TASHEEL AL-NAHW
TASHEEL AL-NAHW based on ‘Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali
Revised & Edited by ‘Aamir Bashir
Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011 First Online Edition July 2011 Second Online Edition July 2012 ilmresources.wordpress.com “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents List of Tables Acknowledgments Foreword
i vii ix xi
– Arabic Terms
xiii
CHAPTER 1
1
1.1.
– Arabic Grammar
1
1.2
– The Word
2
– Noun
2
– Verb
3
– Particle
3
1.3
4 – Types of Noun
4
– Types of Verb
4
– Types of Particle 1.4
4
– Sentences and Phrases 1.4.1
6 6
– Nominal Sentence – Verbal Sentence 1.4.2
6 7 8
1.4.3 1.
– Types of Phrases
9
– Descriptive Phrase
9
2.
– Possessive Phrase
3.
– Demonstrative Phrase
4.
/
– Numerical Phrase
i
9 10 10
– Indeclinable Phrase
5.
1.4.4 Additional Notes About
11 14
Summary 1.5
15 16 – Signs of a Noun
16
– Signs of a Verb
16
– Sign of a Particle
16
1.5.1 General Notes
17
1.6
– Personal Pronouns
19
1.7
– Prepositions
20
1.8
– Those Particles That Resemble the Verb
1.9
– Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs
CHAPTER 2
22 25 27
– Declinable and Indeclinable Words 2.1
27 – Signs of I‘raab
27
– Conditions of Mu‘rab Difference Between 2.2
27 and
– Indeclinable Word
28 29 30
2.3
– Declinable Word
2.4
31
– Types of Indeclinable Nouns 2.4.1
– Personal Pronouns
32 33
2.4.2
- Relative Pronouns
39
2.4.3
– Demonstrative Pronouns
42
2.4.4
– Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs
45
2.4.5
– Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound
ii
46
2.4.6
2.4.7
– Adverbs
47
– Adverbs of Time
47
– Adverbs of Place
49
– Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity
2.4.8
– Numerical phrase
2.5
52 52
– Types of Declinable Nouns
53 53 53 53
2.6
– I‘raab of the Various Types of Mu‘rab Nouns
58
CHAPTER 3 Further Discussion of Nouns
61
3.1
61
– Relative Adjective
3.2
– Diminutive Noun
3.3
63
– Definite and Common Nouns
3.4
64
– Masculine and Feminine Nouns
3.5
65
– Singular, Dual and Plural
3.6
67
– Types of Plural
3.7
68
- Words Which Are Always Marfoo‘ 3.7.1
73
– Subject/Doer
3.7.2
73
/
3.7.3
– Substitute of – The Noun of Those
75 and , Which Are
76
Similar to 3.7.4
– The
of That Which Negates an Entire
77
(Class) 3.8
– Words Which Are Always Mansoob 3.8.1
– Object
79 79
iii
3.8.2
81
3.8.3
81
3.8.4
81
3.8.5
82
3.8.6
– State / Condition
84
3.8.7
/
87
Rules for
(Numerals)
88
3.8.8 3.9
92 – Words Which Are Always Majroor
3.10
95 96
3.10.1
– Adjective
96
3.10.2
– Emphasis
111
3.10.3
– Substitute
103
3.10.4
– Conjunction
105 105
3.10.5
108
CHAPTER 4
109
– Governing Words 4.1
– Governing Particles
110
Particles Which Govern Nouns
110
Particles Which Govern
110
4.1.1
– Particles That Give Nasb
111
4.1.2
– Particles That Give Jazm
114
4.2
– Governing Verbs
116
4.2.1
– Active Verb
116
4.2.2
– Passive Verb
116
4.2.3
– Intransitive Verb
116 iv
4.2.4
116
4.2.5
– Transitive Verb
117
4.2.6
119
4.2.7
– Verbs of Praise and Blame
4.2.8 4.3
– Verbs of Wonder
123
– Governing Nouns 4.3.1
124
– Conditional Nouns
4.3.2
124 126
4.3.2.1
127
4.3.3 4.3.4
121
129 – That Adjective Which is Similar to
130
4.3.5
132
4.3.6
134
4.3.7
135
4.3.8
135
4.3.9
136
4.4
– Non-Governing Particles 1. 2. 3.
– Particles of Notification – Particles of Affirmation – Particles of Clarification
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
137 137 137 138 138
– Particles of Exhortation – Particle of Anticipation – Particles of Interrogation – Particle of Rebuke
138 139 139 140
9.
140
v
10.
140
11.
140
12. 13.
– Extra Particles
141
– Conditional Particles That Do Not Give
Jazm
142
14.
143
15.
143
Appendix
145
Bibliography
149
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No
Page No
1.1
– Personal Pronouns
19
1.2
– Prepositions
20
– Those Particles That Resemble the Verb
1.3
– Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs
1.4
in
2.1 in
2.2
and
2.3
in
and 2.4
25
(also called
)
(also called
22
34
)
35
(also called
36
) in
(also called
)
37
2.5
39
2.6
39
2.7
42
2.8
42
2.9
Nouns in the Meaning of
45
2.10
Nouns in the Meaning of
45
2.11
59
3.1
69
3.2
69
3.3
70
3.4
70
3.5
73
3.6
Different Forms of the Noun of and Its I‘raab
77
3.7
Rules Governing the I‘raab of
81
vii
3.8
93
4.1
111
4.2
114
4.3
117
4.4
Verbs Requiring Three
118
4.5
119
4.6
124
4.7
127
4.8
130
4.9
132
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people whom I would like to thank for making this project a success. To begin with, I am in debt to the sister who typed up the old Tasheel al-Nahw, and thus helped to kick-start the project. She does not want her name to be publicized. I would also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon and his students of Darul Uloom al-Madania’s eAlim program for their valuable feedback. Last but not the least, I am indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom al-Madania (both 2010–2011 and 2011–2012), who have been continuously giving me feedback. I would especially like to mention my current First year students ‘Abdullah, Ayyub, Muhammad, Sa‘eed, Umair, Umar, and Wahid. I have greatly benefitted from their intelligent questions, wise comments, useful suggestions, and help with proof-reading. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
ix
FOREWORD This book is the second edition of the revised Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn was a somewhat expanded translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, ‘Ilm al-Nahw by Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawali’s primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar) and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original English translation of ‘Ilm al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah, Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the English translation much more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At least two versions of this translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typing issues. The newer version made some improvements but issues remained, especially with regards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. In 2010, we decided to bring out a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of our revision and editing, we consulted various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar. We completely revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization was changed in a way that we felt would make it easier for students to understand how each section fits in the overall picture. This second edition has undergone more changes. Further improvements have been made in many sections; some sections have been completely revised; confusing sentences have been elaborated; more examples and exercises have been included, including many from alNahw al-Wadih and Mu‘allim al-Insha’; and where needed, the relevant al-Nahw al-Wadih section has been pointed out in the footnotes. These footnotes are for the benefit of the teachers. The students can choose to ignore them. Lastly, an appendix has been attached at the end, identifying Tasheel al-Nahw’s place in Nahw texts, as well as suggesting a possible curriculum of classical Arabic studies. This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized to reflect their non-English origin. The documentation in the foot-notes does not follow any particular academic standard; rather, it has been modified for ease of the students. It should also be noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. In some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is, therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic. We would also like to point out that this is not a do-it-yourself text. First of all, it assumes some prior knowledge of Arabic such as that acquired through studying Ten Lessons of Arabic and/or Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1. Moreover, it needs to be studied with a xi
teacher. However, it can be used as a revision text by those who have already studied Nahw using other texts. It is respectfully suggested to the teachers to also use al-Nahw al-Wadih (all six volumes) while teaching, as reference and for additional examples and exercises, as and when needed. Moreover, it should also be pointed out that this is not an exhaustive text. It does not cover every issue of Nahw, in brief or in detail. It is assumed that the student will be studying relatively advanced Nahw texts (such as Hidayat al-Nahw or al-Nahw al-Wadih) after this to round off his/her training of Nahw. The sample curriculum given in the appendix can be used for that purpose. To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merely human. There are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact us with your feedback at the email address given at the end. We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers. And He alone gives success.
‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 14th Shaʻban, 1433 (4th July, 2012) E-mail:
[email protected]
xii
ARABIC TERMS
Arabic Term
Approximate Transliteration
Equivalent English Term /
ism
Noun
fi‘l
Verb
harf
Particle
mudhakkar
Masculine
mu’annath
Feminine
waahid
Singular
tathniyah
Dual
jam‘
Plural
Description of the meaning
dammah fathah kasrah harakah plural: harakaat
Short vowels, i.e., dammah , fathah , kasrah
huroof al-‘illah
Long vowels i.e.,
i‘raab
These are the variations at the end of the word, which take place in accordance with the governing word.
tanween
two fathahs ( ), two dammahs ( ), two kasrahs ( )
sukoon saakin
A letter with sukoon
tashdeed mushaddad
A letter with tashdeed
faa‘il
Subject i.e. the doer
maf‘ool ‘aamil
Object i.e. the person or thing upon whom or which the work is done. Governing word i.e. that word, which causes i‘raab change in the word(s) following it.
xiii
Arabic Term
Approximate Transliteration ma‘mool fi‘l ma‘roof fi‘l majhool fi‘l laazim fi‘l muta‘addi ma‘rifah nakirah marfoo‘ mansoob majroor
Equivalent English Term / Description of the meaning The governed word i.e. that word in which the i‘raab change occurred. The active verb i.e. that verb whose doer is known/mentioned. The passive verb i.e. that verb whose doer is not known/mentioned. The intransitive verb i.e. that verb, which can be understood without a . The transitive verb i.e. that verb, which cannot be fully understood without a . Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an example,
. For
the house (a particular/specific house).
Common noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween. e.g. a house (any house). It is that word, which is in the state of
, which is
generally represented by a dammah on the last letter. It is that word, which is in the state of
, which is
generally represented by a fathah on the last letter. It is that word, which is in the state of
, which is
generally represented by a kasrah on the last letter.
xiv
CHAPTER 1
Section 1.1 – Arabic Grammar Definition: Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct sentence, as well as what the (condition) of the last letter of a word should be. Subject Matter: Its subject matter is
(word) and
(sentence).
Objective: The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak Arabic correctly, and to avoid making mistakes in this. For example, , , , and are four words.
The science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence. The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Qur’an, Hadeeth, Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them. The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah Most High.
1
Section 1.2 – The Word Any word uttered by humans is called a
. If it has a meaning, it is called
(meaningful); and if it does not have any meaning, it is called In Arabic, 1.
(meaningful word) is of two types:
and
(meaningless). .
– Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called .
2.
– Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or an incomplete one.
Types of There are three types of 1.
(noun)
2.
(verb)
3.
:
(particle) – Noun:
It is that
whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with
another word. It does not have any tense.1 It is the name of a person, place or thing.2 e.g. man house Note: A noun can never have a
1
(tanween) and an
at the same time.
The first two bullets combine to form the classical definition of
. See, for example, ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Aqil,
Sharh ibn ‘Aqil ‘ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik, (Cairo: Dar al-Turath, 1980), vol. 1, 15. The definition given by ibn ‘Aqil is as follows: (
).
2
This third bullet by itself is the definition found in more modern texts like al-Nahw al-Wadih. See, for example, ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtida’iyyah, (Cairo: Dar alMa‘arif, n.d.), vol. 1, 16. Their definition of
is as follows:
(
)
2
– Verb: It is that
whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with
another word. It has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.3 It denotes an action.4 e.g. He hit. Note: A
can never have a
He helped.
(tanween) or an .
– Particle: It is that
whose meaning cannot be understood without joining an
or a
or both to
it. e.g.
(from) (on top)
EXERCISES 1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
.
i.
(He sat.)
iii.
(girl)
ii.
(and)
iv.
(He broke.)
2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
3 4
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
The first two bullets combine to form the classical definition of The last two bullets combine to form the definition of
Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 16.
3
. See Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, vol. 1, 15.
as given in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-
Section 1.3 – Types of Noun is of three types: 1.
– Primary Noun: It is that word derived from it. e.g.
2. 3.
horse
– Root Noun: It is that e.g.
which is neither derived from another word nor is any girl from which many words are derived.
to hit
– Derived Noun: It is that e.g.
to help which is derived from a masdar.
hitter
the helped
– Types of Verb is of four types: 1.
Past tense
e.g.
He hit.
2.
Present and Future tense
e.g.
He is hitting or will hit.
3.
Positive Command/ Imperative
e.g.
Hit!
4.
Negative Command/ Prohibitive
e.g.
Don’t hit!
– Types of Particle is of two types: 1.
– Causative Particle: It is that e.g.
2.
change in the word after it.
Zayd is in the mosque. – Non-Causative: It is that
after it. e.g.
, which causes
, which does not cause
then
and
4
change in the word
EXERCISES 1.
2.
3.
Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning. i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary. i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Translate the following sentences, and identify the different types of verbs in them. i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
5
Section 1.4 – Sentences and Phrases is of two types:
is also called Often, it is just called
.
and ,
and
. This is a complete sentence.
.
is also called
,
and
. This is a phrase,
i.e., an incomplete sentence. From now onwards, when we use “sentence,” we will be referring to complete sentences; and when we use “phrase,” we will be referring to incomplete sentences. Types of Sentences There are two types of sentences: A. : It is that sentence, which has the possibility of being true or false. B.
: It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false.
Section 1.4.1
is of two types: 1.
– Nominal Sentence: Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a noun.
The second part of the sentence can be a noun or a verb. The first part of the sentence is called (subject) or
information is being given). The second part of the sentence is called
information). The is generally
Both parts (
and the
and
) are
(predicate) or
generally
.
.
Sentence Analysis The house is clean. =
+
6
(the word about which (the word giving the
.
Note: A sentence may have more than one Sentence Analysis
The man is tall and strong. = 2.
2
+
1
+
– Verbal Sentence: Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a verb. The first part of the sentence is called
or
The second part of the sentence is called
. or
and is always
.
Sentence Analysis Zayd sat. =
+
Note: In the above example, the verb is understood without a Note: If the verb is a
, then a
i.e. it is a verb whose meaning can be
.
i.e. a verb whose meaning cannot be fully understood without will be added and will be
.
Sentence Analysis Allah created the sky. =
+
+
EXERCISES5 1.
Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
2. What is the difference between (v) and (vi) above? 5
For more examples and exercise, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 11-19 & 36-46.
7
Section 1.4.2 is of ten types: 1.
Positive Command
e.g.
Hit!
2.
Negative Command
e.g.
Don’t Hit!
3.
Interrogative
e.g.
Did Zayd hit?
4.
Desire
e.g.
I wish youth would return.
Note: 5.
is generally used for something unattainable. Hope
Note:
e.g.
is generally used for something attainable.
Hopefully, the examination will be easy.
6.
Exclamation
e.g.
O Allah!
7.
Request/Offer
e.g.
Will you not come to me so that I may give you a dinar?
Note:
is a mere request; no answer is anticipated.
8.
Oath
e.g.
By Allah!
9.
Amazement
e.g.
How good Zayd is!
10.
Transaction
e.g.
The seller says and the buyer says
Note: The sentences for as
are in reality
– I sold this book. – I bought it.
. However, Islamic law recognizes them
with respect to all contracts, and requires that they (past tense verbal sentences)
be used to convey definiteness. Sentence Analysis: Did Zayd hit? =
+
+
EXERCISE 1. State what type of
are the following sentences.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
8
Section 1.4.3 - Types of Phrases Phrases are of five types: – Descriptive Phrase:6 It is a phrase in which one word describes the
1.
other. The describing word is called
.
The object being described is called
The 1. 2. 3. 4.
and
.
must correspond in four things:
I‘raab. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural. Being ma‘rifah or nakirah.
For example, a righteous men
the intelligent/wise girl
2.
– Possessive Phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word ( attributed to the second one (
). In some cases, this means that the second word
owns or possesses the first. The never gets an
.
The
is always
or a .
e.g.
The i‘raab of the
Zayd’s book
will be according to the
governing it. For example,
I found Zayd’s book.
6
) is
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 82-86.
