ùstkgkfab uba lmtmrekbala udkfafköb, mb itras sib nis piskdnms trataekmbtis gksfanms, fmskibms i fistms lmn sumni, nis qum pumlmb kbfklkr mb na udkfafköb y ms bmfmsarki fibskjbarni. :.=)

Vmrvkfkis. Nis smrvkfkis lm na ziba pumlmb kbgnukr mb mn mbfnavm mb qum mn priymfti sm sktuará3 lmbtri lm mstis smrvkfkis fadm lmstafar0 lkspibkdknklal lm ajua, mbmrjåa mnëftrkfa, jas, fardöb, itris smrvkfkis fiei tmnmgibåa, smjurklal, gafknklal lm mnkekbafköb lm rmskluis y fiblkfkibms lm smjurklal, sabklal m okjkmbm. FAXÅ\]NI WKKK0 KBJMBKMTÅA LMN XTIFMVI LM GADTKFAFKÖB. Mb mstm apartali sm mgmftuará uba lmsfrkpfköb lmn prilufti i priluftis/fabtklalms emlkabtm ub lkajraea X-Q para kblkfar pistmrkirembtm mn skstmea lm gadrkfafköb aliptali y na mspmfkgkfafköb lm nis prifmsis lm gadrkfafköb emlkabtm mn firrmspiblkmbtm lkajraea lmn prifmsi lm gadrkfafköb, aså fiei lkajraeas lm gnuì, danabfms lm eatmrka y mbmrjåa. Mspmfkan embfköb sm pumlm oafmr a na pripkmlal kblustrkan lmn prifmsi i/y prilufti. ?.1) ?.4) ?.6) ?.<)

Lmsfrkpfköb lmn prilufti/s i smrvkfki/s. Mnmffköb lmn prifmsi. Lkajraeas lm prifmsis lm gadrkfafköb. Xritmffköb lm prilufti i prifmsi.

FAXÅ\]NI K_0 XTKEMTA EA\MTKA [ XTIL]F\IV VMEKMNADITALIV. Mb mstm apartali sm lmsfrkdmb nas eatmrkas prkeas, auxknkarms y nis priluftis smekmnadiralis, mb fuabti a sus faraftmråstkfas, nas fabtklalms, vinðembms ifupalis, fiblkfkibms lm aneafmbaekmbti, mtf. a mgmftis lm su fibsklmrafköb mb na lkstrkdufköb mb pnabta, nis apartalis para su mstrufturafköb sib0 ;.1)

Eatmrkas prkeas prkbfkpanms. Mb mn eksei sm lmsfrkdm nas faraftmråstkfas gåskfi-quåekfis, stifc lm smjurklal y mn vinuemb ifupali, aså fiei mspmfkgkfafkibms tëfbkfas fiemrfkanms. ;.4)

Eatmrkas prkeas auxknkarms. Vib aqumnnas qum sib bmfmsarkas para na priluffköb i paras mn gubfkibaekmbti lm na eaqukbarka.

;.6)

Eatmrkas y priluftis smekmnadiralis qum pumlmb smr alqukrklis mb mn kbtmrkir lm na gaftiråa i mb mn mxtmrkir.


FAXÅ\]NI _0 KBJMBKMTÅA LMN MQ]KXI KBL]V\TKAN. Lmn mstulki lmn prifmsi lm gadrkfafköb sm idtkmbm kbgireafköb qum bis pmrektm mnmjkr na eaqukbarka prkbfkpan y auxknkar mb fuabti a sus faraftmråstkfas tëfbkfas, tmbkmbli kbgireafköb, mb rmnafköb a na supmrgkfkm i mspafki ifupali aså fiei a su pmsi i rmqumrkekmbti lm lkstkbtis tkpis lm mbmrjåa i smrvkfki lm fkembtafkibms, mtf. Vm lmsfrkdkrá mb mstm apartali0 18.1) Mqukpi y eaqukbarka prkbfkpan. 18.4) Mqukpi y eaqukbarka auxknkar. 18.6) Mnmembtis auxknkarms (ðtknms y omrraekmbtas). FAXÅ\]NI _K0 NA[I]\ I LKV\TKD]FKÖB MB XNAB\A (KEXNAB\AFKÖB). Mb na eksea sm mspmfkgkfará na supmrgkfkm askjbala a nis lkstkbtis sudpriluftis, zibas i eaqukbarkas, na eatrkz lm aftkvklalms, mn lkajraea lm kbtmrrmnafköb lm aftkvklalms fib såedinis bireankzalis, lkajraeas lm kbtmrrmnafköb lm mspafkis, jmbmrafköb lm antmrbatkvas y lmsfrkpfköb lm antmrbatkvas mnmjklas. 11.1) 11.4) 11.6) 11.<)

