T.E. T.E. MINI PROJECT REPORT
On
AIR POLLUTION DETECTION AND CONTROL CONTROL Submitted by,
Mr.Ketan Atkal(3133001) Mr.Akash Mr.Akash Chatlani(3133012) Mr.Saar !hi"ra(313300#) Project guide:
Pr$%. R.&.K$"ati 'ear 'ear 201*201+ MAEER,S MIT CO--EE O/ ENINEERIN PNE &eart"ent $% Eletr$nis 4 Tele$""5niati$n Enineerin
MAEER,s MIT CO--EE O/ ENINEERIN PNE.
CERTI/ICATE 1
This is to certify that the mini project entitled
AIR POLLUTION DETECTION AND CONTROL CONTROL Has been carried out successfully by,
Mr.Ketan Atkal(3133001) Mr.Akash Mr.Akash Chatlani(3133012) Mr.Saar !hi"ra(313300#) During the academic year 21!" 21# in partial fulfilment of their course of mini project for third year in Eletr$nis an6 Tele$""5niati$n as per the syllabus prescribed by the Sa7itri8ai Ph5le ni7ersit9 $% P5ne.
Pr$%.R.&.K$"ati Project $uide
Pr$%.R.&.K$"ati %ini Project &oordinator
Pr$%.&r.:. Pr$%.&r.:.:. :.Shete Shete Head of Department '(lectronics and Telecommunication) Telecommunication)
Akn$;le6"ent *e student of class T( (+T& oe a great than-s to a great many people ho helped and supported us during this project .Our deepest than-s to Project guide Prof. /.D.0omati /.D.0omati for guiding and correcting us ith attention attention and care. 2
He has been helpful to go through the project and ma-e necessary correction as and hen reuired. *e epress epress our than-s to the principal for etending his support in letting us ta-e this opportunity. o pportunity. Our than-s and appreciation also goes to my people ho ha3e illingly helped me out ith their abilities.
4
IN&E< 5o.
TOPIC
Page no.
1
Chater 1
1.1
6ntroduction
#
1.2
7pplication
#
1.4
8uture scope
#
2
Chater 2 !asi C$"$nents
2.1
9asic &omponents
2.1.1
P6&1;8
2.1.2
Temperature Sensor = >%4!
;
2.1.4
Soil %oisture Sensor
1
2.1.<
Humidity Sensor = S?"HS"247
1<
2.1.!
/eal Time &loc- = DS14
1!
2.1.#
/elay
1#
2.1.
/S242D
1@
3
Chater 3 S9ste" &esin
4.1
9loc- Diagram
21
4.2
9loc- description
22
=
Chater = I"le"entati$n O% S9ste"
<.1
*or-ing
2<
<.2
&onclusion
2#
<.4
/eferences
2
-ist $% /i5re <
/i N$.
T$i
Pae N$.
2.1
P6&1;8
2.2
Temperature Sensor '>%4!)
;
2.4
Soil %oisture Sensor
1
2.<
Humidity Sensor
1<
2.!
/elay
1#
2.#
/S424D
2
4.1
9loc- Diagram
21
4.2
&ircuit Diagram of Project
22
C>APER 1 INTRO&CTION O/ PROJECT PROJECT 7s all human -ind pledged in cop21 Paris conference “we realize that dangerous climate change threatens our ability and the ability of future generations to live and thrive in a peaceful and prosperous world. We also realize that taking strong action to reduce emissions can not only reduce the risks of climate change but also deliver better growth and sustainable development. As a re resu sult lt,, we th thee un unde ders rsig igne ned, d, aff affir irm m ou ourr st strron ong g co comm mmit itme ment nt to a sa safe fe an and d st stab able le cl clim imat atee in wh whic ich h te temp mper erat atur uree ri rise se is limited to under 2 degrees Celsius. degrees Celsius. e need to ta-e action against man man made reasons for climate. (3ery 3ehicle has its on emission emission of gases, but the problem occurs hen the emission is beyond the standardiAed 3alues. The primary reason for this breach of emission le3el being the incomplete combustion of fuel supplied to the engine hich is due to the improper maintenance of 3ehicles. This emission from 3ehicles cannot be completely a3oided, but it !
