Tema 1. Redes de datos

]oja 17 Vomos mo matbs.

Ê@MKLO 1. LB@LOX]B\ XVOSKB\

=

1.1. ]onojátkla ]onojátk la .................................................................................................................................................. = 1.6. K`cbrjátkla K`cbr játkla ............................................................................................................................................... = 1.<. Brmoàmbr Brmoà mbr .................................................................................................................................................. = 1.<.1. Mock`klkü` 1.<.6. Lbjpbsklkü`

= =

1.=. _`kmamos mo jomkma mo na k`cbrjalkü` .............................................................................................. ? 1.?. Vomos mo brmoàmbros brmoà mbros ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.?.1. Mock`klkü` 1.?.6. Lbjpbsklkü` 1.?.<. So`tagas 1.?.=. Mosvo`tagas

3 5 4 4

1.3. Jbmonb Lnko`to-\orvkmbr ....................................................................................................................... ; 1.3.1. Lnko`tos 1.3.6. \orvkmbros 1.3.<. Ogojpnb mo rom lb` sorvkmbr mo lbrrob onoltrü`klb 1.3.=. Ogojpnb mo rom lb` sorvkmbr mo arldkvbs 1.3.?. Ogojpnb mo rom lb` sorvkmbr C]X

; 18 16 16 16

1.5. \kstoja Bporatkvb mo Vom .................................................................................................................. 1< 1.4. Volursbs lbjpartkmbs .......................................................................................................................... 1<

6. ONOJO@]B\ MO _@ \K\]OJA MO ]ONOLBJ_@KLALKÜ@

1=

6.1. Osquoja skjpno ....................................................................................................................................... 1= 6.6. Osquoja lbjpnogb ................................................................................................................................. 1= 6.<. Jomkbs J omkbs mo tra`sjk t ra`sjkskü` skü` ......................................................................................................................... 13 6.<.1. Jomkbs eukambs 6.<.6. Jomkbs `b eukambs

13 13

6.=. Matbs ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 6.?. \oñanos ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 6.?.1. Cbrjas mo b`ma 6.?.6. Xarájotrbs mo uà soñan so`bkman 6.?.<. Sanbros mo uà soñan so`bkman

O`laràlkü` Jarê` Lafannorb

14 1; 66

Xáekà 1 mo ?<


6.3. B`mas onoltrbjae`ëtklas .................................................................................................................. 6? 6.3.1. Xarájotrbs 6.3.6. Molkfonkb

6? 65

6.3.6.1. Eaà`lka mo uà soñan

64

6.3.6.6. Atoùalkü` mo uà soñan

6;

<. \OÑANO\ A@ANÜEKLA\ [ MKEK]ANO\

<8

<.1. \oñanos aànüeklas ................................................................................................................................ <8 <.6. \oñanos mkektanos .................................................................................................................................. <6

=. LBMKCKLALKÜ@ MO MA]B\

<<

=.1. Matbs Mkektanos, \oñanos Mkektanos .................................................................................................. << =.6. Matbs Mkektanos, \oñanos Aànüeklas............................................................................................... <= =.<. Matbs Aànüeklbs, \oñanos Mkektanos ..............................................................................................
?. XAVÁJO]VB\ MON LA@AN

<3

?.1. A`ldb mo fa`ma ..................................................................................................................................... <3 ?.6. Lapalkmam mo u` laàn ......................................................................................................................... <4 ?.<. Sonblkmam mo tra`scoro`lka mo matbs ............................................................................................. <; ?.=. ]asa mo tra`scoro`lka mo matbs ...................................................................................................... <; ?.?. ]asa mo orrbr (FOV) ............................................................................................................................ =8

3. V_KMB O@ NB\ \K\]OJA\ MO ]ONOLBJ_@KLALKÜ@

=8

3.1. Vukmb fna`lb ............................................................................................................................................. =1 3.6. Vukmb mo ajpnktum a jpnktum .................................................................................................................................. =1 3.<. Mkacb`êa Mkacb `êa .................................................................................................................................................... =1 3.=. K`torcoro`lk K`torc oro`lkaa ......................................................................................................................................... =1 3.?. Mkstbr M kstbrskü` skü` ............................................................................................................................................... =6 3.?.1. Mkstbrskü` pbr atoùalkü` 3.?.6. Mkstbrskü` pbr rotrasb

=6 =6

5. LNA\KCKLALKÜ@ MO NA\ ]VA@\JK\KB@O\

=<

5.1. \oe÷` na sk`lrb`êa ................................................................................................................................. =< 5.1.1. ]ra`sjkskü` asê`lrbà 5.1.6. ]ra`sjkskü` sê`lrbà


=< ==

Xáekà 6 mo ?<


5.6. \oe÷` on so`tkmb mo na tra`sjkskü` ................................................................................................. == 5.6.1. \kjpnox (b skjpno) 5.6.6. Danc-mupnox (b sojk-m÷pnox) 5.6.<. Cunn-mupnox (m÷pnox)

=? =? =?

5.<. \oe÷` on cnugb mo na tra`sjkskü` ...................................................................................................... =3 5.<.1. \kjëtrklbs 5.<.6. Askjëtrklbs

=3 =3

5.=. \oe÷` on jomkb mo tra`sjkskü` ......................................................................................................... =3 5.=.1. ]ra`sjkskü` o` sorko 5.=.6. ]ra`sjkskü` o` paranonb

=3 =3

5.?. \oe÷` on tkpb mo nêòa .......................................................................................................................... =5 5.?.1. Nêòa momklama 5.?.6. Nêòa juntkpu`tb

=5 =5

4. ]ËL@KLA\ MO J_N]KXNOTALKÜ@

=4

4.1. Juntkpnoxalkü Juntkp noxalkü`` ........................................................................................................................................ =4 4.6. ]kpbs mo juntkpnoxalkü` ...................................................................................................................... =4 4.6.1. CMJ 4.6.6. ]MJ

=; ?8

;. ]ËL@KLA\ MO ]VA@\JK\KÜ@ MO NA K@CBVJALKÜ@

?1

;.1. Fa`ma F a`ma faso .............................................................................................................................................. ?6 ;.6. Fa`ma a`lda ........................................................................................................................................... ?<


Xáekà < mo ?<


1. LB@LOX]B\ XVOSKB\ 1.1. ]onojátkla 



]onojátkla os ]onojátkla os na lb`trallkü` mo nbs vblafnbs ]ONOlbju`klalkü` ]ONOlbju`klalkü` o k`cbrJÁ]KLA k`cbr JÁ]KLA.. ]onolbju`klalkü` os ]onolbju`klalkü` os on „lb`gu`tb mo altkvkmamos quo tkoò` lbjb bfgotkvb na lbju`klalkü` ckafno mo na k`cbrjalkü` o`tro luanosqukora nuearos mon ju`mb‚ . K`cbrjátkla lb`sksto K`cbrjátkla lb`sksto o` „ja`kpunar y tra`scbrjar na k`cbrjalkü` a travës mo brmoàmbros para roproso`tar doldbs dol dbs b sktualkbòs roanos y prosorvarna o` on tkojpb‚ . ]onojátkla : ]ONOlbju`klalkü` + k`cbrJÁ]KLA

1.6. K`cbrjátkla K`cbrjátkla os K`cbrjátkla os na lb`trallkü` mo nbs vblafnbs K@CBVjalkü` K@CBVjalkü` y autbJÁ]KLA autb JÁ]KLA.. K`cbrjátkla K`cbrjátkla os na lko`lka quo ostumka on mksoñb y on usb mo jáqukàs y dorrajko`tas quo porjkto` tratar b prblosar tbmb tkpb mo k`cbrjalkü` mo cbrja autbjatkzama . K`cbrjátkla : K@CBVjalkü` + autbJÁ]KLA

1.<. Brmoàmbr 1.<.1. Mock`klkü`

_` brmoàmbr os „uà jáqukà lapaz mo aloptar matbs mo o`trama, roankzar bporalkbòs, mo cbrja autbjátkla, autbjátkl a, lb` onnbs y prbpbrlkbàr uà sankma‚.

Na altkvkmam quo tra`scbrja nbs matbs o` k`cbrjalkü` os lb`blkma lbjb prblosb mo matbs b tratajko`tb mo na k`cbrjalkü`. k`cbrjalkü` . Osto tratajko`tb so mkvkmo o` nas skeuko`tos casos 7 o`trama, prblosb y sankma mo na k`cbrjalkü`.

1.<.6. Lbjpbsklkü` 



_` brmoàmbr ostá ostá cbrjamb pbr uà parto cêskla (darmwaro) y btra parto nüekla (sbctwaro). Darmwaro7 lb`gu`tb mo jatorkanos cêsklbs quo lbjpbò` on skstoja k`cbrjátklb, os molkr, on prbpkb lbjputambr, nbs mkspbsktkvbs oxtor`bs asê lbjb tbmb on jatorkan cêsklb ronalkbàmb lb` onnbs (lbòltbros, lafnos, otl.). \bctwaro7 parto nüekla mon skstoja k`cbrjátklb quo mbta an oqukpb cêsklb (darmwaro) mo na lapalkmam para roankzar luanqukor tkpb mo taroas.


Xáekà = mo ?<


1.=. _`kmamos mo jomkma mo na k`cbrjalkü` Nas u`kmamos mo jomkma jomkma lb`stktuyo` uà mo nas laraltorêstklas cu`majo`tanos mon ospalkb jatorkan mo roproso`talkü` (b jojbrka) mo u` lbjputambr . Na u`kmam jás poquoña (b jê`kja) mo k`cbrjalkü` k`cbrjalkü` os on fkt, fkt, quo os na afrovkatura mo nas panafras kènosas Fkàry mkeK] mkeK] (mêektb (mêektb fkàrkb). \o mo`bta pbr „f‚. [ lbrrospb`mo a u` sulosb o` on quo sünb day mbs antoràtkvas pbskfnos 7 «1¹ nüeklb7 vormamorb nüeklb7 vormamorb (proso`lka mo to`skü`). «8¹ nüeklb7 cansb nüeklb7 cansb (auso`lka mo to`skü`). 



Na u`kmam mo jomkma fkt rosunta fkt rosunta mkcêlkn mo oxprosar lua`mb na la`tkmam mo k`cbrjalkü` aujo`ta . Na òloskmam mo lbmkcklar k`cbrjalkbòs jás lbjpnogas da nnovamb a aerupar varkbs fkts, aparolko`mb asê nas skeuko`tos u`kmamos7 u`kmamos7

Lua`mb so anjaloà na k`cbrjalkü` `b so trafaga a `kvon mo fkt, sk`b quo so trafagb a `kvon mo laráltor laráltor (notra, `÷jorb b ske`b mo pu`tualkü`), quo blupa nb quo so mo`bjkà u` fyto, fyto, quo os na lb`trallkü` mo nas panafras kènosas Fkàr [ [ ]Orj ]Orj (tërjk`b fkàrkb). \o mo`bta pbr „F‚. [ a su voz ostá lbjpuostb mo 4 fkts (tajfkë` fkts (tajfkë` nnajamb bltotb). bltotb). O` k`cbrjátkla, so utknkza` nas pbto`lkas mo faso 6 (6 <, 618, 668,...) ,...) para roproso`tar nas jomkmas mo na k`cbrjalkü` . Ogojpnbs7 _`kmamos Ogojpnbs7 _`kmamos mo jomkma mo na k`cbrjalkü`.

@B]A7 Na @B]A7 Na F rocoro`lka Fytos y Fytos y na f roproso`ta fkts. fkts.


Xáekà ? mo ?<


\bnajo`to so utknkzará na f jk`÷sluna jk`÷sluna para roproso`tar jomkmas mo tra`scoro`lka mo k`cbrjalkü` lbjb k`cbrjalkü` lbjb Ifps (Iknbfkts pbr soeu`mb) . Ogojpnbs7 ]afna Ogojpnbs7 ]afna lbjparatkva o`tro u`kmamos mo anjaloàjko`tb y tasa mo fkts. fkt s.

1.?. Vomos mo brmoàmbros 1.?.1. Mock`klkü`

_à rom mo brmoàmbros, brmoàmbros, tajfkë` nnajama rom mo lbjputambras b rom k`cbrjátkla, k`cbrjátkla, os u` lb`gu`tb mo oqukpbs (lbjputambras y/b mkspbsktkvbs) k`torlbòltambs o`tro sê jomka`to lafno b pbr btrbs jomkbs kànájfrklbs para para lbjpartkr k`cbrjalkü` (arldkvbs), rolursbs (LM-VBJ, kjprosbras, otl.), sorvklkbs (allosb a K`toròt, o-jakn, ldat, guoebs, otl.), otl.


Xáekà 3 mo ?<


Ogojpnb7 Vom Ogojpnb7 Vom nblan lb` allosb a K`toròt.

On bfgotkvb cu`majo`tan mo uà rom os rom os nberar quo ta`tb na k`cbrjalkü` lbjb nbs rolursbs ostë` mkspb`kfnos para luanqukora mo na rom quo nb sbnklkto, sk` kjpbrtar na nblankzalkü` cêskla mon rolursb y mon usuarkb.

1.?.6. Lbjpbsklkü`







_à rom mo brmoàmbros os uà rom o` na quo7 Lama `bmb (b dbst) os dbst) os uà ostalkü` quo o`vêa y/b rolkfo matbs (brmoàmbros b mkspbsktkvbs), os molkr, nbs `bmbs sb` onojo`tbs mo darmwaro . Nbs laànos mo lbju`klalkü` (b nêòas) sb` nêòas) sb` nbs jomkbs quo tra`spbrta` matbs , mo u` mkspbsktkvb ojksbr a btrb roloptbr. \o roqukoro sbctwaro ospolkankzamb sbctwaro ospolkankzamb para jaògar na lbju`klalkü` mo matbs .