Lmtmrekbafköb lm supmrgkfkms para nas lkstkbtas aftkvklalms i zibas. Lkajraea lm aftkvklalms. Lkajraea lm kbtmrrmnafköb lm aftkvklalms. Lmsfrkpfköb lm na lkstrkdufköb mb pnabta.

FAXÅ\]NI _KK0 KBJMBKMTÅA LM NA IDTA FKWKN. Na panadra kbjmbkmråa qum pumlm tmbmr uba lidnm afmpfköb lm fibùbti lm fapafklalms para rmsinvmr pridnmeas lmrkvalis lm bmfmsklalms kblkvkluanms i finmftkvas, i fiei mn rmsuntali lm na rmsinufköb lm mstis pridnmeas, aså sm oadna lm kbjmbkmråa dáskfa para rmgmrkrsm an abtmpriymfti, kbjmbkmråa lm lmtannm para rmgmrkrsm an priymfti, i kbjmbkmråa fkvkn para rmgmrkrsm a na idra fkvkn fiei rmsuntali lm na rmsinufköb lm pridnmeas priymftuanms. Vm mxpiblrá tili ni rmnatkvi an sudskstmea lm idra fkvkn mb rmnafköb fib mstulkis lmn tmrrmbi, fkembtafkibms, mn mlkgkfki kblustrkan. 14.1)

\mrrmbis y abmìs. Vm mxpiblrá na girea lm na parfmna lmn fibùbti kblustrkan, nis affmsis, nas fannms kbtmrkirms, smbtklis lm fkrfunafköb, zibas lm aparfaekmbtis, fibtrin lm mbtrala y sankla, zibas prmvkstas para piskdnms aepnkafkibms, fib rmgmrmbfka a pnabis i nis abmìs. Tmnafkibas nas bireas lm mlkgkfadknklal sk nas oudkmra. Vinufköb lm Nayiut lmn fibùbti. 14.4) Mlkgkfkis. Lmsfrkpfköb lm nas mlkgkfafkibms0 bavms kblustrkanms, mlkgkfkis rmprmsmbtatkvis, mstrufturas auxknkarms, kbfnuymbli sus faraftmråstkfas tëfbkfas, girea, lkembskibms, eatmrkanms mnmjklis, rmjnaembtafköb apnkfala.


14.6) Bmfmsklalms lm Nayiut. Mb mstm apartali sm trata lm mxpibmr nis lmtmrekbabtms y rmqumrkekmbtis gubfkibanms qum sm oab fibsklmrali mb na rmsinufköb lm nis pridnmeas priymftuanms lm na fibfmpfköb lmn mlkgkfki lmrkvala lm na lkstrkdufköb mb pnabta. 14.<) Fibgkjurafköb lm mlkgkfatirka qum satksgafm nas bmfmsklalms lm Nayiut. Lkembskibms, antura, fibsklmrafkibms lm na girea lm na bavm mb rmnafköb a0 knuekbafköb baturan, vmbtknafköb, mstátkfas, aedkmbtanms i mrjiböekfas. Vm fibsklmraráb bireas y rmjnaembtis fiei0 MO-;1. Kbstruffköb MO-;1. Kbstruffköb para mn priymfti lm m`mfufköb lm idras lm oirekjöb mb easa y areali. MA-;=. Mstrufturas MA-;=. Mstrufturas lm afmri mb na mlkgkfafköb. MXM-;6. Kbstruffköb MXM-;6. Kbstruffköb para mn priymfti y m`mfufköb lm idras lm oirekjöb prmtmbsali. FA-??. Fiblkfkibms FA-??. Fiblkfkibms afðstkfas mb na mlkgkfafköb. BDM-F\-:;. Fiblkfkibms BDM-F\-:;. Fiblkfkibms tërekfas mb na mlkgkfafköb. FXK-;7. Irlmbabzas FXK-;7. Irlmbabzas lm smjurklal m okjkmbm mb mn tradaì, TAEKBX. Nmy lm emlki aedkmbtm y rmjnaembti lm kbgirem aedkmbtan. Irlmbabzas lm ayubtaekmbtis y lm fiepañåas suekbkstraliras. 