definitely can be controlled. The aim of the project is to monitor and control the pollutants in the 3ehicle by using the pollution control circuit. This pollution control circuit consists of 3arious sensors li-e gas sensors and $S% buAAer -ind of de3ices, and all of them are integrated and connected connec ted to a &ontroller. 6t is a real time or- here a demo application has been made in hich P6& microcontroller is used and a controller con troller board is made here all these de3ices get integrated and or- accordingly. The The 3ehicle is detected b by y this circuit. *hen a 3ehicle attains certain threshold pollution le3el then the buAAer sitched on and an S%S is generated and sent to the pre"defined number stored in the memory through the $S% module. This project demonstrates an effecti3e utiliAation of technology by hich e sa3e our en3ironment by controlling the pollution of 3ehicles.
1.2 Aliati$n 1) To identify 3ehicles hich causes pollution automatically. 2) automated system hich can replace manual manu al system. 4) both go3ernment and oner on er of 3ehicle ill -no if 3ehicle emitting beyond be yond limit.
1.3/5t5re s$e 1. 7utomated system 2. &an be replace PB& test of no a days 4. %ust for sustainable de3elopement
Chater 2 !ASIC COMPONENTS 2.1!ASI 2.1! ASIC C COMPONENT COMPO NENTS S 2.1.1 PIC18F4550 The P6&1;8
A67antaes
The P6& architectures ha3e these ad3antages: •
Small instruction set to learn
•
/6S& architecture
•
9uilt in oscillator ith selectable speeds
•
(asy entry le3el, in circuit programming plus in circuit debugging P6&0it units a3ailable for less than E!
•
6nepensi3e microcontrollers.
•
*ide range of interfaces including 6F&, SP6, BS9, BS7/T, 7CD, programmable comparators, P*%, >65, &75, PSP, and (thernet
•
73ailability 73ailability of processors in D6> pac-age ma-e them easy to handle for hobby use.
De7ie /eat5res
;
@
1
11
2.1 M?*@ AS SENSOR /EATRES G High sensiti3ity to carbon monoide G Stable and long life
APP-ICATION They are used in gas detecting euipment for carbon monoide'&O) in 3ehicles and industry SPECI/ICATIONS 7. Standard or- condition
9. Sensiti3ity characteristic
&. Structure and configuration, basic measuring circuit Structure and configuration of %" gas sensor is shon as 8ig. 1 '&onfiguration 7 or 9), sensor composed by micro 7>2O4 ceramic tube, Tin Dioide 'SnO2) sensiti3e layer, measuring electrode and heater are fied into in to a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater pro3ides necessary or- conditions for or- of sensiti3e components. The en3eloped %" ha3e # pin ,< of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for pro3iding heating he ating current 12
(. Sensiti3ity characteristic cur3e
Stan6ar6 ir5it
14
OPERATION OPERATION PRINCIP-E . The surface resistance of the sensor /s is obtained through effected e ffected 3oltage signal output of the load resistance /> hich series"ound. The relationship beteen them is described: /sI/> J 'Kc"K/>) C K/> 8ig. ! shos alterable situation of /> signal output measured by using 8ig. 2 circuit output
signal hen the sensor is shifted from clean air to carbon ca rbon monoide '&O) , output signal measurement is made ithin one or to complete co mplete heating period '2.! minute from high 3oltage 3o ltage to lo 3oltage ). Sensiti3e layer of %" gas sensiti3e components is made of SnO2 ith stability, So, it has ecellent long term stability. 6ts 6ts ser3ice life can reach ! years under using condition. SENSIT:IT' A&JSTMENT /esistance 3alue of %" is difference to 3arious -inds and 3arious concentration gases. So, *hen using this components, sensiti3ity adjustment is 3ery necessary. e recommend that you calibrate the detector for 2ppm &O in air and an d use 3alue of >oad resistance that' />) about 1 0L'!0L to < 0L). *hen accurately measuring, the proper alarm point for the gas detector should be determined dete rmined after considering the temperature and humidity influence. The sensiti3ity adjusting program: a. &onnect the sensor to the application circuit. b. Turn on the poer, poer, -eep preheating through electricity o3er <; hours. c. 7djust the load resistance /> until you get a signal 3alue hich is respond to a certain carbon monoide concentration at the end point of @ seconds. d. 7djust the another load resistance /> until you get a signal 3alue hich is respond to a &O concentratiom
of soil moisture during critical plant groth stages. 9esides agriculture, there are many other disciplines using soil moisture sensors. $olf courses are no using sensors to increase the efficiencies of their irrigation systems to pre3ent o3er atering and leaching of fertiliAers and other chemicals offsite. 6n order 1<
to get precise readings, our soil moisture sensors are made ith materials that are not corrosi3e and are resistant to electricity e lectricity.. *ater *ater content or moisture content is the uantity of ater contained contained in a material, such as soil soil 'called 'called soil moisture), roc- , ceramics ceramics,, fruit, or ood ood.. *ater *ater content is used in a ide range of scientific and technical areas, and is epressed as a ratio, hich h ich can range from 'completely dry) to the 3alue of the materials porosity materials porosity at saturation. 6t can be gi3en on a 3olumetric or mass 'gra3imetric) basis.