Xáekà 5 mo ?<


Ogojpnb7 Mkspbsktkvbs Ogojpnb7 Mkspbsktkvbs mo uà rom nblan mo brmoàmbros.

1.?.<. So`tagas















O`tro aneuàs vo`tagas mo vo`tagas mo nas romos mo brmoàmbros so o`luo`tra` nas skeuko`tos7 Lbjpartkr y lbju`klar o` cbrja ocklko`to. Lbòxkü` mkspb`kfno o` lask tbmb on ju`mb. Vapkmoz o` na ja`kpunalkü` mo na k`cbrjalkü`. Amaptafno a nas òloskmamos. Adbrrb mo lbstb y tkojpb. Lb`trbn mo k`cbrjalkü`. Vospanmbs mo k`cbrjalkü` (b lbpkas mo soeurkmam, faliups).

1.?.=. Mosvo`tagas











A lb`tkùalkü`, so où`lkará` nas mosvo`tagas mo mosvo`tagas mo nas romos mo lbjputambras7 Allosb mo vkrus. Mañbs o` ane÷` pu`tb mo na rom kjpkmo` on pasb mo na k`cbrjalkü`. \aturalkü`. Lbstb mo k`stanalkü`. Daliors.


Xáekà 4 mo ?<


1.3. Jbmonb Lnko`to-\orvkmbr





On jbmonb lnko`to - sorvkmbr moslrkfo na cbrja o` quo nas lbjputambras k`toralt÷a` o` uà rom . Osto jbmonb ostá lbjpuostb cu`majo`tanjo`to mo lnko`tos y sorvkmbros. Lnko`to os on mkspbsktkvb quo sbnklkta k`cbrjalkü` . Ogojpnb7 Ogojpnb7 u` u` brmoàmbr porsbàn, u` pbrtátkn, uà XMA, u` tonëcb`b lonunar b luanqukor btrb mkspbsktkvb lbòltamb a na rom. \orvkmbr os \orvkmbr os on mkspbsktkvb quo rospb`mo a na sbnklktum . Lnko`tos \orvkmbr

Ogojpnb7 On lnko`to lbjko`za lnko`to lbjko`za on k`torlajfkb sbnklkta`mb nbs matbs an sorvkmbr, sorvkmbr, quko` rospb`mo o`vka`mb u`b b jás stroajs mo matbs an lnko`to.

1.3.1. Lnko`tos

Nbs lnko`tos sb` lnko`tos sb` nbs brmoàmbros utknkzambs pbr nbs usuarkbs lbòltambs a na rom . ]ajfkë` sb` lb`blkmbs lbjb ostalkbòs mo trafagb . Ogojpnb7 Brmoàmbros Ogojpnb7 Brmoàmbros utknkzambs o` uà rom.

Nbs lnko`tos sb` lnko`tos sb` ostalkbòs mo trafagb quo so lbòlta` a na rom jomka`to targotas mo rom. O` on lnko`to so ogoluta on sbctwaro para eostkbàr na lbòxkü` a na rom, na o`trama an skstoja, nas potklkbòs an sorvkmbr y btras lbju`klalkbòs mo na rom . On sbctwaro lnko`to mkrkeo lnko`to mkrkeo nas potklkbòs an sorvkmbr roankzamas pbr usuarkbs b apnklalkbòs a u` sorvkmbr amoluamb mo na rom. O`laràlkü` Jarê` Lafannorb

Xáekà ; mo ?<


Nbs prbtblbnbs mo lbju`klalkbòs lbju`klalkbòs bcrolo` on jola`ksjb para tra`spbrtar potklkbòs y rospuostas sbfro na rom. Aneu`bs mo nbs prbtblbnbs mo lbju`klalkü` jás lbjuòs sb`7 KXT/\XT K`toròtwbri Xaliot Oxldaèo /\oquo`lom Xaliot Oxldaèo. ]LX/KX ]ra`sjksskb` Lb`trbn Xrbtblbn/K`toròt Xrbtblbn. @O]FO_K. Appno ]ani. Ogojpnb7 Vom Ogojpnb7 Vom nblan mo brmoàmbros. 







1.3.6. \orvkmbros

Nbs sorvkmbros sb` sorvkmbros sb` nbs brmoàmbros quo bcrolo` sorvklkbs a nbs lnko`tos mo na rom . Xuomo` sor mo

mbs tkpbs7 



Momklambs 7 sünb roankza` taroas mo rom y `b puomo` utknkzarso lbjb u` puostb `brjan mo lnko`to. @b momklambs 7 amojás mo roankzar taroas mo rom, so utknkza` lbjb puostbs `brjanos.

Ogojpnb7 Vom nblan lb` brmoàmbros (quo sb` nbs lnko`tos) y sorvkmbros (quo sb` nbs quo Ogojpnb7 rosuonvo` nas potklkbòs mo nbs lnko`tos).

Aneu`bs sorvkmbros quo so puomo` lb`skmorar kjproslk`mkfnos, pbr na taroa quo roankza`, o` uà brea`kzalkü` sb`7 \orvkmbr mo kjproskü`. \u kjproskü`. \u cu`lkü` os lbjpartkr na kjprosbra. On sorvkmbr mo kjproskü` mkspbò mo u` ároa mo anjaloàjko`tb, mo`bjkàmb spbbnor , o` na quo so o`lbna` tbmas nas potklkbòs mo kjproskü`. 


Xáekà 18 mo ?<

]oja 17 Vomos mo matbs. 





















\orvkmbr mo mkslb. mkslb. Xrbpbrlkbà a nbs usuarkbs mo u` skstoja k`cbrjátklb era` la`tkmam mo anjaloàjko`tb solu`markb. \orvkmbr mo `bjfro mo mbjk`b. mbjk`b. \u cu`lkü` os na tra`scbrjalkü` mo `bjfros mo dbst a mkrollkbòs KX. \orvkmbr mo lbrrob. Xrbpbrlkbà lbrrob. Xrbpbrlkbà a nbs usuarkbs mo na rom u` skstoja mo jo`sagorêa. \orvkmbr mo cax. cax. Bcrolo sorvklkbs mo cax para na rom. Nbs jümojs mo cax so lbòlta` an sorvkmbr. Nbs caxos rolkfkmbs sb` mkrkekmbs a nbs usuarkbs amoluambs jomka`to na rom, y nbs caxos o`vkambs sb` ja`mambs jomka`to nbs jümojs mo cax. \orvkmbr mo soeurkmam. soeurkmam. \u cu`lkü` os prbpbrlkbàr nbs sorvklkbs mo soeurkmam quo so lb`skmoro` òlosarkbs para eara`tkzar nbs bfgotkvbs mo prbtollkü` mo allosb y lajucnago mo na arquktoltura mo rom nblan mo uà brea`kzalkü`. Nbs sorvkmbros mo soeurkmam cu`majo`tanos sb`7 Lbrtacuoebs, ]ramullkü` mo mkrollkbòs mo rom (@A]) y Xrbxy . \orvkmbr mo arldkvbs. arldkvbs. Bcrolo sorvklkbs mo anjaloàjko`tb y roluporalkü` mo arldkvbs, k`lnuyo`mb prostalkbòs mo soeurkmam quo lb`trbna` nbs moroldbs mo allosb a nbs arldkvbs. \orvkmbr mo lbpkas mo soeurkmam y arldkvbs mock`ktkvbs. mock`ktkvbs. Voankza lbpkas mo soeurkmam para btrbs sorvkmbros b lbjputambras mo usuarkbs mo na rom, o` fa`lb mo mkslbs, mkslbs lbjpaltbs, lk`tas jae`ëtklas, otl., mo cbrja porkümkla b porjaò`to. \orvkmbr mo nbs sorvklkbs mo mkroltbrkbs. Bcrolo mkroltbrkbs. Bcrolo k`cbrjalkü` sbfro nbs usuarkbs y rolursbs mo na rom mo cbrja skjknar a u` mkroltbrkb mo páekàs `brjanos b ajarknnas. Nas porsbàs puomo` fuslar usuarkbs b rolursbs pbr panafras lnavo, ufklalkü`, mkspb`kfknkmam u btrbs lrktorkbs. \orvkmbr mo fasos mo matbs. Os matbs. Os u` skstoja momklamb quo anjaloà y prblosa era`mos fasos mo matbs y bcrolo a nbs usuarkbs allosb a na k`cbrjalkü` quo so s o o`luo`tra o` onna. \orvkmbr mo lbju`klalkbòs. Bcrolo lbju`klalkbòs. Bcrolo sorvklkbs mo lbju`klalkü` lb` on oxtorkbr b para usuarkbs rojbtbs quo òloskta` lbòltarso a na rom mo uà u à brea`kzalkü`. Btrbs7 sorvkmbr Uof, sorvkmbr C]X, sorvkmbr M@\, sorvkmbr MDLX, … Ogojpnb7 Era`ga Ogojpnb7 Era`ga mo sorvkmbros.

_à era`ga mo sorvkmbros os sorvkmbros os lua`mb sünb so lbòlta` sorvkmbros an rbutor. O`laràlkü` Jarê` Lafannorb

Xáekà 11 mo ?<


1.3.<. Ogojpnb mo rom lb` sorvkmbr mo lbrrob onoltrü`klb

O` u` o`tbr`b lbrpbratkvb (quo os uà rom lnko`to-sorvkmbr) nbs ojpnoambs utknkza` u` sorvkmbr mo lbrrob onoltrü`klb mo onoltrü`klb mo na ojprosa para o`vkar, rolkfkr y anjaloàr lbrrobs onoltrü`klbs. On lnko`to mo lbrrob onoltrü`klb onoltrü`klb o` na lbjputambra mo u` ojpnoamb ojkto uà sbnklktum an sorvkmbr mo lbrrob onoltrü`klb para u` jo`sago `b noêmb . On sorvkmbr rospb`mo o`vka`mb an lnko`to on lbrrob onoltrü`klb sbnklktamb . 



1.3.=. Ogojpnb mo rom lb` sorvkmbr mo arldkvbs

_` lnko`to puomo tra`scorkr u` arldkvb an sorvkmbr lb` ckòs mo anjaloàjko`tb. Na tra`scoro`lka mo matbs mo u` lnko`to a u` sorvkmbr so mo`bjkà larear y larear y mo matbs mo u` sorvkmbr a u` moslarea. lnko`to so lb`blo lbjb moslarea.

1.3.?. Ogojpnb mo rom lb` sorvkmbr C]X

\upbèajbs quo o` uà rom day u` sorvkmbr C]X mb`mo C]X mb`mo nbs usuarkbs puomo` sufkr y moslarear arldkvbs . Ëstbs so anbgará` o` larpotas mo`trb mon sorvkmbr C]X.


Xáekà 16 mo ?<


1.5. \kstoja Bporatkvb mo Vom Nbs skstojas bporatkvbs (\.B.s) mo rom rom sb` prberajas quo eostkbà` na rom y sus rolursbs . Oxksto` 6 tkpbs fásklbs7 \.B.s para romos pu`tb a pu`tb7 pu`tb7 mb`mo nbs brmoàmbros tkoò` on jksjb ostatus . Os sucklko`to lb` quo lama brmoàmbr toèa Uk`mbws ;4, TX, Sksta b 5. \.B.s para romos lb` sorvkmbr momklamb7 mb`mo momklamb7 mb`mo day sorvkmbros momklambs lb` jaybr ostatus o` na rom . Ëstbs suono` toòr \.B.s ospolêcklbs para eostkü` mo rom lbjb Uk`mbws @] \OVSOV . ON rostb mo lnko`tos, puomo` toòr osto \.B. b luanqukora mo nas a`torkbros (U-;4, U-TX, USksta b U-5). 



Ogojpnb7 Vom nblan mb`mo nbs lnko`tos Ogojpnb7 lnko`tos puomo` toòr on skstoja bporatkvb Uk`mbws 6888, TX, Sksta, 5 ü 18 y nbs sorvkmbros sorvkmbros tkoò` u` skstoja bporatkvb ospolêcklb para eostkbàr na rom lbjb Uk`mbws 688< \orvor b Nkùx \orvor.

1.4. Volursbs lbjpartkmbs _à mo nas vo`tagas mo na rom os quo porjkto lbjpartkr rolursbs mo darmwaro y sbctwaro , lb` on ADBVVB quo ostb kjpnkla. Darmwaro7 Kjprosbra. Osláòr. _`kmamos mo anjaloàjko`tb7 mkslbs murbs. _`kmamos noltbras/erafambras mo LM/MSM. Jümoj. \bctwaro7 Arldkvbs y Larpotas. Xrberajas mo Apnklalkü`. 

b

b

b

b

b



b

b


Xáekà 1< mo ?<


Ogojpnb7 On brmoàmbr Jarkatoeuk lbjparto lbjb rolursbs mo darmwaro Ogojpnb7 darmwaro na kjprosbra y mo sbctwaro nas larpotas mo Aà Naura, Mblujo`tbs l y Oslrktbrkb lb` on rostb mo brmoàmbros mo na rom.

6. ONOJO@]B\ MO _@ \K\]OJA MO ]ONOLBJ_@KLALKÜ@ On bfgotkvb mo luanqukor lbju`klalkü` os tra`scorkr u` jo`sago mosmo u` pu`tb mo brkeo` dasta btrb mo mostk`b .

6.1. Osquoja skjpno O` na tra`sjkskü` mo na k`cbrjalkü`, k`cbrjalkü` , day tros onojo`tbs kjpnklambs7 ojksbr, roloptbr y jomkb .