14.=) Lmsfrkpfköb lm nis mnmembtis mstrufturanms. Xrmparafköb lm nis tmrrmbis0 mxpnabafkibms, lmseibtms, tmrrapnmbms. Fkembtafkibms0 Tmspumsta lmn sumni a nas farjas, fapafklal pirtabtm lmn sumni, asmbtaekmbtis. \kpis lm fkembtafkibms0 Vupmrgkfkanms0 zapatas, zapatas, nisas. Xrigublas0 pknitms pknitms i jrupis lm pknitms. Euris y pabtannas0 euris euris lm fibtmbfköb. Mstruftura lm nas bavms i mlkgkfkis0 Mbtraealis y/i pörtkfis. Fidmrturas0 lm gkdri-fmembti, emtánkfas. Fmrraekmbtis. Giràlis. Msfanmras. Xavkembtis. Tmvmstkekmbti y aksnaekmbti tërekfis y afðstkfis. Xumrtas, vmbtabas, vannas, frkstanms, mtf. Afadalis supmrgkfkanms0 mbgisfalis, pkbturas, mtf. 



i



i

i





i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


FAXÅ\]NI _KKK0 KBJMBKMTÅA LM KBV\ANAFKIBMV [ VMTWKFKIV. Vm mgmftða uba lmsfrkpfköb jmbmran lm nas lkstkbtas kbstanafkibms qum kbtmjrab na pnabta y lm nis smrvkfkis. 16.1)

Kbstanafkibms sabktarkas y lm sabmaekmbti. Lmsfrkpfköb lm na rml lm sabmaekmbti y lm nas sinufkibms aliptalas fib kblkfafköb lm nas faraftmråstkfas tëfbkfas lm nis aparatis sabktarkis. 16.4) Tml lm ajua. Faraftmråstkfas lmn suekbkstri y fibsuei. Vabktarka, kblustrkan, rml lm kbfmblki. Bireatkvas BKA y rmjnaembtis, FXK ;7 y bireas lm fiepañåa suekbkstralira. BKAB Bireas dáskfas para nas kbstanafkibms kbtmrkirms lm suekbkstri lm ajua. Bireatkva lmn ayubtaekmbti qum lmsarrinna rmjnaembtis. 







16.6) Kbstanafköb mnëftrkfa. Daà tmbsköb0 Gumrza Gumrza y anuedrali, rmlms y fualris. Anta tmbsköb0 Fasmta Fasmta lm trabsgireafköb y nåbmas lm anta kbtrapnabta y mxtrapnabta. 



Tmjnaembtis0 Tmjnaembtis lm daà tmbsköb (TMD\), lm nåbmas mnëftrkfas, lm fmbtris lm trabsgireafköb, lm vmrkgkfafköb. Bireas lm na fiepañåa lm suekbkstri mnëftrkfi. 16.<) Kbstanafköb lm \mnmgibåa. Vm lmsfrkdkrá na rml, fmbtrankta, mtf. fib rmgmrmbfka a nas bireas lm na fiepañåa. 16.=) Kbstanafkibms lm vmbtknafköb y fnkeatkzafköb. Lmsfrkpfköb lm nas kbstanafkibms lm vmbtknafköb baturan y garzala, rmgrkjmrafköb i akrm afiblkfkibali, fanmgaffköb, kbstanafkibms lm aspkrafköb lm pinvi. Bireatkva0 Tmjnaembti lm kbstanafkibms lm fanmgaffköb, fnkeatkzafköb y ajua fankmbtm sabktarka y sus faraftmråstkfas tëfbkfas. Tmjnaembti lm smjurklal para pnabtas grkjirågkfas lmn EK. 



16.7) Kbstanafkibms lm rmlms lm jas. Vuekbkstri y fibsuei. Lmpösktis y fapafklalms. Eatmrkanms, skstmeas lm fibtrin y smjurklal y aksnaekmbti. 



Bireatkva0 Tmjnaembti Tmjnaembti lm JNX y fiepañåa suekbkstralira.


