AIR POLLUTION AND EFFECT OF POLLUTION HEIGHTENS IN DHAKA CITY

VOLUME 6

NUMBER 2

December 2017

ISSN 2304-7712 (Print) ISSN 2304-7720 (Online)

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Vol. 6, No.2, 2017

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science ABOUT JOURNAL The International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science ( Int. j. adv. eng. sci. / IJAES ) was first published in 2012, and is published semi-annually (May and November). IJAES is indexed and abstracted in: ProQuest, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, EBSCO Open Access Journals, Scientific Indexing Service, getCITED, ResearchBib, IndexCopernicus, NewJour, Electronic Journals Library, Directory of Research Journals Indexing, Open J-Gate, CiteFactor, JournalSeek, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, GEOMAR Library Ocean Research Information Access. Since 2013, the IJAES has been included into the ProQuest one of the leading full-text databases around the world. The International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international journal for scientists and engineers involved in research to publish high quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or extended versions of already published conference/journal papers are all welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.

i ISSN 2304-7712


International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science Publisher: Elite Hall Publishing House Editor in Chief: Dr. Mohammad Mohsin (India) E-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Board: Dr. Jia Chi Tsou Associate Professor, China University of Technology, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Jake M. Laguador Professor, Engineering Department Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City, Philippines E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. T. Subramanyam FACULTY, MS Quantitative Finance, Department of Statistics Pondicherry Central University, India Email: [email protected]

Dr. G. Rajarajan, Professor in Physics, Centre for Research & Development Mahendra Engineering College, India Email: [email protected]

Miss Gayatri D. Naik. Professor, Computer Engg Department, YTIET College of Engg, Mumbai University, India Email: [email protected]

Mr. Rudrarup Gupta Academic Researcher, Kolkata, India E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Belay Zerga MA in Land Resources Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia E-mail: [email protected]

Mrs.Sukanya Roy Asst.Professor (BADM), Seth GDSB Patwari College, Rajasthan,India E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Nachimani Charde Department of Mechanical, Material and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Sudhansu Sekhar Panda Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Patna, India Email: [email protected]

Dr. G Dilli Babu Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, V R Siddhartha Engineering College, Andhra Pradesh, India Email: [email protected]

Mr. Jimit R Patel Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Sardar Patel University, India Email: [email protected]

Dr. Jumah E, Alalwani Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering at Yanbu, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia Email: [email protected]

Mr. K. Lenin, Assistant Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru technological university Kukatpally, India E-mail: [email protected]

Web: http://ijaes.elitehall.com/ ISSN 2304-7712 (Print) ISSN 2304-7720 (Online)

ii ISSN 2304-7712


AIR POLLUTION AND EFFECT OF POLLUTION HEIGHTENS IN DHAKA CITY Md. Arman Arefin1*, Avijit Mallik2, Monowarul Islam3 123 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshah-6204, Bangladesh (* corresponding author email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Dhaka is the one of the uber urban areas of Asia. The air pollution issue is intense in Dhaka being the capital of the nation and furthermore the center point of business activity. Dhaka is a major, cultural, and assembling focus. Dhaka has positioned second on a worldwide rundown of urban areas with most exceedingly terrible air pollution, which claims 122,400 lives in Bangladesh a year.. as indicated by a World Bank report discharged as of late , Bangladesh could spare between $80 million and $250 million every year, around 0.3 to 1.0% of its gross national item, if air pollution in the Dhaka city was lessened. This paper investigates an audit on air pollution in Dhaka city and the effect of pollution heightens. Key words: Air pollution, Dhaka, Effects of air pollution

INTRODUCTION Air gives our living planet a chance to inhale—it's the blend of gasses that fills the air, offering life to the plants and creatures that make Earth such a lively place. Comprehensively, air is completely comprised of two gasses (78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen), with a couple of different gasses, (for example, carbon dioxide and argon) introduce in totally minute quantities. Air pollution characterizes as A state of the air, that jeopardizes the wellbeing, security, or welfare of people, meddles with typical delight in life or property, imperils the strength of creature life or causes harm to vegetation or property [1] Consistent upgrades in our insight into the crucial investigation of air pollution and its application are vital in the event that we are to foresee, survey and alleviate the air pollution suggestions to neighbourhood, local, national and worldwide financial frameworks [2] The air pollution rate in Dhaka city is expanding step by step. Dhaka's populace develops at an expected rate of 4.2% every year, one of the most elevated among Asian urban areas [3]. Dhaka has seen the quick growth of urban populace as of late. Air pollution in Dhaka City is accounted for to be represent a genuine hazard to public health [4].The study expected to find and analyze the current air state of Dhaka city and the effect of pollution elevates.

