Tema 1 - Introducción a los Sistemas Telemáticos

5/13/2018

Tema1-Introducci n alosSistemasTelem ticos-slidepdf.com

Vcba 1= Ijvxgfsddiôj a ogt titvcbat vcocbávidgt*

Vcba 1= Ijvxgfsddiôj a ogt titvcbat vcocbávidgt* ÂJFIDC= Ijvxgfsddiôj******************************************************************************************************************* 4 1 Fcnijidiôj **************************************************************************************************************** 6 8 A{oidadigjct fc oa Ijngxbávida***************************************************************************** 6 4 Ijngxbadiôj y favgt *********************************************************************************************** > 4*1 Favgt******************************************************************************************************************** > 4*8 Ijngxbadiôj ******************************************************************************************************** 5 6 Vi{gt fc ijngxbadiôj********************************************************************************************* 0 6*1 Jsbéxidgt*********************************************************************************************************** 0 Aonajsbéxidgt**************************************************************************************************** 0 3 6*8 Vxavabicjvg fc oa ijngxbadiôj **************************************************************************** 0 3*1 Fcnijidiôj************************************************************************************************************ 0 3*8 Natct********************************************************************************************************************* 9 > Xc{xctcjvadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj*********************************************************************** 9 >*1 Vi{gt fc xc{xctcjvadiôj************************************************************************************ 9 >*8 Dgfinidadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj************************************************************************ 9 >*4 Titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj ********************************************************************************* 1; >*4*1 Fcnijidigjct {xc~iat ******************************************************************************* 1;

>*4*8 Vi{gt fc titvcbat************************************************************************************ 11 5 Titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj jg {gtidigjaoct ******************************************************** 11 5*1 Titvcba xgbajg************************************************************************************************ 11 5*8 Titvcba hahioôjidg ******************************************************************************************* 18 0 Titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjaoct************************************************************** 18 0*1 Titvcba fcdibao *********************************************************************************************** 1> 0*8 Titvcba hijaxig************************************************************************************************* 10 0*4 Titvcba gdvao ***************************************************************************************************** 8; 0*6 Titvcba `cpafcdibao *************************************************************************************** 88 0*3 Dgj~cxtiôj cjvxc titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj************************************************** 83 0*3*1 Dgj~cxtiôj fc sja hatc dsaoqsicxa a sja hatc fcdibao******************* 83 0*3*1*1 Vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj************************************** 83 0*3*1*8 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hijaxig a fcdibao**************************************************** 8> 0*3*1*4 Dgj~cxtiôj fc gdvao a fcdibao******************************************************** 85 0*3*1*6 Dgj~cxtiôj fc `cpafcdibao a fcdibao ****************************************** 85 0*3*8 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc fcdibao a gvxa hatc dsaoqsicxa************************** 80 0*3*8*1 Dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a hijaxig**************************************************** 4; 0*3*8*8 Dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a gdvao******************************************************** 41 0*3*8*4 Dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a `cpafcdibao ****************************************** 44 0*3*4 Dgj~cxtiôj fc sja hatc h1 a gvxa hatc h8 ******************************************** 46 0*3*4*1 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc gdvao a hijaxig ************************************************ 46 Cjdaxjadiôj Baxâj Dahaoocxg

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0*3*4*8 0*3*4*4 0*3*4*6 0*3*4*3

Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc hijaxia a gdvao************************************************* 4> Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc `cpafcdibao a hijaxig*********************************** 40 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc hijaxia a `cpafcdibao*********************************** 6; Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc `cpafcdibao a gdvao*************************************** 61

0*3*4*> fcDgj~cxtiôj gdvao a `cpafcdibao*************************************** 64 9 Sjifafct bcfifa fcfc oahatc ijngxbadiôj *********************************************************** 63 1; Dgbsjidadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj ********************************************************************** 60

Cjdaxjadiôj Baxâj Dahaoocxg

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Ijvxgfsddiôj Co nij {xibgxfiao fc oa ijngxbadiôj ct aysfax ao `gbhxc a vgbax fcditigjct/ fc{cjficjfg fc oa ijngxbadiôj qsc tc jgt fé/ àxcbgt sja s gvxa dgta* Oa ijngxbadiôj / fctfc oa bát xcbgva ajvieÿcfaf/ à tifg {axvc xcoc~ajvc fco titvcba fc xcoadigjct tgdiaoct/ tghxc co qsc tc a{gya oa cpitvcjdia fco tcx `sbajg* Oa ngxba fc ts aobadcjabicjvg y addctg à ifg ~axiajfg a og oaxeg fc oa ìtvgxia* Cj oa Cfaf Bcfia (dgb{xcjfifa cjvxc ogt tieogt ^ y P^)/ co {xijdi{ao adcx~g tc cjdgjvxaha cj oat hihoigvcdat fc ogt bgjatvcxigt* A {axvix fc oa Cfaf Bgfcxja (vxajtdsxxc bát g bcjgt fctfc bcfiafgt fco tieog P^ a nijaoct fco tieog PÎII)/ exadiat ao jadibicjvg fc oa ib{xcjva / ogt oihxgt dgbcj}axgj a nahxidaxtc tcxic y tsxeicxgj ogt g{cxiôfidgt* cj cobcfia‒ / a{axcdicxgj tieog PP bcfigt fccjdgbsjidadiôj bati~a cj ijeoét Ya ‟batt (vcoc~itiôj/ xafig)ogt y oat `cxxabicjvat fieivaoct qsc fcxi~axgj cj co fctaxxgoog fc Ijvcxjcv* Advsaobcjvc/ ya cj co tieog PPI / oa ijngxbadiôj tc dgj~icxvc cj sjg fc ogt xcdsxtgt advi~gt bát ib{gxvajvct y ~aoigtgt fc oa tgdicfaf advsao* Ct oa hatc fc oa ‟Tgdicfaf fc oa Ijngxbadiôj‒ / {cxbivicjfg fc sja ngxba titvcbávida co baygx fctaxxgoog tgdiao y vcdjgoôeidg cj oa ìtvgxia fc oa `sbajifaf* Ctva jsc~a tgdicfaf fco tahcx ct oa tsdctgxa fc oa ‟Tgdicfaf Ijfstvxiao‒* Ctvc vcba og qsc {xcvcjfc ct ctvsfiax ogt fgt dgjdc{vgt doa~ct tghxc co stg y vxavabicjvg fc oa ijngxbadiôj* Co {xibcxg dgjtitvc cj cp{xctax oa ijngxbadiôj fc oa bajcxa bát afcdsafa {axa qsc {scfa tcx bajvcjifa y asbcjvafa titvcbávidabcjvc/ y co tcesjfg cj dgbsjidaxoa fc ngxba cnida} y cnidicjvc a dsaoqsicx oseax fgjfc tc jcdctiva/ y cj co bgbcjvg cj qsc tc {xcdita* Ogt fgt {xghocbat ctváj âjvibabcjvc xcoadigjafgt y tôog {scfcj ogexaxtc dgj co a{gyg fc oat Vcdjgogeâat fc oa Ijngxbadiôj y oa Dgbsjidadiôj (VID) / qsc àj na~gxcdifg co vxavabicjvg asvgbavi}afg fc oa ijngxbadiôj (ctvsfiafg {gx oa Ijngxbávida) y co {xgexctg fc oat dgbsjidadigjct (ctvsfiafg {gx oa Vcocdgbsjidadiôj)* [gx coog/ tgj ogt cocbcjvgt (s ghmcvi~gt) nsjfabcjvaoct fc ctvc vcba* Co {xibcxg fc coogt ctvá xcoadigjafg dgj oa xc{xctcjvadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj vajvg jsbéxida dgbg jg jsbéxida cj co ijvcxigx fc ogt gxfcjafgxct cj ngxba fieivao hijaxia/ dgbhijajfg dcxgt y sjgt* Y co gvxg exaj dgjdc{vg ct co xcoadigjafg dgj oa dgbsjidadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj / og qsc ib{oida ts vxajtbitiôj niahoc cjvxc {sjvgt ecgexánidgt/ y ts {xctcjvadiôj afcdsafa cj co oseax fgjfc tc {xcdita/ y fgjfc {scfc svioi}axtc cj dafa bgbcjvg* Cjdaxjadiôj Baxâj Dahaoocxg

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Co exafg fc ijvcexadiôj fc abhat advi~ifafct ct vgvao cj co bgbcjvg advsao/ y tc dgjniesxaj dgbg {xgdcfibicjvgt dgb{ocbcjvaxigt< ngxbajfg sja fitdi{oija ct{cdânida dgjgdifa dgbg Vcocbávida*

1 Fcnijidiôj Vcocbávida ct oa dgjvxaddiôj fc ogt ~gdahogt VCOCdgbsjidadiôj c ijngxBÁVIDA* •

Vcocdgbsjidadiôj ct co ‟dgjmsjvg fc advi~ifafct qsc vicjcj dgbg ghmcvi~g oa dgbsjidadiôj niahoc fc oa ijngxbadiôj cjvxc dsaoctqsicxa oseaxct fco bsjfg‒*

•

Ijngxbávida dgjtitvc cj ‟baji{soax y vxajtngxbax oa ijngxbadiôj a vxa~ét fc gxfcjafgxct {axa xc{xctcjvax `cd`gt g tivsadigjct xcaoct y {xctcx~axoa cj co vicb{g‒* Vcocbávida 2 VCOCdgbsjidadiôj , ijngxBÁVIDA

8 A{oidadigjct fc oa Ijngxbávida Oa Ijngxbávida vicjc {gx ghmcvg ‟co vxavabicjvg asvgbávidg fc oa ijngxbadiôj‒ y ày {gdat advi~ifafct `sbajat cj oat qsc jg vcjea ijdifcjdia/ fc ngxba fixcdva g ijfixcdva/ ticjfg a`gxa sja `cxxabicjva ib{xctdijfihoc cj vgfgt ogt dab{gt fc oat dicjdiat (Dgb{svadiôj/ Dihcxjévida/ Hiôjida/ Xghôvida c Ijvcoiecjdia Axvinidiao/ cjvxc gvxat)/ cj dsaoqsicx advi~ifaf dgbcxdiao/ y ticjfg daxadvcxâtvida fc oa tgdicfaf bgfcxja cj ogt {aâtct ijfstvxiaoi}afgt/ fgjfc tc à adsñafg co dgjdc{vg fc Tgdicfaf fc oa Ijngxbadiôj / qsc à {cxbivifg co baygx exafg fc ijvcxdgbsjidadiôj eoghao cjvxc vgfgt ogt {sjvgt fco {oajcva* Cncdvi~abcjvc/ fctfc oa a{axidiôj fc oat {xibcxat báqsijat fc dáodsog/ oa ij~ctvieadiôj tc à adcocxafg jgvahocbcjvc {axa ghvcjcx fit{gtivi~gt dafa ~c} bát {gvcjvct/ xá{ifgt/ {cqscñgt y haxavgt* [axaocoabcjvc tc {gvcjdia oa ij~ctvieadiôj {axa dgjtcesix jsc~gt bévgfgt fc vxahamg/ ngxbat ijjg~afgxat fc cp{ogvadiôj fc ogt gxfcjafgxct y bcmgxct bévgfgt {axa a{xg~cdàx tst xcdsxtgt* Ctvg ts{gjc sj cjgxbc xajeg fc a{oidadigjct/ qsc ahaxda at{cdvgt vaj ~axiafgt dgbg oa ij~ctvieadiôj fc xcfct fc gxfcjafgxct fc aova ~cogdifaf/ oa ijvcexadiôj fco gxfcjafgx cj co asvgbô~io/ co fctaxxgoog fc oa bsovibcfia


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gxicjvafa a oa cfsdadiôj y a oa dgbsjidadiôj/ co dgbcxdig cocdvxôjidg y sj oaxeg cvdévcxa* Aoesjat fc oat {xijdi{aoct a{oidadigjct fco gxfcjafgx tgj oat tiesicjvct= • • • • • • • • •

• • • • •

[xgdctafgxct fc vcpvgt* @gmat fc dáodsog* Hatct fc favgt* Exánidgt y ngvgexanâa fieivao* Tgjifg y ~âfcg fieivao* Bsovibcfia* Vcocdgbsjidadigjct y xcfct* Ijvcoiecjdia axvinidiao* Cjvxcvcjibicjvg (mscegt)* Xctgosdiôj fc {xghocbat ecjcxaoct* [gx cmcb{og/ ogt dgb{svafgxct jgt {cxbivcj= Fit{gjcx fc cocdvxgfgbétvidgt ijvcoiecjvct qsc dgjvxgoaj co eatvg cjcxeévidg/ cvd* Bajvcjcx sj tgnitvidafg titvcba fc tcesxifaf cj jsctvxg fgbidioig* Cjdgjvxax vgfg vi{g fc ijngxbadiôj a vxa~ét fc Ijvcxjcv* Gxeaji}ax oa ijngxbadiôj fc jsctvxg gxfcjafgx {cxtgjao/ nádio fc addcfcx/ fc ngxba gxeaji}afa/ cvd* Dgbsjidaxjgt xá{ifa y nádiobcjvc dgj gvxat {cxtgjat/ a vxa~ét fc dgxxcg cocdvxôjidg/ bcjtamcxâa {gx vcoéngjg/ tivigt uch/ cvd*

Advsaobcjvc/ tc àj fctaxxgooafg jsc~at bcvgfgogeâat y védjidat qsc àj ab{oiafg jgvahocbcjvc co dab{g fc a{oidadigjct fc oa Ijngxbávida* Oa Ijvcoiecjdia Axvinidiao ct sja bcvgfgogeâa ifcafa {axa co stg fc dgb{svafgxct/ {axa tibsoax ~axigt at{cdvgt fco dgb{gxvabicjvg ijvcoiecjvc* Ctvgt at{cdvgt dgb{xcjfcj co xa}gjabicjvg fcfsdvi~g/ ~itiôj/ dgb{xcjtiôj fco ocjesamc javsxao/ àhoa/ xctgosdiôj fc {xghocbat/ bgfcoafg fco dgb{gxvabicjvg `sbajg* @ay titvcbat cp{cxvgt {axa fiaejôtvidgt béfidgt/ xc{axadiôj y bajvcjibicjvg fc dgb{svafgxat/ dgjdctiôj fc {xétvabgt hajdaxigt/ cvd* Oa Ijngxbávida exánida xcýjc sja tcxic fc bavcxiat y dgjdc{vgt {axa {gfcx ~itsaoi}ax cj {ajvaooat fc ogt dgb{svafgxct ibáecjct dgj a{axicjdia fc oa xcaoifaf* Oa Ijngxbávida exánida à ifcafg {xgdcfibicjvgt {axa qsc ctvat ibáecjct tc {scfaj ~itsaoi}ax cj fgt g vxct fibcjtigjct/ eixaxoat/ dabhiaxoat fc ctdaoa/ ajibaxoat (fajfg oa tcjtadiôj fc bg~ibicjvg/ cvd*)* Vgfat ctvat g{cxadigjct tc xcaoi}aj {gx co stsaxig dgj sj tcjdioog ocjesamc fc ôxfcjct* Cjdaxjadiôj Baxâj Dahaoocxg