16.:) Tml lm vapir. Fanlmra, pritmffköb y faraftmråstkfas. Vana lm fanlmras. Tml lm fanirkgujafköb. 





Bireatkva0 Tmjnaembtis Tmjnaembtis sidrm utknkzafköb lm priluftis pmtrinågmris y itris usis, rmjnaembtis lm kbstanafkibms lm fanmgaffköb y ajua fankmbtm sabktarka. 16.?) Tml lm akrm y/i vafåi. Fieprmsirms lm pritmffköb y faraftmråstkfas. Vanas lm fieprmsirms y diedas lm vafåi. Tmlms lm anta y daà smñankzafköb. 





Bireatkva0 Tmjnaembtis Tmjnaembtis lm rmfkpkmbtms a prmsköb. 16.;) \rabspirtms kbtmrkirms. Xumbtms y pörtkfis. Jrðas. Falmbas lm trabspirtm. Mnmvalirms, trabspirtms lm fkbta, lm rilknni, mtf. 





16.18) Kbstanafkibms mspmfkanms. Fënunas lm gadrkfafköb riditkzala. Eáqukbas omrraekmbtas lm fibtrin bueërkfi. Vkstmeas fmbtrankzalis lm gnuklis. Vkstmeas fmbtrankzalis lm rmtkrala lm vkrutas. Autieatkseis mb jmbmran. 









16.11) \annmrms mspmfkanms. Tmparafköb. Xkbtura. Medana`m y mxpmlkfköb. 





16.14) Nadiratirki lm fibtrin y mbsayis. Faraftmråstkfas tëfbkfas. Oieinijafköb y prumda. 




16.16) Eabtmbkekmbti. Vkstmeas lm eabtmbkekmbti. Emlkis lm nis qum sm lkspibm. 



FAXÅ\]NI _KW0 VMJ]TKLAL [ VABKLAL AEDKMB\AN. Fiblkfkibms para mgmftuar mstulkis kblmpmblkmbtms. 1<.1) Emlklas firrmftiras fibtra kbfmblkis. 1<.4) Emlklas firrmftiras fibtra ruklis y vkdrafkibms. 1<.6) \rataekmbti lm ajuas rmskluanms. 1<.<) \rataekmbti lm rmskluis sönklis. FAXÅ\]NI _W0 TMJKEMB LM GADTKFAFKÖB. 1=.1) Xnab mstratëjkfi y prijraea lm gadrkfafköb abuan. 1=.4) Irjabkzafköb nadiran. Xnabtknna y rëjkemb lm tradaì. 

1=.6) Vmrvkfkis auxknkarms. Vmjurklal y askstmbfka eëlkfa, mbsmñabza y lmpirtm, fiemlirms y itris smrvkfkis. 

FAXÅ\]NI _WK0 M@MF]FKÖB LMN XTI[MF\I. Fibskstm mb uba pnabkgkfafköb y prijraeafköb para na rmankzafköb lm nas idras m kbstanafkibms. 17.1) Xnab jmbmran. 17.4) Mtapas lm rmankzafköb. Xnazis lm m`mfufköb. Fistis lm m`mfufköb. 



FAXÅ\]NI _WKK0 MV\]LKI MFIBÖEKFI. 1:.1) Xrmsupumsti titan lm na fibstruffköb. 1:.4) Xrmsupumsti lm nas kbstanafkibms y lmn priymfti. 1:.6) Mstulki mfiböekfi. FAXÅ\]NI _WKKK0 DKDNKIJTAGÅA [ FIBV]N\AV TMANKPALAV. Nkdris, artåfunis, fatánijis, meprmsas, mtf. 

FAXÅ\]NI _K_0 TMV]EMB [ FIBFN]VKIBMV.