9
Notes: 1.
Sometimes many
,
are found in one single phrase. For example, the door of the man’s house
2. If a
of the
is brought, it should come immediately after the
and should have the same i‘raab as that of the
with an
. For example, the new door of the house
3.
If a
of the
is brought, it should come immediately after it (
it should correspond to it (
), and
) i.e. in the four aspects mentioned earlier. For
example, the door of the new house
3.
– Demonstrative Phrase: It is a phrase in which one noun ( towards another noun (
The
).
must have an .
e.g.
This man
Note: If the
does not have an , it would be a complete sentence.
e.g.
This is a man.
= /
4.
+
– Numerical Phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are
joined to form a single word (number). A originally linked the two. e.g.
) points
(eleven)
It was originally
This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19. e.g. (11), (12), (13), …
10
. (19).
Both parts of this phrase will always be e.g.
except the number 12 (
(
).
)
(
Eleven men came.
)
I saw eleven men.
I passed by eleven men.
As for number 12, its second part is always , it is written as
and
while the first part changes. Thus, in
, with an at the end of the first part. However, in
, the first part is given a e.g.
in place of the ( (
).
)
(
Eleven men came.
)
I saw twelve men. (
)
I passed by twelve men. 5.
– Indeclinable Phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to form a single word. The first part of this phrase is always
The second part changes according to the
Examples: 1.
.
.
is the name of a region in Yemen. It is composed of two words is a verb, which means “he/it became present” and
means “death.” Thus, literally, 2.
.
is a noun, which
means “[a place where] death became present.”
is a city in Lebanon. It is composed of two words
of an idol and
and
and
.
was the name
was the name of a king.
Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a complete sentence. Example 1
The trustworthy/honest trader gained profit.
11
Example 2
Every faa‘il is marfoo‘ and every maf‘ool is mansoob.
Example 3
I bought this book. +
Example 4
Fourteen men came.
Example 5
This is Ba‘labakk.
EXERCISES 1.
2.
Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following phrases. i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
What is the difference between the following sentences? i.
and
ii.
and
iii.
and
12
iv. 3.
4.
and
Correct the following and state the reason(s). i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following. i.
13
Section 1.4.4 Additional Notes About 1. Sometimes, the
is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden (
e.g.
).7
The Imam is in the mosque.
+ = 2. The
+
+
can be a complete sentence.
Example 1:
Zayd’s father is knowledgeable.
=
+
= Example 2:
+ Zayd ate the food.
=
+
=
+
EXERCISE 1.
7
Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i. ii.
However, generally, to simplify matters, the
is taken to be
Arabic Grammar, (Azaadvillle: Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 2003 ), 37.
14
. See Mawlana Hasan Dockrat, A Simplified
Summary
15
Section 1.5 – Signs of a Noun: 1.
It is preceded by an .
e.g.
2.
It accepts
e.g.
3.
There is tanween on the last letter.
e.g.
a man
4.
It ends with a round .
e.g.
a word
5.
It is a dual
e.g.
two men
6.
It is a plural
e.g.
men
7.
It is a
e.g.
The man is strong.
e.g.
Zayd sat.
e.g.
book of Zayd
e.g.
tall man
8.
It is
9.
It is
.
.8 .
.
or . .
the man in Zayd’s new house
10. It is
.
e.g.
O man!
11. It is
.
e.g.
a little man
e.g.
a Makkan
12. It is
. – Signs of a Verb:
1.
It is preceded by .
e.g.
He has gone out.
2.
It is preceded by .
e.g.
He will soon go out.
3.
It is preceded by
e.g.
He will go out after a while.
4.
It is preceded by
e.g.
He did not go out.
5.
It is preceded by
e.g.
He will never go out.
6.
It has a hidden
e.g.
He went out.
7.
It is an imperative
.
e.g.
Go out.
8.
It is a prohibitive
.
e.g.
Do not go out.
9.
It has taa saakin ( ) at the end.
e.g.
She ate.
. . . .
– Sign of a Particle: That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own). 8
Verbs are said to be dual and plural with respect to their doers
plurality are signs of a noun and not a verb.
16
. The action is one. Thus, duality and
Section 1.5.1 General Notes 1. The indefiniteness of a noun e.g.
is indicated by a tanween. Such a noun is called
.
a house (any house)
2. The definiteness of a noun is indicated by an . Such a noun is called e.g.
.
the house (a specific house)
3. A noun can never have a tanween and an e.g.
at the same time.
is incorrect.
4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have sukoon ( ), it is called
(the meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon is
generally changed to a kasrah. e.g. will become
. The
before the
will not be
pronounced. In some case, the first sukoon is changed to a fathah. e.g. (from Japan) will become . In some cases, the first sukoon is changed to dammah. e.g. 5. When an
(you understood the lesson) will become appears before a noun, which begins with a letter from
letters) then the the
.
of
must not be pronounced. The
of
(sun
will not get a sukoon. Instead
will get a tashdeed. e.g.
the tree
the sun
6. The remaining letters are known as
(moon letters). In these, the
get a sukoon and will be pronounced. The e.g.
the pen
will not get a tashdeed.
is a feminine
noun.
blackboard
8. The generally be
will
the moon
7. Generally, a noun ending with a round e.g.
of
etc. of a .
17
(non-human) plural will
e.g.
many idols
The idols do not benefit.
these idols
The guard dogs are sitting. The houses were many.
9. When writing a noun ending with two fathahs ( ), an alif
must be added at the end.
e.g. However, If there is a round
at the end of such a word, alif should not be
added. e.g.
18
Section 1.6 – Personal Pronouns Definition: to the speaker
(singular:
) are those words, which are used in place of names and refer
or the second person
or the third person
.
Table 1.1 – Personal Pronouns Unattached Form
Attached Form
He (one male), it
his, its, him
They (two males)
their, them
They (many males)
their, them
She (one female), it
her, its
They (two females)
their, them
They (many females)
their, them
You (one male)
your
You (two males)
your
You (many males)
your
You (one female)
your
You (two females)
your
You (many females)
your
I (one male or female)
my, mine, me
We (many males or females)
our
In the unattached form, these dameers can appear as mubtada, faa‘il, etc. In the attached form, they can appear as maf‘ool or mudaaf ilayhi. For more details, see section 2.4.1. e.g.
9
Sometimes, a
be incorrectly read as
He is Zayd.
your pen
I am a student.
I helped her.
is added before the (the
of
to protect an i‘raab as in is
19
).
, which would otherwise
Section 1.710 – Prepositions Effect: A
gives a
to the noun it enters upon, which is then known as
.
Table 1.2 – Prepositions Meaning
Example
1.
with
I wrote with the pen.
2.
by (for oath)
By Allah!
3.
like
Zayd is like a lion.
4.
for
All praise is for Allah.
5.
by (oath)
By Allah!
6.
since
I have not seen him since a week.
7.
since/for
I have not see him for four days.
8.
besides, except
The people came except Zayd.
9.
many a…
Many a learned person acts on his knowledge.
10.
besides, except
The people came except Zayd.
11.
from
I returned from the journey.
12.
besides, except
The people came except Zayd.
13.
in, regarding
Zayd is in the house.
14.
from, regarding
The doctor asked about the patient.
15.
on
The cloth/clothes is/are on the chair.
16.
up to, until
I slept till dawn.
17.
up to, towards
I travelled to Madinah.
Example 1:
10
Grammar in speech is like salt in food.
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 76-81.
20
Example 2 with Sentence Analysis: I wrote with the pen. +
= Note: Together, the
and
are known as
(connected) of the
(there is more detail to this, and will follow later), and of the
in
EXERCISE 1.
Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
21
.
in
Section 1.811 (also called
) – Those Particles That Resemble the
Verb
These are called
These
because like
appear before a
Effect: Such a particle gives a on) and a
to the
, they also govern two words.
and to the
. which is then known as
which is then known as
(or
(or
and so
and so on).
Table 1.3 – Those Particles That Resemble the Verb Meaning
Example
1.
certainly, verily, indeed
Verily Allah is All-Knowing.
2.
that
I know that the examination is near.
3.
as if
It is as if the house is new.
4.
but, however
The house is new but the furniture is old.