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Oa Xcaoifaf ~ixvsao ct sja xc{xctcjvadiôj fc ogt ghmcvgt a vxa~ét fc ogt bcfigt cocdvxôjidgt qsc faj ao stsaxig oa tcjtadiôj fc ctvax cj sja tivsadiôj xcao/ cj fgjfc ijvcxadvýa dgj ts cjvgxjg* Oa xcaoifaf ~ixvsao tc svioi}a cj fgt ngxbat= • Stajfg sj cqsi{g ct{cdiao dgj co dsao cjeañabgt a jsctvxgt tcjvifgt/ dgbg ti bajcmáxabgt co cjvgxjg* A étva tc oc ooaba ijbcxta* •

Stajfg sja dgb{svafgxa vâ{ida dgjcdvafa a vxa~ét fc Ijvcxjcv g sj {xgexaba ~ixvsao< atâ jgt {cxbivc sja ijvcxaddiôj/ {cxg oa ibaeijadiôj jgt oocja ogt

`scdgt y {gfcbgt {cxdihix tivsadigjct dgbg sja xcaoifaf* A étva tc oc ooaba jg ijbcxtiva* Oa xcaoifaf ~ixvsao~itsaoi}adiôj tc a{oida cj fcbgtvxadiôj fc {xgfsdvgt/ oahgxavgxigt ~ixvsaoct/ axqsivcdvsxa/ fc favgt/ axvc y/ tghxc vgfg/ cj co cjvxcvcjibicjvg*

4 Ijngxbadiôj y favgt Ecjcxaobcjvc/ cj co ocjesamc dgogqsiao/ ogt véxbijgt favg c ijngxbadiôj tc svioi}aj dgbg tijôjibgt/ {cxg dgjdc{vsaobcjvc tgj fitvijvgt* Ogt favgt tgj oa sjifaf hátida fco titvcba fc ijngxbadiôj y ogt favgt ctvxsdvsxafgt tgj oa ijngxbadiôj* 4*1 Favgt Ogt favgt tgj ‟dgjmsjvgt fc tâbhgogt svioi}afgt {axa xc{xctcjvax sj ~aogx jsbéxidg/ sj `cd`g/ sj ghmcvg g sja ifca fc sja bajcxa afcdsafa {axa ts dgbsjidadiôj/ ijvcx{xcvadiôj y {xgdctabicjvg {gx tcxct `sbajgt g bcfigt asvgbávidgt‒* Cj ~cxfaf/ co favg ct sj dgjdc{vg hátidg g cocbcjvao dgbg ogt jgbhxct fc oat dgtat g oat dajvifafct (sj {xcdig/ sja ncdà/ co jgbhxc fc sja {cxtgja/ cvd*)* Co favg jg vicjc ~aogx tcbájvidg (tcjvifg) cj tâ bitbg/ {cxg dgj~cjicjvcbcjvc vxavafg ({xgdctafg) tc {scfc svioi}ax cj oa xcaoi}adiôj fc dáodsogt g vgba fc fcditigjct* Sj favg {gx tâ bitbg jg dgjtvivsyc ijngxbadiôj/ ct co {xgdctafg fc ogt favgt og qsc jgt {xg{gxdigja ijngxbadiôj* Aoesjgt cmcb{ogt {gfâaj tcx= Csxgt/ Hgota/ 4*444/ HHÂ/ cvd*


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4*8 Ijngxbadiôj Oa ijngxbadiôj / a fincxcjdia fc ogt favgt/ vicjc tiejinidafg/ xcoc~ajdia y {xg{ôtivg* Oa ijngxbadiôj ctvá ngxbafa {axa aoeýj nij* Ijngxbax ct fax ngxba a aoeg* Cmcb{og= Oa dgvi}adiôj fco HHÂ cj oa Hgota ct fc 4*444* Ogt favgt {scfcj tcx daxadvcxct aonajsbéxidgt/ dgogxct/ ibáecjct/ tgjifgt/ exs{gt fc tâbhgogt/ cvd* Ogt favgt jg {cxbivcj vgbax fcditigjct* Ogt favgt cj tâ bitbg jg tgj jafa< jcdctivaj coahgxaxtc {axa {xgfsdix ijngxbadiôj* Cj gvxat {aoahxat/ oa ijngxbadiôj ct co xctsovafg fc coahgxax g {xgdctax ogt favgt* Ogt favgt tgj oa bavcxia {xiba qsc/ dgj~cjicjvcbcjvc coahgxafa/ {xgdctafa[gx c ijvcexafa fa fgdsbcjvg oseax a ijngxbadiôj ct tiejinidavi~a y ývio {axa aoesicj* cmcb{og/ sj dgj vcpvgqsc c ibáecjct/ sja nadvsxa/ sja vahoa fc dgj~cxtigjct/ cvd* Cj ctvc {sjvg/ y vcjicjfg cj dscjva oat ajvcxigxct ifcat y fcnijidigjct/ {gfcbgt fcnijix oa ijngxbadiôj dgbg ‟sj dgjmsjvg fc favgt adcxda fc `cd`gt/ ghmcvgt/ ~aogxct c ifcat/ qsc gxeaji}afgt cj sj dgjvcpvg fcvcxbijafg vicjcj tiejinidafg ývio {axa oa {cxtgja qsc ogt xcdihc/ dsyg {xg{ôtivg {scfc tcx co fc xcfsdix oa ijdcxvifsbhxc/ ijdxcbcjvax co dgjgdibicjvg adcxda fc aoeg g aysfax a vgbax fcditigjct tghxc coogt‒* Oa cdsadiôj cp{sctva a dgjvijsadiôj ct bsy ib{gxvajvc/ y xctsbc oat ajvcxigxct ifcat= FAVGT , IJVCX[XCVADIÔJ (DGJVCPVG) 2 IJNGXBADIÔJ ÝVIO Sj favg ctvá âjvibabcjvc oieafg ao dgjvcpvg cj co qsc tc tivýa* [gx cmcb{og/ co jýbcxg 85 cj tâ bitbg a{gxva {gda ijngxbadiôj/ ya qsc fc ngxba aitoafa jg tahcbgt ti ct co jýbcxg fc }a{avg fc sja {cxtgja/ ts cfaf g ogt csxgt qsc ooc~a cj ts hgotioog* Dsajfg tivsabgt ctvc favg cj co dgjvcpvg afcdsafg afqsicxc vgfg ts tiejinidafg* Cj co cmcb{og ajvcxigx/ co dgjvcpvg dgjtitvâa cj sja {xcesjva tghxc jsctvxa cfaf* Cj oa ijngxbadiôj / ct ib{gxvajvc co gxfcj fc ogt favgt/ ya qsc sj dgjmsjvg fc favgt cb{ocafgt tij jijeýj gxfcj jgt faxâa sja ijngxbadiôj fincxcjvc fc oa fctcafa g ijdostg {gfxâa jg a{gxvax jijesja ijngxbadiôj* Cmcb{og= •

Étvgt tgj dgjdc{vgt hátidgt fc Ijngxbávida (Dgxxcdvg)*


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Vcba 1= Ijvxgfsddiôj a ogt titvcbat vcocbávidgt* •

Hátidgt tgj dgjdc{vgt fc ctvgt Ijngxbávida (Ijdgxxcdvg)*

6 Vi{gt fc ijngxbadiôj [axvicjfg fc oa fincxcjdia tcbájvida y tijvádvida fc oa ijngxbadiôj/ ogt vi{gt fc ijngxbadiôj qsc tgj tstdc{vihoct fc stg s dgbsjidadiôj {axa co tcx `sbajg/ {scfcj tcx aexs{afgt cj fgt hátidgt= baejivsfct (g jsbéxidgt) y aonajsbéxidgt* 6*1 Jsbéxidgt Tgj ~aogxct jsbéxidgt (dsajvivavi~gt) cp{xctafgt cj sja fcvcxbijafa sjifaf bcfifa< ijngxbadiôjxct{cdvg dgjvcjifa cj coogt jg fc{cjfc fcxcdihifgt ts ~aogx ahtgosvg/fctijg fc tsoatiejinidafg a gvxgt ~aogxct ahtgosvgt ajvcxigx y {gtvcxigxbcjvc* Ct fcdix/ tgj co dgjmsjvg fc ijngxbadiôj ngxbafg tôog {gx jýbcxgt/ qsc {scfcj xc{xctcjvax fincxcjvct vi{gt fc ijngxbadiôj* [gx cmcb{og/ oa vcb{cxavsxa abhicjvc fc sja disfaf/ fgjfc vcb{cxavsxa tcxâa sj jýbcxg qsc jgt ijfida a qsé bcjtamc dgxxct{gjfc* Tc svioi}a co titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj fcdibao* 6*8 Aonajsbéxidgt Tgj aexs{adigjct fc ocvxat/ jýbcxgt y gvxgt daxadvcxct dgbg tiejgt fc {sjvsadiôj / qsc tgj fixcdvabcjvc ijvcx{xcvahoct cj co bgfg `sbajg fc cp{xctaxtc {gx ctdxivg< dafa tâbhgog ct fitvijesihoc y oceihoc {gx tc{axafg/ y tc dgb{gjc fc tâbhgogt cocbcjvaoct ngxbajvct fc oa dgbsjidadiôj ~cxhao*

3 Vxavabicjvg fc oa ijngxbadiôj

3*1 Fcnijidiôj Tceýj co Fiddigjaxig fc oa Xcao Adafcbia Ct{añgoa / vxavabicjvg fc oa ijngxbadiôj ct ‟oa a{oidadiôj titvcbávida fc sjg g ~axigt {xgexabat tghxc sj dgjmsjvg fc favgt {axa svioi}ax oa ijngxbadiôj qsc dgjvicjcj‒* Sja fcnijidiôj bát tcjdiooa {gfxâa tcx ‟g{cxax g {xgdctax sj dgjmsjvg fc favgt fc cjvxafa a vxa~ét fc sj {xgexaba qsc co stsaxig nijao dgjgdc y/ dgbg xctsovafg fc ctvc {xgdctabicjvg/ ghvcjcx sj dgjmsjvg fc favgt fc taoifa‒*


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3*8 Natct Oa advi~ifaf qsc vxajtngxba ogt favgt cj ijngxbadiôj ct dgjgdifa dgbg {xgdctg fc favgt g vxavabicjvg fc oa ijngxbadiôj* Ctvc vxavabicjvg tc fi~ifc natct= cjvxafa/ {xgdctg y taoifa fc oa ijngxbadiôj (~éatc co cj oat tiesicjvct ctqscba hátidg fc oa Niesxa 1)*

Niesxa 1= Ctqscba fcvaooafg fco vxavabicjvg fc oa ijngxbadiôj*

> Xc{xctcjvadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj Ajvct fc vxavax dgj fcvaooc cj ogt titvcbat fc dgfinidadiôj g xc{xctcjvadiôj/ dgj~icjc fincxcjdiax cjvxc oa xc{xctcjvadiôj ijvcxja y oa xc{xctcjvadiôj cpvcxja fc oa ijngxbadiôj* >*1 Vi{gt fc xc{xctcjvadiôj •

Cpvcxjabcjvc (daxadvcxct aonahévidgt/ jsbéxidgt y ct{cdiaoct)* • Ijvcxjabcjvc (cjvcjfihoc {gx co gxfcjafgx — dgfinidafa)* Co ghmcvi~g ct dgb{xcjfcx ogt {xgdctgt qsc vxajtngxbaj oa ijngxbadiôj cpvcxja a oa dgb{svafgxa cj {avxgjct fc hivt nádiobcjvc aobadcjahoct y {xgdctahoct {gx ogt cocbcjvgt ijvcxjgt fc oa bitba* >*8 Dgfinidadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj Dgfinidadiôj ct sja vxajtngxbadiôj qsc xc{xctcjva ogt cocbcjvgt fc sj dgjmsjvg bcfiajvc ogt fc gvxg/ fc ngxba vao qsc a dafa cocbcjvg fco {xibcx dgjmsjvg oc dgxxct{gjfa sj cocbcjvg fitvijvg fco tcesjfg* Cmcb{ogt fc dôfiegt tgj= co jýbcxg fc bavxâdsoa fc sj asvg/ co jýbcxg fc daxjcv fc ifcjvifaf/ co dôfieg fc cjncxbcfaf fcnijifg {gx oa Gxeaji}adiôj Bsjfiao fc oa Taosf* Dgj ogt dôfiegt tc {scfc dgb{xibix y ctvxsdvsxax oa ijngxbadiôj* Oa ifcjvinidadiôj fc sj asvg {gx ts bavxâdsoa ct bát dgxva qsc àdcxog {gx co jgbhxc fco {xg{icvaxig/ ts baxda/ dgogx y ncdà fc dgb{xa*


[áeija 9 fc 69


9/4

5/13/2018



>*4 Titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj A og oaxeg fc oa ìtvgxia/ co tcx `sbajg à cb{ocafg fi~cxtg bévgfgt g titvcbat {axa xc{xctcjvax ogt jýbcxgt y tavitnadcx tst jcdctifafct fc dáodsog* Ogt titvcbat jsbéxidgt bát ajviesgt tgj= • • • • • •

Cei{dig* Exiceg* Dìjg* A}vcda* Hahioôjidg* Xgbajg*

•

Baya* @ijfý* • Áxahc* • Cvd* •

Co bát dgbýj cjvxc jgtgvxgt ct co titvcba fcdibao* >*4*1 Fcnijidigjct {xc~iat Tc fcjgbija titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj ao dgjmsjvg fc tâbhgogt y xceoat qsc tc svioi}aj {axa xc{xctcjvax oat dajvifafct fc oat baejivsfct g ~aogxct jsbéxidgt* Co dgjmsjvg fc tâbhgogt qsc fit{gjc dafa titvcba jsbéxidg tc dgjgdc dgbg aonahcvg* A {axvix fc coogt tc cp{xctaxáj vgfat oat dajvifafct* Cmcb{og= Titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj Titvcba xgbajg Titvcba fcdibao