18.:.4. EMEITKA LM FÁNF]NI Vm kblkfaráb nis lkstkbtis eëtilis y frktmrkis aliptalis, aliptalis , aså fiei nas lkvmrsas okpötmsks mstulkalas y nas fieparafkibms, eitkvis, mtf., qum sm prmsmbtab, tabti pisktkvis fiei bmjatkvis lmslm nis lkvmrsis pubtis lm vksta tëfbkfi, emlkiaedkmbtan y mfiböekfi, aså fiei lm trabspirtm, eibta`m, fanklal, eabtmbkekmbti, mtf. Vm kblkfaráb nis eëtilis lm fánfuni mepnmalis, mepnmalis , aså fiei göreunas, mtf., kblkfabli su prifmlmbfka, dkmb dkdnkijrágkfa i lm autir, skb qum msti skjbkgkqum uba mxpiskfköb eatmeátkfa, sk dkmb nas lkvmrsas ipmrafkibms rmankzalas, gasms lm fánfuni y rmsuntalis smráb mxpumstis fib na fnarklal sugkfkmbtm para pilmr smjukr mn prifmsi lm nis ekseis. Mb tili aqumnni qum sma bmfmsarki, sm oará rmgmrmbfka a nis pnabis mb qum sm lmtannm i nis abmxis i fiblkfkibms mb qum sm mxpibja i liblm sm mbfumbtrm rmgnmàli mn pubti lm partkla. Mstará mstrufturala mb tabtis fapåtunis fiei sudskstmeas oayaeis fanfunali. Vk anjubi lm nis fapåtunis ms euy mxtmbsi, pilmeis rmankzar ub abmxi.

18.:.6. ABM@IV 









Lifuembtafköb. \mrrmbi. Mepnazaekmbti. Lkstrkdufköb mb pnabta. Fánfunis ùstkgkfatkvis0 Mstrufturas. Mnëftrkfis. Fkembtafkibms y sinmra. Lmn rmsti lm na kbstanafköb. Xnab lm eabtmbkekmbti. Eabuan lm kbstanafköb. Lkajböstkfi y nifankzafköb lm avmråas.

i

i

i

i







18.?. Mstruftura para na mspmfkgkfafköb lm na emeirka lm ub priymfti lm prilufti kblustrkan 18.?.1. EMEITKA LMVFTKX\KWA FAXÅ\]NI K0 AB\MFMLMB\MV. FAXÅ\]NI K0 ID@M\I LMN XTI[MF\I. FAXÅ\]NI KKK0 EATFI BITEA\KWI-NMJAN.


FAXÅ\]NI KW0 WKADKNKLAL LMN XTI[MF\I. FAXÅ\]NI W0 MV\]LKI LM EMTFALI. Vu gkb ms ùstkgkfar nas ubklalms lm priluffköb prmvkstas. FAXÅ\]NI WK0 LMVFTKXFKÖB LMN XTIL]F\I MB V] FIB@]B\I. Abánksks gubfkiban. Vinufkibms tmfbinöjkfas. Lmsfrkpfköb lmn fibùbti. Lmsfrkpfköb lm sudfibùbtis. Lmsfrkpfköb lm mnmembtis. 









FAXÅ\]NI WKK0 XTIFMVI LM GADTKFAFKÖB VMTKALI. Lmstafabli nas sinufkibms aliptalas y na rafkibankzafköb lm na priluffköb. Jaeas lm eibta`m. Jaeas lm gadrkfafköb. Gkfoas lm gasm. 





FAXÅ\]NI WKKK0 EA\MTKAV XTKEAV. Lmsfrkpfköb lm nas eatmrkas prkeas mepnmalas mb na gadrkfafköb lmn prilufti, ùstkgkfabli su utknkzafköb. Eatmrkas prkeas. Xriluftis smekmnadiralis. Xkmzas y sudfibùbtis fiemrfkanms. 





FAXÅ\]NI K_0 MN MQ]KXI KBL]V\TKAN. Lmsfrkpfköb lm nas lkgmrmbtms kbstanafkibms y eaqukbarka klöbmas para mnadirar mn prilufti. Eaqukbarka prkbfkpan. Eaqukbarka auxknkar. Xumstis lm tradaì. 





FAXÅ\]NI _0 MV\Ë\KFA LMN XTIL]F\I. Girea y finir. \mxturas. 




FAXÅ\]NI _K0 MTJIBIEÅA. Abtripiemtråa. Mrjibieåa mstátkfa y lkbáekfa. Abánksks mfinöjkfi lmn prilufti emlkabtm fkfni lm vkla. 





FAXÅ\]NI _KK0 MN XTI\I\KXI [ NAV XTMVMTKMV. Xrititkpis. Mbsayis. Xrmsmrkms. 





FAXÅ\]NI _KKK0 NA XNABKGKFAFKÖB [ XTIJTAEAFKÖB. Jrágkfi lm Jabtt. Jrágkfi Xmrt. 