5.
if only, I wish
I wish youth would return.
6.
maybe, hopefully, perhaps
Hopefully, the examination will be easy.
Sentence Analysis: Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing.
Notes: 1. Difference between a.
and :
is generally used at the beginning of a sentence. is generally used in the middle of a sentence.
11
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 69-75.
22
b. Sometimes,
appears in the middle of a sentence. This happens in the following
two cases: i. When it is used after a word with root letters e.g. ii.
He says, indeed, it is a yellow cow.
When it is at the beginning of a e.g.
2. The
can be a complete sentence. Indeed, Zayd’s mother is pious.
=
+
Example 2:
Indeed, Zayd ate the food.
=
e.g.
12
.12
I visited the one whom I respect.
Example 1:
3. If the
.
is (
), then the
+
will appear first and the
Indeed, to us is their return.
will be discussed in Section 2.4.2.
23
second.
4. When
is joined to any of these
, their effect is cancelled.
e.g.
Your god is only one god.
Note: In this example, the meaning has also changed to “only.” 5.
by itself conveys emphasis. Sometimes, even more emphasis. In this case, the e.g.
can be added before the
must be
.
Indeed, I know your brother.
EXCERISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
24
to convey
Section 1.913 (also called
is called
) – Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs (incomplete/defective) because even though it is a
two ma‘mools (
). The sentence remains incomplete with one
e.g.
.
Zayd was (the sentence remains incomplete).
These verbs enter on a
Effect: They give to the
, it needs
to the
and a
.
, which becomes known as
, which becomes known as
(or
(or
and so on) and
and so on).
Table 1.4 Meaning
Example
1.
was
The house was clean.
2.
became
The man became wealthy.
3.
happen in the morning
Zayd became ill in the morning.
OR became
Zayd became rich.
4.
happen in the evening, became
5.
happen at midmorning, became
6.
happen during the day, became
It rained the whole day.
7.
happen during the night, became
Zayd passed the night sleeping.
8.
as long as
Sit as long as Zayd is sitting.
9.
always, continuously
Zayd was continuously sick.
10.
always, continuously
Zayd was always fasting.
11.
always, continuously
Zayd was always active.
12.
always, continuously
The trader was always truthful.
13.
no, not
The servant is not strong.
The worker became tired in the evening. The clouds became dense at mid morning.
13
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 62-68 & vol. 2, 151155.
25
Sentence Analysis: The house was clean.
Notes: 1. When
is used with
, it gives the meaning of past continuous or past habitual.
e.g.
Zayd was writing/Zayd used to write.
Note: Here, the
of
is a
. Also, note the two ways it is translated above.
2.
can be used in
3.
can be used in
4.
and
5.
must be preceded by another sentence.
6. The
have a past tense only (no
of
but not in or
and
as well.
.
).
is sometimes prefixed with a .
e.g.
Is Allah not the greatest of rulers/best of judges?
7. If the
is (
), then the
will appear first and the
e.g.
second.
There were clouds in the sky.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
26
CHAPTER 2 – Declinable and Indeclinable Words
Words are of two types with respect to changes, which may or may not take place at their ends. If the end of a word remains the same in all conditions, it is called ; and that word whose end changes is called
.
Section 2.114 : Those conditions or states ( are four:
,
,
and
), which remain unchanged at the end of
. These are called
: Those conditions or states ( ,
,
, and
brought about at the end of a
.
), which occur at the end of
. These are called
words
(
words are four:
for short). These changes are
word in accordance with the requirement of the
(governing word). – Signs of I‘raab I‘raab can be expressed in different ways. These are called
(signs of i‘raab). The
two common ones are as follows: 1.
: These are the basic signs and are the most common. I‘raab is shown by means of a
i.e.
or
or
or
(which is the absence of a
).
e.g. 2.
: Sometimes, the i‘raab is shown by means of any of the
i.e. or
or . e.g. – States of Mu‘rab As mentioned above, the conditions or states that occur at the end of
words are four.
Below, we look at them in more detail.
14
This section is based upon the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 7-18.
27
1.
is the condition in which a
or its substitute such as
appears at the
.
end of a word. Such a word is said to be e.g. 2.
is the condition in which a
or its substitute such as
appears at
.
the end of a word. Such a word is said to be e.g. 3.
is the condition in which a
or its substitute such as
the end of a word. Such a word is said to be
appears at
.
e.g. 4.
is the condition in which a in the case of
appears at the end of a word or its substitute (
.
) is dropped from the end. Such a word is said to be
e.g. Note: It should be remembered that verbs can only be in the state of nouns can only be in a state of
,
, or
Difference Between
The words a
, while
.
are used to describe the states at the end of a
The words
or
and
at the end. It is
, e.g.
has
. are used for all other places where ( ), ( ) and ( ) appear.
In other words, ( ), ( ) and ( ) are normally called
, respectively, wherever
they occur except when one needs to precisely point out the end of a could say
,
has a
on ( ), a
on ( ), and a
.
28
word. Thus, one
on ( ), but one must say (
) is
Section 2.2 – Indeclinable Word As mentioned earlier, a
is that word whose end remains unchanged in all conditions i.e.
irrespective of the requirement of the
governing it.
e.g. This came. Note: The
I saw this.
at the end of
I passed by this.
remained constant and did not change according to the
requirement. Types of
:
1.
All Particles
2.
*
3. 4.
* *
Those seeghahs of
that are
(
and
) or have
(
and
). 5.
Amongst nouns
, those whose ends remain constant are called
i.e.
nouns, which do not give place to changes. These nouns are
and are recognized by
their resemblance with any one of the three types of
words (
or a.
b.
). This resemblance can be in any one of the following ways:
Resemblance in meaning. For example, the noun the word
or
, which is
(give grace/respite) resembles
(one of the
) and has the same
meaning. Resemblance in dependency. For example, the noun dependent on a
to give meaning, resembles a
, which is (one of the
),
Resemblance in having less than three letters. For example, the noun
, which is
which is also dependent on another word to give meaning. c.
d.
less than three letters, resembles
(e.g. ), which is also generally less than three
letters. Resemblance in having had a
originally. For example, the noun
resembles a *These three are known as
in the sense that originally it contained a
.
29
.
:15 When a ,
word appears in a sentence in a place where it is supposed to be in the state of , or
place of
,
, its end does not change because it is ,
, or
(
. However, it is said that it is in the ), in accordance with its place in
the sentence. For example, We helped him. Keeping in mind that all pronouns are is is is
and is
, is , is
, this sentence will be analyzed as follows:
. and
.
and
.
EXERCISE 1. Analyze the following sentences like in the example given above. i. ii. iii.
15
,
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 35-38.
30
Section 2.3 – Declinable Word As mentioned above, a requirement of the
is that word whose end accepts any of the i‘raab according to the governing it.
e.g. A man came. Note: The i‘raab of Types of
I saw a man.
I passed by a man.
kept on changing according to the requirement of the
.
:
1. Amongst verbs
, all of the seeghahs of
) and those with 2. Amongst nouns known as
(
and
besides those of
(
and
.
) are
, those nouns, which accept i‘raab changes are
. They are
i.e. nouns which give place to i‘raab changes.
Note: These nouns will be
only when they are used in a sentence. If not used in a
sentence, such a word will be sentence, will be
. For example,
on its own, when not part of a
.
EXERCISES 1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
2. Translate the following sentences and identify the
and
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
31
.
words in them.
Section 2.4 – Types of Indeclinable Nouns The types of 1.
are as follows:
(personal pronouns)
2.
(relative pronouns)
3.
(demonstrative pronouns)
4.
(those nouns which have the meaning of verbs)
5.
(those nouns which denote a sound)
6.
(adverbs)
7.
(those nouns which indicate an unspecified quantity)
8.
(numerical phrase)
In the following pages, we will look at each of these in detail.
32
Section 2.4.116 – Personal Pronouns We have discussed Definition:
before. Now, we will look at them in greater detail.
(singular:
to the speaker
or the second person
There are two types of 1.
) are those words, which are used in place of names and refer or the third person
.
:
– Visible or Independent Pronoun: It is that
, which is visible and has a
distinct form. It can appear on its own, i.e. unattached to another word (known as ), or it can be attached to another word (known as follows: i. ii. 2.