19 ISSN 2304-7712


Fig.1: Air pollution in Dhaka city [5] AIR QUALITY OF DHAKA CITY there is a justifiable reason motivation to stress over the Air Quality in Dhaka, as Bangladesh positions 169th (out of 178 nations) at the Environmental Performance Index for Air Quality (2014 score) [6] Besides, as per the latest World Health Organization information, the air quality in Dhaka achieves a yearly normal of 90 µg/m3 of PM2.5, which relates to a 168 - Unhealthy Air Quality Index. Clearly, 168 - Unhealthy is only a yearly normal, and the air pollution can achieve significantly higher (300+ perilous levels) [7].

Fig.2: AQI of Dhaka city (28-07-2017) Mohammad Abdul Mutalib et al. [17] did some experiments on the air of Dhaka city and found that PM2.5 and PM10 Implies in Dhaka city is immensely polluted. The results are given below. Table-1 Test on equality of PM 2.5 on annual threshold (15 µg/m3) set by Bangladesh Government Air Quality standard [17] Year

Mean

Standard deviation

Normality Test Test procedure Statistics

P-value

conclusion

20 ISSN 2304-7712


2002

69.11

59.31

Not

Sign-test

4.5

.0039

>than 15

normal 2003

77.25

58.52

normal

t-test

3.684

.0036

>than 15

2004

78.25

45.22

normal

t-test

4.844

.0005

>than 15

2005

85.25

57.09

normal

t-test

4.262

.0013

>than 15

2006

75.66

55.78

Not

Sign-test

6

.0005

>than 15

Sign-test

6

.0005

>than 15

normal 2007

75.66

46.61

Not normal

2008

74.5

48.40

Normal

t-test

4.258

.0013

>than 15

2009

89.5

59.57

Not normal

Sign-test

6

.0005

>than 15

2010

83.91

65.67

normal

t-test

2.776

.0321

>than 15

Table-2 Test on equality of PM10 on annual threshold (50 µg/m3) set by Bangladesh Government Air Quality standard [17] Year

Mean

Standard deviation

Normality Test Test procedure Statistics

P-value

conclusion

2002

110.66

62.79

Not normal

Sign-test

4.5

.0039

>than 15

2003

134.58

79.26

normal

t-test

3.696

.0035

>than 50

2004

132.33

70.08

normal

t-test

4.069

.0019

>than 50

2005

129.41

71.76

normal

t-test

3.833

.0028

>than 50

2006

117.83

69.64

normal

t-test

3.374

.0062

>than 50

2007

126.41

72.08

t-test

3.672

.0037

>than 50

2008

122.25

66.64

t-test

3.755

.0032

>than 50

2009

143.58

80.94

t-test

4.005

.0021

>than 50

2010

147.34

86.19

t-test

2.987

.0244

>than 50

normal normal normal normal

AIR POLLUTION IN DHAKA CITY **Basically, there are two noteworthy wellsprings of air pollution in Bangladesh modern outflows and vehicular discharges. The mechanical sources incorporate block furnaces, compost manufacturing plants, sugar, paper, jute and material plants, turning factories, tanneries, article of clothing, bread and roll processing plants, compound and pharmaceutical enterprises, bond generation and handling production lines, metal workshops, wooden clean from saw factories and tidies from furrowed land, and salt particles from sea waves close to the beach front grounds. These sources deliver gigantic measure of smokes, exhaust, gasses and cleans, which make the condition for the development of haze and brown haze. Certain ventures in Bangladesh, for example, tanneries at Hazaribag in Dhaka City, radiate hydrogen sulfide, smelling salts, chlorine, and some different foul chemicals that are toxic and cause 21 ISSN 2304-7712