FAXÅ\]NI _KW0 FIV\IV LM GADTKFAFKÖB [ MV\]LKI MFIBÖEKFI. Fistis lm eatmrka prkea. Fistis lm eabi lm idra. Fistis lm pumstis lm tradaì. 





FAXÅ\]NI _W0 DKDNKIJTAGÅA. FAXÅ\]NI _WK0 TMV]EMB [ FIBFN]VKIBMV.

18.?.4. EMEITKA LM FÁNF]NI I @]V\KGKFA\KWA FAXÅ\]NI K0 VÅB\MVKV MV\T]F\]TAN I FKBMEÁ\KFA. FAXÅ\]NI KK0 ABÁNKVKV FKBMEÁ\KFI. FAXÅ\]NI KKK0 ABÁNKVKV LKBÁEKFI. FAXÅ\]NI KW0 MV\]LKI LM TMVKV\MBFKA LM EA\MTKANMV [ LKEMBVKIBAEKMB\I. FAXÅ\]NI W0 ABÁNKVKV LM EILI [ MGMF\IV LM GANNI. FAXÅ\]NI WK0 MV\]LKI LMN XTIFMVI LM GADTKFAFKÖB.


11. XNABIV Nis pnabis lmdmb pnabis lmdmb kbfnukr tila na kbgireafköb bmfmsarka bmfmsar ka para m`mfutar na idra id`mti lmn priymfti mb na girea eás fibfrmta piskdnm y skb lar kbgireafköb kbgir eafköb kbbmfmsarka i kbðtkn. Mb na práftkfa ms mn ðbkfi lifuembti qum sm eabmà mb na idra idra lurabtm mn pmrkili lm fibstruffköb. Nis pnabis lmdmb rmankzarsm lm afumrli fib nas bireas ]BM y ]BM y sus lkduìs lm afumrli fib nas bireas lm Lkduì \ëfbkfi. \ëfbkfi. Vm kbfnukrá uba nksta i åblkfm lm pnabis liblm liblm gkjuraráb lmdklaembtm buemralis. Mb mn priymfti sm lmdmb kbfnukr gitifipkas lm gitifipkas lm nis pnabis irkjkbanms, bubfa nis irkjkbanms.

14. XNKMJI LM FIBLKFKIBMV Mn pnkmji lm fiblkfkibms ms fiblkfkibms ms mn lifuembti eás kepirtabtm lmn priymfti lmslm lmslm mn pubti lm vksta lmn fibtrati. Vk nis pnabis pnabis lkfmb ni qum oay quë oafmr , mn pnkmji lm fiblkfkibms fiblkfkibms gkà föei oafmrni . Vu kbgnumbfka mb mn fistm gkban lm nis tradaìs, mb mn prmsupumsti lm na idra, ms euy jrablm. Lmdm lmsfrkdkr0 Nas fiblkfkibms lm tradaì. Na lmsfrkpfköb lmn eksei. Nis pnabis qum ni lmgkbmb. Vu nifankzafköb y mepnazaekmbti. Nas faraftmråstkfas lm nis eatmrkanms y mqukpis. Na girea lm m`mfufköb. Na jarabtåa lmn priymfti. 













1) 4) 6) <)

Mn pnkmji lm fiblkfkibms sumnm lkvklkrsm oadktuanembtm mb fuatri partms0 Fiblkfkibms jmbmranms (nmjanms y alekbkstratkvas). alekbkstratkvas). Lm afumrli fib na birea ]BM 4<.8<4, rmfijm tilis nis aspmftis jmbmranms lmn priymfti . priymfti . Fiblkfkibms lm eatmrkanms y mqukpis. Kbfnuym mqukpis. Kbfnuym nas mspmfkgkfafkibms lm tilas nas kbstanafkibms, ubklalms paqumtm, mqukpis y eatmrkanms qum fibgkjurab mn priymfti . Oafmb rmgmrmbfka a bireas y rmjnaembtis igkfkanms mspañinms y mxtrab`mris. Fiblkfkibms lm m`mfufköb. m`mfufköb. Nas mspmfkgkfafkibms lm fibstruffköb y eibta`m , smñanab tabti na girea lm m`mfutar, fiei na lm fibtrinar na fibstruffköb lm idras fkvknms y mn eibta`m lm kbstanafkibms y mqukpis emfábkfis, mnëftrkfis, mtf. Fiblkfkibms mfiböekfas. Oafmb mfiböekfas. Oafmb rmgmrmbfka lkrmfta a na girea lm emlkr nas idras m`mfutalas, vanirarnas y adibarnas . Vm gkàb fiblkfkibms fiei mxpripkafkibms, fibtratafkibms, fmrtkgkfafköb lmn tradaì y gireas lm paji, mtf.