). These two are defined as
: The unattached pronoun is that pronoun which can be pronounced on its own without being connected to another word. : The attached pronoun is that pronoun which cannot be pronounced on its own without being connected to another word. – Hidden or Implied Pronoun: It is that , which is not visible but is
implied. It is always attached ( Note: A hidden
).
can only appear in
. (refer to Table 2.2)
Below are tables showing different forms that the
will assume in the various
conditions/states (haalaat).
16
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 120-135.
33
Table 2.1 in
(also called
e.g.
34
)
Table 2.2 in
Note: In the table above, the
(also called
, which in many cases is the
respective verb in parentheses.
35
)
, is indicated after its
Table 2.3 and
in
(also called
Dameer
and
)
Example
17
e.g.
17
Sometimes, a
be incorrectly read as
You alone we worship.
is added before the (the
of
to protect an i‘raab as in is
).
36
, which would otherwise
There are two ways in which by a
appears in
; and the other is when some other word is
. One is when it is preceded to it.
Table 2.4 in
(also called
e.g.
Note: The
)
His house is his.
in
will always be
.
37
: It is that
, which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a
(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a e.g.
.
Indeed, the matter is that Zayd is standing.
: It is that
, which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a
(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a e.g.
.
Indeed, the matter is that Fatimah is standing.
: It is that
, which appears between a
e.g.
and a
for emphasis.
It is they who are successful.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences, pointing out all the as well as their type and
.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
38
,
Section 2.4.218 - Relative Pronouns Definition: An
is an
whose meaning/purpose is understood through the
sentence, which comes after it, which is called
An
.
cannot form a complete part of a sentence on its own. It must have a
which relates (refers back) to it. The
, which is generally a
(visible or hidden) referring to the
. This
is called
, must have a .
Table 2.5
who, that, which those two who, that, which those two who, that, which those who, that, which Table 2.6
who, that, which those two who, that, which those two who, that, which those who, that, which those who, that, which Examples 1.
The one (masculine) who helped you, came.
2.
The two (masculine) who helped you, came.
3.
I saw the two (masculine) who hit you.
4.
I met those (masculine) who helped me.
5.
The one (feminine) who helped you, came.
6.
The two (feminine) who helped you, came.
18
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 136-140.
39
7.
I saw the two (feminine) who hit you.
8.
Those (feminine) who helped you, came.
Additional Relative Pronouns: 1.
and
(that and who)
These are used for all genders and all numbers. The difference is that is used for intelligent beings ( non-intelligent beings (
) and
is used for
).
e.g.
Show goodness to that person who has shown goodness to you. I read what you wrote.
2.
and
They are generally
has the meaning of e.g.
has the meaning of e.g.
3.
and used in
.
. from which book… . which girl…
, which appears before an
and an
e.g.
, has the effect of
.
would equal would equal would equal
4. According to the dialect of the tribe
, it is an
.
It is used for all genders and all numbers, without its form changing. e.g.
equals
The one who hit you, came.
equals
I saw the one who hit you.
equals
I passed by the one who hit you.
40
Sentence Analysis: That person whose father is knowledgeable, came.
=
+
+
=
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i. ii. iii. iv.
41
Section 2.4.319 – Demonstrative Pronouns Definition: An
is that noun, which is used to point at something. These nouns are
of of two types. i. : It is used for pointing at something near. ii.
: It is used for pointing at something far.
Table 2.7
this
that
these two… these two…
those two… those two…
these
those
Table 2.8
e.g.
this
that
these two… these two…
those two… those two…
these
those that book these women those men
19
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 141-145.
42
Notes: 1. In the case of
, for both masculine and feminine, the in the beginning is
not part of the actual the
. It is, in fact, a
. However, it is so often used with
, that it is normally considered a part of them.
2. The
of
is sometimes changed according to the number of persons being
addressed. The meaning will not be affected. e.g. He is the Lord of both of you. 3. If the
is a
, then the
e.g. occurs as a
, then the
e.g. is also
which is an
, and the
e.g.
.
, then a suitable
should be added between the
,
for it to remain a complete sentence.
This is the book. is added, it would be an incomplete sentence.
e.g. 5. If the
this book is a
, then there will be no need for a
to be added between the
and
. e.g.
6.
will generally be a
This is a book.
However, if the
the
.
this book of yours
4. If the
If no
will come after the
or
This is the son of the king. (here) and
(there) are also
. However, they do not have any special
rules. Sentence Analysis: This pen is precious. +
43
EXERCISE 1.
Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
44
Section 2.4.420 – Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs Definition: These are nouns that have the meaning of verbs but do not accept its signs. That which has the meaning of , gives the noun after it a raf‘; and the one which has the meaning of
, gives the noun after it a nasb. Table 2.9
Nouns in the Meaning of Noun
Verb
Meaning he/it became far, it is far (from him)
Example It is far from (beyond) Zayd to do this.
same as above; and what a difference, there is a difference between
What a difference there is between the learned and the ignorant!
he hastened
Zayd hastened.
Table 2.10 Nouns in the Meaning of Noun
Verb
Meaning
Example
Give respite!
Give Zayd respite.
Leave!; Give up!
Give up thinking about that which does not concern you. Take the milk.
Take! Hold on to (it)!; (It is) incumbent on you Come!; Hasten!
20
Hold on to my Sunnah. Come to salah.
For more examples and exercises, please refer to ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li alMadaris al-Thanawiyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif, n.d.), vol. 1, 40-43.
45
Notes: 1. There are some other nouns which have the meaning of verbs. These are as follows: ( – come) ( – accept) ( (
– keep quite)
(
– bring, give)
(
– suffice) (
– away from me)
– bring him/it to me)
2. Some of these nouns are inflectable (
), i.e. their form changes.
i. e.g. Say: bring your proof, if you are truthful. ii. e.g. Say: O people of the book! Come to a word… e.g. Then, come, I will make provision for you and release you with kindness.
Section 2.4.5 – Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound To denote a cough. To denote pain. To denote happiness, pleasure. To make a camel sit. To denote the cawing of a crow.
21
is an abbreviation for
(until the end of the ayah).
46
Section 2.4.622 – Adverbs Definition: An
is that noun, which gives us an idea of the place or time when (or
where) some work is done. It is also called are of two kinds:
.
(adverb of time) and
(the adverb of place).
– Adverbs of Time: 1.
(when)
It gives the meaning of
The sentence after
even when it appears before
could be a
.
e.g.
Remember when you were less.
e.g.
And when Ibrahim (Allah give him peace) was
raising the foundation of the House (Ka‘ba). Sometimes, it gives the meaning of suddenness . This is called . e.g.
or a
.
I came out and suddenly the principal of
the school was watching. Sometimes, it gives the meaning of because ( ). This is called
.
e.g. That you are together in punishment will never benefit you today because you oppressed. [This is according to one translation.] 2.
22
(when/if)
It gives the meaning of
It gives the meaning of
The sentence after
even when it appears before and
.
but does not give either a
.
or preferably a
.
could be a
e.g.
I will come to you when the sun is up.
e.g.
When the help of Allah comes...
The list of
given in this section is by no means exhaustive. There are many more that should be studied
in advanced books of Nahw.
47
Sometimes, it gives the meaning of suddenness followed by a
, in which case
must be
.
e.g.
I came out and suddenly the dog was standing.
3.
(when)
It can be used as an interrogative e.g.
.
When will you travel?
It can also be used as a conditional noun in which case the e.g.
4.
and
get a
.
When you fast, I will fast. (how)
It is used to enquire condition. e.g. How are you? (In what condition are you?)
5.
(when)
It is used as an interrogative. e.g.
When will be the day of recompense?
Note: 6.
is used only to enquire of great events of the future as compared to
.
(yesterday) e.g.
7.
Zayd came to me yesterday. (since, from)
These two can be used to convey the beginning of a time period. e.g. I have not seen him since Friday. They can also be used to refer to an entire period. e.g. I have not seen him for two days. These can be used as as a e.g.
followed by a
(followed by a
) or as
, which will be regarded
. I have not seen him since Friday.
48
8.