soil moisture sensor probes enable precise lo cost monitoring of soil ater content. 9ecause our probe measures the dielectric constant of the soil using transmission line techniues, it is insensiti3e to ater salinity, and ill not corrode o3er time as does conducti3ity based probes. Our probes are small, rugged, and lo poer. &ompared to other lo cost sensor such as gypsum bloc- sensors, our probes offer a rapid response time. They can be inserted and ta-e an accurate reading reading in under 1 second.
Soil %oisture Sensor Probe 7pplications •
6rrigation and sprin-ler systems.
•
%oisture monitoring of bul- foods.
•
/ain and eather monitoring.
•
(n3ironmental monitoring.
•
*ater *ater conser3ation applications.
•
8luid le3el measurements.
Soil %oisture Sensor Probe 8eatures •
(treme lo cost ith 3olume pricing. 1!
•
5ot conducti3ity based.
•
6nsensiti3e to salinity.
•
Probe does not corrode o3er time.
•
/ugged design for long term use.
•
Small siAe.
•
&onsumes less than #u7 for 3ery lo poer operation.
•
Precise measurement.
•
Patent pending technology. technolog y.
•
Output Koltage Koltage is proportional to moisture le3el.
•
*ide supply 3oltage range.
•
&an be buried and is ater proof.
•
Probe is long and slender for ider use, including smaller potted plants.
Soil Moisture Sensor Probe Specifications Poer consumption
M %a
Supply Koltage
4.4K to 2 KD&.
Dimensions
See draing belo.
Poer on to Output stable
< ms
Output 6mpedance
10 ohms 1#
Operational Temperature
"<N& to ;!N&
7ccuracy
M 1
Output
to 4K related to moisture content
Shell &olor
/ed
Koltage Output &ur3es
&ur3es,, Pieceise linear euations &ur3es
Soil Moisture Sensor Probe Wiring Table 9are
$round
/ed
PO*(/: 4.4K to 2 KD&.
9lac-
OBT: ' to 4K related to moisture content.)
1
2.4. Humidity sensor
8ig 2.<. S?"HS"24
Sei%iati$ns 6T(%S /ated 3oltage /ated poer O perating temperature Operating humidity Storage humidity Storage temperature 7ccuracy
S?"HS"247 D& !. MJ4.m7 = # degree & 1 = @ /H *ithin @!! /H "4 ;! degree & !/H'7t 2! degree & , #/H)
1;
2.1.5REAL TIME CLOCK: The DS14 serial real"time cloc- '/T&) is a lo"poer, full binary"coded decimal '9&D) cloc-Ccalenda r plus !# bytes of 5K S/7%. 7ddress 7ddress and data are transferred serially through an 6F&, bidirectional bus. The cloc-Ccalendar pro3ides seconds, minutes, hours, day, d ay, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months ith feer than 41 days, including corrections for leap year. The cloc- operates in either the 2<"hour or 12"hour format ith 7%CP% indicator. The DS14 has a built"in poer"sense circuit circuit that detects poer failures and automatically sitches to the bac-up supply. supply. Time-eeping operation continues hile the part operates from the bac-up supply. /eat5res •
/eal"Time &loc- '/T&) '/T&) &ounts Seconds, %inutes, Hours, Date of the %onth, %onth, Day of the ee-, and ?ear ith >eap"?ear &ompensation Kalid Bp to 21
•
!#"9yte, 9attery"9ac-ed, $eneral"Purpose /7% ith Bnlimited *rites *rites
•
6F& Serial 6nterface
•
Programmable Suare"*a3e Output Signal
•
7utomatic Poer"8ail Detect and Sitch &ircuitry
•
&onsumes >ess than !n7 in 9attery"9ac-up %ode ith Oscillator /unning
•
Optional 6ndustrial Temperature Temperature /ange: "<Q& to R;!Q&
•
73ailable 73 ailable in ;"Pin Plastic D6P or SO
1@
2. Rela9 *e need to control the 3alues of temperature. 8or this purpose e need to dri3e a fan and heater. *e *e are going to use /elay for this purpose. /elays are used throughout the automobile. /elays hich come in assorted siAes, ratings, and applications, are used as remote control sitches. 7 typical 3ehicle can ha3e 2 relays or more.