Aonahcvg I/ ^/ P/ O/ D/ F/ B ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5/ 0/ 9/ 1;

Sj bitbg jýbcxg g dajvifaf tc xc{xctcjva fc ngxba fincxcjvc cj dafa titvcba* [gx cmcb{og= Titvcba xgbajg III P PPI


Titvcba fcdibao 4 1; 81

[áeija 1; fc 69


10/

5/13/2018



>*4*8 Vi{gt fc titvcbat Ogt titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj {scfcj tcx (g tc doatinidaj cj)= {gtidigjaoct y jg {gtidigjaoct*

5 Titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj jg {gtidigjaoct Ogt titvcbat jg {gtidigjaoct dgjtitvcj cj qsc co ~aogx fc dafa dinxa jg fc{cjfc fco oseax qsc gds{a* Sj cmcb{og fc ctvc titvcba tcxâaj ogt jýbcxgt xgbajgt/ co hahioôjidg g tcpaectibao* Advsaobcjvc/ ogt fgt titvcbat bát svioi}afgt tgj co xgbajg y co tcpaectibao* Co ijdgj~cjicjvc qsc vicjcj ctvgt titvcbat ct qsc {axa ctdxihix ~aogxct jsbéxidgt exajfct tgj jcdctaxigt bsd`gt tâbhgogt/ y afcbát xctsova finâdio cncdvsax g{cxadigjct axivbévidat dgj coogt/ dgta qsc jg tsdcfc dgj ogt {gtidigjaoct* 5*1 Titvcba xgbajg cj oajgajviesa Xgbacjy tc jsbcxadiôj svioi}ô Co cjtitvcba vgfg tsfcib{cxig* Ct sjxgbaja titvcbatcfcfctaxxgooô jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao/ co qsc tc staj ticvc ocvxat bayýtdsoat fco aonahcvg oavijg dgbg tâbhgogt {axa xc{xctcjvax ogt jýbcxgt/ qsc tgj= I/ ^/ P/ O/ D/ F y B* Fid`gt tâbhgogt vicjcj ts cqsi~aocjdia cj co titvcba fcdibao= I21 ^23 P 2 1; O 2 3;

D 2 1;; F 2 3;; B21*;;;

Co titvcba fc jýbcxgt xgbajgt daxcdc fco ;/ ijvxgfsdifg {gtvcxigxbcjvc {gx ogt áxahct/ {gx og qsc tc dgj~icxvc cj sj titvcba bsy dgb{oidafg ao qscxcx xcaoi}ax bsovi{oidadigjct y fi~itigjct* Ctvc titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj/ à daâfg cj fctstg y tôog tc og sta dgj nijct fcdgxavi~gt (xcogmct/ ctvavsat/ bgjsbcjvgt) y dicxvg {xgvgdgog ({axa jsbcxax ogt tieogt/ ijfidax ogt da{âvsogt cj ogt oihxgt/ àdcx xcncxcjdia a sj fcvcxbijafg añg/ cvd*)*


[áeija 11 fc 69


11/

5/13/2018



5*8 Titvcba hahioôjidg Co titvcba hahioôjidg g tcpaectibao ct sj titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj jg {gtidigjao qsc cb{oca oa hatc >;* Vs~g ts gxiecj cj oa ajviesa Hahiogjia* Co titvcba tcpaectibao tc sta {axa bcfix co vicb{g (`gxat/ bijsvgt y tcesjfgt) ogt ájesogt (exafgt/ bijsvgt y tcesjfgt)* Cj fid`g titvcba/ >; sjifafct fc sjy gxfcj ngxbaj sja sjifaf fc gxfcj ts{cxigx*

0 Titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjaoct Tc cjvicjfc {gx titvcbat {gtidigjaoct aqscoogt cj ogt dsaoct co ~aogx fc dafa dinxa fc{cjfc fc oa {gtidiôj qsc gds{a* Cmcb{og= Ti vcjcbgt ogt jýbcxgt 06 y 60/ ~cbgt qsc co 06 vicjc sja dafcja fc tâbhgogt co 0 y co 6/ bicjvxat qsc co 60 vicjc sja dafcja fc tâbhgogt dgb{sctva {gx co 6 y co 0* Dafa sjg fc ctvgt tâbhgogt vicjc sj ~aogx fitvijvg fc{cjficjfg fc ts {gtidiôj fcjvxg fc oa dafcja qsc ngxba co jýbcxg* Co fâeivg bát a oa fcxcdà xc{xctcjva oat sjifafct y co tiesicjvc fâeivg xc{xctcjva a oat fcdcjat* Cj co 06 co 6 xc{xctcjva oat sjifafct y co 0 oat fcdcjat* Cj co 60 co 0 xc{xctcjva oat sjifafct y co 6 oat fcdcjat* Cmcb{og= Co jýbcxg >486 ctvá ngxbafg {gx 6 sjifafct/ 8 fcdcjat/ 4 dcjvcjat y > sjifafct fc biooax/ vao dgbg tc xc{xctcjva a dgjvijsadiôj= >486 2 >µ1;;; , 4µ1;; , 8µ1; , 6 Ctvgt titvcbat tc daxadvcxi}aj nsjfabcjvaobcjvc {gx ts hatc / qsc ct co jýbcxg fc tâbhgogt fitvijvgt qsc tc cb{ocaj cj sj titvcba fcvcxbijafg {axa xc{xctcjvax oa ijngxbadiôj* Cj ctvgt titvcbat vcjcbgt vajvgt tâbhgogt dgbg oa hatc fco titvcba/ qsc dgbg `cbgt fid`g ajvct tc dgjgdcj dgbg aonahcvg< ct fcdix/ ti oa hatc ct h/ co aonahcvg ~a fc ; a h"1 tâbhgogt* Cmcb{og= Fcdibgt qsc jsctvxg titvcba fcdibao ct fc hatc 1; ya qsc cpitvcj 1; tâbhgogt fitvijvgt (fco ; ao 9) y co titvcba hijaxig ct fc hatc 8 {gxqsc svioi}a 8 tâbhgogt (; y 1)* Hatc 8 1;


Aonahcvg ;/ 1 ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5/ 0/ 9

[áeija 18 fc 69


12/

5/13/2018



Ogt jýbcxgt baygxct qsc oa hatc tc xc{xctcjvaj {gx bcfig fc ~axiat dinxat* Ti oa hatc ct h/ co xajeg fc dafa dinxa ~a fc ; a h"1* Fc bgfg qsc sj titvcba cj hatc h {scfc xc{xctcjvax dsaoqsicx jýbcxg {gx exajfc qsc tca* jýbcxg >486 fc 6cjvxc dinxat; cj titvcba qsc fc hatc 1; ct ~áoifg {gxqscCmcb{og= dafa dinxaCoctvá dgb{xcjfifa y 9/sjbicjvxat co jýbcxg 1A jg og ct {gxqsc oa dinxa A jg ct sj tâbhgog fc ts aonahcvg* Cj sj titvcba {gtidigjao fc hatc h/ dsaoqsicx jýbcxg J dgj j fâeivgt cjvcxgt y b fâeivgt fcdibaoct fc oa ngxba J 2 (P j Pj"1 *** P1 P; / P "1 *** P"b"1 P"b) h / tc {scfc xc{xctcjvax dgbg sj {goijgbig fc {gvcjdia fc oa hatc= J 2 Pjµhj , Pj"1µhj"1 , *** , P1µh1 , P;µh;, P"1µh"1, *** , P"b"1µh"b"1 , P"bµh"b Fgjfc ‟Pi‟ tgj oat fitvijvat dinxat fco ~aogx jsbéxidg c ‟i‒ ts {gtidiôj dgj xct{cdvg a oa dgba fcdibao* Co xajeg fc dafa dinxa ~a fc ; a h"1 (; ≦ Pi ? h) y oa {gtidiôj qsc gds{a dafa dinxa fcjvxg fco jýbcxg tc jsbcxa cj ngxba dxcdicjvc àdia oa i}qsicxfa fc oa dgba fcdibao fctfc ; cj afcoajvc y fc 1 cj 1 y fcdxcdicjvc àdia oa fcxcdà fc oa dgba fctfc "1 y dgj ijdxcbcjvg "1/ g tca i 2 "b/ ***/ "1/ ;/ 1/ ***/ j* Cj dsaoqsicx titvcba {gtidigjao/ oa {gtidiôj fc oa dinxa fc oa cpvxcba fcxcdà ct oa fc bcjgx ~aogx/ g {gtidiôj fc gxfcj ijncxigx/ y oa dinxa qsc oa gds{a tc fcjgbija fâeivg bcjgt tiejinidavi~g* Bicjvxat qsc oa {gtidiôj fc oa dinxa fc oa cpvxcba i}qsicxfa ct oa fc baygx ~aogx/ g {gtidiôj fc gxfcj ts{cxigx/ y oa dinxa qsc oa gds{a tc fcjgbija fâeivg bát tiejinidavi~g* Cmcb{og= Ti vcjcbgt co jýbcxg >486/ co fâeivg bcjgt tiejinidavi~g ct oa dinxa 6 y co fâeivg bát tiejinidavi~g ct oa dinxa >* Co exaj béxivg fc ctvgt titvcbat nsc oa ijvxgfsddiôj fco tâbhgog dcxg {axa xc{xctcjvax dsaoqsicx jýbcxg {gx exajfc qsc tca y tib{oinidax oa ngxba fc cncdvsax oat g{cxadigjct* Ao vcjcx dafa dinxa sj ~aogx xcoavi~g tceýj co oseax qsc gds{a/ ts {xctcjdia cj sj jýbcxg tiejinida tib{ocbcjvc qsc oa {gvcjdia fc oa hatc xc{xctcjvafa {gx oa {gtidiôj fco fâeivg ; jg tc svioi}a/ dgj og qsc tc àdc ib{xctdijfihoc {axa ijfidax oa astcjdia fc sjifafct fc aoeýj gxfcj* Cmcb{og= co jýbcxg fcdibao 0;;4 tiejinida= 0µ1;4 , ;µ1;8 , ;µ1;1 , 4µ1;; 2 0µ1;;; , ;µ1;; , ;µ1; , 4µ1 2 0;;; , ; , ; , 4 2 0;;4


[áeija 14 fc 69


13/

5/13/2018



A {axvix fc a`gxa/ {axa c~ivax dgjnstigjct/ dsajfg cp{xctcbgt sj ~aogx jsbéxidg (J) {gjfxcbgt sj tshâjfidc ao nijao ijfidajfg oa hatc (h) cj oa qsc tc cp{xcta fid`g ~aogx (J h)/ tao~g qsc {gx co dgjvcpvg qscfc tsnidicjvcbcjvc doaxg* Cmcb{og= 8831;  Co tshâjfidc ijfida qsc co jýbcxg 883 ct fc hatc 1;* 11;118  Co tshâjfidc ijfida qsc co jýbcxg 11;11 ct fc hatc 8* Ogt titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjaoct bát stsaoct cj Ijngxbávida tgj= • • •

Titvcba hijaxig* gdvao* Titvcba `cpafcdibao*

[axa a{xcjfcx a bajcmaxogt/ tc xcdsxxc nxcdscjvcbcjvc a oa ajaogeâa dgj co titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj bát dgjgdifg y svioi}afg a fiaxig cjvxc oat {cxtgjat= co titvcba fcdibao fc hatc 1;* Cj oa Vahoa 1 tc bsctvxaj ctvgt titvcbat* Vahoa 1= Titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj bát svioi}afgt* Titvcba fc Hatc fc Jýbcxg fc Aonahcvg jsbcxadiôj jsbcxadiôj tâbhgogt Titvcba Hatc 1; 1; ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5/ 0/ 9 fcdibao Titvcba Hatc 8 8 ;/1 hijaxig Titvcba Hatc 0 0 ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5 gdvao Titvcba Hatc 1> 1> ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5/ 0/ 9/ A/ H/ D/ F/ C/ N `cpafcdibao Ctvgt titvcbat finicxcj cj dsajvg a oa fit{gtidiôj y ao vi{g fc ogt tâbhgogt qsc svioi}aj* Dgbg tc {gfxá ghtcx~ax/ co fâeivg fc baygx ~aogx cj co titvcba jsbéxidg hijaxig ct co 1/ cj co gdvao co 5/ cj co fcdibao co 9 y cj co `cpafcdibao oa ocvxa N/ dsyg ~aogx jsbéxidg ct iesao a 13*


[áeija 16 fc 69


14/

5/13/2018



[axa ijfidax oa hatc fc sj jýbcxg tc svioi}a oa tiesicjvc jgvadiôj= Titvcba fcdibao Titvcba hijaxig

841; 1;18

11;1; 11;8

31; 18

Titvcba gdvao Titvcba `cpafcdibao

840 841>

11;0 11;1>

50 A4N;1>

Cmcb{ogt= •

Cj co titvcba fcdibao/ co jýbcxg 1831; ct sj jýbcxg ~áoifg/ {cxg co jýbcxg 18A1; jg og ct/ ya qsc svioi}a sj tâbhgog A jg ~áoifg cj co titvcba fcdibao*

Cj co titvcba jýbcxg 1;18 8ctjgsjct jýbcxg ~áoifg/ {cxg co jýbcxg 1;88 jghijaxig/ og ct/ yacoqsc co tâbhgog sj tâbhgog ~áoifg cj co titvcba hijaxig* • Cj co titvcba gdvao/ co jýbcxg 43 0 ct sj jýbcxg ~áoifg/ {cxg co jýbcxg 490 jg og ct/ ya qsc co tâbhgog 9 jg ct sj tâbhgog ~áoifg cj co titvcba gdvao* • Cj co titvcba `cpafcdibao/ co jýbcxg N1C6 1> ct sj jýbcxg ~áoifg/ {cxg co jýbcxg NLC61> jg og ct/ ya qsc co tâbhgog L jg ct sj tâbhgog ~áoifg cj co titvcba `cpafcdibao* •

Oa Vahoa 8 bsctvxa oat cqsi~aocjdiat cjvxc ogt titvcbat fcdibao/ hijaxig/ gdvao y `cpafcdibao (àtva co jýbcxg 41)* Vahoa 8= Cqsi~aocjdiat cjvxc ogt fincxcjvct titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj* Fcdibao Hijaxig Gdvao @cpafcdibao ; ; ; ; 1 1 1 1 8 1; 8 8 64 3 > 5 0 9 1; 11