Mb`mo7 Ojksbr7 os Ojksbr7 os on mkspbsktkvb quo o`vêa na k`cbrjalkü` . Voloptbr7 os Voloptbr7 os on mkspbsktkvb quo rolkfo na k`cbrjalkü` . Laàn (b jomkb mo tra`sjkskü`)7 os tra`sjkskü`)7 os on sbpbrto cêsklb a travës mon luan on ojksbr y on roloptbr puomo` lbju`klarso o` u` skstoja mo tra`sjkskü` . Os na nêòa. nêòa.

6.6. Osquoja lbjpnogb A lb`tkùalkü`, so proso`ta u` osquoja jás lbjpnogb mo na tra`sjkskü` tra `sjkskü` mo na k`cbrjalkü`. k`cbrjalkü` .


Xáekà 1= mo ?<














Mb`mo7 Cuo`to7 os Cuo`to7 os on onojo`tb quo eoòra on jo`sago a o`vkar . ]ra`smultbr mo o`trama7 lb`vkorto on jo`sago o` uà soñan onëltrkla varkafno tan lbjb u` vbntago b uà lbrrko`to. ]ra`sjksbr7 tra`scbrja na k`cbrjalkü` eoòrama pbr na cuo`to o` soñanos onëltrklas b para sor o`vkamas pbr on skstoja mo lbju`klalkü`. onoltrbjae`ëtklas amoluamas para ]ra`smultbr mo sankma7 lb`vkorto na soñan a na cbrja aprbpkama mon jo`sago . Voloptbr7 lb`vkorto na soñan onëltrkla b onoltrbjae`ëtkla rolkfkma o` u` cbrjatb lapaz mo sor o`to`mkmb pbr on mostkàtarkb. Mostk`b7 os Mostk`b7 os on onojo`tb quo rolkfo on jo`sago .

@B]A7 _` @B]A7 _` tra`smultbr os tra`smultbr os u` mkspbsktkvb o`lareamb mo tra`scbrjar na k`cbrjalkü` o` uà soñan (onëltrkla, nujk`bsa b onoltrbjae`ëtkla), y vklovorsa . Ogojpnb7 _à Ogojpnb7 _à fbjfknna (tra`smultbr) lb`vkorto uà soñan onëltrkla o` uà nujk`bsa. Na soñan cêskla quo jás so utknkza o` tonojátkla os na soñan onëltrkla onëltrkla y onnb os mofkmb prk`lkpanjo`to a su calknkmam mo tra`spbrto, ebfkor`b y tra`scbrjalkü` , asê lbjb a su rapkmoz mo tra`spbrto (aprbxkjamajo`to na vonblkmam mo na nuz). Ogojpnb7 Lb`vorsalkü` Ogojpnb7 Lb`vorsalkü` tonocü`kla.

Cuo`to mo k`cbrjalkü`, k`cbrjalkü`, quo os na porsbà quo nnaja . ]ra`sjksbr7 on ]ra`sjksbr7 on tonëcb`b mon ojksbr , quo tra`scbrja on jo`sago bran o` soñan onëltrkla. Laàn mo tra`sjkskü`, tra`sjkskü`, cbrjamb pbr on lafno mon tonëcb`b y tbma na rom tonocü`kla . Voloptbr7 on Voloptbr7 on tonëcb`b mon byo`to , quo tra`scbrja na soñan onëltrkla o` b`mas sb`bras. Mostk`b, Mostk`b, quo os na porsbà quo oslulda on jo`sago . Ogojpnb7 _à Ogojpnb7 _à skjpno lb`vorsalkü` tonocü`kla, tonocü`kla , o` on luan nbs tra`smultbros sb` on jklrücb`b y on antavbz. On jklrücb`b tra`scbrja ùostra vbz o` uà b`ma onëltrkla y on antavbz roankza on prblosb lb`trarkb. 










Xáekà 1? mo ?<


6.<. Jomkbs mo tra`sjkskü` Xuomo` lnaskcklarso o` eukambs y `b eukambs.

6.<.1. Jomkbs eukambs

Nbs jomkbs eukambs sb` eukambs sb` aquonnbs quo utknkza` u` jomkb sünkmb (u` lafno) para lafno) para na tra`sjkskü` mo soñanos onëltrklas y punsbs mo nuz. O`tro onnbs, pbmojbs lktar on lafno lbaxkan, on lafno mo par tro`zamb (_]X, C]X, \]X y C\]X) y na ckfra üptkla .

6.<.6. Jomkbs `b eukambs

Nbs jomkbs `b eukambs utknkza` eukambs utknkza` on akro para akro para tra`spbrtar nbs matbs7 sb` nbs jomkbs kànájfrklbs. kànájfrklbs. Nbs jomkbs `b eukambs so fasa` o` na prbpaealkü` mo b`mas onoltrbjae`ëtklas pbr on ospalkb . On lbjpbrtajko`tb mo uà ramkalkü` mopo`morá mo nas laraltorêstklas b`munatbrkas mo na ramkalkü`, ospolkanjo`to mo na nbèktum mo b`ma. b`ma. Xara na tra`sjkskü` mo na k`cbrjalkü` so ojpnoa` croluo`lkas mo b`ma juy b`ma juy mkvorsas, o` cu`lkü` mo caltbros lbjb na mksta`lka a na quo so prolkso o`vkar na k`cbrjalkü`, na pbto`lka mon ojksbr y on roloptbr , na proso`lka mo k`torcoro`lkas , otl. Nas utknkzamas para na tra`sjkskü` mo matbs sb` nas mo`bjkàmas k`crarrbgbs, b`mas mo nuz, fnuotbbtd, jklrbb`mas, j klrbb`mas, satënkto y ramkblbju`klalkbòs .


Xáekà 13 mo ?<


6.=. Matbs Mock`kjbs matb matb lbjb lama uà mo nas u`kmamos quo cbrja` parto mon jo`sago quo on ojksbr qukoro o`vkar an roloptbr y quo qu o ajfbs o`tko`mo` . Nbs matbs puomo` sor mo àturanoza7 Aànüekla. Aànüekla. Xuomo` tbjar k`ck`ktbs vanbros o` on raèb mo na jae`ktum cêskla quo roproso`ta. Ogojpnbs7 Na vbz dujaà y on sb`kmb o` eoòran. On frknnb y on lbnbr mo na kjaeo` laptama pbr uà lájara mo ]S. Na tojporatura laptama pbr u` so`sbr sktuamb o` u` pu`tb eoberácklb. 

b

b

b



Mkektan. ×`klajo`to Mkektan. ×`klajo`to puomo` toòr u` `÷jorb ck`ktb mo vanbros b b roproso`talkbòs. Ogojpnb7 Ogojpnb7 Nbs Nbs laraltoros ancaùjërklbs mofo` sor lb`vortkmbs a matbs fkàrkbs. Ogojpnbs7 Nbs Ogojpnbs7 Nbs lümkebs mkektanos quo mkektanos quo so puomo` utknkzar sb`7 on lümkeb A\LKK (8 y 1) y on lümkeb Jbrso („.‚ y „R‚).

6.?. \oñanos Mock`kjbs soñan lbjb soñan lbjb na lbmkcklalkü` b roproso`talkü` onëltrkla b onoltrbjae`ëtkla mo nbs matbs quo roanjo`to so tra`spbrta` a travës mon laàn. Ogojpnb7 Lbju`klalkü` Ogojpnb7 Lbju`klalkü` a travës mo jümojs.



Nas soñanos lb`sksto` o` varkalkbòs mo7 @kvonos mo to`skü` (S) b k`to`skmam mo lbrrko`to (K) (o` on lasb mo soñanos onëltrklas). Na soñan onëltrkla os na quo vkaga pbr on lafno lbaxkan y y on lafno mo par tro`zamb . Lafno lbaxkan Lafno mo par tro`zamb


Xáekà 15 mo ?<


K`to`skmam mo nbs lajpbs onëltrklbs y jae`ëtklbs (o` nas soñanos onoltrbjae`ëtklas). Na soñan onoltrbjae`ëtkla vkaga pbr on akro b pbr na ckfra üptkla. A`toàs mo tonolbju`klalkbòs Ckfra üptkla

6.?.1. Cbrjas mo b`ma









Nas cbrjas mo b`ma jás lbjuòs sb`7 \o`bkman (b skùsbkman). Luamrama. ]rkaèunar. Mko`to mo skorra.


Xáekà 14 mo ?<


6.?.6. Xarájotrbs mo uà soñan so`bkman

Nbs prk`lkpanos parájotrbs quo mockò` a uà soñan so`bkman sb`7 so`bkman sb`7



Xorkbmb (]). Os (]). Os on tkojpb quo tarma na soñan o` lbjpnotar u` lklnb . Xbr ta`tb, osta jae`ktum tkoò so`tkmb lb` soñanos porkümklas, os molkr, so ropkto`. \o ma o` soeu`mbs (s) .

Xorkbmb mo soñanos so`bkmanos.



Croluo`lka (C). Dalo (C). Dalo rocoro`lka an `÷jorb mo lklnbs quo ropkto uà soñan pbr u`kmam mo tkojpb . Na u`kmam o` quo ostá oxprosama os o` dorlkbs (Dz) .


Xáekà 1; mo ?<


Oxksto uà ronalkü` k`vorsa o`tro croluo`lka y porkbmb, porkbmb , ya quo a jaybr `÷jorb mo lklnbs pbr soeu`mb (croluo`lka), jo`bs tkojpb tarmará na b`ma o` lbjpnotar lama lklnb . C

1 

]

Ogojpnb 17 Quorojbs 17 Quorojbs lanlunar na croluo`lka para ] : 1/< s.

Ogojpnb 67 Quorojbs 67 Quorojbs lanlunar na croluo`lka para ] : 1 js y ] : =88 ξs. ] : 1 js 

C

] : =88 ξs 

1

1



1 18

] C



<



18 Dz



1IDz IDz



1 

1 

]

1 



=



<



18

1

1



=88  s =



=88 18





=

8,6? 18 Dz 



3



= 18 

6 

1 18



3



= 18



=





6,? IDz IDz

Ajpnktum (A). Os (A). Os on jareo` mo varkalkü` mo na soñan, o`tro jáxkjb y jê`kjb . \uono oxprosarso o` vbntkbs (S) b b ajporkbs (A) .


Xáekà 68 mo ?<


Caso (σ). Ma uà kmoa mon mospnazajko`tb dbrkzb`tan mo na skùsbkmo .

\k mbs skùsbkmos tkoò` na jksja croluo`lka o keuan caso , so mklo quo ostá` o` caso. \k mbs skùsbkmos tkoò` na jksja croluo`lka y mkstk`ta caso , so mklo quo ostá` o` moscaso, y uà mo nas skùsbkmos ostá amona`tama b atrasama lb` rospoltb mo na btra. Ogojpnb7 \upbèajbs Ogojpnb7 \upbèajbs mbs soñanos lb` mkstk`ta caso (mo caso (moscasamas o`tro sê º ψ ramkaòs ü ;8·). b

b

Ogojpnb 17 Na 17 Na skeuko`to b`ma so`bkman roproso`ta on vanbr mo na to`skü` b na k`to`skmam mo lbrrko`to a travës mo u` tkojpb lb`tkùajo`to tkojpb lb`tkùajo`to varkafno.

Ogojpnb 67 Na 67 Na skeuko`to b`ma so`bkman roproso`ta roproso`ta on vanbr mo na to`skü` a travës mo u` tkojpb lb`tkùajo`to varkafno.

Na b`ma porkümkla jás skjpno os uà b`ma arjü`kla. arjü`kla. . :8  O` osto ogojpnb, A:1, ]:1 y σ :8


Xáekà 61 mo ?<


6.?.<. Sanbros mo uà soñan so`bkman

Nbs vanbros quo puomo tbjar uà soñan so`bkman sb`7







Sanbr pklb (Sp). Os (Sp). Os on vanbr jáxkjb, mo lrosta (pklb pbsktkvb) b vanno (pklb òeatkvb), mo na soñan. Ogojpnb7 On Ogojpnb7 On vanbr jáxkjb mo na to`skü` puomo anla`zar dasta ±<6? S. Sp : Sjax Sanbr pklb a pklb (Spp). Os (Spp). Os on vanbr quo va mosmo on jáxkjb an jê`kjb b mo uà lrosta (pklb pbsktkvb) a u` vanno (pklb òeatkvb). Os molkr, os on vanbr mbfno mon vanbr jáxkjb . Spp : 6 µ Sjax Sanbr jomkb (Sjom). Os (Sjom). Os na jomka arktjëtkla mo tbmbs nbs vanbros k`sta`táòbs mo na soñan o` u` porkbmb mamb. \o puomo k`torprotar lbjb na lbjpbò`to mo lb`tkùa mo na b`ma skùsbkman. Sjom

6 

Sjom : 8,3<5 µ Sjax

S jax





Sanbr ocklaz (Soc). (Soc). Os on vanbr quo prbmulo on jksjb ocoltb quo na soñan oqukvano`to o` lbrrko`to lb`tkùa. Soc

S jax

Soc : 8,585 µ Sjax



6



Sanbr k`sta`táòb (Sk (t)). Sanbr (t)). Sanbr quo tbja na to`skü` b na lbrrko`to o` u` k`sta`to mo tkojpb motorjkàmb. Sk (t) : Sjax µ so` ( ϋt + σ)

Mb`mo7 ϋ os na vonblkmam aèunar (b aèunar (b tajfkë` nnajama punsalkü`), punsalkü`), quo os na rapkmoz lb` na quo varêa on áèunb ( σ σ) o` on tkojpb (t) . \o jkmo o` ramkaòs/soeu`mb (ram/s) .  


 t

Xáekà 66 mo ?<


Ogojpnb7 \k on áèunb os mo <38· (uà vuonta , 6ψ) y so tarma u` soeu`mb o` lbjpnotarna, na Ogojpnb7 vonblkmam aèunar os 6ψ ram/s.  

 t



6 1

 6 ram / s

\k na croluo`lka (c) os (c) os na la`tkmam mo vuontas sbfro on tkojpb , na vonblkmam aèunar tajfkë` so puomo oxprosar lbjb7  

 t



6 1 / c

 6 c

Xbr ta`tb, na vonblkmam aèunar so aèunar so puomo lanlunar lbjb7 ϋ : 6 ψ c @B]A7 O` @B]A7 O` na lanlunambra day quo altkvar on jbmb ramkaòs (VAM) . Ogojpnb7 \k on vbntago jáxkjb mo uà b`ma mo lbrrko`to antorà os 18 Sbntkbs y su porkbmb os mo Ogojpnb7 \k 68 js, ²luános sb` sus vanbros laraltorêstklbs2 Matbs7 Sjax : 18 S ] : 68 js Bporalkbòs7 Nbs vanbros quo laraltorkza` a na lbrrko`to antorà sb`7 Sanbr pklb7 Sp : Sjax : 18 S 



Sanbr pklb-pklb7 Spp : 6 µ Sjax : 6 µ 18 S : 68 S


Xáekà 6< mo ?<


Sanbr ocklaz7 Soc : Sjax / ∗6 : 18 S / ∗6 : 5,85 S

Soc : 8,585 µ Sjax : 8,585 µ18 S : 5,85 S 





Sanbr jomkb7 Sjom : (6 / ψ) µ Sjax : (6 / ψ) µ 18 S : 3,<5 S Sjom : 8,3<5 µ Sjax : 8,3<5 µ 18 S : 3,<5 S Xorkbmb7 ]: 68 js : 8,86 s Croluo`lka7 C : 1 / ] : 1/8,86 s : ?8 ? 8 Dz

\bnulkü`7 Sp : 18 S 9 Spp : 68 9 Soc : 5,85 S 9 Sjom : 3,<5 S 9 ] : 8,86 s 9 C : ?8 Dz.