/(>7? 7PP>6&7T6O5S: /elays are remote control electrical sitches that are controlled by an other sitch, such as a horn sitch or a computer as in a poer po er train control module. /elays allo a small current flo circuit to co ntrol a higher current circuit. Se3eral designs of relays are in use today, toda y, 4"pin, 4"pin, <"pin, !"pin, and #"pin, # "pin, single sitch or dual sitches.
8ig 2.! /elay
2
/(>7? OP(/7T6O5 7ll relays operate using the same basic principle. Our eample e ample ill use a commonly used < " pin relay. /elays ha3e to circuits: 7 control circuit 'shon in $/((5) and a load circuit 'shon in /(D). The control circuit has a small control coil hile the load circuit has a sitch. The coil controls the operation of the sitch.
/(>7? (5(/$6(D 'O5) &urrent floing through the control circuit coil 'pins 1 and 4) creates a small magnetic field hich causes the sitch to close, pins 2 and <. The sitch, hich is part of the load circuit, is used to control an electrical circuit that may connect to it. &urrent no flos through pins 2 and < shon in /(D, hen the relay is energiAed.
21
/(>7? D("(5(/$6(D 'O88) *hen current stops floing through the control circuit, pins 1 and 4, the relay becomes de"energiAed. *ithout the magnetic field, the sitch opens and current is pre3ented from floing through pins 2 and <. The relay is no O88.
/(>7? OP(/7T OP(/ 7T6O5: 6O5: *hen no 3oltage is applied to pin 1, there is no current cu rrent flo through the coil. 5o current means no magnetic field is de3eloped, and the sitch is open. *hen 3oltage is supplied to pin 1, current flo though the coil creates the magnetic field needed to close the sitch alloing continuity beteen pins 2 and <.
22
2.+RS*232 /S242 is the most -non serial port used in transmitting the data in communication and interface. (3en though serial port is harder to program than the parallel port, this is the most effecti3e method in hic hich h the the data data trans transmi miss ssio ion n reu reuir ires es less less ire iress that that yiel yields ds to the the less less cost cost.. Th Thee /S24 /S242 2 is the the communication line hich enables the data transmission by only using three ire lin-s. The three lin-s pro3ides transmitU, recei3eU and common ground. The transmitU and recei3eU line on this connecter send and recei3e data beteen the computers. computers. 7s the name indicates, indicates, the data is transmitted transmitted serially. serially. The to pins are TVD + /VD. There are other lines on this port as /TS, &TS, DS/, DT/, and /TS, /6. The 1U and U are are the data hich defines a 3oltage le3el of 4K to 2!K and "4K to "2!K respecti3ely. The electrical characteristics of the serial port as per the (67 '(lectronics 6ndustry 7ssociation) /S242& Standard specifies a maimum baud rate of 2,bps, hich is slo compared to todayUs standard speed. 8or this reason, e ha3e chosen the ne /S"242D Standard, hich as recently recently released. The /S"242D has eisted in to types. i.e., D"T?P( 2! pin connector and D"T?P( @ pin connector, hich are male connectors on the bac- of the P&. ?ou need a female connector on your communication from Host to $uest computer.