disturbance and public protests. This may cause cerebral pain and other medical issues. ** With expanded rate of urbanization in the nation, the quantity of vehicles is likewise increasing quickly, and adding to increasingly air pollution. The Department of Environment (DOE), and other related associations, have recognized the two-stroke motors utilized as a part of auto rickshaws (child maneuvers), beats, smaller than expected trucks, and bikes as significant polluters. At show, there are about 65000 infant maneuvers among them more than 296,000 engine vehicles employ in Dhaka City alone. ** The air quality benchmarks are distinctive for private, mechanical, business, and delicate zones. The most noticeably bad influenced zones in Dhaka city include: Hatkhola, Manik Mia Avenue, Tejgaon, Farmgate, Motijheel, Lalmatia, and Mohakhali. Overviews directed between January 1990 and December 1999 demonstrated that the grouping of suspended particles goes up to as high as 3,000 micrograms for each cubic meter (Police Box, Farmgate, December 1999), despite the fact that as far as possible 400 micrograms for each cubic meter[8] Contribution of urban transport system Air pollution in Dhaka is serious because of increasing amount of population and related mechanization. Albeit existing air quality checking information is restricted, it has been unmistakably demonstrated that the normal surrounding centralizations of suspended particulate issue (SPM) and airborne lead are higher than the Bangladesh national encompassing air quality models and considerably higher than the WHO rules. Beginning evaluations uncover that engine vehicles every year produce 3,700 tons of particulate matters (PM10), 8,550 tons of nitrogen oxides, 50,700 tons of carbon dioxide, and so forth. TSEVs (mainly 3-wheeler child taxis) are the critical supporters of air pollution. Two strokes motor infant taxis contaminate seriously as far according to vehicle per kilometre driven. An ordinary infant taxi is driven 100-120 kms for each day. Therefore, in 360 days of a year, Dhaka’s 30,000 in number infant taxis (<17% of aggregate vehicles) are in charge of 25% of aggregate vehicular PM10, 62% of hydrocarbons, and 32% of carbon mono oxide [16] Air pollution caused by lead The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) expressed in its News Briefs [10] that pollution levels of lead in Bangladesh are among the world's most astounding amid dry season, agreeing Dr. M. Khaliquzzaman,[14]a chief scientific officer of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), with levels falling amid times of medium and overwhelming precipitation. Dr. Khaliquzzaman ascribed the high lead levels to the utilization of leaded fuel in vehicles. He said that lead represents a public wellbeing risk, particularly to kids, by infiltrating the lungs and entering the blood stream, and can prompt impaired intelligence. Table 3: Lead concentrations in air of Dhaka in ng/m3 season

PM 0-2.5 (Fine)

PM 2.5-10(Coarse)

PM 0-10 (total)

Low rainfall

463

444

907

Medium rainfall

253

239

492

Heavy rainfall

160

108

268

Near busy road the value may be ten times higher Note: PM 0-2.5(particle size <2.5 µ). PM 2.5-10(particle size 2.5-10 µ). PM stands for Particle Matter 22 ISSN 2304-7712


Suspended particle matter in city air: Division of Environment has taken 8 hours estimations at a few areas along occupied streets of Dhaka city. Results demonstrate SMP centralizations of 665-2456ug/m3 at Farmgate. Bangladesh standard for Commercial Area is 400 ug/m3. The SMP patterns are most elevated amid the dry season (December-March) because of increase in roadway dust, clean from dust conveying vehicles. figure-3 shows PM2.5 urban composition.

Fig.2 Urban Composition of Particulate Matter of Size <2.5 µ [11] EFFECT OF POLLUTANT HEIGHTENS IN DHAKA A new child-attacking virus thrives in Dhaka as pollution heightens. As indicated by the WHO report 2001, the lead focus found in the blood of kids in Dhaka was up to four times higher the satisfactory level of 10 µg/dl [12]. This abnormal state of lead focus in blood is corresponded with that in the air[13]This new variation of infection has been hitting little offspring of Dhaka with weakening effect assaulting their breathing issue. The school offspring of Dhaka City had nasal disturbance, hack when they came down with by bug, cerebral pain, discombobulation. The purpose for is the high lead in the earth from gas, earthenware production, batteries, paints, and so forth. Table-4 gaseous pollutants in Dhaka air [14] SO2 NO2 CO HC O3 64-143 ug/m3 no data Collected at tezgaon

25-32 ug/m3 no data Collected at Farmgate

insufficient data

Youthful youngsters are for the most part presented to cadmium through inward breath of smokes and sullied soils and dust from modern discharges and sewage ooze. The youngsters have by and large been given anti-microbial that is not helpful in fighting viral diseases. Notwithstanding, is disturbing that the restorative group seems ill-equipped and unequipped to manage this new popular strain and some medicinal specialists have pointed the finger at it on the abnormal state of urban pollution[15] Carbon di-oxide (CO2) 23 ISSN 2304-7712