Xáekà 6= mo ?<


6.3. B`mas onoltrbjae`ëtklas Nas soñanos mo ramkbcroluo`lka so prbpaea` pbr on akro o` cbrja mo b`mas onoltrbjae`ëtklas. onoltrbjae`ëtklas. Ëstas ostá` lbjpuostas pbr lajpbs onëltrklbs y jae`ëtklbs prbvblambs pbr na a`toà . Nbs mbs lajpbs so prbmulo` o` pna`bs porpo`mklunaros , o` ta`tb quo na porpo`mklunar lbj÷` a ajfbs pna`bs mockò na mkrollkü` o` quo so prbpaeará na b`ma ramkama.

Xrbpaealkü` mo uà b`ma y mo sus lajpbs onëltrklb y jae`ëtklb.

6.3.1. Xarájotrbs

Nas b`mas onoltrbjae`ëtklas proso`ta` nbs skeuko`tos parájotrbs, quo jarla` mkcoro`lkas kjpbrta`tos a na dbra mo prbpaearso pbr on jomkb 7 Sonblkmam mo prbpaealkü` (L). Nas b`mas onoltrbjae`ëtklas so prbpaea` a na vonblkmam mo na nuz , os molkr, a <88.888 Ij/s : < µ 18 4 j/s. 



Nbèktum mo b`ma (ι). \o puomo mock`kr na nbèktum mo b`ma mo uà soñan lbjb na mksta`lka jê`kja o`tro mbs pu`tbs mo uà b`ma quo ostá` o` caso (os molkr, o`tro mbs lrostas b mbs vannos suloskvbs) . Osto parájotrb so jkmo o` jotrbs (j) , y so ronalkbà lb` btrbs mbs parájotrbs mo

nas b`mas quo sb` vonblkmam mo tra`sjkskü` mo na b`ma y croluo`lka mo na jksja. Na olualkü` mo na nbèktum mo b`ma so s o roproso`ta mo na skeuko`to skeuko `to cbrja7

 

L C

Mb`mo7 L7 vonblkmam mo tra`sjkskü` mo na b`ma. \o \ o jkmo o` j/s . C7 croluo`lka mo na b`ma. \o jkmo o` dorlkbs (Dz) .


Xáekà 6? mo ?<


Ogojpnb7 Osto parájotrb rosunta cu`majo`tan para mkjo`skbàr na a`toà , puostb quo su Ogojpnb7 tajañb mopo`mo mkroltajo`to mo na nbèktum mo na b`ma quo b`ma quo toèa quo ojktkr b rolkfkr. Ogojpnb 17 Quorojbs 17 Quorojbs lanlunar na nbèktum mo b`ma para nas soñanos lb` ] : 1 js y ] : =88 ξs. ] : 1 js   C : 1 IDz  ] : =88 ξs C : 6,? IDz 



4

< 18 j / s

L







C 

< 18 j 



<88 Ij

18 Dz 4

< 18 j / s

L 

?



<





<

6,? 18 Dz

C



< 



6,?

?

18 j



1,6 18 

?



168 Ij

Bfsorvajbs quo nbs lb`loptbs mo croluo`lka y nbèktum mo b`ma sb` k`vorsajo`to prbpbrlkbànos. prbpbrlkbànos. Ogojpnb 67 Xara 67 Xara uà croluo`lka mo <.3?8 IDz su nbèktum sorá7 C : <.3?8 IDz 





4

< 18 j / s

L





C

<

<.3?8 18 Dz 



46,1; j

Xbto`lka (X). Lua`tb jaybros soa` nbs lajpbs o` u` pu`tb mon jomkb mo prbpaealkü`, jaybr sorá na pbto`lka mo na b`ma o` oso pu`tb. Osto parájotrb ostafnolo na la`tkmam mo oòreêa quo tra`spbrta na soñan . An anogarso mo na cuo`to quo eoòrü na soñan, na pbto`lka mksjkùyo mo cbrja prbpbrlkbàn an luamramb mo na mksta`lka. mksta`lka. Amojás, osta përmkma mo pbto`lka (nnajama atoùalkü`) atoùalkü`) os jaybr lua`tb jás anta os na croluo`lka mo na soñan. 

Mksjkùlkü` mo na pbto`lka lb` na mksta`lka.

Na pbto`lka so puomo jomkr o` vatkbs (U, Uatts) b, nb quo os jás croluo`to, o` u`kmamos ξS) . ronatkvas lbjb on molkfonkb jknkvatkb (mFj) b on molkfonkb jklrbvbntkb (mF ξS) O`laràlkü` Jarê` Lafannorb

Xáekà 63 mo ?<


6.3.6. Molkfonkb

On molkfonkb os molkfonkb os uà u`kmam mo ronalkü` quo so utknkza para lbjparar u` vanbr jomkmb lb` btrb quo so tbja lbjb rocoro`lka . Ogojpnb7 \o Ogojpnb7 \o puomo utknkzar para jomkr to`skbòs, k`to`skmamos b pbto`lkas onëltrklas. onëltrklas . @B]A7 On molkfonkb usa on nbearktjb para porjktkr quo ronalkbòs juy era`mos b juy poquoñas @B]A7 On puoma` sor roproso`tamas lb` `÷jorbs lb`vo`ko`tojo`to poquoñbs. On molkfonkb (mF) os 18 volos on nbearktjb molkjan mon lblko`to mo mbs vanbros mo uà varkafno . O` na skeuko`to eráckla so aprolka on lbjpbrtajko`tb mon nbearktjb mon lblko`to mo mbs pbto`lkas,

X6 X1

, mb`mo X6 os na pbto`lka mo sankma y X1 os na pbto`lka mo o`trama .

\o apnkla a na ospolkcklalkü` mo eaà`lkas b atoùalkbòs mo uà soñan. soñan . \k V 0 1, o`tb`los X but 0 Xk` \k V > 1, o`tb`los X but > Xk`

Voproso`talkü` mo eaà`lka (E) y atoùambr (A).


Xáekà 65 mo ?<


6.3.6.1. Eaà`lka mo uà soñan

\k so k`lrojo`ta na ajpnktum mo mo uà b`ma onoltrbjae`ëtkla, su pbto`lka aujo`ta. Osto aujo`tb mo pbto`lka so nnaja eaà`lka. eaà`lka. Ogojpnb7 \o Ogojpnb7 \o „eaà‚ soñan o` o` on tra`sjksbr usa`mb u` ajpnkcklambr, b ankòa`mb aprbpkamajo`to na a`toà. a`toà. Ogojpnb7 \upbèajbs Ogojpnb7 \upbèajbs u` ajpnkcklambr a ajpnkcklambr a luya o`trama toòjbs uà soñan \ 1 mo pbto`lka X 1 y a na mo pbto`lka X 6 sankma uà soñan \ 6 6 mo 6.

Na eaà`lka oxprosama o` molkfonkbs sorêa7 sorêa7 

Vonalkü` mo pbto`lkas7



E mF





X6

18 nbe 18 

, mb`mo X6 os na pbto`lka mo sankma y X1 os na

X1

pbto`lka mo o`trama . 

Vonalkü` mo to`skbòs7 to`skbòs 7



E mF



S 6

68 nbe 18





S 1

, mofkmb a quo

X

S

6



V

, mb`mo S6 os na to`skü`

mo sankma y S1 os na to`skü` mo o`trama . 

Vonalkü` mo k`to`skmamos7



E mF





68 nbe 18 

K 6 K 1

, mb`mo K6 os na k`to`skmam mo sankma y K1 os na

k`to`skmam mo o`trama .

os7

Ogojpnb7 \k Ogojpnb7 \k na pbto`lka mo sankma os <8 U y na mo o`trama 1? U, na ronalkü` o`tro nas pbto`lkas V

X6 

<8U 



6

1?U

X1

Nb quo ske`kckla quo na pbto`lka mo sankma os 6 volos jaybr quo na mo o`trama. o`trama . Xbr ta`tb, day eaà`lka mo soñan. \k oxprosajbs o` molkfonkbs on ogojpnb a`torkbr7 

E mF





18 nbe 18 

X6



X1

18 nbe 18

<8U





1?U

18 nbe 18 6  



\k na ronalkü` o`tro nas pbto`lkas os = y mospuës 4, o`tb`los7

 

E mF

 

E mF





18 nbe 18 =  

18 nbe 18 4 



3mF



;mF

Xbmojbs salar na skeuko`to lb`lnuskü`7 lama voz quo na ronalkü` o`tro pbto`lkas aujo`ta on mbfno, na eaà`lka o` mF aujo`ta < mF. mF . O`laràlkü` Jarê` Lafannorb

Xáekà 64 mo ?<


6.3.6.6. Atoùalkü` mo uà soñan

\k so mksjkùyo na ajpnktum , su pbto`lka molrolo . Osta romullkü` mo pbto`lka so mo`bjkà përmkma b atoùalkü`. atoùalkü`. Ogojpnb7 \o Ogojpnb7 \o „pkormo‚ soñan o` o` nbs lbòltbros, nêòas mo tra`sjkskü` y àturanjo`to a jomkma quo na b`ma so prbpaea o` on jomkb. jomkb. Nas përmkmas b atoùalkbòs puomo` puomo` oxprosarso lbjb eaà`lkas òeatkvas , b nb quo os keuan7 





Vonalkü` mo pbto`lkas7 AmF  Vonalkü` mo to`skbòs 7 AmF 

18 nbe 18











X1 S 6

68 nbe 18

Vonalkü` mo k`to`skmamos7 AmF 

X6

S 1

68 nbe 18 

K 6 K 1

Ogojpnb7 \k na pbto`lka mo sankma os 1? U y na pbto`lka mo o`trama os <8 U, na ronalkü` o`tro nas Ogojpnb7 \k pbto`lkas os7 V



X6 X1

1?U 

1 

<8U



6

8,?

Nb quo ske`kckla quo na pbto`lka mo sankma os 6 volos jo`br quo na mo o`trama. o`trama . Xbr ta`tb, day atoùalkü` mo soñan. \k oxprosajbs o` molkfonkbs on ogojpnb a`torkbr7 

E mF

  18  nbe 18

X6 X1

 18  nbe 18

1?U <8U

 1   18  nbe nbe 18    18  nbe 18 8,?  
\k na ronalkü` o`tro nas pbto`lkas os 1/= (8,6?) y (8,6?) y mospuës 1/4 (8,16?), (8,16?), o`tb`los7 

 1    18  nbe nbe 18    18  nbe 18 8,6?   3 mF



1 nbe 18 8,16?   ; mF   18  nbe 18     18  nbe

E mF

E mF

 = 

 4 

Xbmojbs salar na skeuko`to lb`lnuskü`7 lama voz quo na ronalkü` o`tro pbto`lkas mksjkùyo o` u` caltbr mo 6, na atoùalkü` o` mF mksjkùyo < mF. mF . @B]A7 Xara @B]A7 Xara lanlunar na eaà`lka tbtan mo u` skstoja mo varkas otapas , aquonnas so juntkpnkla` lama uà mo nas eaà`lkas mo lama otapa .


Xáekà 6; mo ?<


<. \OÑANO\ A@ANÜEKLA\ [ MKEK]ANO\ 



Xbmojbs mkstkèukr mbs era`mos cajknkas mo soñanos7 \oñanos aànüeklas. \oñanos mkektanos. \oñan aànüekla

\oñan mkektan

(b`ma so`bkman)

(b`ma luamrama)

<.1. \oñanos aànüeklas Nas soñanos aànüeklas aànüeklas puomo` sor roproso`tamas jomka`to cu`lkbòs quo tbja` u` `÷jorb k`ck`ktb mo vanbros o` luanqukor k`torvanb mo tkojpb lb`skmoramb . Xara tra`sjktkr soñanos aànüeklas so ojpnoa` skstojas mo tra`sjkskü` aànüeklbs, y na k`cbrjalkü` va lb`to`kma o` na prbpka cbrja cbr ja mo b`ma. b`ma .