(not, never) It is used to emphasize e.g.
9.
. I never hit him.
(never) It is used to emphasize e.g.
10.
. I will never hit him.
(before) (after) They are
when they are
and the
is not mentioned, but intended.
e.g. Allah’s is the decision before and after (i.e. before everything and after everything). e.g. I have been present from before (i.e. before you). e.g. When will you come after (i.e. after this)? When the
is mentioned, they will be
e.g.
.
before the victory
– Adverbs of Place: 1.
(where) It is generally
to a sentence.
e.g. 2.
Sit where Zayd is sitting. (in front of)
&
It has the same rules as those for
(behind) and
.
e.g. The people stood in front and behind. (i.e. in front of him and behind him).
49
3.
(under)
&
(on top, above)
It has the same rules as those for
and
.
e.g. Zayd sat under and ‘Amr above. (i.e. under the tree and above the tree.) 4.
(by, at, near, with) e.g.
The money is with Zayd.
Note:
will get a kasrah if it is preceded by
e.g. 5.
.
from Allah (where)
They are used for
.
e.g.
Where are you going?
They are used for
(
and
e.g.
6.
will get a
).
Where you sit, I will sit.
(at, by, near, with (same meaning as e.g.
)).
The money is with Zayd. from the All-Wise, All-Knowing
is generally preceded by
.
When used in the meaning of possession (with), the difference between and
is that in the case of
, the possessed thing must be present with the
person; whereas, in the case of
, the possessed thing need not be present with
the person. Note: That adverb which is
and is
to a sentence or the word , could be
or it could get the i‘raab according to the e.g.
the adverb
which is
.
in the following ayahs: and
This is the day when the truth of the truthful will benefit them. and faces on that day 50
EXERCISE 1. Translate the follows ayahs of the Qur’an and identify the whether they are from among
or
.
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
51
in them. Also identify
Section 2.4.7 – Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity 1.
(so many, so much, how many, how much) They can be used for numbers e.g. How many silver coins do you have? e.g.
I took this many silver coins. is also used in the meaning of “such and such.”
e.g. 2.
He said to me such and such. (so and so, such and such)
e.g.
or
I said such and such.
e.g.
or
I did such and such.
Section 2.4.8 – Numerical Phrase This has been discussed earlier. Please, refer to section 1.4.3.
52
Section 2.5 – Types of Declinable Nouns These are of two types: 1. Definition: It is that noun which does not have two causes from amongst the nine causes that prevent declension ( ) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two.
It accepts all harakaat as well as tanween.
2. Definition: It is that noun which has two causes from amongst the nine causes that prevent declension ( ) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two. Such a noun does not accept a kasrah and never gets a tanween. In
, it gets a
fathah in place of a kasrah. 23
There are nine reasons/causes which prevent i‘raab changes. Each one of these has its own conditions, which must exist for it to be a cause. The nine causes are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
: It refers to the case when a noun gives up its original form to assume a new form.
1.
is of two types:
: It refers to the case when a noun has an original.
i. e.g.
In the case of
(three and three together), the original is
.
: It refers to the case when it is assumed that a noun had an original because
ii.
it is used as e.g.
by the Arabs.
The Arabs use
as
. However, there is only one apparent cause,
. Therefore, in order to keep the grammar rule intact, it is assumed that the second reason is
, and the original for
23
is
.
This discussion is based upon Hidayat al-Nahw. It is presented in an entirely different manner in al-Nahw alWadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 125-133.
53
/
2.
: There can be two cases when a noun, which is a
These are as follows: i. The was originally devised to give a descriptive ( on the wazn of ( e.g.
red
ii. The 3.
), and does not accept taa for its
, would be ghayr munsarif.24
) meaning. If such a
is
, it will be ghayr munsarif.
green
has
. Its conditions are given below in (7).
: It refers to the case when a noun is a proper noun (name of a person, place or thing). e.g.
female name name of a region in Yemen
4.
: It refers to the case when a noun is such a feminine proper noun, which has one of the following characteristics: i. It ends with a round . For example,
25
ii. It does not end with a round and has more then three letters. For example, iii. It is a non-Arabic three-letter word and the middle letter is Note: All nouns ending in e.g.
or
. For example,
. .
are feminine.
pregnant red
Presence of
or
is equivalent to two reasons.
: It refers to the case when a word, which is a proper noun in a non-Arabic language,
5.
has either
more than three letters
or has three letters and the middle letter is ˗
Thus,
e.g. .
e.g.
is munsarif because its middle letter is not
24
Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, vol. 3, 322-324.
25
Even though
(name of a fort) .
is a masculine proper noun, it is considered a feminine noun because of the presence of a
round . For more discussion on the subject, see Section 3.4.
54
Note: The difference between
and
is that
it being the name of a country, while ghayr munsarif because of .
and
is a feminine noun because of
is not a feminine noun. Thus, , while
is
is munsarif because it only has
does not apply to either.
: It refers to the case when a word is a combination of two words. This word must
6. be an
.
e.g.
name of a city in Lebanon name of a region in Yemen
7.
: It refers to the case when a noun ends with an the following is true: i. The and
and
appear at the end of such a noun which is an
and one of (proper noun).
e.g. Note: Thus, the word
(grass) is not ghayr munsarif because it is not a proper
noun. ii.
The of
and
appear at the end of such a
. 26
e.g.
27
intoxicated
Their feminines are not on the Note: Thus, the word the wazn of If the
whose feminine is not on the
and
thirsty
of
.
is not ghayr munsarif because its feminine
. are not extra or added (i.e. not
) but are part of the original
letters of the word, then it will not be ghayr munsarif.
26
is on
For example,
.
is mainly used as ghayr munsarif (without tanween), and is sometimes used as munsarif (with tanween).
The reason is that it has two feminines. The main feminine is munsarif ( be munsarif (
, which requires that the masculine be ghayr
). However, in the dialect of Banu Asad, the feminine is
. This requires that the masculine
). See E. W. Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1968), book I, part
4, 1391. 27
is interchangeably used as munsarif (with tanween) and ghayr munsarif (without tanween). The reason
is that it has two feminines. One is munsarif (
, and the other is
); and considering the second, it becomes munsarif (
55
. Considering the first, it becomes ghayr ). See Lane, book I, part 5, 2079.
8.
: It refers to the case when a proper noun is on the wazn of
is on the wazn of a
or when a
.
e.g.
You are not more advanced/ahead than Ahmad. Here,
is an
and is on the wazn of the verb
is on the wazn of the verb
, and
is a
and
. Therefore, these two are ghayr munsarif.
e.g. Here, 9.
is an
and is on the wazn of the verb
: It is that plural, which has after the
. (alif of plural) one of the
following: i.
two
letters.
ii.
one
iii.
three letters, the middle letter being
letter. .
e.g.
mosques
e.g.
animals
e.g.
keys
Note: If any of the above words ends with a round , it will not be ghayr munsarif. e.g.
polishers
is equivalent to two reasons/causes.
General Note: A ghayr munsarif noun will get a kasrah in
when it is
when it has
. before it.
in the following cases:
e.g.
I prayed in their mosques.
e.g.
I went to the graves.
EXERCISES 1.
Mention with reason why the following words are munsarif or ghayr munsarif. i.
28
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
29
28
This is the name of a major Hanafi Imam. It is non-Arabic in origin and is pronounced with a dammah on the first letter and a fathah on the second letter. 29
Its main feminine is
. In the dialect of Banu Asad, its feminine is
56
. See Lane, book I, part 6, 2265.
2. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out with reason the words which are ghayr munsarif. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.
57
Section 2.6 – I‘raab of the Various Types of Mu‘rab Nouns We begin this section by defining some terms. Then, we will outline the i‘raab of each of the various types of mu‘rab nouns. : It is that noun, which does not end with any of the e.g.
.
man : It is that noun, which ends with a or
e.g.
bucket
preceded by a
.
deer
: These are six nouns, which are not in their diminutive form
. These
are as follows: father
mouth
brother
something insignificant
brother-in-law
(plural:
)
someone who possesses something
: It is that noun, which ends with an
.
e.g. : It is that noun which ends with a e.g.
preceded by a kasrah.
the judge
Note: It should be remembered that the When it is
, the
is not visible, e.g.
does become visible, e.g.
is visible in an becomes
when it is
. However, in
. , it
(I saw a judge).