11 1;; 1;1 11; 111 1;;; 1;;1 1;1; 1;11

64 3 > 5 1; 11 18 14

64 3 > 5 0 9 A H

18 14

11;; 11;1

16 13

D F


[áeija 13 fc 69


15/

5/13/2018



16 13 1> 15

111; 1111 1;;;; 1;;;1

1> 15 8; 81

C N 1; 11

10 19 8; 81 88 84 86 83 8>

1;;1; 1;;11 1;1;; 1;1;1 1;11; 1;111 11;;; 11;;1 11;1;

88 84 86 83 8> 85 4; 41 48

18 14 16 13 1> 15 10 19 1A

85 80 89 4; 41

11;11 111;; 111;1 1111; 11111

44 46 43 4> 45

1H 1D 1F 1C 1N

Co ghmcvi~g fc ctvc c{âexanc ct xctsbix ogt at{cdvgt {xádvidgt fc baygx ijvcxét fc ogt titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj fctfc co {sjvg fc ~itva fc ts stg cj ogt dgb{svafgxct* A dgjvijsadiôj/ ~cxcbgt dôbg tc dgfinidaj ogt fitvijvgt titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjaoct bát stsaoct cj Ijngxbávida* 0*1 Titvcba fcdibao Co titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj bát finsjfifg cj oa advsaoifaf cjvxc oat {cxtgjat ct tij fsfa co titvcba fcdibao* Nsc fctaxxgooafg {gx ogt ìjfýct y tc adsñô cj co tieog III a*D* Tij cbhaxeg/ jg nsc ijvxgfsdifg cj Csxg{a àtva co tieog ÎII {gx ogt áxahct/ fchifg a oat xcoadigjct dgbcxdiaoct qsc bajvcjâaj* [gx og qsc vabhiéj ct dgjgdifg dgbg titvcba axáhieg"ìjfý* Tceýj ogt ajvxg{ôogegt/ co gxiecj fco titvcba fcdibao ctvá cj oa svioi}adiôj fc ogt fic} fcfgt fc oat bajgt {axa dgjvax* Fc a`â tsxeiô ctvc titvcba jsbéxidg qsc a{xcjfcbgt fctfc bsy vcb{xajg cj oa ctdscoa* Ctvc titvcba ct fc hatc 1; {gxqsc ctvá dgb{sctvg fc 1; tâbhgogt (g fâeivgt) fitvijvgt qsc ~aj fco ; ao 9 {axa xc{xctcjvax dsaoqsicx dajvifaf* Ts j

xajeg fc xc{xctcjvadiôj tcxá= 1; / fgjfc j ct co jýbcxg fc fâeivgt*


[áeija 1> fc 69


16/

5/13/2018



Hatc= 1; Aonahcvg= ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5/ 0/ 9 fâeivg {xg~icjc fco oavâj fieivst (fcfg) y àdc xcncxcjdia a oa Co véxbijg svioi}adiôj fc ogt fic} fcfgt fc oat bajgt {axa dgjvax*

Co titvcba fcdibao ct sj titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao {gxqsc co ~aogx fc dafa fâeivg fc{cjfc fc oa {gtidiôj qsc gds{a fcjvxg fco jýbcxg/ fgjfc dafa fâeivg ~aoc 1; ~cdct bát qsc ti ctvs~ictc sja {gtidiôj a ts fcxcdà/ ct fcdix/ co fâeivg bát a oa fcxcdà xc{xctcjva oat sjifafct y qscfa bsovi{oidafg {gx 1 ({axa oat sjifafct tcxâa 1;;)/ co tiesicjvc fâeivg xc{xctcjva a oat fcdcjat qscfajfg bsovi{oidafg {gx 1; (1;1)/ y atâ tsdcti~abcjvc* [gx cmcb{og= oa dinxa 4 ~aoc 1; ~cdct bát cj co jýbcxg 4; qsc cj co jýbcxg 4* Sj ~aogx fcvcxbijafg g dajvifaf/ qsc tc fcjgbija jýbcxg fcdibao / tc {scfc cp{xctax {gx oa nôxbsoa ajvcxigxbcjvc bcjdigjafa/ fgjfc oa hatc ct 1;* J 2 Pjµ1;j , Pj"1µ1;j"1 , *** , P1µ1;1 , P;µ1;;, P"1µ1;"1, *** , P"b"1µ1;"b"1 , P"bµ1;"b Fgjfc ‟Pi‟ tgj ogt fâeivgt fco ~aogx jsbéxidg (J) c ‟i‒ ts {gtidiôj* Dafa fâeivg vicjc sj ~aogx fincxcjvc ({ctg) tceýj ts {gtidiôj y sj jgbhxc ct{cdânidg (~éatc oa Vahoa 4)* Co {ctg fc dafa fâeivg ~icjc fafg {gx oa {gvcjdia fc 1; dgxxct{gjficjvc a ts {gtidiôj cj co jýbcxg* Ctvat {gvcjdiat tc atiejaj dgbg tc ijfida a dgjvijsadiôj/ dgj ts cqsi~aocjvc cj fcdibao= {gtidiôj ; {ctg 1;; 2 1/ sjifafct {gtidiôj 1 {ctg 1;1 2 1;/ fcdcjat {gtidiôj 8 {ctg 1;8 2 1;;/ dcjvcjat {gtidiôj 4 {ctg 1;4 2 1;;;/ sjifafct fc biooax cvd* {gtidiôj "1 {ctg 1;"1 2 ;/1/ fédibat {gtidiôj "8 {ctg 1;"8 2 ;/;1/ dcjvétibat cvd*


[áeija 15 fc 69


17/

5/13/2018



Vahoa 4= [gvcjdiat fc 1;* sjifafct dcjvcjat fcdcjat sjifafct fédibat dcjvétibat *** fc biooax *** 1;4 1;8 1;1 1;; 1;"1 1;"8 ***

*** [gvcjdiat

Cqsi~aocjvc 1;;; fcdibao *** Bát tiejinidavi~g

1;;

1;

1

;/1

;/;1

***

Bcjgt tiejinidavi~g

Cmcb{og= Ti fctdgb{gjcbgt ogt tiesicjvct jýbcxgt cj co titvcba fcdibao/ ghvcjcbgt oat tcdscjdiat tiesicjvct= 486 2 4µ1;8 , 8µ1;1 , 6µ1;; 644 2 6µ1;8 , 4µ1;1 , 4µ1;; 8

1

;

"1

463/5 108/>6224µ1; 1µ1;8,,6µ1; 0µ1;1,,3µ1; 8µ1;;,,5µ1; >µ1; "1 , 6µ1;"8 Cmcb{og= Co jýbcxg >486 tc {scfc fctdgb{gjcx cj {gvcjdiat fc 1;/ >µ1;4 , 4µ1;8 , 8µ1;1 , 6µ1;; / fgjfc dafa fâeivg ct fic} ~cdct baygx qsc co qsc ctvá ijbcfiavabcjvc a ts fcxcdà* Oat g{cxadigjct axivbévidat (tsba/ xctva/ bsovi{oidadiôj y fi~itiôj) tgj nádioct fc xcaoi}ax tiesicjfg sja tcxic fc xceoat* 0*8 Titvcba hijaxig Co titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj svioi}afg {gx ogt dgb{svafgxct {axa oa dgfinidadiôj ijvcxja fc oa ijngxbadiôj ct co titvcba hijaxig y nsc dxcafg cj 1>51 {gx Egvvnxicf Uio`cob Ocihji}* Ct sj titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao fc hatc 8 qsc svioi}a ýjidabcjvc 8 tâbhgogt (co ; y co 1) {axa xc{xctcjvax dsaoqsicx dajvifaf* Ts xajeg fc xc{xctcjvadiôj tcxá= 8j / fgjfc j ct co jýbcxg fc fâeivgt* Hatc= 8 Aonahcvg= ;/ 1 Co ~aogx {gtidigjao fc sj fâeivg fcjvxg fc sj jýbcxg hijaxig tc hata cj oa {xgexctiôj fc {gvcjdia fc 8* Cj ctvc datg/ dafa fâeivg ~aoc co fghoc qsc co qsc ctvá ijbcfiavabcjvc a ts fcxcdà* Ti a{oidabgt oa nôxbsoa ajvcxigxbcjvc bcjdigjafa/ sj jýbcxg hijaxig vicjc oa tiesicjvc cp{xctiôj= J 2 Pjµ8j , Pj"1µ8j"1 , *** , P1µ81 , P;µ8;, P"1µ8"1, *** , P"b"1µ8"b"1 , P"bµ8"b


[áeija 10 fc 69


18/4

5/13/2018



Fgjfc ‟Pi‟ tgj ogt fâeivgt fco ~aogx jsbéxidg (J) c ‟i‒ ts {gtidiôj* Dafa fâeivg vicjc sj ~aogx fincxcjvc ({ctg) tceýj ts {gtidiôj (~éatc oa Vahoa 6)* Co {ctg fc dafa fâeivg ~icjc fafg {gx oa {gvcjdia fc 8 dgxxct{gjficjvc adgjvijsadiôj/ ts {gtidiôjdgj cj tsco cqsi~aocjvc jýbcxg* Ctvat {gvcjdiat tc atiejaj dgbg tc ijfida a cj fcdibao= {gtidiôj ; {ctg 8; 2 1 {gtidiôj 1 {ctg 81 2 8 {gtidiôj 8 {ctg 88 2 6 {gtidiôj 4 {ctg 84 2 0 cvd* {gtidiôj "1 {ctg 8"1 2 ;/3 "8

{gtidiôj "8 {ctg 8 2 ;/83 cvd* [gvcjdiat *** Cqsi~aocjvc *** fcdibao Bát tiejinidavi~g

84 0

Vahoa 6= [gvcjdiat fc 8* 88 81 8; 6

8

1

8"1

8"8

***

;/3

;/83

***

Bcjgt tiejinidavi~g

Ti oat fctdgb{gjcbgt ogt tiesicjvct jýbcxgt cj co titvcba hijaxig/Cmcb{og= ghvcjcbgt tcdscjdiat tiesicjvct= 11;1 2 1µ84 , 1µ88 , ;µ81 , 1µ8; 1;11; 2 1µ86 , ;µ84 , 1µ88 , 1µ81 , ;µ8; 1;;1/1 2 1µ84 , ;µ88 , ;µ81 , 1µ8; , 1µ8"1 1;;111;1 2 1µ85 , ;µ8> ,;µ83 , 1µ86 , 1µ84 , 1µ88 , ;µ81 , 1µ8; Cj oa Vahoa 3 {gfcbgt ~cx co ~aogx fc ogt 1> {xibcxgt jýbcxgt hijaxigt* Vahoa 3= Ogt 1> {xibcxgt jýbcxgt hijaxigt* Fcdibao Hijaxig ; ; 1 1 8 1; 4 11 6 1;; 3 1;1 > 11; 5 111


[áeija 19 fc 69


19/

5/13/2018



0 9 1; 11

1;;; 1;;1 1;1; 1;11

18 14 16 13

11;; 11;1 111; 1111

Ctvc titvcba/ {xctcjva co ijdgj~cjicjvc fc qsc jcdctiva bsdàt dinxat {axa oa xc{xctcjvadiôj fc sj jýbcxg exajfc/ y ct bsy cjegxxgtg {axa sj tcx `sbajg* Oa dajvifaf fc fâeivgt jcdctaxigt {axa xc{xctcjvax sj jýbcxg cj co titvcba hijaxig ct baygx qsc cj co titvcba fcdibao* [gx cmcb{og/ {axa xc{xctcjvax co jýbcxg 55/ qsc cj co titvcba fcdibao ctvá dgb{sctvg vaj tôog {gx fgt fâeivgt/ àj `cd`g naova ticvc fâeivgt cj hijaxig 1;;11;1* [axa xc{xctcjvax jýbcxgt exajfct àxáj naova bsd`gt bát fâeivgt* [gx cmcb{og/ {axa xc{xctcjvax jýbcxgt baygxct fc 833 tc jcdctivaxáj bát fc gd`g fâeivgt/ {gxqsc 80 2 83> y {gfcbgt anixbax/ {gx vajvg/ qsc 833 ct co jýbcxg bát exajfc qsc {scfc xc{xctcjvaxtc dgj gd`g fâeivgt* Ct ib{gxvajvc fitvijesix cjvxc ogt jýbcxgt qsc {scfcj xc{xctcjvaxtc dgj j fâeivgt hijaxigt/ qsc ct 8j / y co baygx fc ctgt jýbcxgt/ qsc ct sja sjifaf bcjgt/ ct fcdix/ 8j — 1* [gx ctvc bgvi~g tc svioi}aj gvxgt titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj qsc xctsovcj bát dôbgfgt fc ctdxihix= co titvcba gdvao y co titvcba `cpafcdibao* 0*4 Titvcba gdvao Co titvcba gdvao ct sj titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao fc hatc 0 qsc svioi}a 0 tâbhgogt (fco ; ao 5) {axa xc{xctcjvax dsaoqsicx dajvifaf* Ts xajeg fc xc{xctcjvadiôj tcxá= 0j / fgjfc j ct co jýbcxg fc fâeivgt* Hatc= 0 Aonahcvg= ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5 Co ~aogx {gtidigjao fc sj fâeivg fcjvxg fc sj jýbcxg gdvao tc hata cj oa {xgexctiôj fc {gvcjdia fc 0* Cj ctvc datg/ dafa fâeivg ~aoc gd`g ~cdct bát qsc co qsc ctvá ijbcfiavabcjvc a ts fcxcdà*


[áeija 8; fc 69


20/

5/13/2018



Ti a{oidabgt oa nôxbsoa ajvcxigxbcjvc bcjdigjafa/ sj jýbcxg gdvao vicjc oa tiesicjvc cp{xctiôj= J 2 Pjµ0j , Pj"1µ0j"1 , *** , P1µ01 , P;µ0;, P"1µ0"1, *** , P"b"1µ0"b"1 , P"bµ0"b Fgjfc ‟Pi‟ tgj ogt fâeivgt fco ~aogx jsbéxidg (J) c ‟i‒ ts {gtidiôj* Dafa fâeivg vicjc sj ~aogx fincxcjvc ({ctg) tceýj ts {gtidiôj y sj jgbhxc ct{cdânidg (~éatc oa Vahoa >)* Co {ctg fc dafa fâeivg ~icjc fafg {gx oa {gvcjdia fc 0 dgxxct{gjficjvc a ts {gtidiôj cj co jýbcxg* Ctvat {gvcjdiat tc atiejaj dgbg tc ijfida a dgjvijsadiôj/ dgj ts cqsi~aocjvc cj fcdibao= {gtidiôj ; {ctg 0; 2 1 1