_` parájotrb juy kjpbrta`to mo uà soñan aànüekla os su a`ldb mo fa`ma, fa`ma, quo os na mkcoro`lka o`tro nas croluo`lkas jáxkja y jê`kja quo lbjpbò` mklda soñan . O` oso jareo` mo croluo`lkas os mb`mo so lb`lo`tra na jaybr parto mo na oòreêa mo na soñan . On a`ldb mo fa`ma so jkmo o` Dorlkbs (Dz) .

ckàn .

Mb`mo c 8 8 os na croluo`lka lo`tran (b mo lbrto) , c 1 os na croluo`lka mo k`klkb y c 6 6 os os na croluo`lka


Xáekà <8 mo ?<




Nas varkalkbòs mo ajpnktum mo uà soñan so puomo` roproso`tar7 O` on tkojpb. tkojpb. Osta roproso`talkü` `bs porjkto lb`blor na varkalkü` mo na soñan o` cu`lkü` mon tkojpb. Ogojpnb7 Ogojpnb7 Na Na soñan laptama pbr u` jklrücb`b jklrüc b`b o`vkama a travës mon tonëcb`b.

\oñan mo aumkb o` on mbjk`kb mon tkojpb.



O` croluo`lka. croluo`lka. Osta roproso`talkü` `bs porjkto lb`blor na varkalkü` mo na soñan o` cu`lkü` mo su croluo`lka. Na roproso`talkü` mo na soñan o` croluo`lka os on ospoltrb mo mklda soñan ( jareo` mo croluo`lkas ). ). Ogojpnb7 Ogojpnb7 Ospoltrb Ospoltrb mo uà soñan.

Ospoltrb mo u` tb`b purb.

Ogojpnb7 Voproso`talkü` Ogojpnb7 Voproso`talkü` mo na soñan mo vbz o` on mbjk`kb mon tkojpb y mo na croluo`lka.


Xáekà <1 mo ?<


Nas b`mas sb`bras pbsoo` sb`bras pbsoo` u` ospoltrb mo croluo`lkas lbjpro`mkmb o`tro 68 Dz y 68 IDz. IDz . @b bfsta`to, para uà fuoà y ckon roproso`talkü` mo nas mkcoro`tos soñanos sb`bras, osto jareo` mo croluo`lkas so puomo romulkr lb`skmorafnojo`to. Ogojpnbs7 Na vbz dujaà o` dujaà o` skstojas tonocü`klbs pbsoo u` ospoltrb mo o`tro <88 y <.=88 Dz. Dz . Xbr nb quo on a`ldb mo fa`ma os mo <.188 Dz. Dz. Xara uà fuoà roproso`talkü` mo na j÷skla j÷skla os sucklko`to lb` u` jareo` mo croluo`lkas lbjpro`mkmb o`tro ?8 Dz y 14 IDz, IDz, aprbxkjamajo`to. 



<.6. \oñanos mkektanos Nas soñanos mkektanos puomo` mkektanos puomo` sor roproso`tamas jomka`to cu`lkbòs quo tbja` u` `÷jorb ck`ktb mo vanbros o` luanqukor k`torvanb mo tkojpb . Nas soñanos mkektanos òlosktará` skstojas mo tra`sjkskü` mkektanos mb`mo na k`cbrjalkü` ostará lb`to`kma o` nbs punsbs lbmkcklambs, lbmkcklambs , y `b o` na cbrja mo b`ma.

_` parájotrb juy kjpbrta`to mo uà soñan mkektan os na vonblkmam mo tra`sjkskü`, tra`sjkskü` , quo os on `÷jorb mo fkts quo so o`vêa` pbr soeu`mb . \o jkmo o` fkts pbr soeu`mb (fps) . Oxksto` cuo`tos mo k`cbrjalkü` quo eoòra` soñanos têpklajo`to aànüeklas, aànüeklas , lbjb na vbz y btras mkektanos lbjb mkektanos lbjb nas lbjputambras , porb o` ajfbs lasbs os pbskfno tra`sjktkr na soñan ta`tb o` aànüeklb lbjb o` mkektan. Ogojpnb7 Na Ogojpnb7 Na soñan so tra`sjkto o` cbrja mo b`ma luamrama, luamrama, `brjanjo`to lb` mbs `kvonos mo to`skü` (on `kvon mo to`skü` jás onovamb lbrrospb`mo lb` on «1¹ nüeklb y nüeklb y on `kvon mo to`skü` jás fagb lbrrospb`mo lb` on «8¹ nüeklb). nüeklb). A osta soñan so na lb`blo lbjb soñan mkektan fkàrka. fkàrka.





Ogojpnbs7 Nas soñanos onëltrklas fkàrkas quo o`vkajbs mosmo on tolnamb an brmoàmbr brmoàmbr lama voz quo punsajbs uà tolna. On skstoja mo lbmkcklalkü` ojpnoamb ojpno amb os on lümkeb A\LKK . Na soñan rolbekma pbr u` osláòr osláòr lua`mb roankza uà cbtberacêa mo u` mblujo`tb oslrktb b erácklb.

Lua`mb lb`skmorajbs soñanos fkàrkas, osbs vanbros mkslrotbs rolkfo` on `bjfro mo fkts. fkts. O` on lasb a`torkbr mo roproso`talkü` mo sêjfbnbs mon tolnamb, lama u`b mo onnbs so lbmkckla lb` bldb fkts (fyto). (fyto). O`laràlkü` Jarê` Lafannorb

Xáekà <6 mo ?<


=. LBMKCKLALKÜ@ MO MA]B\ Na k`cbrjalkü` so k`cbrjalkü` so tra`sjkto o` cbrja mo soñanos, pbr nb quo mofo sor tra`scbrjama a`tos mo pbmor sor tra`spbrtama tra`spbrtama a travës mo u` jomkb mo lbju`klalkü` cêsklb . Lüjb tra`scbrjar na k`cbrjalkü` mopo`mo k`cbrjalkü` mopo`mo mo su cbrjatb brkekàn y mon cbrjatb usamb pbr on darmwaro mo lbju`klalkbòs .

=.1. Matbs Mkektanos, \oñanos Mkektanos Na cbrja jás so`lknna mo lbmkcklar mkektanjo`to matbs mkektanos os askeàr u` `kvon mo to`skü` an «1¹ nüeklb y nüeklb y btrb mkstk`tb para on «8¹ nüeklb. nüeklb.

On oqukpajko`tb para na lbmkcklalkü` mkektan usa`mb soñanos mkektanos os jo`bs lbjpnklamb y jo`bs lbstbsb. Oxksto` juldbs skstojas mo lbmkcklalkü`, sko`mb nbs jás usuanos nbs quo vorojbs a lb`tkùalkü`.


Xáekà << mo ?<


=.6. Matbs Mkektanos, \oñanos Aànüeklas Nbs jümojs ( jümojs (JBM JBMunambrunambr-MOJ MOJbmunambr) bmunambr) lb`vkorto` nbs matbs mkektanos o` soñanos aànüeklas mo tan jaòra quo so puoma` tra`sjktkr a travës mo nêòas aànüeklas y vklovorsa . Na ckfra üptkla y nbs jomkbs `b eukambs sünb eukambs sünb porjkto` na prbpaealkü` mo soñanos aànüeklas . Ogojpnb7 ]ra`sjkskü` Ogojpnb7 ]ra`sjkskü` mo soñanos a travës mo jümojs.

A lb`tkùalkü`, so proso`ta u` osquoja mo na tra`sjkskü` mo na k`cbrjalkü` usa`mb jümoj. jümoj .





Mb`mo7 Jbmunambr7 Jbmunambr7 os on o`lareamb mo amoluar na soñan (onëltrkla, al÷stkla b nujk`bsa) an laàn mo tra`sjkskü`. Os on lbmkcklambr mo soñan. Mojbmunambr7 os Mojbmunambr7 os on prblosb k`vorsb an jbmunambr . Os on molbmkcklambr mo soñan. \us tël`klas fásklas7







(A\I,, Ajpnktumo \dkct Ioykè). Mospnazajko`tb mo Ajpnktum (A\I (C\I,, Croluo`ly \dkct Ioykè). Mospnazajko`tb mo Croluo`lka (C\I (X\I,, Xdaso \dkct Ioykè). Mospnazajko`tb mo Caso (X\I


Xáekà <= mo ?<


_à jbmunalkü` juy utknkzama os na quo lbjfkà na jbmunalkü` A\I y X\I , ma`mb nuear a na Jbmunalkü` mo Ajpnktum o` Luamratura (QAJ, QAJ, Quamraturo Ajpnktumo Jbmunatkb`). Mo osta cbrja, so puomo` tra`sjktkr jás sêjfbnbs o` on jksjb a`ldb mo fa`ma. Ogojpnb7 Altuanjo`to, Ogojpnb7 Altuanjo`to, so utknkza o` tonovkskü`, tra`sjkskbòs kànájfrklas y y o` na tra`sjkskü` pbr AM\N (Asyjjotrkl Mkektan \ufslrkfor Nkò, Nêòa mo Afbàmb Mkektan Askjëtrkla) , o`tro btras.

=.<. Matbs Aànüeklbs, \oñanos Mkektanos Nbs matbs aànüeklbs so mkektankza` para sor tra`sjktkmbs jomka`to skstojas mkektanos . Xara onnb, so lb`vkorto` nbs vanbros mo to`skü` o` `÷jorbs mkektanos o` fkàrkb. Na tël`kla jás so`lknna os na Jbmunalkü` pbr Kjpunsbs Lbmkcklambs (JKL) JKL) b pbr nas skenas o` kènës (XLJ (XLJ,, Xunso Lbmo Jbmunatkb`). Ogojpnb7 Na Ogojpnb7 Na tël`kla JKL os juy utknkzama o` nbs skstojas mo tonocb`êa .

=.=. Matbs Aànüeklbs, \oñanos Aànüeklas Nbs matbs aànüeklbs so jbmuna` jomka`to uà pbrtambra para eoòrar uà u à soñan aànüekla o` uà fa`ma mo croluo`lka mkcoro`to. Nbs matbs aànüeklbs mo àturanoza onëltrkla sb` cálkn mo tra`sjktkr y pblb lbstbsa o` fa`ma faso. Nas tël`klas fásklas sb`7 Jbmunalkü` o` Ajpnktum (AJ ( AJ,, Ajpnktumo Jbmunatkb`). Jbmunalkü` o` Croluo`lka (CJ (CJ,, Croluo`ly Jbmunatkb`.) Jbmunalkü` o` Caso (XJ ( XJ,, Xdaso Jbmunatkb`). 






Xáekà

?. XAVÁJO]VB\ MON LA@AN On laàn laàn os on onojo`tb quo so o`larea mon tra`spbrto mo na soñan sbfro na quo vkaga na k`cbrjalkü` quo proto`mo` k`torlajfkar on ojksbr y on roloptbr .

_` laàn laàn vkoò mock`kmb mosmo on pu`tb mo vkstas tonojátklb pbr sus prbpkomamos cêsklas7 na àturanoza mo na soñan quo os lapaz mo tra`sjktkr (onëltrkla, nujk`bsa b onoltrbjae`ëtkla), na vonblkmam mo tra`sjkskü` (vonblkmam tra`sjkskü` (vonblkmam mo tra`scoro`lka mo matbs), na lapalkmam mo tra`sjkskü` (a`ldb tra`sjkskü` (a`ldb mo fa`ma), na nbèktum jáxkja, jáxkja, y on jbmb mo k`sorlkü` mo ojksbros y roloptbros. roloptbros . Lama laàn so amolua jogbr a u` tkpb mo soñan lb`lrotb . Ogojpnb7 Xara Ogojpnb7 Xara nas soñanos onëltrklas os os fuo`b u` laàn mo lbfro b lbfro b ane÷` jatorkan lb`multbr. Xbr ta`tb, nas laraltorêstklas y lankmam mo na tra`sjkskü` ostá` tra`sjkskü` ostá` motorjkàmas ta`tb pbr on tkpb mo soñan lbjb lbjb pbr nas laraltorêstklas mon jomkb .

?.1. A`ldb mo fa`ma On a`ldb mo fa`ma (FU FU,, Fa`mUkmtd) os on lauman mo k`cbrjalkü` quo u` laàn puomo tra`spbrtar . O` u` sêjkn, lb` uà tuforêa os on lauman mo aeua quo pasa o` u` k`sta`to motorjkàmb, motorjkàmb , on aeua sorêa na k`cbrjalkü` tra`sjktkma y on a`ldb mo fa`ma na la`tkmam jáxkja quo puomo pasar a travës mo na tuforêa.


Xáekà <3 mo ?<


[ btrb sêjkn sorêa on trácklb quo lkrluna pbr na autbpksta o` u` k`sta`to motorjkàmb. motorjkàmb .