It is a noteworthy safeguard of infrared radiation transmitted towards the space from the earth surface. Consequently, it has pivotal part in planetary temperature structure [9] Carbon monoxide (CO) If breathed in, it is ingested from the lung alveoli 300 times quicker than oxygen. High grouping of CO in blood makes it troublesome for heart to direct blood through arteries [9] Hydrocarbons (HC) Unburnt hydrocarbon may shape ozone with oxides of nitrogen which is a focal sensory system depressant. Different hydrocarbons cause writhing of CNS. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Causes dilatation of air spaces in lungs. NO2 causes harms to bronchioles and alveolar channels. NO2 is additionally associated to impair the barrier instrument with respiratory framework. Newborn children and kids are more vulnerable. Particulate issue Diesel transmits suspended particulate issue (SPM) which contains shoot. Shoot is in charge of decrease of environmental perceivability and retain and convey natural compound to lungs. Lead (Pb) Around 75% of the ingested lead is stored in bones and tissues causing irreversible cerebrum and kidney harm. Developing sensory system of youthful kids are especially defenceless [9]

CONCLUSION This study investigated the state of air pollution condition and the Effect of poison elevates in Dhaka city. THE air quality in Dhaka city improved by 25 percent after the withdrawal of the contaminating two-stroke vehicles from its streets. This was no little pick up. In any case, unmistakably the pick up should be consolidated. It creates the impression that air quality in the city is again declining because of the operation of other contaminating vehicles. It was accounted for as of late that Dhaka again turned into the most exceedingly worst air contaminated city on the planet. Mexico City and Mumbai used to be the two most air contaminated urban communities took after by Dhaka. Be that as it may, Dhaka is back again on the main position. It's about time that administration should find a way to control pollution rate because air pollution has turned into a huge danger for the general people of Bangladesh.

REFERENCES [1]Government of Alberta (2006). Environment.[On-line]. http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/air/Info/definitions.html. Accessed: August 28, 2017

Web:

[2] Brebbia CA, Longhurst JWS (2010). Air Pollution XVIII., Wessex Institute of Technology, UK, and University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. Web site. [On-line].Web: http://www. witpress.com/978-1-84564-450-5.html. Accessed: August 5, 2017 [3] T. McGee, ``Urbanization takes on new dimensions in Asia's population giants. Population Reference Bureau, `` web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka. Retrieved 2006-09-27, 2006 [4] S. Ahmed & I. Hossain, ``Applicability of air pollution modelling in a cluster of brickfields in Bangladesh,`` Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin, 12, 28-34,`` 2008 24 ISSN 2304-7712


[5] http://pollutionindhakacity.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/2/2/15224352/6707951_orig.jpg?428 [6] http://archive.epi.yale.edu/epi/country-rankings, Accessed: August 28, 2017 [7] Ambient air pollution World Health Organization (on-line).Web: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahU KEwj9juvBrvjVAhUbSo8KHQ_xAVsQFgglMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstr eam%2F10665%2F250141%2F1%2F9789241511353-eng.pdf&usg=AFQjCNG-Y7nZrcfcISzqlQZEziW UGcRiQQ [8] Muhammad Mahadi, Air Pollution In Dhaka City, Environmental Science Discipline.Web: http://www.bangladeshenvironment.com/index.php/polution-s/air-polution/291-air-pollution-in-dhaka-cit y [9] Effect on Dhaka air quality by two strokes engines and suggested remedies. Paper presented by Uttara Motors Ltd. in a Consultative Meeting on Integrated Approach to Vehicular Pollution Control held during April 26-27, 1998 in Dhaka. [10] Bangladesh studies pollution levels. IAEA News briefs. Volume 11, No. 4(73), November/December 1996: 11 [11] https://leafsaversfoundation.wordpress.com/author/bcf4us/page/3/ (accessed: 15-07-16),2017 [12] Enrico R (2008) Low Level Environmental Lead Exposure – A Continuing Challenge. Clin. Biochem. Rev., Vol. 29 [13] E-mela (2002).[On-line]. Web: http://emela.com/lekha/article/jashim_Air_Polution_111702.html. Accessed: August 28, 2005.). [14] Khaliquzzaman M (1998) Objectives, structures and expected follow-up. Paper presented at the Consultative Meeting on Integrated approach to vehicular air pollution control in Dhaka held between April 26-27, 1998 jointly by World Bank and Department of Environment, Government of Bangladesh [15] Bangladesh Observer (2002). A new child-attacking virus thrives in Dhaka as pollution heightens, 2002.). [16] BRTA (Bangladesh Road Transport Authority) (developed in Cooperation with DITS and BBS.1998 [17] Mohammad Abdul Motalib et al. Assessing Air Quality in Dhaka City, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2014,pp 1908-1912

25 ISSN 2304-7712

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science http://ijaes.elitehall.com/

AIR POLLUTION AND EFFECT OF POLLUTION HEIGHTENS IN DHAKA CITY

Recommend Documents