0 {gtidiôj 81 {ctg 08 2 >6 4 {gtidiôj 4 {ctg 0 2 318 cvd* {gtidiôj "1 {ctg 0"1 2 ;/183 {gtidiôj "8 {ctg 0"8 2 ;/;13>83 cvd* [gvcjdiat *** Cqsi~aocjvc *** fcdibao Bát tiejinidavi~g

0

4

318

Vahoa >= [gvcjdiat fc 0* 08 01 0; >6

0

1

0"1

0"8

***

;/183

;/;13>83

***

Bcjgt tiejinidavi~g

Cmcb{og= Ti fctdgb{gjcbgt ogt tiesicjvct jýbcxgt cj co titvcba gdvao/ ghvcjcbgt oat tcdscjdiat tiesicjvct= 50 2 5µ01 , 0µ0; 9> 2 9µ01 , >µ0; 453/68 2 4µ08 , 5µ01 , 3µ0; , 6µ0"1 , 8µ0"8 1846 2 1µ04 , 8µ08 , 4µ01 , 6µ0; Cj oa Vahoa 5 {gfcbgt ~cx co ~aogx fc ogt 1> {xibcxgt jýbcxgt gdvaoct* Vahoa 5= Ogt 1> {xibcxgt jýbcxgt gdvaoct* Fcdibao Gdvao ; ; 1 1 8 8


[áeija 81 fc 69


21/

5/13/2018



4 6 3 >

4 6 3 >

5 0 9 1; 11 18 14 16 13

5 1; 11 18 14 16 13 1> 15

Ctvc titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj vabhiéj ct bsy svioi}afg cj Ijngxbávida/ ya qsc jcdctiva bcjgt ct{adig {axa xc{xctcjvax sj jýbcxg qsc co titvcba hijaxig/ ct fcdix/ dafa fâeivg gdvao cqsi~aoc a 4 fâeivgt hijaxigt/ {gx tcx 0 2 84* [gx cmcb{og/ tc sta hatvajvc dgj oitvafgt fc {xgexabat y ~godafgt fc bcbgxia (fsb{)/ {sct {cxbivc ib{xctigjct bsd`g bát dgb{advat qsc dgj co titvcba hijaxig* 0*6 Titvcba `cpafcdibao Co titvcba `cpafcdibao ct sj titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao fc hatc 1> qsc svioi}a 1> tâbhgogt (fco ; ao 9 y oat ocvxat A/ H/ D/ F/ C/ N) {axa xc{xctcjvax dsaoqsicx dajvifaf* Dafa sja fc oat ocvxat xc{xctcjva sj ~aogx A 2 1;/ H 2 11/ D 2 18/ F 2 14/ C 2 16/ N 2 13* Ts xajeg fc xc{xctcjvadiôj tcxá= 1>j / fgjfc j ct co jýbcxg fc fâeivgt* Hatc= 1> Aonahcvg= ;/ 1/ 8/ 4/ 6/ 3/ >/ 5/ 0/ 9/ A/ H/ D/ F/ C/ N Co ~aogx {gtidigjao fc sj fâeivg fcjvxg fc sj jýbcxg `cpafcdibao tc hata cj oa {xgexctiôj fc {gvcjdia fc 1>* Cj ctvc datg/ dafa fâeivg ~aoc ficditéit ~cdct bát qsc co qsc ctvá ijbcfiavabcjvc a ts fcxcdà* Ti a{oidabgt oa nôxbsoa ajvcxigxbcjvc bcjdigjafa/ sj jýbcxg `cpafcdibao vicjc oa tiesicjvc cp{xctiôj= J 2 Pjµ1>j , Pj"1µ1>j"1 , *** , P1µ1>1 , P;µ1>;, P"1µ1>"1, *** , P"b"1µ1>"b"1 , P"bµ1>"b Fgjfc ‟Pi‟ tgj ogt fâeivgt fco ~aogx jsbéxidg (J) c ‟i‒ ts {gtidiôj*


[áeija 88 fc 69


22/

5/13/2018



Dafa fâeivg vicjc sj ~aogx fincxcjvc ({ctg) tceýj ts {gtidiôj y sj jgbhxc ct{cdânidg (~éatc oa Vahoa 0)* Co {ctg fc dafa fâeivg ~icjc fafg {gx oa {gvcjdia fc 1> dgxxct{gjficjvc a ts {gtidiôj cj co jýbcxg* Ctvat {gvcjdiat tc atiejaj dgbg tc ijfida a dgjvijsadiôj/ dgj ts cqsi~aocjvc cj fcdibao= {gtidiôj ; {ctg 1>; 2 1 {gtidiôj 1 {ctg 1>1 2 1> {gtidiôj 8 {ctg 1>8 2 83> {gtidiôj 4 {ctg 1>4 2 6;9> cvd* {gtidiôj "1 {ctg 1>"1 2 ;/;>83 {gtidiôj "8 {ctg 1>"8 2 ;/;;49;>83 cvd* [gvcjdiat *** Cqsi~aocjvc *** fcdibao Bát tiejinidavi~g

Vahoa 0= [gvcjdiat fc 1>* 1>4 1>8 1>1 1>; 6;9>

83>

1>

1

1>"1

1>"8

***

;/;>83

;/;;49;>83

***

Bcjgt tiejinidavi~g

Cmcb{og= Ti fctdgb{gjcbgt ogt tiesicjvct jýbcxgt cj co titvcba `cpafcdibao (xccb{oa}ajfg ogt tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct dgj tâbhgogt fcdibaoct)/ ghvcjcbgt oat tcdscjdiat tiesicjvct= 6C 2 6µ1>1 , 16µ1>; 14A 2 1µ1>8 , 4µ1>1 , 1;µ1>; A8F/1 2 1;µ1>8 , 8µ1>1 , 14µ1>; , 1µ1>"1 Cj oa Vahoa 9 {gfcbgt ~cx co ~aogx fc ogt 48 {xibcxgt jýbcxgt cj `cpafcdibao* Jôvctc qsc ao aodaj}axtc co jýbcxg fcdibao 1>/ tc vcxbijaj ogt tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct y tc dgogda sj ‟1 fc adaxxcg‒ fcoajvc fc dafa tâbhgog `cpafcdibao cj co tcesjfg didog/ qsc ahaxda ogt jýbcxgt fcdibaoct fc 1> a 41* Vahoa 9= Ogt 48 {xibcxgt jýbcxgt cj `cpafcdibao* Fcdibao @cpafcdibao Fcdibao @cpafcdibao ; ; 1> 1; 1 1 15 11 8 8 10 18 4 4 19 14 6 6 8; 16 3 3 81 13 > > 88 1>


[áeija 84 fc 69


23/

5/13/2018



5 0 9 1;

5 0 9 A

84 86 83 8>

15 10 19 1A

11 18 14 16 13

H D F C N

85 80 89 4; 41

1H 1D 1F 1C 1N

Ctvc titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj ct hatvajvc svioi}afg cj Ijngxbávida fchifg a qsc oa ogjeivsf fc ogt jýbcxgt cj `cpafcdibao ct bcjgx qsc cj ogt gvxgt titvcbat cp{sctvgt ajvcxigxbcjvc/ ya qsc dafa fâeivg `cpafcdibao cqsi~aoc a 6 fâeivgt hijaxigt/ {gx tcx 1> 2 86* Ctvg tiejinida qsc dafa exs{g fc 6 fâeivgt cj hijaxig/ cqsi~aoc a sjg tgog cj `cpafcdibao/ dgj og dsao/ ghvcjfxcbgt xc{xctcjvadigjct bsd`g bát dgb{advat* Cmcb{og= Ghvcjcx co ~aogx hijaxig/ gdvao y `cpafcdibao fco jýbcxg fcdibao 183= 1831; 2 11111;18 2 1530 2 5F1> Dgbg ghtcx~a/ {axa dsajva bát {cqscña ct oadajvifaf* hatc fc [gx jsbcxadiôj/ tc jcdctivaj báttc{gtidigjct xc{xctcjvax oa bitba og qsc {axa xcncxixtc a oat fixcddigjct fc oat {gtidigjct fc bcbgxia tc svioi}aj tghxc vgfg ogt titvcbat gdvao y `cpafcdibao* Co titvcba gdvao tc tscoc svioi}ax dsajfg co jýbcxg fc fâeivgt a xc{xctcjvax ct býovi{og fc 4/ y co `cpafcdibao dsajfg fid`g jýbcxg ct býovi{og fc 6* ogt titvcbat gdvao y `cpafcdibao svioi}aj {axa ghvcjcx Sj jýbcxg cp{xctafg cj sjg fctcctvgt fgt dôfiegt {scfc dôfiegtVabhiéj ijvcxbcfigt* vxajtngxbaxtc fixcdva y nádiobcjvc a hijaxig/ y ~idc~cxta {gx tcx sja {gvcjdia fc 8 (88 2 6/ 84 2 0/ 86 2 1>/ cvd*)* Dgj coogt tc tib{oinida oa vxatdxi{diôj fc jýbcxgt hijaxigt y tc ctvá bát {xôpibg ao titvcba qsc svioi}abgt stsaobcjvc (co titvcba fcdibao)/ {gx og qsc dgj exaj nxcdscjdia tc svioi}aj dgbg {atg ijvcxbcfig cj oat vxajtngxbadigjct fc fcdibao a hijaxig/ y ~idc~cxta* Afcbát/ oa xcaoi}adiôj cocdvxôjida fc dgfinidafgxct'fcdgfinidafgxct cjvxc hijaxig y sj dôfieg ijvcxbcfig ct bsd`g bát tib{oc (bcjgt dgb{ocma) qsc cjvxc hijaxig y fcdibao*


[áeija 86 fc 69


24/

5/13/2018



0*3 Dgj~cxtiôj cjvxc titvcbat fc jsbcxadiôj Asjqsc cpitvcj fi~cxtat hatct/ étvat {scfcj dgj~cxvixtc fc sjat a gvxat bcfiajvc {cqscñat g{cxadigjct bavcbávidat* Tc fcjgbija dgj~cxtiôj cjvxc fitvijvat hatct a oa vxajtngxbadiôj fc sja dajvifaf fafa g cp{xctafa cj sj titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao dgjdxcvg cj gvxa dajvifaf cp{xctafa cj gvxg titvcba y qsc abhat tcaj cqsi~aocjvct* A dgjvijsadiôj/ ~cxcbgt dgj fcvaooc= • • •

Dgj~cxtiôj fc sja hatc dsaoqsicxa a sja hatc fcdibao (h 2: 1;)* hatchatc fcdibao gvxahatc hatch8dsaoqsicxa Dgj~cxtiôj fc sja h1 a agvxa (h1 2: h8)* (1; 2: h)*

0*3*1 Dgj~cxtiôj fc sja hatc dsaoqsicxa a sja hatc fcdibao [axa oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg cj dsaoqsicx hatc ao titvcba fcdibao/ a{oidaxcbgt co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj qsc xcoadigja sja dajvifaf cp{xctafa cj dsaoqsicx titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao dgj ts cqsi~aocjvc cj hatc 1;* 0*3*1*1 Vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj [axa {atax sj jýbcxg dgj oat dinxat Pj Pj"1 *** P1 P; / P"1 *** P"b"1 P"b fc dsaoqsicx hatc h ao titvcba fcdibao/ tc xcdsxxc ao {goijgbig fc {gvcjdia fc oa hatc ~itvg ajvct/ g{cxajfg étvc cj bgfg fcdibao= J h 2 Pjµhj , Pj"1µhj"1 , *** , P1µh1 , P;µh;, P"1µh"1, *** , P"b"1µh"b"1 , P"bµh"b Cj ogt titvcbat {gtidigjaoct/ dafa dinxa fc sj ~aogx jsbéxidg dgjvxihsyc ao ~aogx nijao fc{cjficjfg fc ts ~aogx (~aogx ahtgosvg) y fc oa {gtidiôj qsc gds{a fcjvxg fc éo dgj xct{cdvg a oa dgba fcdibao (~aogx xcoavi~g)* Co ~aogx nijao fc ctva cp{xctiôj tc ghvicjc tcjdiooabcjvc bsovi{oidajfg co ~aogx fc dafa dinxa fco jýbcxg {gx co {ctg qsc oc dgxxct{gjfa tceýj ts {gtidiôj y ao nijao tc tsbaj ogt xctsovafgt {axdiaoct*


[áeija 83 fc 69


25/

5/13/2018



Co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj fidc qsc co ~aogx fcdibao fc sja dajvifaf cp{xctafa cj oa hatc h ~icjc fafg {gx oa nôxbsoa (g cp{xctiôj)= j

J 2

∑ P µh i

i

i 2∘ b

Fgjfc ‟Pi‟ tgj oat fitvijvat dinxat fco ~aogx jsbéxidg c ‟i‒ ts {gtidiôj dgj xct{cdvg a oa dgba fcdibao* Co xajeg fc dafa dinxa ~a fc ; a h"1 (; ≦ Pi ? h) y oa {gtidiôj qsc gds{a dafa dinxa fcjvxg fco jýbcxg tc jsbcxa cj ngxba dxcdicjvc àdia oa i}qsicxfa fc oa dgba fcdibao fctfc ; cj afcoajvc y fc 1 cj 1 y fcdxcdicjvc àdia oa fcxcdà fc oa dgba fctfc "1 y dgj ijdxcbcjvg "1/ g tca i 2 "b/ ***/ "1/ ;/ 1/ ***/ j* Cmcb{og= Co ~aogx fcdibao fco jýbcxg gdvao 153/458 tcxá= 153/4580 2 1µ08 , 5µ01 , 3µ0; , 4µ0"1 , 5µ0"8 , 8µ0"4 2 183/60080161; [gx vajvg/ tc vxava fc sj vcgxcba qsc xcoadigja sja dajvifaf cp{xctafa cj dsaoqsicx titvcba fc jsbcxadiôj {gtidigjao dgj oa bitba dajvifaf cp{xctafa cj co titvcba fcdibao* 0*3*1*8 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hijaxig a fcdibao Tc xcaoi}a a{oidajfg co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* Cmcb{og= Ghvcjcx co ~aogx fcdibao fc ogt tiesicjvct jýbcxgt hijaxigt (og xctgo~cxcbgt fit{gjicjfg ogt {xgfsdvgt cj dgosbja {axa nadioivax oa tsba)= 11;18 2 1µ84 , 1µ88 , ;µ81 , 1µ8; 2 1µ0 , 1µ6 , ;µ8 , 1µ1 2 0 , 6 , ; , 1 2 141; 1;11;8 2 1µ86 , ;µ84 , 1µ88 , 1µ81 , ;µ8; 2 1µ1> , ;µ0 , 1µ6 , 1µ8 , ;µ1 2 1> , ; , 6 , 8 , ; 2 881; 1;;1/18 2 1µ84 , ;µ88 , ;µ81 , 1µ8; , 1µ8"1 2 1µ0 , ;µ6 , ;µ8 , 1µ1 , 1µ;/3 2 0 , ; , ; , 1 , ;/3 2 9/31;