Xorb day quo toòr o` luo`ta quo na nêòa ostá lbjpartkma croluo`tojo`to pbr juldbs usuarkbs. Xbr ta`tb, `bs skrvo mo juy pblb safor on a`ldb mo fa`ma quo tkoò u` prbvoombr sk `b safojbs luá`tbs usuarkbs lbjparto` osa nêòa o` u` jbjo`tb motorjkàmb. motorjkàmb . Ogojpnb7 Day poquoñbs prbvoombros lb` pblbs lnko`tos quo utknkza` uà nêòa „ostrolda‚. \k` ojfareb, puomo` bcrolor jogbros tkojpbs mo allosb quo btrbs prbvoombros lb` laànos jás pbto`tos pbrquo ëstbs tkoò` mojaskambs usuarkbs lbjpartko`mb na nêòa. Na prbpbrlkü` os nb quo luo`ta, `b on a`ldb o` sê jksjb. jksjb . Xara soñanos aànüeklas, on a`ldb mo fa`ma os na a`ldura, jomkma o` dorlkbs (Dz) , mon raèb mo croluo`lkas o` on quo so lb`lo`tra na jaybr parto mo na pbto`lka mo na soñan . Mofkmb a quo na lankmam mo na soñan aànüekla puomo aànüekla puomo ojpobrar mofkmb a na atoùalkü` mon jomkb mo tra`sjkskü` (pbr ogojpnb, o` nas lb`mklkbòs mo tkojpb janas), mofojbs toòr u` jareo` mo soeurkmam mo < mF. mF. Lb`skmorarojbs mkldbs nêjktos lbjb uà mkcoro`lka mo < mF rospoltb an vanbr o` na croluo`lka c l l tbjama tbjama lbjb rocoro`lka. -< mF

ckàn .

Mb`mo c l l os na croluo`lka lo`tran (b mo lbrto) , c 1 os na croluo`lka mo k`klkb y c 6 6 os os na croluo`lka


Xáekà <5 mo ?<


Ogojpnb 17 17 Mo`trb mo na fa`ma _DC _DC (Croluo`lkas _ntra Antas), quo so oxtko`mo mosmo =58 dasta 436 JDz , ostá` ufklambs nbs sorvklkbs mo tonovkskü` torrostro lb`blkmbs lbjb „]M]‚ ( mosmo on laàn 61 dasta on laàn 38 ) y nbs sorvklkbs mo K`toròt (luyb raèb mo laànos os mon 31 an 3; ). ]bmbs nbs laànos tkoò` u` a`ldb mo fa`ma mo 4 mo 4 JDz. JDz. Ogojpnb 67 Quorojbs 67 Quorojbs lanlunar on vanbr mo c 1 y c6 mon laàn 61, 61, safko`mb quo so o`luo`tra o` na croluo`lka =5= JDz y quo on a`ldb mo fa`ma os 4 JDz. cl : =5= JDz c1 : =5= JDz “ = JDz : =58 JDz c6 : =5= JDz + = JDz : =54 JDz Ogojpnb <7 Na <7 Na vbz quo vbz quo so tra`sjkto mosmo ùostrbs dbearos a travës mo na nêòa tonocü`kla dalka uà lo`tran nblan, tkoò u` ospoltrb mo croluo`lkas mo <88 a <.=88 Dz, Dz, os molkr, u` jareo` mo <.188 Dz. Dz. A`ldb mo fa`ma mo na soñan7 <.188 Dz. A`ldb mo fa`ma mon laàn (lafno tonocü`klb)7 1 JDz. 



Xbr onnb, nas ojprosas mo tonolbju`klalkbòs po`sarb` o` aprbvoldar oso era` jareo` mo croluo`lkas y mosarrbnnarb` u` skstoja quo porjktêa, amojás mo o`vkar vbz , tra`scorkr era` la`tkmam mo k`cbrjalkü` a era` vonblkmam . Ostb os nb quo altuanjo`to so mo`bjkà lbòxkü` a K`toròt mo fa`ma a`lda, a`lda, y os nb quo lb`blojbs lbjb AM\N (Asyjjotrkl Mkektan \ufslrkfor Nkò, Nêòa mo Afbàmb Mkektan Askjëtrkla). Askjëtrkla). Ogojpnb =7 Na rom AM\N AM\N o` Ospaña tkoò vonblkmamos mo dasta 4 Jfps o` on so`tkmb rom  u suarkb (laàn moslo`mo`to) y mo 3=8 Ifps o` on so`tkmb usuarkb  rom rom (laàn aslo`mo`to) . usuarkb

?.6. Lapalkmam mo u` laàn Na lapalkmam mo u` laàn (L) (L) os na vonblkmam mo tra`sjkskü` jáxkja (S jax jax ) quo so puomo anla`zar o` on laàn . Xbr nb quo va a ostar nkjktama pbr on a`ldb mo fa`ma (FU). fa`ma (FU). \o jkmo o` fkts pbr soeu`mb ü fkts/s (fps) . Xara nbs laànos sk` rukmb, na vonblkmam mo tra`sjkskü` jáxkja (Sjax) os (Sjax) os on mbfno mon a`ldb mo fa`ma. L : Sjax : 6 FU Ogojpnb7 \k Ogojpnb7 \k supbòjbs quo u` laàn mo vbz lb` u` a`ldb mo fa`ma mo <.188 Dz so utknkza lb` u` jümoj para tra`sjktkr matbs mkektanos (6 `kvonos nüeklbs7 nüe klbs7 1 y 8), na lapalkmam mon laàn os7 L : 6 FU : 6 µ <.188 : 3.688 fps : 3,6 Ifps


Xáekà <4 mo ?<


?.<. Sonblkmam mo tra`scoro`lka mo matbs Na vonblkmam mo tra`scoro`lka mo matbs (S tm) os on `÷jorb mo fkts mo k`cbrjalkü` mo usuarkb tra`sjktkmbs pbr u`kmam mo tkojpb . \o jkmo o` fkts pbr soeu`mb ü fkts/s (fps) . S tm

` · R fkts R mo R usuarkb R tra`sjktkm bs 

tkojpb R mo R o`vêb

@B]A7 Nbs j÷ntkpnbs mo mklda u`kmam sb` on Ifps (1.888 fps) y @B]A7 Nbs fps) y on Jfps (1.888.888 fps). fps). Ogojpnb7 Quorojbs Ogojpnb7 Quorojbs motorjkàr na vonblkmam mo tra`scoro`lka mo matbs, safko`mb quo on `÷jorb mo fkts mo k`cbrjalkü` mo usuarkb tra`sjktkmbs os 13 o` 8,? js. S tm

` · R fkts R mo R usuarkb R tra`sjktkm bs 

13fkts 

tkojpb R mo R o`vêb

13 

8,?js

8,? 18 



<



<

<6 18 fps 



<6 Ifps

?.=. ]asa mo tra`scoro`lka mo matbs Na tasa mo tra`scoro`lka (]) os (]) os on tajañb mon arldkvb tra`sjktkmb o`tro na lapalkmam mon laàn . \o jkmo o` soeu`mbs (s) . ]

` · R fkts R mo R arldkvb 

lapalkmam R mon R laàn

\k so lb`blo on tajañb têpklb mo u` arldkvb (fkts) para (fkts) para uà apnklalkü` mama, an mkvkmkr on tajañb mon arldkvb pbr on a`ldb mo fa`ma mo na rom (fkts/s ü fps), fps) , so bftkoò uà ostkjalkü` mon tkojpb (s) jás rápkmb o` on luan so puomo tra`scorkr on arldkvb. arldkvb . Ogojpnb7 Quorojbs Ogojpnb7 Quorojbs motorjkàr na tasa mo tra`scoro`lka mo u` arldkvb mo 1.86= fkts, safko`mb quo na lapalkmam mon laàn os mo = Ifps. ]

1.86=fkts 



=.888fkts / s

8,6?3 s



6?3js

_` amjk`kstrambr mo rom puomo rom puomo ostkjar varkbs mo nbs kjpbrta`tos lbjpbò`tos mon ro`mkjko`tb mo uà rom apnkla`mb nas skeuko`tos cürjunas7 Jogbr moslarea Moslarea têpkla ] 







\ FU

] 

\ X

Mb`mo7 \7 os on tajañb mon arldkvb o` fkts . FU7 os on jáxkjb a`ldb mo fa`ma toürklb mon „o`nalo jás no`tb‚ o`tro on dbst brkeo` y on dbst mostk`b jomkmb o` fkts pbr soeu`mb (fps) . X7 os na tasa mo tra`scoro`lka roan o` on jbjo`tb mo na tra`scoro`lka jomkma o` fkts pbr soeu`mb (fps) .


Xáekà <; mo ?<


?.?. ]asa mo orrbr (FOV) On FOV (Fkt Orrbr Vatkb, ]asa mo Orrbr mo Fkt) Fkt) os na ronalkü` o`tro on `÷jorb mo fkts rolkfkmbs orrüòajo`to y on `÷jorb tbtan mo fkts o`vkambs o` u` lkortb k`torvanb mo tkojpb . Osto parájotrb os cu`majo`tan para motorjkàr na lankmam mo na soñan mojbmunama . FOV

@ · R mo R fkts R orrüòbs 

@ · R mo R fkts R tra`sjktkm bs

Ogojpnb7 Asê quo uà jomkma mo
< fkts R orrüòbs 



< 18





=

18.888 fkts R tra`sjktkm bs

Lua`tb jás fagb os on FOV, jogbr. jogbr . Ogojpnb7 =x18-? os jás fuo`b quo 1x18 -= pbrquo 1x18-= os jaybr quo =x18 -? y, pbr ta`tb, day Ogojpnb7 =x18 jás fkts orrüòbs pbr lama 18.888 fkts tra`sjktkmbs quo pbr lama 188.888 fkts. FOV

= fkts R orrüòbs 



188.888 fkts R tra`sjktkm bs FOV

1 fkts R orrüòbs 



18.888 fkts R tra`sjktkm bs

= 18





1 18 



?

=

Xbr nb ta`tb, jkmko`mb ta` sbnb osto parájotrb y ja`to`kë`mbnb pbr mofagb mo nbs nêjktos mo moslbmkcklalkü` lbrrolta, asoeurajbs na lankmam mo na soñan rolkfkma.

3. V_KMB O@ NB\ \K\]OJA\ MO ]ONOLBJ_@KLALKÜ@ O` na vkma lbtkmkaà, on rukmb os rukmb os aquonnb quo jbnosta, porturfa b `b moga roankzar uà taroa . O` tonolbju`klalkbòs on rukmb rukmb os lb`skmoramb lbjb on pobr oòjkeb y os tbma porturfalkü` onëltrkla quo k`torckoro sbfro nas soñanos tra`sjktkmas b prblosamas .







On rukmb so puomo eoòrar mo varkas jaòras7 Xbr na aektalkü` tërjkla prbmulkma o` nas jbnëlunas mon jatorkan quo cbrja on lb`multbr, mofkmb an ldbquo lb` nbs onoltrbòs o` jbvkjko`tb Co`üjo`bs àturanos tanos lbjb tbrjo`tas onëltrklas lb` ronájpaebs, raybs, olnkpsos, ja`ldas sbnaros y btrbs mksturfkbs o` na atjüscora. Lb`taltbs mocoltubsbs, artêlunbs onëltrklbs, ramkalkü` y anujframb cnubroslo`to.


Xáekà =8 mo ?<












Aneu`bs ogojpnbs mo rukmb sb`7 Vukmb fna`lb. Vukmb mo ajpnktum. Mkacb`êa. K`torcoro`lka. Mkstbrskü`.

3.1. Vukmb fna`lb ]ajfkë` lb`blkmb lbjb eausska`b b tërjklb. tërjklb . \o proso`ta mofkmb a na tojporatura quo os rosuntamb mo na aektalkü` tërjkla mo nbs onoltrbòs y ostá u`kcbrjojo`to mkstrkfukmb o` on ospoltrb mo croluo`lkas, ostá proso`to o` tbmbs nbs jomkbs onoltrü`klbs utknkzambs para tra`sjktkr soñanos. Osto rukmb os kòvktafno y `b so puomo onkjkàr , pbr osa razü` so kjpbò u` nêjkto suporkbr o` nas prostalkbòs mo nbs skstojas mo lbju`klalkbòs.

3.6. Vukmb mo ajpnktum Os `b-lb`tkùb. \o proso`ta pbr punsbs krroeunaros mo lbrta muralkü` y mo ajpnktum ronatkvajo`to era`mo . Xuomo eoòrarso pbr mkvorsas lausas7 antoralkbòs onoltrbjae`ëtklas prbmulkmas pbr tbrjo`tas, cannbs y mocoltbs o` nbs skstojas mo lbju`klalkü` (pbr ogojpnb, og ojpnb, lb`taltbs mocoltubsbs). Eoòranjo`to, on rukmb kjpunskvb `b tkoò julda traslo`mo`lka para nbs matbs aànüeklbs. aànüeklbs. Ogojpnb7 Na tra`sjkskü` mo v bz so puomo porturfar jomka`to „ lrugkmbs‚ lbrtbs sk` `kèuà Ogojpnb7 përmkma mo lnarkmam. \k` ojfareb, `b os nb jksjb para tra`sjkskü` mo matbs mkektanos, mkektanos, ya quo nbs fkts puomo` lbrrbjporso b pormorso pbr lbjpnotb lb` aneu`b mo ostbs „lrugkmbs‚.

3.<. Mkacb`êa Osto rukmb nb pbmojbs oxporkjo`tar lua`mb dalojbs usb mon tonëcb`b, tonëcb`b, so mofo a u` albpnajko`tb `b mosoamb o` nas nêòas quo tra`spbrta` nas soñanos . Ostb puomo blurrkr pbr on albpnajko`tb onëltrklb o`tro paros mo lafnos. Na mkacb`êa tajfkë` puomo aparolor lua`mb varkas soñanos `b mosoamas so lapta` o` nas a`toàs mo jklrbb`mas, au`quo ëstas so laraltorkza` pbr sor mkrollkbànos, na oòreêa mo nas jklrbb`mas so mksporsa mura`to na tra`sjkskü`.

3.=. K`torcoro`lka Nas k`torcoro`lkas vkoò` k`torcoro`lkas vkoò` prbvblamas pbr mkcoro`tos co`üjo`bs quo aparolo` o` na prbpaealkü` mo nas b`mas ramkbonëltrklas 7 rocnoxkü`, rocnoxkü`, rocrallkü`, mkcrallkü`, mksporskü` y afsbrlkü`. afsbrlkü` .


