Technology transfer methods 1. Trade secret:
A trade secret is like any formula, device, pattern, process, or the information that affords an enterprise an advantages over others who do not know it. The information about the products or new invention is not generally known to others but it has value. Trade secrets must be maintained by avoiding public disclosure. In contrast, know-how is a broader term that describes factual knowledge not usually amenable to a precise description. Know-how is usually an accumulated knowledge as result of trial and error. Know-how typically gives an enterprise the ability to produce something that could not be produced as accurately or successfully without it. Know-how may include trade secrets and cannot be protected or licensed unless it is first recorded in a tangible medium. Unlike patents, laws protects trade secrets. The laws allows the trade secret owner to prosecute someone for unauthorized use, observation, or lack of adequate security measures, measures , the information moves into the public domain and loses protection under trade secret law. Trade secrets are effective to protect product innovations that incorporate various technological barriers to analysis, and process innovations that can be hidden from exposure.
2. To know what is patent A patent does not give the inventor the right to practice his or her invention, only the right to exclude others from doing so. The inventor is given exclusive use of the invention and the right to assign that use. However, a grant of a patent has been found not to be useful for excluding imitators and/or capturing royalty income in most industries. A grant of a patent is often likely to offer little benefit to its holder. Patents gives the patentee the right to exclude others from its use, but does not give the patentee the right to use the patent if such use infringes on patents pate nts of others. The United States patent system places the burden on the patentee to detect any infringers to t o sue for redress. redress . A patent covers a particular means of achieving a given end, but not the end itse lf, even if the end and, perhaps the market it identifies, are novel.
3. Intellectual Property Another method for transferring technology is to transfer Intellectual Property, which is an intangible right that can be bought and sold, leased or rented, or otherwise transferred between parties in much the same way that rights to real property propert y or other personal property can be transferred. Intellectual property can consist of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, designs, know-how, and trademarks. The transfer of intellectual property rights is an important and often substantial component of the technology transfer process. Intellectual
property rights are most often transferred through contracts or licenses. “Window blinds and window shades” manufacturer said intellectual property transfer is most important and substantial component. 4. To know about Inventions and patents Invention is the act or process of discovering something new, physical or conceptual. A United States patent is an agreement between the United States government and the inventor. This agreement grants the inventor the right to exclude others from making, using or selling the invention for a defined period of time within the United States. The patent law of the United States Specifies that any person who “Invents or discovers any new and useful Process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvements Thereof , may obtain a patent”.
5. Maintain Good relation: The most frequently stated objective of co-operative and collaborative alliances is to develop or transfer new technologies. A worldwide trend is the use of partnership, strategic alliances, and other collaborative mechanisms to alleviate difficulties in all aspects of technological development. These partnerships provide faster and less costly methods to develop new technology products processes and services, e.g., SEMATECH, a collaboration of members of the United States Semiconductor industry. Co-operative R&D allow partners to reach critical structures more rapidly for large complex technology projects, e.g., the European Airbus Project. Partnerships and strategic alliances allow merging of technological knowledge and skills from multiple enterprises, improving innovation in the chosen technology. “Bidault and Cumings” found that cross-industry alliances proved more innovative than alliances with competitors. These cross-industry alliances occur more frequently than in the past. However, these alliances have a high risk of failure and produce more incremental than radical innovations. Many characteristics of alliance are often in conflict with objectives of the technology development originally envisioned. Technology driven cooperative and collaborative alliances can be managed through various enterprise structures. The strategic alliance all involves obtaining synergism through leveraging mutual resources. This also achieves diversification risk and mutual learning or technology transfer. Strategic alliances for technology transfer can be: ·
Technical exchanges
·
Cross-licensing
·
Co-Production
·
Marketing agreements
·
Joint product developments programs
·
Joint ventures with equity ownership
An enterprise can acquire or transfer technology through a number of formal mechanisms, which include: ·
Co-operative and collaborative ventures
·
Licensing
·
Contracting
·
Enterprise acquisition
Co-operative and Collaborative Ventures Co-operative and collaborative ventures are structures between two or more enterprises. These ventures can take various organizational forms. One form of venture is through equity in a jointly owned new enterprise. A general partnership is another form of venture where the partners can be competitor ’s suppliers, or customers. The partners do not need to be limited to those within a single nation. Consortia consist of one or more enterprises including universities, industry and federal laboratories. Strategic alliances are an organizational format where two or more entities enter in to a formal agreement to jointly pursue certain technological objectives. The term of the enterprise of partnership can be limited or unlimited in duration. The degree of sharing resources can vary from little to total, or be limited to specific aspects of the shared objectives. Collaboration, according to Tucci among participants can take the form of research, exchanging proven technologies across single product line, joint development of one of more products, and collaboration across marketing and research. Licensing Licensing is the transfer of less than owne rship rights in intellectual property to a third party, to permit the third party to use intellectual property. Licensing can be exclusive or non-exclusive, for a specific field of use, for a specific geographical area. If ownership is transferred, it is called an assignment. The transfer of technology through li censing is a useful method for capturing economic rents of technological innovations. Small technology enterprises can benefit from technological licensing. A small firm usually benefits more by licensing its technology than trying to commercialize it. The commercialization of new technologies requires a high expenditure of resources, generally beyond the means of many small entrepreneurial enterprises. Small enterprises, according to Chung to benefit from technological licensing, must overcome their initial naivete by concentrating on the economic and strategic aspects of the process. These small enterprises must broaden operational perspective, scope, and build credibility and expertise. To further benefit from technological licensing, small enterprises should improve exchange and in teraction capabilities, and enhance experience and responsibility.