[áeija 8> fc 69


26/

5/13/2018



1;;111;18 2 1µ85 , ;µ8> ,;µ83 , 1µ86 , 1µ84 , 1µ88 , ;µ81 , 1µ8; 2 1µ180 , ;µ>6 ,;µ48 , 1µ1> , 1µ0 , 1µ6 , ;µ8 , 1µ1 2 180 , ; , ; , 1> , 0 , 6 , ; , 1 2 1351; 0*3*1*4 Dgj~cxtiôj fc gdvao a fcdibao Tc xcaoi}a a{oidajfg co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* Cmcb{og= Ghvcjcx co ~aogx fcdibao fc ogt tiesicjvct jýbcxgt cj co titvcba gdvao (og xctgo~cxcbgt fit{gjicjfg ogt {xgfsdvgt cj dgosbja {axa nadioivax oa tsba)= 0

1

;

50 2 5µ0 , 0µ1 0µ0 2 3> , 0 2 >61; 9>0 2 9µ01 , >µ0; 2 9µ0 , >µ1 2 58 , > 2 501; 453/680 2 4µ08 , 5µ01 , 3µ0; , 6µ0"1 , 8µ0"8 2 4µ>6 , 5µ0 , 3µ1 , 6µ;*183 , 8µ;/;13>83 2 198 , 3> , 3 , ;*3 , ;/;4183 2 834/341831; 18460 2 1µ04 , 8µ08 , 4µ01 , 6µ0; 2 1µ318 , 8µ>6 , 4µ0 , 6µ1 2 318 , 180 , 86 , 6 2 >>01; 0*3*1*6 Dgj~cxtiôj fc `cpafcdibao a fcdibao Tc xcaoi}a a{oidajfg co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* Cmcb{og= Ghvcjcx co ~aogx fcdibao fc ogt tiesicjvct jýbcxgt cj co titvcba `cpafcdibao/ xccb{oa}ajfg ogt tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct dgj tâbhgogt fcdibaoct (og xctgo~cxcbgt fit{gjicjfg ogt {xgfsdvgt cj dgosbja {axa nadioivax oa tsba)=


[áeija 85 fc 69


27/

5/13/2018



6C1> 2 6µ1>1 , 16µ1>; 2 6µ1> , 16µ1 2 >6 , 16 2 501; 14A1> 2 1µ1>8 , 4µ1>1 , 1;µ1>; 2 1µ83> , 4µ1> , 1;µ1 2 83> , 60 , 1; 2 4161; A8F/11> 2 1;µ1>8 , 8µ1>1 , 14µ1>; , 1µ1>"1 2 1;µ83> , 8µ1> , 14µ1 , 1µ;/;>83 2 83>; , 48 , 14 , ;/;>83 1;

2 8>;3/;>83 0*3*8 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc fcdibao a gvxa hatc dsaoqsicxa Fafg sj jýbcxg fcdibao dgj {axvct cjvcxa y nxaddigjaxia/ co {xgdcfibicjvg {axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj a dsaoqsicx gvxa hatc tcxâa tc{axax oa {axvc cjvcxa fc oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia/ y g{cxax fco tiesicjvc bgfg= •

Oa {axvc cjvcxa fco jýbcxg fcdibao tc fi~ifc {gx oa hatc a oa qsc qscxcbgt dgj~cxvix/ fc ngxba tsdcti~a àtva qsc co dgdicjvc tca bcjgx qsc oa hatc* Oa sjiôj fco ýovibg dgdicjvc y fc vgfgt ogt xctvgt ghvcjifgt/ ctdxivgt cj gxfcj ij~cxtg (g tca/ fc fcxcdà a i}qsicxfa)/ jgt {xg{gxdigja co jýbcxg ijidiao cp{xctafg cj gvxa hatc/ ticjfg co {xibcx fâeivg fco jýbcxg ngxbafg co ýovibg dgdicjvc y co ýovibg fâeivg co {xibcx xctvg* Co ýovibg dgdicjvc ct co fâeivg bát tiejinidavi~g y co {xibcx xctvg ct co fâeivg bcjgt tiejinidavi~g* Ct fcdix/ oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg fcdibao a hatc h tc cncdvýa bcfiajvc oat tiesicjvct g{cxadigjct= fi~ifix {gx oa hatc/ esaxfax co xctvg y ~go~cx a fi~ifix co dgdicjvc y atâ tsdcti~abcjvc àtva qsc co dgdicjvc tca bcjgx qsc oa hatc* Co jýbcxg cj hatc h ctvá ngxbafg {gx co ýovibg dgdicjvc y {gx ogt xctvgt fco ýovibg ao {xibcxg*


[áeija 80 fc 69


28/4

5/13/2018



Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg fcdibao 11 a hijaxig* 11 1

8 3

8

111; 2 1;118

1 ;8 18

Fâeivg bcjgt tiejinidavi~g

Fâeivg bát tiejinidavi~g

A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihc co ýovibg dgdicjvc y ogt xctvgt fc fcxcdà a i}qsicxfa= 1;11 Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 111; 2 1;118 Ctva dgj~cxtiôj oa {gfcbgt cp{xctax fc oa tiesicjvc ngxba= 11 = 8 2 3 3=828 8=821

Xctvg 2 1 Xctvg 2 1 Xctvg 2 ; 1;11



Ct fcdix/ 111; 2 1;118 •

Oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia fco jýbcxg fcdibao tc bsovi{oida tsdcti~abcjvc {gx oa hatc a oa qsc qscxcbgt dgj~cxvix/ qscfájfgjgt dgj oa {axvc cjvcxa qsc ~aya xctsovajfg fc dafa g{cxadiôj* Oa {xibcxa {axvc cjvcxa ghvcjifa ct co {xibcx fâeivg fco jýbcxg ngxbafg (fâeivg bát tiejinidavi~g)* Co {xgdctg tc xc{ivc àtva qsc fcta{axc}da oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia fc ogt xctsovafgt {axdiaoct (tc àea ;) g àtva qsc ~cabgt qsc co xctsovafg tca {cxiôfidg g vcjea ijnijivat dinxat fcdibaoct* Co xctsovafg tcxá oa sjiôj fc oat {axvct cjvcxat/ cj co gxfcj qsc oat `cbgt ghvcjifg* Ct fcdix/ oa dgj~cxtiôj fc oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia fc sj jýbcxg fcdibao a hatc h tc cncdvýa bcfiajvc oat tiesicjvct g{cxadigjct= bsovi{oidax oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia {gx oa hatc/ esaxfax oa {axvc cjvcxa y ~go~cx a bsovi{oidax oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia y atâ tsdcti~abcjvc àtva qsc


[áeija 89 fc 69


29/

5/13/2018



étva tc àea ; g àtva qsc ~cabgt qsc co xctsovafg tca {cxiôfidg g vcjea ijnijivat dinxat fcdibaoct* Co jýbcxg cj hatc h ctvá ngxbafg {gx oat {axvct cjvcxat fc ogt {xgfsdvgt ghvcjifgt* Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia ;/>83 a hijaxig* ;/>83 ;/83 ;/3 p8 p8 p8 1/83; ;/3; 1/; Fâeivg bát tiejinidavi~g


A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihcj oat {axvct cjvcxat fc i}qsicxfa a fcxcdà= 1;1 Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;/>831; 2 ;/1;18 Ctva dgj~cxtiôj oa {gfcbgt cp{xctax fc oa tiesicjvc ngxba= ;/>83 p 8 2 1/83; ;/83 p 8 2 ;/3; ;/3 p 8 2 1/;

Tc vgba co 1 Tc vgba co ; Tc vgba co 1

Fâeivg bát tiejinidavi~g Fâeivg bcjgt tiejinidavi~g

A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihcj oat {axvct cjvcxat fc axxiha àdia ahamg= 1;1 Qscfajfg qsc= ;/>831; 2 ;/1;18 0*3*8*1 Dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a hijaxig Ti co jýbcxg fcdibao vicjc {axvc nxaddigjaxia= Oa {axvc cjvcxa tc xcaoi}a bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 8 àtva qsc co dgdicjvc tca bcjgx qsc 8* • Oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia tc bsovi{oida tsdcti~abcjvc {gx 8 àtva qsc tc àea ; g àtva qsc ~cabgt qsc co xctsovafg tca {cxiôfidg g vcjea ijnijivat dinxat fcdibaoct* •

Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg fcdibao 8>/> a hijaxig* [axa coog/ tc tc{axa oa {axvc cjvcxa fc oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia*


[áeija 4; fc 69


30/

5/13/2018



" [axvc cjvcxa= 8>1; 8> > ;

8 14

8

1 ;> 48 8 1 1


8>1; 2 11;1;8


A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihc co ýovibg dgdicjvc y ogt xctvgt fc fcxcdà a i}qsicxfa= 11;1; Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 8>1; 2 11;1;8 " [axvc nxaddigjaxia= ;/>1; ;/> p8 1/8

;/8 p8 ;/6


;/6 p8 ;/0

;/0 p8 1/>

***


A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihcj oat {axvct cjvcxat fc i}qsicxfa a fcxcdà= 1;;1*** Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;/>1; 2 ;/1;;1***8 Co xctsovafg nijao/ ct oa sjiôj fc abhgt ~aogxct= 8>/>1; 2 11;1;/1;;1***8 0*3*8*8 Dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a gdvao Ti co jýbcxg fcdibao vicjc {axvc nxaddigjaxia= •

Oa {axvc cjvcxa tc xcaoi}a bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 0 àtva qsc co dgdicjvc tca bcjgx qsc 0*


[áeija 41 fc 69


31/

5/13/2018



Oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia tc bsovi{oida tsdcti~abcjvc {gx 0 àtva qsc tc àea ; g àtva qsc ~cabgt qsc co xctsovafg tca {cxiôfidg g vcjea ijnijivat dinxat fcdibaoct* Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg fcdibao 8>/> a gdvao* [axa coog/ tc tc{axa oa {axvc cjvcxa fc oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia* " [axvc cjvcxa= 8>1; 8> 8

0 4


8>1; 2 480


A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihc co ýovibg dgdicjvc y ogt xctvgt fc fcxcdà a i}qsicxfa= 48 Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 8>1; 2 480 " [axvc nxaddigjaxia= ;/>1; ;/> p0 6/0

;/0 p0 >/6


;/6 p0 4/8

;/8 p0 1/>

***


A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihcj oat {axvct cjvcxat fc i}qsicxfa a fcxcdà= 6>41*** Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;/>1; 2 ;/6>41***0 Co xctsovafg nijao/ ct oa sjiôj fc abhgt ~aogxct= 8>/>1; 2 48/6>41***0


[áeija 48 fc 69


32/

5/13/2018



0*3*8*4 Dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a `cpafcdibao Ti co jýbcxg fcdibao vicjc {axvc nxaddigjaxia= Oa cjvcxatca tc bcjgx xcaoi}aqsc bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 1> àtva qsc{axvc co dgdicjvc 1>* • Oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia tc bsovi{oida tsdcti~abcjvc {gx 1> àtva qsc tc àea ; g àtva qsc ~cabgt qsc co xctsovafg tca {cxiôfidg g vcjea ijnijivat dinxat fcdibaoct* •

Afcbát/ cj co xctsovafg tc xccb{oa}aj ogt tâbhgogt fcdibaoct dgj tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct (1; {gx A/ 11 {gx H/ 18 {gx D/ 14 {gx F/ 16 {gx C y 13 {gx N)* Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg fcdibao 8>/> a `cpafcdibao* [axa coog/ tc tc{axa oa {axvc cjvcxa fc oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia* " [axvc cjvcxa= 8>1; 8> 1> Tc xccb{oa}a 1; 1 {gx= A Fâeivg bcjgt tiejinidavi~g

8>1; 2 1A1>


A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihc co ýovibg dgdicjvc y ogt xctvgt fc fcxcdà a i}qsicxfa= 1A Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 8>1; 2 1A1> " [axvc nxaddigjaxia= ;/>1; ;/> p 1> 9/>

;/> p 1> 9/>

;/> p 1> 9/>

;/> p 1> 9/>

Fâeivg bát

Fâeivg bcjgt

tiejinidavi~g

tiejinidavi~g


***

[áeija 44 fc 69


33/

5/13/2018



A dgjvijsadiôj/ tc ctdxihcj oat {axvct cjvcxat fc i}qsicxfa a fcxcdà= 9999*** Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;/>1; 2 ;/9999***1> Co xctsovafg nijao/ ct oa sjiôj fc abhgt ~aogxct= 8>/>1; 2 1A/9999***1> 0*3*4 Dgj~cxtiôj fc sja hatc h1 a gvxa hatc h8 [axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg fctfc sja hatc qsc jg tca oa fcdibao (h1) a gvxa qsc vab{gdg og tca (h8)/ tcesibgt fgt {atgt= 1* Dgj~cxvix co ~aogx cj hatc h1 a hatc fcdibao*

8

8* Dgj~cxvix fc hatc fcdibao a h * Ctvat dgj~cxtigjct oat àxcbgt tceýj ogt a{axvafgt ajvcxigxct* âogx cj h1 2: âogx ijvcxbcfig cj hatc 1; 2: âogx nijao cj h8 Jgt dcjvxaxcbgt cj oa dgj~cxtiôj cjvxc oat hatct hijaxia/ gdvao y `cpafcdibao* 0*3*4*1 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc gdvao a hijaxig [axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg gdvao a hijaxig/ ày fgt g{digjct= •

G{diôj 1= Tc xcaoi}a {xibcxg oa dgj~cxtiôj fc gdvao a fcdibao y/ osceg/ oa dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a hijaxig*

âogx cj hatc 0 2: âogx ijvcxbcfig cj hatc 1; 2: âogx nijao cj hatc 8 Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg gdvao 856 a hijaxig* " [atg 1= [atax 856 cj hatc 0 a hatc 1; bcfiajvc co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* 8560 2 8µ08 , 5µ01 , 6µ0; 2 8µ>6 , 5µ0 , 6µ1 2 180 , 3> , 6 2 1001;