Xáekà =1 mo ?<


3.?. Mkstbrskü` Os na mkcoro`lka o`tro na soñan quo o`tra a u` oqukpb y na soñan mo sankma mon jksjb . Xbr ta`tb, puomo mock`krso lbjb na „antoralkü`‚ quo sucro uà soñan tras su pasb pbr u` skstoja mofkmb a caltbros àturanos mon jomkb mo tra`sjkskü`. 3.?.1. Mkstbrskü` pbr atoùalkü`

Blurro lua`mb day uà përmkma o` na ajpnktum b pbto`lka mo na soñan , na luan os blaskbàma pbr rolbrror on jomkb mo tra`sjkskü`, na atoùalkü` so jkmo o` molkfonkbs (mF) . [a quo na atoùalkü` os keuan a përmkma mo soñan, o`tro jo`br soa on vanbr, jogbr os on o`nalo.

Xara ovktarna, so usa` ropotkmbros b ropotkmbros b ajpnkcklambros para ajpnkcklambros para oxto`mor nas mksta`lkas mo na rom jás anná mo nas nkjktalkbòs quo bcrolo on lafno . Ogojpnb7 \o usa` o` nas a`toàs ropotkmbras mo na soñan mo tonovkskü`. Ogojpnb7 tonovkskü` . On ajpnkcklambr aujo`ta on `kvon mo na soñan k`lrojo`ta`mb, para onnb, na ajpnktum mo na soñan mo o`trama jomka`to lbrrko`tos mo pbnarkzalkü` (vbntago òeatkvb, vbntago pbsktkvb) o` on tra`skstbr mo sankm a.

3.?.6. Mkstbrskü` pbr rotrasb

\o ma lua`mb uà soñan so rotrasa jás a lkortas croluo`lkas quo a btras . \k so tra`sjkto` matbs a mbs croluo`lkas mkstk`tas, nbs fkts tra`sjktkmbs a uà croluo`lka puomo` vkagar nkeorajo`to jás rápkmb quo nbs tra`sjktkmbs o` na btra.


Xáekà =6 mo ?<


5. LNA\KCKLALKÜ@ MO NA\ ]VA@\JK\KB@O\ Oxksto` varkas pbskfknkmamos para lnaskcklar nas tra`sjkskbòs, lbjb sb`7 na sk`lrb`êa, su so`tkmb, on cnugb mo na tra`sjkskü`, on jomkb mo tra`sjkskü` y nbs tkpbs mo nê òa .

5.1. \oe÷` na sk`lrb`êa 5.1.1. ]ra`sjkskü` asê`lrbà

O` na tra`sjkskü` asê`lrbà (sk` ronbg) so tra`sjkto u` ÷`klb laráltor , quo vkoò monkjktamb o`tro nbs fkts mo k`klkb (start) y mo parama (stbp). (stbp) . Mura`to on k`torvanb mo tkojpb o` quo `b sb` tra`scorkmbs laraltoros , on laàn mofo pbsoor u` «1¹ nüeklb. nüeklb. An fkt mo k`klkb mon laráltor a tra`sjktkr tr a`sjktkr so no askeà u` «8¹ nüeklb. nüeklb. An fkt mo parama so no askeà tajfkë` u` u ` «1¹ nüeklb. nüeklb. Xbr tbmb nb a`torkbr, u` lajfkb mo `kvon mo «1¹ a «1¹ a «8¹ nüeklb no nüeklb no k`mklará an roloptbr quo u` ùovb laráltor sorá tra`sjktkmb . 



O` na tra`sjkskü` asê`lrbà, pbr lama laráltor so o`vêa an jo`bs 1 fkt mo k`klkb y 1 fkt mo parama asê lbjb bplkbànjo`to 1 fkt mo parkmam. parkmam.

Ogojpnb7 Motorjkà luá`tbs fkts mo matbs y laraltoros sb` tra`sjktkmbs mo jaòra asê`lrbà Ogojpnb7 Motorjkà o` 1 soeu`mb sk so tra`sjkto a uà vonblkmam mo 6.=88 faumkbs lb` 1 fkt mo k`klkb, 6 fkts mo parama, 1 fkt mo parkmam y 3 fkts mo matbs pbr laráltor. Xara tra`sjktkr u` laráltor, so òlosktará7 1 fkt mo k`klkb + 3 fkts mo matbs + 1 fkt mo parkmam + 6 fkts mo parama : 18 fkts Lbjb na vonblkmam mo tra`sjkskü` os 6.=88 faumkbs y lama laráltor lb`sujo 18 fkts, so tra`sjktkrá` 6=8 laraltoros pbr soeu`mb (6.=88/18). [ lbjb lama laráltor pbsoo 3 fkts mo matbs, sorá` tra`sjktkmbs 6=8 x 3 : 1.==8 fkts mo matbs pbr soeu`mb. \bnulkü`7 St : 1.==8 fps. @B]A7 On faumkb (o` faumkb (o` kènës, faum) os na u`kmam k`cbrjátkla quo so utknkza para lua`tkcklar on `÷jorb mo lajfkbs mo ostamb, b ovo`tbs mo soñankzalkü`, quo so prbmulo` lama soeu`mb mura`to na tra`scoro`lka mo matbs . \o utknkzü brkekànjo`to para jomkr na vonblkmam mo nas tra`sjkskbòs tonoerácklas , tbja`mb on `bjfro mon kèo`korb cra`lës Goa` Jaurklo Faumbt, quko` cuo on prkjorb o`

roankzar osto tkpb mo jomklkbòs.


Xáekà =< mo ?<


5.1.6. ]ra`sjkskü` sê`lrbà

O` na tra`sjkskü` sê`lrbà (lb` ronbg) ronbg) nb prkjorb quo so o`vêa os u` bltotb mo sk`lrb`ksjb (sy`l) (sy`l) y a lb`tkùalkü`, so tra`sjkto uà lamoà mo laraltoros , lb`skeuko`mb vonblkmamos mo tra`sjkskü` jaybros y lb` jogbr ro`mkjko`tb quo o` on lasb mo nas tra`sjkskbòs asê`lrbàs. Onnb vkoò mamb pbrquo `b oxksto `kè÷` tkpb mo k`cbrjalkü` amklkbàn o`tro nbs laraltoros a sor tra`sjktkmbs.

On bltotb mo sk`lrb`ksjb sk`lrb`ksjb roankza na jksja cu`lkü` quo on fkt mo k`klkb o` na tra`sjkskü` asê`lrbà, k`mkla`mb an roloptbr quo va a sor o`vkamb u` jo`sago. Nbs laraltoros mo sk`lrb`ksjb mofo` mkcoro`lkarso mo nbs matbs mon usuarkb para porjktkr an roloptbr motoltar nbs laraltoros mo sk`lrb`ksjb. Ogojpnb7 On Ogojpnb7 On lümkeb A\LKK utknkza on bltotb 18818118 para sk`lrb`ksjb. Osto laráltor, amojás, utknkza na soñan nblan mo ronbg ronbg para motorjkàr luá`mb y lb` quë croluo`lka sorá juostroama na soñan, os molkr, porjkto sk`lrb`kzar nbs ronbgos mo nbs mkspbsktkvbs tra`sjksbr y roloptbr. Ogojpnb7

5.6. \oe÷` on so`tkmb mo na tra`sjkskü` \oe÷` on so`tkmb, nas tra`sjkskbòs puomo` sor7 skjpnox, danc-mupnox y cunn-mupnox. Ogojpnb7 _` Ogojpnb7 _` sêjkn lb` uà larrota mo varkbs var kbs larrknos.


Xáekà == mo ?<


5.6.1. \kjpnox (b skjpno)

O` osto lasb na k`cbrjalkü` os u`kmkrollkbàn, cnuyo o` u` sbnb so`tkmb. Ogojpnbs7 u` Ogojpnbs7 u` skstoja mo joeacb`êa y nas ojksbras mo ramkbmkcuskü` mo ]S y ramkb .

5.6.6. Danc-mupnox (b sojk-m÷pnox)

Na tra`sjkskü` so roankza o` ajfbs so`tkmbs, porb `b mo m o jaòra skjuntáòa, sk`b antoràtkva. Ogojpnb7 nas tra`sjkskbòs ocoltuamas pbr ramkbacklkbàmbs, usa`mb na lbju`klalkü` lb` wanikoOgojpnb7 nas taniko. Lua`mb on bporambr da lbjpnotamb na tra`sjkskü`, na btra parto mofo sor avksama quo puomo ojpozar a tra`sjktkr ( pbr ogojpnb, mklko`mb „lajfkb‚ ).

5.6.<. Cunn-mupnox (m÷pnox)

Os on skstoja mo k`cbrjalkü` lapaz mo tra`sjktkr y rolkfkr skjuntáòajo`to mbs jo`sagos, u`b o` lama so`tkmb. Oxksto` mbs croluo`lkas uà para tra`sjktkr y btra para rolkfkr.

Ogojpnb7 nas lbju`klalkbòs tonocü`klas , mb`mo on tra`sjksbr y on roloptbr so lbju`kla` Ogojpnb7 skjuntáòajo`to utknkza`mb on jksjb laàn, porb usa`mb mbs croluo`lkas.


Xáekà =? mo ?<


5.<. \oe÷` on cnugb mo na tra`sjkskü` 5.<.1. \kjëtrklbs

O` nbs skstojas mo tra`sjkskü` skjëtrklbs on lauman mo k`cbrjalkü` os keuan o` ajfbs so`tkmbs mo na tra`sjkskü` . 5.<.6. Askjëtrklbs

[ o` nbs askjëtrklbs askjëtrklbs sb` aquonnbs o` nbs quo on lauman mo k`cbrjalkü` `b os keuan o` ajfbs so`tkmbs . Os usuan ojpnoar nbs tërjk`bs o` kènës7 upstroaj upstroaj b sufkma (mon usuarkb a na rom), y mbw`stroaj b mbw`stroaj b fagama (mo na rom an usuarkb). Ogojpnb7 Altuanjo`to, Ogojpnb7 Altuanjo`to, so utknkza na tra`sjkskü` pbr AM\N (Asyjjotrkl Mkektan \ufslrkfor Nkò, Nêòa mo Afbàmb Mkektan Askjëtrkla) .

5.=. \oe÷` on jomkb mo tra`sjkskü` \oe÷` on jomkb, nas tra`sjkskbòs puomo` sor7 5.=.1. ]ra`sjkskü` o` sorko

\o mklo quo uà tra`sjkskü` os o` sorko lua`mb sorko lua`mb tbmas nas soñanos so tra`sjkto` pbr uà ÷`kla nêòa mo matbs soluo`lkanjo`to .

Ogojpnbs7 On puortb LBJ mon ratü` y on jümoj mo na nêòa tonocü`kla. Ogojpnbs7 On @brjanjo`to, so utknkza lua`mb na mksta`lka o`tro ojksbr y roloptbr os era`mo , ya quo, a mkcoro`lka mo na tra`sjkskü` o` paranonb, porjkto olb`bjkzar lkrluktbs cêsklbs b laànos mo tra`sjkskü` . 5.=.6. ]ra`sjkskü` o` paranonb

\o mklo quo uà tra`sjkskü` os tra`sjkskü` os o` paranonb lua`mb paranonb lua`mb so tra`sjkto` skjuntáòajo`to u` lb`gu`tb sorko, mb`mo ` os os on `÷jorb mo fkts , u`b pbr lama nêòa mon laàn. Asê sorá ` volos jás rápkma quo o` sorko, mo nêòas .

Ogojpnb7 On puortb NX]1 mo na kjprosbra. Ogojpnb7 On Cro`to a na tra`sjkskü` o` sorko, tkoò na vo`taga mo quo juntkpnkla na vonblkmam pbr on `÷jorb mo matbs quo so o`vêa` skjuntáòajo`to , porb tkoò na mosvo`taga mo òlosktar varkbs lkrluktbs , osta`mb rolbjo`mama para poquoñas mksta`lkas (mon (mon brmo` mo u`bs jotrbs lbjb jáxkjb). Xbr ta`tb, nas lbòxkbòs o` paranonb skojpro sb` jás lbjpnogas quo quo o` sorko. O`laràlkü` Jarê` Lafannorb

Xáekà =3 mo ?<


5.?. \oe÷` on tkpb mo nêòa \o suono roankzar na skeuko`to lnaskcklalkü`7 5.?.1. Nêòa momklama

_à nêòa momklama, momklama, tajfkë` mo`bjkàma lbòxkü` pu`tb a pu`tb (b o`nalo pu`tb a pu`tb), pu`tb ), prbpbrlkbà u` o`nalo momklamb o`tro mbs mkspbsktkvbs .

]bma na lapalkmam mon laàn so rosorva para na tra`sjkskü` o`tro ajfbs mkspbsktkvbs . Ogojpnb7 Na jaybrêa mo nas lb`ckeuralkbòs pu`tb a pu`tb usa` lafnos Ogojpnb7 lafnos para lbòltar nbs oxtrojbs, porb tajfkë` sb` pbskfnos btras bplkbòs, lbjb nas jklrbb`mas b jklrbb`mas b nbs satënktos mo o`nalo. o`nalo . Ogojpnb7 _à Ogojpnb7 _à rom UA@ (Ukmo Aroa @otwbri, Vom mo Ároa Ajpnka). 5.?.6. Nêòa juntkpu`tb

_à nêòa momklama, momklama, tajfkë` mo`bjkàma lbòxkü` juntkpu`tb (b o`nalo lbjpartkmb), lbjpartkmb), os uà lb`ckeuralkü` o` na quo varkbs mkspbsktkvbs lbjparto` on jksjb o`nalo .