D"Type"@
Pin outs
8unction
4
/D
/ecei3e Data 'Serial data input)
2
TD
Transmit Data 'Serial data output)
/TS
/euest to send 'ac-noledge to modem that B7/T
pin no.
is ready to echange data ;
&TS
&lear to send 'i.e.W modem is ready to echange data)
#
DS /
Data ready state 'B7/T establishes a lin-)
!
S$
Signal ground
1
D& D
Data &arrier detect 'This line is acti3e hen modem detects a carrier 24
<
DT/
Data Terminal /eady.
@
/6
/ing 6ndicator '9ecomes acti3e hen modem detects ringing signal from PST5
RS232 Pr$t$$l
69% introduced the D9"@ /S"242 3ersion of serial 6CO standard, hich is most idely used in P&s and se3eral de3ices. 6n /S242, high and lo bits are represented by b y floing 3oltage ranges: The range "4K to R4K is undefined. The TT> standards came a long time after the /S242 standard as set. Due to this reason /S242 3oltage le3els are not compatible ith TT> logic. Therefore, hile connecting an /S242 to microcontroller system, a 3oltage con3erter is reuired. This con3erter con3erts the microcontroller output le3el to the /S242 3oltage le3els, and 3ice 3ersa. 6& %7V242, also -non as line dri3er, is 3ery commonly used for this purpose.
8ig 2.# /S242D 2<
2!
Chater 3. S'STEM &ESIN 3.1 !-OCK &IARAM
Fig 3.1 bloc !i"g#"$ o% AIR POLLUTION DETECTION AND CONTROL
2#
&esriti$n $% 8l$ks 5se6
1X P6&1;8
2X sensors: this sensors sense the le3el of &O, 5O and gi3es the corresponding analog signal to signal conditioner.
4X Poer supply: This is used to gi3e poer to circuit.
!X 7larm: *hen gas le3el crosses limit then buAAer ill sound.
2
Chater = IMP-EMENTATION O/ S'STEM 4.1 &ORKIN' This project basically deals ith controlling 3arious 3arious parameters hich are responsible for for the groth of plants plan ts eample *ater, *ater, Temperature, Temperature, moisture etc. *e can control these parameters as per the plants reuirement e can actually increase their life and uality of their fruits fruits or floers. 6n our project e ha3e used %icrocontroller to control the folloing parameters
1. Te"erat5re *e ha3e used >%4! sensor to determine the temperature change in the atmosphere output ou tput 3oltage 3aries according to change in temperature but this 3oltage change is 3ery small and hence need a amplification for further use, for this e ha3e connected its output to 6& >% 4!; hich is an OP"7%P 6& 6 t amplifies the 3oltage output of >% 4! and gi3e it to 7D& for con3ersion.7D& ill con3ert the analog output to Digital form and gi3e it to the %icrocontroller %icrocontroller for further further use ,*e ,*e ha3e used P6&1;8
2. ater S5l9 C$ntr$l 6t is necessary in order to maintain good moisture le3el in soil or to pre3ent ecess amount t of ater going in to the soil. 6n 6n our project e ha3e connected /T& /T& DS14 '/eal Time Time &loc- ) to %icrocontroller hich pro3ides day , date and Time update to controller, So e can set some reference time slots in hich the ater sprin-ler motor can be automatically a utomatically O5 or O88 for set time limit 6n this ay ater supply can be maintained in proper manner and pre3ents plants from etra dampening or from drying out due du e to lac- of ater.
3. >5"i6it9 $n6iti$n in6iati$n 7long ith soil content in ater, e also ha3e -eep record of percentage of humidity in air. 8or that e are using a humidity sensor = S?"HS"24. This sensor senses the humidity in air and if air is dry ith respect to the crop then indication is gi3en using light emitting diode'>(D).
2;
=.2C$nl5si$ns 2@
6n this project, e focused on sensing and controlling temperature of green house and moisture content of soil ith the help of sensors. *e also used humidity sensors to sense the humidity of air and indicate if it is less than reuired that is dryness of air is sense.
Re%erene
1. http:CC http:CC.mic .microchip.comC rochip.comCproductsCDe3ices.asp productsCDe3ices.aspYdDoc5ameJen1 YdDoc5ameJen12@# 2@# 2. .datasheetarchie3e.com 4. .maim"ic.com 4
<. .alldatasheet.comC !. .np.comC"Philips
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