Formal Processes The formal processes of technology transfer are generally process-embodied or personembodied transfer within an overarching organizational framework. These processes include outright procurement of a technology though its sale, licensing or acquisition of the enterprise tin which the technology is embedded. Another formal process of technology transfer is through formal agreements between governments, enterprises, individuals, research entities such as laboratories, and academic institutions. In this instance, formal legal arrangements are made, such as joint ventures, R & D consortia, co-operative agreements and other legal instrumentality. As our talk in technology transfer today we are going to discuss on methods of technology transfer. There are number of methods for transferring technology, both informal and formal. First we understand about the Informal process then we will understand the Formal process. The formal processes are those which use legal arrangements between the participants in the transfer process. The informal processes include the transfer of technology either with or without the transferee’s knowledge or formal recognition that this knowledge is or has been transferred.
Informal Processes The informal processes of transferring technology include technical information exchange though published matter, either printed or by electronic media, meetings, symposia and individual exchanges. In this process the originator of the information makes the technical information available through professional meetings, journals, articles, electronic exchange, and informal meetings and personal communication. Technologists have sometimes inadvertently exchanged valuable and sensitive technical information, which has led to competitors capturing economic rents that rightly belonged to the initiator of the information exchange. In some instances the knowledge of genetic code had been placed on-line in electronic media such as the Internet only to be patented by others. Some time working group want to transfer their work environment also with which they are working. Working group want to transfer same interior design with the same vertical window blinds.
Reference
http://ttechnologytransfermanagement.wordpress.com
Technology Transfer
Not a single country cannot able to create or build an advanced Science and Technology without TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER from other countries. The countries become advanced if the technology transfer is done in both software and hardware forms and in terms of export and import of technologies. In our case (Islamic Countries) we are mostly the importer of technology, in its hardware form. Technology transfer in this context refers to the movement of technological software and hardware from advanced countries to less advanced or developing countries.
Which Technologies should be imported?
Technology based development involves needs assessment. Based on the identified needs, the country has to determine which type of technologies to import, which technologies to improve and which technologies to export. These above three categories contains various degrees of technology transfer. A decision is made to rely on technology import when 1. Innovations are ensured by licenses and when capital products required cannot be delivered generally or does the interest by the residential business sector advocates neighbourhood improvement and production. 2. Advances needs bigger ventures of cash and needs more of an opportunity to create. Fare arranged innovations produce remote trade which is utilized for further engineering based improvement. This is the most essential thing among the three. These fare arranged innovations needs huge monetary and S&T human asset to create the national S&T framework which assumes the liability of creating condition of-workmanship information for the advances required.
Obviously, developing countries need to depend vigorously in the introductory phase (initial stage) of innovation move regarding ability i.e. know-how, licensing, Joint venture, and so on. As the national salary increment because of the incomes from sending out advances, we can expand the work compensation of the labour likewise to enhance their living principles. The pervasive type of technology improvement in most Islamic nations calls for technology import where an expansive share of capital products and buyer merchandise are transported in. Traditional commercial enterprises are persistently depend on technology transfer leaving the national S&T system confined from the process. Export oriented technologies are basically constrained to mining and characteristic asset based assembling commercial manufacturing industries. These additionally focused technology transfer, however
constrained in term of know-how. This demonstrates that export oriented domain is still little in Islamic nations. Special case to this tenet are maybe in Turkey and Malaysia which moved towards export of consumable merchandise and in Saudi Arabia which built extensive scale petrochemical commercial ventures. Real technology transfer
The term “real technology transfer” refers to “a transplantation or anchorage of the imported technology” There are a few necessities for true engineering exchange to occur. They are
The beneficiary nation or firm ought to exchange the full core t echnology. The beneficiary ought to ace the imported core tech and after that move to create capacities for Adaptation and expansion into similar related modern exercises. o o Independent product improvement. o Independent system improvement. The beneficiary ought to be always caution of changes in the economic situations i.e. market conditions and react in like manner by presenting configuration changes, quality change, and new items and methodology. The beneficiary ought to have the capacity to make related advances by utilizing his own particular R&D offices or by depending on the national R&D system.
There are a few systems utilized as a part of technology transfer. These a re
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g)
(h)
Direct foreign investments where a foreign organization has control over operations. Joint ventures where a local and remote organization own and work the firm. Licensing where the local firm enters into foreign firms for utilizing licenses, patents and core technologies. Management contracts which could incorporate production management, staff administration, purchase of capital merchandise and materials, budgetary administration and marketing. Technical help contracts for continuous support. International contracting where the beneficiary depends on counselling firms for feasibility studies and designing configuration and after that capital supplies is contracted to assembling and supply firms. Unpacking the technology where the customer breaks down the whole project into judicious segments and after that chooses how and from where every segment ought to be gotten. Turnkey contract where the whole operation from planning to pilot generation is contracted to a single firm which may choose it subcontractors for parts of the task.
It should be pointed out that technology transfer could also occur between Islamic countries especially in areas where in some countries have already achieved excellence. For instance, technology can be moved from Turkey in zones identified with leather, textile and glass while in Malaysia exceeds expectations in electronics hardware and Jordan exceeds expectations in drip watering system and utilization of plastics in agribusiness. Recently industrialized nations, for example, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Brazil and Argentine are likewise in position to transfer technologies in numerous modern fields. Reference SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE MUSLIM WORLD. – Fakhruddin A. Daghestani Arafat R. Altamemi