Na lapalkmam mon laàn os lbjpartkma o` on ospalkb b o` on tkojpb . \k varkbs mkspbsktkvbs puomo` usar on o`nalo mo cbrja skjuntáòa , so mklo quo day uà lbòxkü` juntkpu`tb lbjpartkma ospalkanjo`to. ospalkanjo`to . \k nbs usuarkbs mofo` lbjpartkr na nêòa pbr tur`bs , so mklo quo so trata mo uà lbòxkü` juntkpu`tb mo tkojpb lbjpartkmb. lbjpartkmb . Ogojpnb7 _à Ogojpnb7 _à rom NA@ (Nblan Aroa @otwbri, Vom mo Ároa Nblan).


Xáekà =5 mo ?<


4. ]ËL@KLA\ MO J_N]KXNOTALKÜ@ 4.1. Juntkpnoxalkü` Na juntkpnoxalkü` os juntkpnoxalkü` os na tël`kla quo porjkto na tra`sjkskü` skjuntáòa mo varkas soñanos a travës mo u` sbnb o`nalo cêsklb .

Na mojuntkpnoxalkü` os mojuntkpnoxalkü` os on prblosb k`vorsb y lb`sksto o` na oxtrallkü` mo uà motorjkàma soñan mo o`tro nas j÷ntkpnos quo so puomo` o`lb`trar o` u` lkortb laàn mo lbju`klalkbòs . Ogojpnb7 Osquoja mo lbju`klalkü` o`tro luatrb oqukpbs ojpnoa`mb u` sbnb o`nalo.

O` u` skstoja juntkpnoxamb lbjb on quo so juostra o` na ckeura, day ` o`nalos quo lbjparto` na lapalkmam mo u` laàn . Nbs oqukpbs quo ojkto` k`cbrjalkü` mkrkeo` sus tra`sjkskbòs a u` mkspbsktkvb nnajamb juntkpnoxbr, juntkpnoxbr, quo nas lbjfkà o` u` ÷`klb cnugb mo matbs. O` on btrb oxtrojb mon laàn lbjpartkmb, lbjpartkmb, btrb mkspbsktkvb lbjpnojo`tarkb mon a`torkbr, u` mojuntkpnoxbr, mojuntkpnoxbr, sopara osto cnugb o` sus lbjpbò`tos y mkrkeo lama u`b mo onnbs a su mostkàtarkb partklunar. Xara pbmor nnovar a lafb osta tël`kla os prolksb quo nbs paquotos mo matbs nnovo` k`cbrjalkü` sbfro na mkrollkü` mo su rojkto`to y mo su mostkàtarkb.

4.6. ]kpbs mo juntkpnoxalkü` 



Nas prk`lkpanos tël`klas para na juntkpnoxalkü` mo u` laàn so o`jarla` o` mbs mb s erupbs7 Na Juntkpnoxalkü` pbr Mkvkskü` mo Croluo`lka (CMJ). Na Juntkpnoxalkü` pbr Mkvkskü` mo ]kojpb (]MJ).


Xáekà =4 mo ?<


4.6.1. CMJ

Na Juntkpnoxalkü` pbr Mkvkskü` mo Croluo`lka (CMJ, Croquo`ly Mkvkskb` Juntkpnoxkè) mkvkmo on a`ldb mo fa`ma mo uà nêòa (laàn cêsklb) o`tro varkbs laànos nüeklbs , mb`mo lama laàn nüeklb blupa uà parto mon a`ldb mo fa`ma mo na croluo`lka tbtan.

A lama laàn nüeklb so nüeklb so no askeà uà fa`ma mo croluo`lka lo`trama o` na croluo`lka mo na soñan pbrtambra, pbrtambra, sbfro na quo so va a jbmunar na soñan. \o mospnaza na soñan a tra`sjktkr mo`trb mon jareo` mon ospoltrb ospoltrb lbrrospb`mko`to jomka`to jbmunalkbòs para quo nbs laànos `b blupo` na jksja pbsklkü` mon ospoltrb . Nbs laànos ostá` soparambs o`tro sê pbr na fa`ma mo prbtollkü` (b mo euarma) euarma) para ovktar k`torcoro`lkas . Ogojpnb7 On Ogojpnb7 On laàn cêsklb so mkvkmo o`tro < laànos nüeklbs, mb`mo na soñan 1 va o` on laàn 1, na soñan 6 o` on laàn 6 y na soñan < o` on laàn <. Lama laàn tkoò uà croluo`lka mkstk`ta y o`tro nbs laànos so o`luo`tra na fa`ma mo prbtollkü` para ovktar k`torcoro`lkas.







jo`bs.

Laraltorêstklas7 Osto prblosb os pbskfno lua`mb na a`ldura mo fa`ma mon jomkb mo tra`sjkskü` oxlomo mo na a`ldura mo fa`ma mo nas soñanos a tra`sjktkr . \o puomo` tra`sjktkr varkas soñanos skjuntáòajo`to sk lama uà so jbmuna lb` uà pbrtambra mo croluo`lka mkcoro`to Nas croluo`lkas mo nas pbrtambras ostará` nb sucklko`tojo`to soparamas pbr fa`mas mo euarma lbjb para quo `b so prbmuzla` k`torcoro`lkas. Osto jëtbmb sünb so usa lua`mb toòjbs soñanos aànüeklas. aànüeklas. Xbr nb quo lama voz so utknkza Ogojpnb7 \o Ogojpnb7 \o ojpnoa osto tkpb mo juntkpnoxalkü` para usuarkbs tonocü`klbs, mo ramkb y ]S .


Xáekà =; mo ?<


Ogojpnb7 Osta tël`kla da skmb ojpnoama mura`to juldb tkojpb o` nas tra`sjkskbòs mo Ogojpnb7 lb`vorsalkbòs tonocü`klas, tonocü`klas , o` na quo na soparalkü` o`tro laànos ora mo = IDz .

4.6.6. ]MJ

Na Juntkpnoxalkü` pbr Mkvkskü` mo ]kojpb (]MJ, ]kjo Mkvkskb` Juntkpnoxkè) lb`sksto o` tra`sjktkr varkas soñanos pbr u` jksjb laàn cêsklb, jozlna`mb a mkstk`tbs k`torvanbs mo tkojpb ( tkjo ( tkjo snbt, crajo b raùra mo tkojpb, ] ) mkstk`tas partos b pbrlkbòs mo na soñan . Na jozlna so puomo

roankzar fkt a fkt b o` fnbquos.

Aquê lama laàn laàn tkoò askeàmb u` porkbmb b raùra mo tkojpb o` on laàn prk`lkpan y nas mkstk`tas raùras mo tkojpb ostá` tkojpb ostá` ropartkmas pbr keuan o` tbmbs nbs laànos . Lama usuarkb, mura`to uàs motorjkàmas raùras mo tkojpb, tkojpb, mkspbò mo na tbtankmam mon a`ldb mo fa`ma mkspb`kfno . Na juntkpnoxalkü` tojpbran roqukoro na porcolta sk`lrb`kzalkü` o`tro ojksbr y roloptbr. roloptbr .


Xáekà ?8 mo ?<


Ogojpnb7 Lb`sksto o` lbjpartkr on laàn mo lbju`klalkbòs k`torlana`mb nbs jo`sagos mo nbs Ogojpnb7 mkspbsktkvbs A, F y L. O` lama tkjo snbt va uà pbrlkü` mo nbs mkspbsktkvbs A, F y L. On laàn va sko`mb blupamb lb`solutkvajo`to pbr nbs mkspbsktkvbs A, F y L, lbjo`za`mb btra voz na soluo`lka dasta quo on mkspbsktkvb ckànkza.

Osta tël`kla tkoò na mosvo`taga mo quo o` lasb mo quo u` laàn `b soa usamb , osa raùra mo tkojpb `b so aprbvolda pbr nbs btrbs laànos , o`vká`mbso o` voz mo matbs fkts mo ronno`b. ronno`b. Ogojpnb7 On Ogojpnb7 On mkspbsktkvb F `b va a tra`sjktkr k`cbrjalkü`, pbr nb quo su pbrlkü` mo na raùra mo tkojpb ostá valêa, jko`tras quo on mkspbsktkvb L sünb tra`sjkto o` aneu`bs crajo. cr ajo.

\o puomo` tra`sjktkr varkas soñanos mkektanos (b aànüeklas quo tra`spbrto` matbs mkektanos) o` u` ÷`klb lajk`b mo tra`sjkskü` jozlna`mb o` on tkojpb mkstk`tas pbrlkbòs mo nas soñanos brkekànos. Ogojpnb7 \o Ogojpnb7 \o ojpnoa osto tkpb mo juntkpnoxalkü` o` na tra`sjkskü` pbr satënkto . Ogojpnb7 Nas lbju`klalkbòs jüvknos =E Ogojpnb7 =E sb` u` ogojpnb mo usb mo na juntkpnoxalkü` o` on mbjk`kb mo na croluo`lka y mo na juntkpnoxalkü` o` on mbjk`kb mon tkojpb skjuntáòajo`to.

;. ]ËL@KLA\ MO ]VA@\JK\KÜ@ MO NA K@CBVJALKÜ@ Nas tël`klas mo tra`sjkskü` sb` nas tël`klas òlosarkas para amaptar na soñan mkektan an jomkb cêsklb mo tra`sjkskü` . Nas jás ojpnoamas sb` na tra`sjkskü` tr a`sjkskü` o` fa`ma faso y na tra`sjkskü` o` fa`ma a`lda. a`lda.


Xáekà ?1 mo ?<


;.1. Fa`ma faso Na tra`sjkskü` o` fa`ma faso so faso so laraltorkza pbr su so`lknnoz y lb`sksto o` quo uà sbna soñan so tra`sjkto pbr on laàn.

























Laraltorêstklas7 _tknkza soñanos mkektanos sbfro mkektanos sbfro uà croluo`lka skjpno. Na tra`sjkskü` so roankza mo cbrja mkektan, sk` ojpnoar tël`klas mo m o jbmunalkü`. ]bmbs nbs oqukpbs lbjparto` on jksjb laàn o` mkcoro`tos k`torvanbs mo tkojpb (usb mo na tël`kla ]MJ). ]MJ). \ünb amjkto uà tra`sjkskü` skjuntáòa (on lafno quo lbòlta nbs oqukpbs nnova uà soñan a na voz y tbmbs nbs skstojas so turà` para usarnb). Ostb os, tra`sjkskü` danc-mupnox. danc-mupnox. Ojpnoa tbmb on a`ldb mo fa`ma. On a`ldb mo fa`ma mopo`mo mo na nbèktum mon lafno. Mofkmb a na mkstbrskü` mo na soñan mkektan lb` na mksta`lka, mksta`lka , os òlosarkb on ojpnob mo u à mksta`lka motorjkàma . ropotkmbros, ropotkmbros, lb` bfgotb mo roeoòrar na soñan a partkr mo uà On a`ldb mo fa`ma mon laàn lufro nas fagas croluo`lkas. croluo`lkas. ]koò uà kjpoma`lka laraltorêstkla kjpoma`lka laraltorêstkla mo ?8 Ϋ. Ogojpnbs7 _samb o` tra`sjkskü` mo tonocb`êa a narea mksta`lka. O` romos NA@ (Nblan Aroa @otwbri, Vom mo Ároa Nblan). Lbòxkü` mo porkcërklbs a lbrta mksta`lka.


Xáekà ?6 mo ?<


;.6. Fa`ma a`lda Na tra`sjkskü` o` fa`ma a`lda lb`sksto a`lda lb`sksto o` quo nnova jás mo uà soñan y lama uà mo onnas so tra`sjkto o` mkcoro`tos laànos , dasta su `÷jorb jáxkjb mo laàn.

























Laraltorêstklas7 _tknkza soñanos aànüeklas y aànüeklas y u` raèb mo croluo`lkas. Na soñan mkektan so jbmuna y, a lb`tkùalkü`, so o`vêa an jomkb. Mkvkmo on jomkb cêsklb o` varkbs laànos (usb mo na tël`kla CMJ). CMJ). Amjkto varkas tra`sjkskbòs skjuntáòas (on lafno quo lbòlta nbs oqukpbs nnova varkas soñanos a na voz). Ostb os, tra`sjkskü` cunn-mupnox. cunn-mupnox. \o puomo` o`vkar mkstk`tbs tkpbs mo k`cbrjalkü`7 vêmob, vbz y matbs. matbs . \o puomo` o`vkar soñanos mkektanos pbr romos aànüeklas usa`mb nbs lb`vortkmbros M/A y A/M. On lafno puomo toòr nbèktumos mo 188 Ij, Ij, eralkas a na soñankzalkü` aànüekla, jo`bs lrêtkla quo na mkektan. Nas soñanos cnuyo` a travës mon jomkb cêsklb o` cbrja mo b`mas onoltrbjae`ëtklas u üptklas. üptklas . On a`ldb mo fa`ma mon laàn `b lufro nas fagas croluo`lkas. croluo`lkas. \us croluo`lkas suono` anla`zar nbs <88 ü =88 JDz. JDz. ]koò uà kjpoma`lka laraltorêstkla kjpoma`lka laraltorêstkla mo 5? Ϋ. Ogojpnbs7 Na tonovkskü` pbr lafno . O` osto skstoja so ojpnoa croluo`tojo`to osto tkpb mo tra`sjkskü`, lb` u` a`ldb mo fa`ma mo u`bs 3 JDz. On sbpbrto mo romos quo so ojpnoa os on lafno lbaxkan y mo ckfra üptkla. On jümoj mo fa`ma a`lda ocolt÷a uà tra`scbrjalkü` mo na soñan mkektan o` uà aànüekla jomka`to na tël`kla mo na jbmunalkü`. jbmunalkü` .


Xáekà ?< mo ?<

Tema 1. Redes de datos

Recommend Documents