[áeija 46 fc 69


34/

5/13/2018



" [atg 8= [atax 100 cj hatc 1; a hatc 8 bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 8* 100

8

0; 16 96 65 8 ; 5 1

8 84 8 1 11 8 1 3 8 1 8 8 ; 1


1001; 2 1;1111;;8


Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 8560 2 1;1111;;8 •

G{diôj 8= Dgjtifcxajfg qsc oa hatc 0 ct {gvcjdia fc 8 (0 2 8 4 / ticjfg 4 co jýbcxg fc dinxat)/ tib{ocbcjvc tstvivsibgt dafa sja fc oat dinxat qsc og ngxbaj {gx tst vxct dinxat hijaxiat cqsi~aocjvct/ dgbg tc ijfida cj oa Vahoa 1; qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 5 fco titvcba gdvao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig* Vahoa 1;= Cqsi~aocjdiat cjvxc ogt titvcbat gdvao y hijaxig* Gdvao Hijaxig ; ;;; 1 ;;1 8 ;1; 4 ;11 6 1;; 3 1;1 > 11; 5 111 Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg gdvao 856 a hijaxig* 8 5 60 ;1; 111 1;;8


[áeija 43 fc 69


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5/13/2018



Ct fcdix/ 8560 2 ;1;1111;;8 @cbgt ~itvg qsc dgj oat fgt g{digjct tc ghvicjc co bitbg xctsovafg* Cj oa g{diôj 1 tc xcaoi}aj g{cxadigjct axivbévidat/ bicjvxat qsc cj oa g{diôj 8 tôog ày Vahoa 1; ts cqsi~aocjvc hijaxig* [gx vajvg/ oa g{diôj 8 ct oaqsc báthstdax tcjdiooacjy oa nádio fc svioi}ax {axa xcaoi}axcjfidà dgj~cxtiôj* Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg gdvao 453/68 a hijaxig cb{ocajfg oa Vahoa 8* 4

5

3 / 6

80

8

;11 111 1;1 / 1;; ;1; Ct fcdix/ 453/680 2 ;111111;1/1;;;1;8 0*3*4*8 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc hijaxia a gdvao [axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg hijaxig a gdvao/ ày fgt g{digjct= •

G{diôj 1= Tc xcaoi}a {xibcxg oa dgj~cxtiôj fc hijaxig a fcdibao y/ osceg/ oa dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a gdvao*

âogx cj hatc 8 2: âogx ijvcxbcfig cj hatc 1; 2: âogx nijao cj hatc 0 Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg hijaxig ;;1;1;111 a gdvao* " [atg 1= [atax ;;1;1;111 cj hatc 8 a hatc 1; bcfiajvc co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* ;;1;1;1118 2 ;µ80 , ;µ85 , 1µ8> , ;µ83 , 1µ86 , ;µ84 , 1µ88 , 1µ81 , 1µ8; 2 ;µ83> , ;µ180 , 1µ>6 , ;µ48 , 1µ1> , ;µ0 , 1µ6 , 1µ8 , 1µ1 2 ; µ, ; , >6 , ; , 1> , ; , 6 , 8 , 1 2 051;


[áeija 4> fc 69


36/

5/13/2018



" [atg 8= [atax 05 cj hatc 1; a hatc 0 bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 0* 05

0

5

051; 2 1850

81; 10



Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;;1;1;1118 2 1850 •

G{diôj 8= Oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg hijaxig a gdvao ct bsy tcjdiooa y tc xcaoi}a a oa ij~cxta= tc ngxbaj exs{gt fc vxct dinxat hijaxiat a {axvix fc oa dgba fcdibao/ àdia oa i}qsicxfa {axa oa {axvc cjvcxa y àdia oa fcxcdà {axa oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia/ y tc tstvivsyc dafa vcxdcvg (exs{g fc vxct dinxat) {gx ts cqsi~aocjvc dinxa/ dgbg tc ijfida cj oa Vahoa 1; qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 5 fco titvcba gdvao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig* Ti co exs{g nijao fc oa i}qsicxfa qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa i}qsicxfa* Fco bitbg bgfg/ ti co exs{g nijao fc oa fcxcdà qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa fcxcdà* Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg hijaxig ;;1;1;111 a gdvao* ;;1 ;1; 1118 1 8 50 Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;;1;1;1118 2 1850

Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg hijaxig 1;;111;1/1;;11 a gdvao* Ti ao xcaoi}ax oat aexs{adigjct àdcj naova dinxat/ tc xcoocjaj dgj dcxgt oa {axvc cjvcxa y oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia* ;1; ;11 1;1 / 1;; 11;8 8

4

3 / 5

>0

Ct fcdix/ 1;;111;1/1;;118 2 843/5>0 Cjdaxjadiôj Baxâj Dahaoocxg

[áeija 45 fc 69


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5/13/2018



0*3*4*4 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc `cpafcdibao a hijaxig [axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg `cpafcdibao a hijaxig/ ày fgt g{digjct= •

G{diôj 1= Tc xcaoi}a {xibcxg oa dgj~cxtiôj fc `cpafcdibao a fcdibao y/ osceg/ oa dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a hijaxig*

âogx cj hatc 1> 2: âogx ijvcxbcfig cj hatc 1; 2: âogx nijao cj hatc 8 Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg `cpafcdibao 15N a hijaxig* " [atg 1= [atax 15N cj hatc 1> a hatc 1; bcfiajvc co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj/ xccb{oa}ajfg fcdibaoct (cj ctvc datg/ N {gx 13)* ogt tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct dgj tâbhgogt 15N0 2 1µ1>8 , 5µ1>1 , 13µ1>; 2 1µ83> , 5µ1> , 13µ1 2 83> , 118 , 13 2 4041; " [atg 8= [atax 404 cj hatc 1; a hatc 8 bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 8* 404 8 10 191 8 4 11 93 8 1 1 13 65 1 5 1

8 84 4 1

8 11 8 1 3 8 1 8 8 ; 1


4041; 2 1;11111118


Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 15N1> 2 1;11111118


[áeija 40 fc 69


38/4

5/13/2018



G{diôj 8= Dgjtifcxajfg qsc oa hatc 1> ct {gvcjdia fc 8 (1> 2 8 6 / ticjfg 4 co jýbcxg fc dinxat)/ tib{ocbcjvc tstvivsibgt dafa sja fc oat dinxat qsc og ngxbaj {gx tst dsavxg dinxat hijaxiat cqsi~aocjvct/ dgbg tc ijfida cj oa Vahoa 11 qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 9 y fc oa A a oa N fco titvcba `cpafcdibao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig* Vahoa 11= Cqsi~aocjdiat cjvxc ogt titvcbat `cpafcdibao y hijaxig* @cpafcdibao Hijaxig ; ;;;; 1 ;;;1 8 ;;1; 4 ;;11 6 ;1;; 3> 5 0 9 A H D F

;1;1 ;11; ;111 1;;; 1;;1 1;1; 1;11 11;; 11;1

C N

111; 1111

Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg `cpafcdibao 15N a hijaxig* 1 5 N1> ;;;1 ;111 11118 Ct fcdix/ 15N1> 2 ;;;1;11111118 @cbgt ~itvg qsc dgj oat fgt g{digjct tc ghvicjc co bitbg xctsovafg* Cj oa g{diôj 1 tc xcaoi}aj g{cxadigjct axivbévidat/ bicjvxat qsc cj oa g{diôj 8 tôog ày qsc hstdax cj oa Vahoa 11 ts cqsi~aocjvc cj hijaxig* [gx vajvg/ oa g{diôj 8 ct oa bát tcjdiooa y nádio fc svioi}ax {axa xcaoi}ax fidà dgj~cxtiôj* Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg `cpafcdibao 8A9/HD a hijaxig cb{ocajfg oa Vahoa 8*


[áeija 49 fc 69


39/

5/13/2018



8

A

9 / H

D1>

;;1; 1;1; 1;;1 / 1;11 11;;8 Ct fcdix/ 8A9/HD1> 2 ;;1;1;1;1;;1/1;1111;;8 0*3*4*6 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc hijaxia a `cpafcdibao [axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg hijaxig a `cpafcdibao/ ày fgt g{digjct= •

G{diôj 1= Tc xcaoi}a {xibcxg oa dgj~cxtiôj fc hijaxig a fcdibao y/ osceg/

oa dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a `cpafcdibao* âogx cj hatc 8 2: âogx ijvcxbcfig cj hatc 1; 2: âogx nijao cj hatc 1> Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg hijaxig ;;;1111;1;;; a `cpafcdibao* " [atg 1= [atax ;;;1111;1;;; cj hatc 8 a hatc 1; bcfiajvc co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* ;;;1111;1;;;8 2 ;µ811 , ;µ81; , ;µ89 , 1µ80 , 1µ85 , 1µ8> , 1µ83 , ;µ86 , 1µ84 , ;µ88 , ;µ81 , ;µ8; 2 ;µ8;60 , ;µ1;86 , ;µ318 , 1µ83> , 1µ180 , 1µ>6 , 1µ48 , ;µ1> , 1µ0 , ;µ6 , ;µ8 , ;µ1 2 ; µ, ; , ; , 83> , 180 , >6 , 48 , ; , 0 , ; , ; , ; 2 6001; " [atg 8= [atax 600 cj hatc 1; a hatc 1> bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 1>* Cj co xctsovafg tc xccb{oa}aj ogt tâbhgogt fcdibaoct dgj tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct (cj ctvc datg/ 16 {gx C)* 600 0 Tc xccb{oa}a C {gx=

1> 4; 1> 16 1

Fâeivg bcjgt

Fâeivg bát

tiejinidavi~g

tiejinidavi~g


6001; 2 1C01>

[áeija 6; fc 69


40/

5/13/2018



Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;;;1111;1;;;8 2 1C00 •

G{diôj 8= Oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg hijaxig a `cpafcdibao ct bsy tcjdiooa y tc xcaoi}a a oa ij~cxta= tc ngxbaj exs{gt fc dsavxg dinxat cjvcxa hijaxiaty àdia a {axvix fc oa dgba oa i}qsicxfa {axa oa {axvc oa fcxcdà {axafcdibao/ oa {axvc àdia nxaddigjaxia/ y tc tstvivsyc dafa dsaxvcvg (exs{g fc dsavxg dinxat) {gx ts cqsi~aocjvc dinxa/ dgbg tc ijfida cj oa Vahoa 11 qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 9 y fc oa A a oa N fco titvcba `cpafcdibao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig* Ti co exs{g nijao fc oa i}qsicxfa qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa i}qsicxfa* Fco bitbg bgfg/ ti co exs{g nijao fc oa fcxcdà qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa fcxcdà* Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg hijaxig ;;;1111;1;;; a `cpafcdibao* ;;;1 111; 1;;;8 1 C 01> Tc dgjdosyc qsc= ;;;1111;1;;;8 2 1C01>

Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg hijaxig 1;11;1;1;1/;11111 a `cpafcdibao* Ti ao xcaoi}ax oat aexs{adigjct àdcj naova dinxat/ tc xcoocjaj dgj dcxgt oa {axvc cjvcxa y oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia* ;;1; 11;1 ;1;1 / ;111 11;;8 8

F

3 / 5

D1>

Ct fcdix/ 1;11;1;1;1/;111118 2 8F3/5D1> 0*3*4*3 Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc `cpafcdibao a gdvao [axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg `cpafcdibao a gdvao/ ày fgt g{digjct= •

G{diôj 1= Tc xcaoi}a {xibcxg oa dgj~cxtiôj fc `cpafcdibao a fcdibao y/ osceg/ oa dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a gdvao*

âogx cj hatc 1> 2: âogx ijvcxbcfig cj hatc 1; 2: âogx nijao cj hatc 0


[áeija 61 fc 69


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5/13/2018



Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg `cpafcdibao A6H a gdvao/ xccb{oa}ajfg ogt tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct dgj tâbhgogt fcdibaoct* " [atg 1= [atax A6H cj hatc 1> a hatc 1; bcfiajvc co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* A6H1> 2 1;µ1>8 , 6µ1>1 , 11µ1>; 2 1;µ83> , 6µ1> , 11µ1 2 83>; , >6 , 11 2 8>431; " [atg 8= [atax 8>43 cj hatc 1; a hatc 0 bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 0* 8>43 0 84 489 53 9 4 1


8>431; 2 31140

0 61 1

0 3


Tc dgjdosyc qsc= A6H1> 2 31140 •

G{diôj 8= Oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg `cpafcdibao a gdvao ct bsy tcjdiooa* [xibcxg tc xcaoi}a oa dgj~cxtiôj a hijaxig bcfiajvc oa Vahoa 11 qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 9 y fc oa A a oa N fco titvcba `cpafcdibao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig y/ fct{sét/ tc ngxbaj exs{gt fc vxct dinxat hijaxiat a {axvix fc oa dgba fcdibao/ àdia oa i}qsicxfa {axa oa {axvc cjvcxa y àdia oa fcxcdà {axa oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia/ y tc tstvivsyc dafa vcxdcvg (exs{g fc vxct dinxat) {gx ts cqsi~aocjvc dinxa/ dgbg tc ijfida cj oa Vahoa 1; qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 5 fco titvcba gdvao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig* Ti co exs{g nijao fc oa i}qsicxfa qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa i}qsicxfa* Fco bitbg bgfg/ ti co exs{g nijao fc oa fcxcdà qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa fcxcdà*


[áeija 68 fc 69


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5/13/2018



Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg `cpafcdibao A6H a gdvao* " [atg 1= [atax A6H cj hatc 1> a hatc 8 bcfiajvc oa Vahoa 11* A 6 H1> 1;1; ;1;; 1;118 " [atg 8= [atax 1;1 ;;1 ;;1 ;11 cj hatc 8 a hatc 0 bcfiajvc oa Vahoa 1;* 1;1; ;1;; 1;11 8 3 1

1

40

Tc dgjdosyc qsc= A6H1> 2 31140 Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg `cpafcdibao 8H0/1F a gdvao* Ti ao xcaoi}ax oat aexs{adigjct cj co jýbcxg hijaxig àdcj naova dinxat/ tc xcoocjaj dgj dcxgt oa {axvc cjvcxa y oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia* 8