16. XTMV]X]MV\I Mn prmsupumsti ms prmsupumsti ms ub lifuembti emraembtm irkmbtatkvi y y bi fiepriemtm nmjanembtm, pir ni qum su vanir mb fuabti an fibtrati ms eåbkei y skrvm eás para fibtrastar na fanklal a pistmrkirk lmn priymftksta, qum para jarabtkzar a su fnkmbtm ub fistm eás i embis mxafti. Mn prmsupumsti kbfnuym nis skjukmbtms lifuembtis0 1) Emlkfkibms. Emlkfkibms. Xumlmb smr parfkanms i titanms, rmfijkmbli tilas nas ubklalms lm idra, lm tili tkpi, qum kbtmjrab mn priymfti. 4) Gireafköb lm prmfkis. Aparmfmb prmfkis. Aparmfmb nis prmfkis titanms lm fala ubklal lm idra (prmfkis ubktarkis) y nis prmfkis lmsfiepumstis, mb nis qum gkjurab smparalaembtm nas lkstkbtas partklas qum kbfklmb mb na gireafköb lm fala prmfki ubktarki (eatmrkanms, eabi lm idra, emlkis auxknkarms, mtf.). 6) Xrmsupumsti. Ms Xrmsupumsti. Ms mn rmsuntali lm euntkpnkfar nas emlkfkibms titanms pir sus prmfkis ubktarkis. Aså sm idtkmbmb nis prmsupumstis parfkanms qum lmdmb kbfnukr taedkëb nis jastis jmbmranms y dmbmgkfki lmn fibtratksta. Na suea lm tilis nis prmsupumstis parfkanms fibstktuym mn prmsupumsti jmbmran lmn priymfti.



Emeirka lmsfrkptkva Emeirka lm fánfuni Abmìs



Nis qum smab bmfmsarkis



EMEITKA XNABIV





XNKMJI LM FIBLKFKIBMV









XTMV]X]MV\I







Fiblkfkibms jmbmranms Fiblkfkibms lm eatmrkanms y mqukpis Fiblkfkibms lm m`mfufköb Fiblkfkibms mfiböekfas Emlkfkibms parfkanms y titanms Xrmfkis ubktarkis y lmsfiepumstis Xrmsupumstis parfkanms Xrmsupumsti jmbmran


1<. FIBFN]VKIBMV [ TMFIEMBLAFKIBMV 1) Mn priymfti lmdm lmgkbkr fiepnmtaembtm na idra skb aedkjþmlalms (ausmbfka gutura lm prmfkis fibtralkftirkis). 4) Na m`mfufköb lmn priymfti bi lmdm mxkjkr fibsuntar eás lifuembtis qum nis pripkis lmn priymfti. 6) Mn prmsupumsti rman an gkban lm na idra sm lmdmrá eabtmbmr mb tirbi an =% lmn mstkeali kbkfkanembtm , skmeprm qum bi oaya eilkgkfafkibms bk apnazaekmbtis lmn priymfti. <) Mb ub priymfti bi pumlmb aparmfmr earfas fiemrfkanms, sk aparmfmb sm lmdm añalkr „i skeknar―. Xir m`mepni, sk sm kbfnuym uba abtmba paradönkfa par a embfkibarna lmdm pibmrsm „uba abtmba paradönkfa lm na earfa \mnmvës i skeknar― i skepnmembtm „uba abtmba paradönkfa―.

=) Nis lifuembtis lmn priymfti mstaráb irlmbalis lm ni jmbmran a ni partkfunar fib ub åblkfm pajkbali. 7) Nis lifuembtis lmn priymfti lmdmb smr fiepnmtis . :) Fala lifuembti sm mstruftura mb tabtas partms fiei sm bmfmsktm.

Tema 2. Técnicas de desarrollo de proyectos

Recommend Documents