Before we list the i‘raab of each of the various types of mu‘rab nouns in a table, it would be useful to remember that a simple method of illustrating different i‘raab is to make three sentences on the following pattern:
Zayd came.
I saw Zayd.
In these three sentences, the word changing state ( kasrah in
I passed by Zayd.
is displaying the different i‘raab according to the
). Thus, it has a dammah in
. 58
, and a fathah in
, and a
Table 2.11
Noun Type
a. When
Examples for Each State
to
any noun besides the dameer.31 b. When the
to
dameer.
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
c. when not
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
(masculine) (feminine) (masculine) (feminine)
30
I said to some men.
31
The of
is dropped when it is
followng hadith: 32
to any noun besides the
dameer. For example, it is dropped in the
(Whatever you put in the mouth of your wife…)
Both of them.
59
Table 2.11 – Continued Noun Type
(plural of
Examples for Each State
) hidden
EXERCISE35 1.
Translate, fill in the iʻraab and identify which rule from among those given in Table 2.11, is applicable. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
33
was originally
changed to a
. First, the
was dropped because of
and the two were joined according to the following morphological
appear together and the first is
, then the
is changed to a , and the two
and the dammah before the is changed into a kasrah.” Thus, it became 34
was originally
were joined ( 35
. It became
. First, the
). Thus, it became
was dropped because of
was
rule: “when a and a are joined (this is called
. . It became
.
For more exercises, refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 13-51 & 83-94.
60
. Then, the
. Then, the two
),
CHAPTER 3 Further Discussion of Nouns
Section 3.1 – Relative Adjective Definition: It is that noun, which shows something or someone to be related to it. e.g.
someone or something from Baghdad an expert in morphology an expert in Arabic grammar someone or something from India
Rules of Forming
:
To show this relation, a
preceded by a kasrah is added at the end of the
noun after affecting the following changes, if needed: 1. If a three-letter or a four-letter noun ends with an
, then
should be changed to a . e.g.
becomes
Note: In the case of a five-letter noun, the e.g.
should be dropped.
becomes
2. If a noun ends with an e.g.
, then the should be changed to a .
becomes
3. That noun which already ends with a e.g.
does not require
.
would remain as is.
4. The round at the end of a noun should be dropped. e.g. 5. The round dropped. e.g.
becomes and
becomes
of a noun, which appears on the becomes
of
and becomes
61
should be
6. In case of the noun, which appears on the
of
and ends with a , the first
be changed to a preceded by a fathah, and the second e.g.
should
should be dropped.
becomes
7. If the fourth letter of a noun is a
preceded by a kasrah, then the
can be dropped or it
can be changed to a . e.g.
becomes
or
8. If an original letter from the end of a noun was dropped, it should first be brought back, and then, the relative adjective should be made. e.g. (originally ) becomes (originally
)
becomes
(originally
)
becomes
9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage. e.g. becomes becomes
EXERCISE 1. Form the relative adjective from the following words. i. ii.
v.
iii.
62
Section 3.2 – Diminutive Noun Definition: It is that noun, which is used to express the diminutive form of a noun. Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt. Rules: 1. A three-letter noun would come on the wazn of e.g.
(or
becomes
(a little man)
becomes
(a little slave)
2. A four-letter noun would come on the wazn of e.g.
for feminine).
.
becomes
3. A five-letter noun, without a , or
as the fourth, would also come on the wazn of
The fifth letter would be dropped. e.g. (name of a plant) A five-letter noun, having a , or e.g.
(paper)
becomes as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of
.
becomes
Notes: 1. In the diminutive form, the hidden of a e.g.
.
becomes apparent.
becomes
2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of a noun which has been dropped becomes apparent. e.g. (originally ) becomes (
was originally
, and underwent a morphological process to become
EXERCISE 1. Form the diminutive noun from the following words. i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
63
)
Section 3.3 – Definite and Common Nouns (common noun): It is that noun, which denotes something unspecified. e.g.
a man
(definite noun): It is that noun which denotes something specific. There are seven types of 1. 2.
. : It is a personal pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.1.
: It is a proper noun, i.e. the name of a specific person, place or thing. e.g.
3.
: It is the demonstrative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in section 2.4.3.
4.
: It is the relative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.2.
5.
: It is that noun, which has e.g.
6. That common noun
(definite particle) at the beginning.
the man which is mudaaf to any of the above five definite nouns.
e.g.
7.
: It is the vocative noun, i.e. that noun, which appears after a
.
e.g. EXERCISE 1. Which of the following words are ma‘rifah (state what type) and which are nakirah. i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
64
Section 3.4 – Masculine and Feminine Noun - Masculine Noun: It is that noun, which does not have any sign from amongst the signs of femininity
.
- Feminine Noun: It is that noun, which has a sign from amongst the signs of femininity. This sign could be apparent or hidden. : The signs of being feminine are of two types: 1.
(in words): It is that sign, which is visible in words. These signs are of the following three types:
: This renders the word noun.
even if the appears in a masculine proper e.g.
(a masculine proper noun)
e.g.
e.g.
If a word has any of these three signs it will be 2.
.
(assumed): It is that sign, which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist. This is determined by looking at the diminutive form This reveals the original letters of the word. e.g. The diminutive form is The diminutive form is
Based on the signs of femininity being 1.
or
,
of a particular word.
. Therefore, it is . Therefore, it is
. .
is of two types:
(according to rule): It is that feminine noun, which has a
sign of
(according to usage): It is that feminine noun, which has a
sign of
femininity. 2. femininity. In terms of 1.
(essence),
: It is that feminine noun, which has an opposite masculine. e.g.
2.
is of two types: (woman). Its masculine is
(man).
: It is that feminine noun, which does not have an opposite masculine. e.g.
(darkness)
(spring)
65
Notes: 1. The following are used as feminine a.
:
Name of females. e.g.
b.
Words denoting the feminine gender. e.g.
c.
Names of countries, cities, towns and tribes. e.g.
d.
Parts of the body found in pairs. e.g. Note: There are exceptions to the rule.
e.
(cheek),
(eyebrow) etc. are
masculine. Names of various types of winds. e.g.
f.
Various names of Jahannam (hell). e.g.
g.
Letters of the alphabet
are generally used as
. They can also be
used as masculine.
……..
e.g.
2. There are some words that Arabs use as feminine without regard to the presence or absence of signs of femininity. Examples include the following: (bucket) (tillage/field) (well) (self)
(fire)
66
(house)
Section 3.5 – Singular, Dual and Plural – Singular: It is that noun, which denotes one. e.g.
one man
– Dual: It is that noun, which denotes two. It is formed by placing at the end of a singular
one of the following: An
preceded by a fathah and followed by a
e.g.
two men
A
with a kasrah i.e.
preceded by a fathah and followed by a
with a kasrah i.e.
for
.
for
. e.g.
two men
– Plural: It is that noun, which denotes more than two. e.g. Note: The
men of
and
e.g.
is dropped in case of (Originally,
. but the
(Originally,
was dropped due to but the
.)
was dropped due to
.) (Originally, (Originally,
but the but the
EXERCISE 1. Translate the following into Arabic. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
The boy’s two bicycles. The farmer’s two servants. Your parents came. I saw your parents. The servants of deen. The teachers of the school.
67
was dropped due to
was dropped due to
.)
.)
Section 3.6 – Types of Plural – Sound Plural: It is that plural whose
(letter sequence/form) of
does not
change, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does not break. e.g.
(singular –
There are two types of 1.
)
:
– Masculine Sound Plural: It is formed by adding at the end of a singular one of the following:
A
preceded by a dammah and followed by a
with a fathah i.e.
for
. e.g.
A
preceded by a kasrah and followed by a
with a fathah i.e. [
] for
. e.g. 2.
– Feminine Sound Plural: It is formed by discarding the round adding at the end of a singular, one of the following: An preceded by a fathah and followed by a madmoom long
i.e.
and
for
. e.g.
An
preceded by a fathah and followed by a maksoor long
i.e.
for
. e.g. – Broken Plural: It is that plural whose
(the singular letter sequence/form) of
changes, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks. e.g.