H

0 / 1

F1>

;;1; 1;11 1;;; / ;;;1 11;1; 8 1

8

5 ; /

; 5

80

Ct fcdix/ 8H0/1F1> 2 185;/;580 0*3*4*> Dgj~cxtiôj fc hatc gdvao a `cpafcdibao [axa xcaoi}ax oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg gdvao a `cpafcdibao/ ày fgt g{digjct= •

G{diôj 1= Tc xcaoi}a {xibcxg oa dgj~cxtiôj fc gdvao a fcdibao y/ osceg/ oa dgj~cxtiôj fc fcdibao a `cpafcdibao*

âogx cj hatc 0 2: âogx ijvcxbcfig cj hatc 1; 2: âogx nijao cj hatc 1>


[áeija 64 fc 69


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5/13/2018



Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg gdvao 834 a `cpafcdibao/ xccb{oa}ajfg ogt tâbhgogt `cpafcdibaoct dgj tâbhgogt fcdibaoct* " [atg 1= [atax 834 cj hatc 0 a hatc 1; bcfiajvc co vcgxcba nsjfabcjvao fc oa jsbcxadiôj* 8340 2 8µ08 , 3µ01 , 4µ0; 2 8µ>6 , 3µ0 , 4µ1 2 180 , 6; , 4 2 1511; " [atg 8= [atax 151 cj hatc 1; a hatc 1> bcfiajvc fi~itigjct tsdcti~at cjvxc 1>* 151 Tc xccb{oa}a 11 {gx= H

1> 1


1511; 2 1H1>


Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 8340 2 1H1> •

G{diôj 8= Oa dgj~cxtiôj fc sj jýbcxg gdvao a `cpafcdibao ct bsy tcjdiooa* [xibcxg tc xcaoi}a oa dgj~cxtiôj a hijaxig bcfiajvc oa Vahoa 1; qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 5 fco titvcba gdvao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig y/ fct{sét/ tc ngxbaj exs{gt fc dsavxg dinxat hijaxiat a {axvix fc oa dgba fcdibao/ àdia oa i}qsicxfa {axa oa {axvc cjvcxa y àdia oa fcxcdà {axa oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia/ y tc tstvivsyc dafa dsaxvcvg (exs{g fc dsavxg dinxat) {gx ts cqsi~aocjvc dinxa/ dgbg tc ijfida cj oa Vahoa 11 qsc xcoadigja oat dinxat fco ; ao 9 y fc oa A a oa N fco titvcba `cpafcdibao dgj oat dinxat fco titvcba hijaxig* Ti co exs{g nijao fc oa i}qsicxfa qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa i}qsicxfa* Fco bitbg bgfg/ ti co exs{g nijao fc oa fcxcdà qscfa ijdgb{ocvg/ tc xcoocja dgj dcxgt {gx oa fcxcdà*


[áeija 66 fc 69


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5/13/2018



Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg gdvao 834 a `cpafcdibao* " [atg 1= [atax 834 cj hatc 0 a hatc 8 bcfiajvc oa Vahoa 1;* 8 3 40 ;1; 1;1 ;118 " [atg 8= [atax ;1; 1;1 ;11 cj hatc 8 a hatc 1> bcfiajvc oa Vahoa 11* ;1; 1;1 ;11 8 1

H1>

Tc dgjdosyc qsc= 8340 2 1H1> Cmcb{og= Dgj~cxvix co jýbcxg gdvao >83/15 a `cpafcdibao* Ti ao xcaoi}ax oat aexs{adigjct cj co jýbcxg hijaxig àdcj naova dinxat/ tc xcoocjaj dgj dcxgt oa {axvc cjvcxa y oa {axvc nxaddigjaxia* >

8

3 / 1

50

;;;11; ;1; 1;1 / ;;1 111;; 8 1

9

3

/

4

D1>

Ct fcdix/ >83/150 2 193/4D1>

9 Sjifafct fc bcfifa fc oa ijngxbadiôj Co ghmcvi~g fco gxfcjafgx ct vxajtngxbax oa ijngxbadiôj cpvcxja qsc co tcx `sbajg dgb{xcjfc cj {avxgjct fc tâbhgogt ‟;‒ y ‟1‒ nádiobcjvc aobadcjahoct y {xgdctahoct {gx ogt cocbcjvgt ijvcxjgt fc oa bitba* Atâ/ oat sjifafct fc bcfifa dgjtvivsycj sja fc oat daxadvcxâtvidat nsjfabcjvaoct fco ct{adig bavcxiao fc xc{xctcjvadiôj (g bcbgxia) fc sj dgb{svafgx*


[áeija 63 fc 69


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5/13/2018



Oa sjifaf bát {cqscña (g bâjiba) fc ijngxbadiôj ct oa qsc dgxxct{gjfc a sj tsdctg cj co qsc tôog ày fgt aovcxjavi~at {gtihoct= ~cxfafcxg ({xctcjdia fc vcjtiôj) g naotg (astcjdia fc vcjtiôj)* [scfc xc{xctcjvaxtc cj co ijvcxigx fco gxfcjafgx dgj sj ýjidg fâeivg fco titvcba hijaxig/ ct fcdix/ sj ; ô sj 1* AfieIV ctvc fâeivg oc fcjgbija / ahxc~iavsxa oat Uiofcx {aoahxatVslcy ijeoctat Hijaxy (fâeivgtchijaxig) qsc nschiv ijvxgfsdifg {gxfcMg`j cj 196> fsxajvc oa dgjtvxsddiôj fc oa báqsija CJIAD* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟h‒* [gx cmcb{og/ sj hiv {scfc vgbax fgt ~aogxct ctvahoct= ; ô 1/ hoajdg g jcexg/ tâ g jg/ cvd* Oa sjifaf fc bcfifa hiv xctsova finâdio fc cp{xctax dsajfg oa dajvifaf fc ijngxbadiôj asbcjva* Oa jcdctifaf fc dgfinidax ijngxbadigjct bát dgb{ocmat à ooc~afg a aexs{ax ~axigt hivt/ a{axcdicjfg atâ oat tiesicjvct sjifafct= jihhoc/ hyvc/ Bceahyvc/ Eieahyvc/ cvd*{aoahxa y býovi{ogt fco hyvc* Atâ/ àhoabgt fc Lioghyvc/ •

Jihhoc g dsaxvcvg= dgjmsjvg fc 6 hivt qsc {cxbivc xc{xctcjvax àtva 1> ~aogxct hijaxigt (86)* [gx cmcb{og/ co jihhoc 1;11 tc xc{xctcjva cj dôfieg `cpafcdibao atâ= H*

•

Hyvc s gdvcvg= dgjmsjvg fc 0 hivt qsc {cxbivc xc{xctcjvax 83> (8 0) tâbhgogt g daxadvcxct aonajsbéxidgt fincxcjvct/ dgbg {gx cmcb{og ogt dôfiegt ATDII y CHDFID fc 0 hivt* Atibitbg/ sj hyvc ctvá dgb{sctvg {gx fgt jihhoct* [gx cmcb{og/ co hyvc 1;1;;111 ctvá dgb{sctvg {gx fgt jihhoct= 1;1; (A) y ;111 (5)* Ctc hyvc tc xc{xctcjva cj dôfieg `cpafcdibao atâ= A5*

Co véxbijg hyvc ct oa dgjvxaddiôj fc oat {aoahxat ijeoctat HijaxY VCxb (véxbijg hijaxig) y nsc ijvxgfsdifg {gx Ucxjcx Hsd``go} cj 1935 fsxajvc oat {xibcxat natct fc fitcñg fco IHB 5;4; Tvxcvd`* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟H‒* •

[aoahxa= bápibg jýbcxg fc hivt dgj qsc oa D[S {scfc vxahamax cj {axaocog (a oa ~c})/ y tscoc tcx býovi{og fc sj hyvc* Atâ/ oa {aoahxa tscoc tcx fc 0/ 1>/ 48/ >6 ô 180 hivt* Atâ qsc oa ogjeivsf fc {aoahxa fcvcxbija/ cj dicxva bcfifa/ oa {xcditiôj fc ogt dáodsogt/ oa da{adifaf bápiba fc oa bcbgxia {xijdi{ao y oa ~axicfaf fc ijtvxsddigjct báqsija*

•

Lioghyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 hyvct (81;)* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟LH‒*

•

Bceahyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 LH (88;)* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟BH‒*

•

Eieahyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 BH (84;)* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟EH‒*


[áeija 6> fc 69


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5/13/2018



Vcxahyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 EH (86;)* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟VH‒*

•

[cvahyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 VH (83;)* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟[H‒* >;

Cpahyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 [H (8 )* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟CH‒* • ]cvvahyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 CH (85;)* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟]H‒* •

•

Ygvvahyvc= dgjmsjvg fc 1;86 ]H (80;)* Tc fcjgva {gx ‟YH‒*

Co bgvi~g fc qsc oa {xg{gxdiôj cjvxc oat fitvijvat baejivsfct tca fc 1;86/ cj oseax fc 1;;; qsc ct og àhivsao cj co titvcba fcdibao/ tc fchc a qsc 1;86 ct oa {gvcjdia fc hatc 8 qsc bát tc a{xgpiba a 1;;; (1;4)/ ctvg ct/ 81; 2 1;86 4

≀ 1;;; 2(B/ 1; E/ / cqsi~aocjvc {xcnimg liog* Ajáogeabcjvc gdsxxc dgj ogt ctfcbát {xcnimgt V/ [/ C/ ]/ Y)*aoCj dgjtcdscjdia/ co nadvgx fc bsovi{oidadiôj 1;86 ~cdct co ~aogx ajvcxigx cj oseax fc 1*;;;* Cj ecjcxao/ ti svioi}abgt j hivt {axa xc{xctcjvax ijngxbadiôj {gfcbgt ghvcjcx 8j dôfiegt hijaxigt fincxcjvct/ fctfc ; àtva 8j — 1* •

1 hiv/ 81 ~aogxct= ; y 1* • 8 hivt/ 88 2 6 ~aogxct= ;;/ ;1/ 1;/ 11* • 4 hivt/ 84 2 0 ~aogxct= ;;;/ ;;1/ ;1;/ ;11/ 1;;/ 1;1/ 11;/ 111* • cvd* Cj oa Vahoa 18 tc bsctvxa sj cmcb{og fco jýbcxg fc dôfiegt hijaxigt qsc tc ghvicjcj {axa 1/ 8 y 4 hivt* Vahoa 18= Dôfiegt hijaxigt {axa 1/ 8 y 4 hivt* ; ; ; ; 1 1 1 1

; ; 1 1 ; ; 1 1

; 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 1

; 1 8 4 6 3 > 5

8 6 0

Cmcb{og= Dgj 8 hivt {gfcbgt jsbcxax àtva dsavxg hyvct/ ·dsájvgt hyvct {gfcbgt jsbcxax dgj 48 hivt7 Dgj j hivt {gfcbgt xc{xctcjvax 8j jýbcxgt/ {gx vajvg dgj 48 hivt {gfcbgt jsbcxax 8 48 hyvct 2 88 p 84; hyvct 2 88 EH 2 6 EH*


[áeija 65 fc 69


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5/13/2018



Cj co fitcñg fc oa axqsivcdvsxa fc sj dgb{svafgx ct ib{gxvajvc vcjcx cj dscjva co vabañg fc ogt dôfiegt hijaxigt/ ya qsc oat fincxcjvct sjifafct nsjdigjaoct fc sj gxfcjafgx ctváj fitcñafgt {axa vxahamax dgj dafcjat fc hivt fc sj vabañg fcvcxbijafg dgjgdifg dgbg {aoahxa ({gx cmcb{og= 0/ 1>/ 48/ >6 ô 180 hivt)* Fchifg a coog/ a{xg~cdàx ao býovi{og bápibg cjvcxg oat {gtihioifafct gxfcjafgx/ oa ogjeivsf fc oa{axa {aoahxa fchc tcx sj fco jýbcxgfco fc hivt svioi}afgt {axa xc{xctcjvax sj daxádvcx* Ecjcxaobcjvc/ co hyvc ct co bâjibg hogqsc fc ijngxbadiôj qsc nosyc {gx co dgb{svafgx* [gx cmcb{og/ dafa ocvxa fco ocjesamc javsxao ct xc{xctcjvafa {gx sj hyvc* Dgbg sj hyvc xc{xctcjva sj daxádvcx / oa da{adifaf fc aobadcjabicjvg (vao dgbg fitdg fsxg/ fitqscvc dijva baejévida) fc bifc sj tg{gxvc fc*ijngxbadiôj tc cj hyvct Ao tcx sja sjifaf xcoavi~abcjvc {cqscña/g ct stsao svioi}ax býovi{ogt fco hyvc* Advsaobcjvc/ oa da{adifaf fc bcbgxia XAB tc bifc cj BH g EH/ y oa da{adifaf fc ogt fitdgt fsxgt/ cj EH g VH*

1; Dgbsjidadiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj Co {xgdctg fc dgbsjidadiôj fc favgt dgjtitvc cj oa vxajtncxcjdia fc ogt bitbgt fc sjdgjvijýa oseax a gvxg/ svioi}afgtoocea g tcao{xgdctaxáj fc jsc~g* Ctvc {xgdctg àtvafgjfc qsc oatcxáj ijngxbadiôj stsaxig* Dsajfg oa xcdihc {scfc jcdctivax dg{iax g fs{oidax oa ijngxbadiôj ({gx cmcb{og sj oitvafg fc oat ~cjvat fco ýovibg bct) y ctva vaxca fc xc{xgfsddiôj oa xcaoi}a sja báqsija* Cj oa vxajtbitiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj/ ày vxct cocbcjvgt ib{oidafgt= cbitgx/ xcdc{vgx y bcfig (~éatc co ctqscba hátidg fc oa Niesxa 8)*

Niesxa 8= Bgfcog fc vxajtbitiôj fc favgt* Dafa sjg fc ogt vxct cocbcjvgt {scfc tcx vaj dgb{oidafgt dgbg tc fctcc= oâjcat fc vxajtbitiôj/ xcfct fc dgbsjidadiôj/ vi{gt fc tcñao/ dgj~cxtiôj fc ogt vi{gt fc tcñao/ cqsi{gt dgfinidafgxct y fcdgfinidafgxct/ cqsi{gt fc dgjbsvadiôj/ cvd* Cj oa Niesxa 4 tc {xctcjva sj ctqscba bát dgb{ocmg fc oa vxajtbitiôj fc oa ijngxbadiôj*


[áeija 60 fc 69


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Niesxa 4= Ctqscba fc sja vxajtbitiôj fc favgt*


[áeija 69 fc 69


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Tema 1 - Introducción a los Sistemas Telemáticos

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