(singular –
68
)
– Restricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from three to ten. It has four common
. Table 3.1
Wazn
Examples Meaning
Singular
Plural
self statement food boy Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an considered
is also
.
e.g.
intelligent females
intelligent males
– Unrestricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from ten upwards. Some of the common
are given below. Table 3.2
Wazn
Examples Meaning
Singular
slave knowledgeable prophet messenger star servant patient student group/sect boy
69
Plural
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an considered as
is also
.
e.g. – Plural of a Plural: It is the plural of a plural. Sometimes, it appears on the wazn of
and sometimes on the wazn of
. Every plural does not have a plural.
Some examples of plurals, which have a plural are given below. Table 3.3
Singular
Meaning
Plural
Plural of Plural
blessing nail house well-qualified
: It is that plural, which has after the
two
one
three letters, the middle one being
(alif of plural), one of the following:
letters.
e.g.
letter.
e.g. .
Some of the common wazns of
(the original being
e.g.
are given below: Table 3.4
Wazn
Examples Meaning
Singular
mosque key rule/maxim message/letter elder
70
Plural
)
– Collective Noun:36 It is a singular noun, which gives a plural meaning. Generally, it does not have a singular from the same word. e.g. nation group Note: 1. These words have plurals. e.g. 2. In usage, if the word is considered, it will be used as a singular noun. e.g. The people are present. If its meaning is considered (as is commonly done), it will be used as a plural noun. e.g. righteous people Notes: 1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as their singulars. e.g. (woman) (the one who possesses something) 2. Some plurals are not according to rule e.g.
.
(mother) (mouth) (water) (human being) (goat/sheep)
– Generic Noun:37 It is that noun, which is devised for an essence (
). Because of
that, it refers to an entire genus (category/class). Generally, its singular has a ( ). For example, refers to trees. Its singular is
(a tree).
refers to date-palm trees. Its singular is
36
(a date-palm tree).
For more details, please refer to ‘Abd al-Ghaniyy al-Daqr, Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah fi al-Nahw wa alTasreef, (Damascus: Dar al-Qalam, 1986), 36. 37 For more details, please refer to Muʻjam al-Qawaʻid al-‘Arabiyyah, 36.
71
EXERCISE 1. What type of plurals are the following? i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
72
Section 3.7 - Words That Are Always Marfoo‘ There are eight words that are always in the state of
. These are as follows:
1.
4.
2.
3.
6.
5.
7.
8.
Some of these have been discussed before. discussed in Section 1.4.1,
(subject) and
(predicate) were
was discussed in Section 1.8, and
was
discussed in Section 1.9. We discuss the rest below. Section 3.7.1
– Subject/Doer Definition: It is the doer of the action or of the meaning contained in the verb. The can either be a personal pronoun or an (i.e. visible in words after the ). We have discussed personal pronouns before in Section 2.4.1. Now, we will discuss what the
should be for various types of
.
Table 3.5
If the
is
Then the
will be
Example
and there is
1.
no word between the and the
. and its singularity,
2.
duality, or plurality will be according to the preceding noun that it refers to. and there is
3.
a word between the the
or or
and
.
4.
or
or
5.
or
or
73
Table 3.5 – Continued If the
is
Then the
will be
Example
beside the corresponding in 6. any above five categories gender and its singularity,
7.
duality, or plurality will be according to the preceding noun that it refers to or
8.
or
EXERCISE 1. Fill in a suitable i. iii. v.
in the spaces below.
_______ _______ _______/_______
ii.
_______/_______
iv.
_______/_______
vi.
_____/_______
74
Section 3.7.2 /
– Substitute of
Definition: It is that noun, which is the dropped and the
(passive voice). The original
subsitutes it. This is why, it is called (the
of such a
e.g.
whose
(substitute of
is not mentioned).
Zayd was hit. (The doer is not known/mentioned.)
The same e.g.
of a
usage rules apply as mentioned above in Table 3.5.
1. 2. 3.
or
4.
or
5.
or
6.
or
7. 8.
or
or
or
or
Sentence Analysis: The door was opened.
EXERCISE 1. Convert the following to
with its
.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
2. Convert the following to
.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
75
is ) or
Section 3.7.338 – The Noun of Those
It means that
and , Which Are Similar to
and have the same meaning and effect (
e.g.
) as
.
Zayd is not standing. No man is more virtuous than you.
Like
, sometimes, an extra baa’ (
e.g.
and will be cancelled if any of the following occurs:
When the
appears before the
e.g. ii.
The word
If the e.g.
38
.
Zayd is not standing. appears before the
e.g.
iii.
.
I am not a reader/I cannot read.
The effect of i.
) is added before the
negating the negative meaning of
and .
And Muhammad is not but a messenger./
and/or
And Muhammad is only a messenger. [Allah bless him and give him peace] of is not . ( can appear before a or a
)
The city is not big.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 95-102.
76
Section 3.7.439 – The
gives its
of That Which Negates an Entire
a single fathah and its
e.g.
a dammah when the
(Category/Class) and the
are
.
No man is standing. Table 3.6 Different Forms of the Noun of and Its I‘raab
If the 1.
of
is
Then it will be
Explanation
Example
or There is no servant of a man in the house. No one who attempts to do good is blameworthy.
2. There is no man in the house. 3.
- The has to be repeated with another .
Neither is Zayd in the house nor ‘Amr.
- The effect of is cancelled. 4.
with a word
- The has to be repeated. - The effect of
between it and
is cancelled. 5.
and
Neither is there a man in it nor a woman.
repeated
with no between them
word
39
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 118-122. It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way that mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi are connected to one another. 41 There is no power (to do good) and there is no power (to stay away from evil)[except with Allah’s help]. 40
77
Note: The e.g.
of may be omitted when the meaning is understood. i.e.
There is no harm upon you. / No problem.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the rule which applies. i.
v.
ii.
vi.
78
Section 3.8 – Words Which Are Always Mansoob42 1.
7.
2.
8.
3.
known as
/
9.
4.
10.
5.
11.
6.
12.
Of these, 8,9,10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining. Section 3.8.1 – Object Definition: It is that word on which the action of the e.g.
takes place. Khalid drank water.
Sometimes, the verb governing the
is dropped as in the following:
(the one being called):43
a. e.g.
O son of Zayd!
It was originally
. The verb
Note: The
was dropped.
(vocative particle) substitutes the omitted verb.
Some of the vocative particles are as follows: and These are used when the and
These are used when the
is near. is far.
This is used for both (near and far).
42
There are exceptions to the rule. Mustathnaa, for example, is not always mansoob. It is still mentioned under this category because most of the time, it is mansoob. 43 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 120-124.
79
Table 3.7 Rules Governing the I‘raab of the If the
Then it will be
is
Example
1.
O son of Zayd!
2.
O reader of a book!
44
3.
O man! Take my hand. (call of a blind man to any person for assisstance) O man!
(Unspecified nakirah) 4. (Specified nakirah) 5.
O Zayd! (Singular ma‘rifah)
6.
(masculine) or
(feminine) has to be
added between the
and
O man!
. O woman!
(abbreviation) is allowed in munaadaa. e.g.
can become
or
can become Note: The last letter can be given a dammah or it can retain its original harakah. b.
: This is said to one’s guest for welcoming him/her. , which means “You have come to your own people
Its original is
and have trampled comfortable ground.” In other words, “you are welcome.” Here two verbs,
and
have been dropped.
c. Sometimes, when warning someone, the verb governing the context. Examples include the following: is used instead of “Beware of the road!” Here, the verb
is used instead of
is dropped due to
to give the same meaning, which is has been dropped. to give the same meaning, which
is “Save yourself from the lion.” 44
This is another term for
. As mentioned earlier, it is similar to mudaaf in meaning.
80
Section 3.8.245
Definition: It is the masdar of the verb that governs it and is used for the following: (emphasis) e.g. I beat him severely.
(description of type) e.g.
I sat like a Qari would
(number of times)
I hit him twice.
sit.
e.g.
Note: Sometimes, the verb governing
is dropped because of context. For example,
. Originally, it was Here, the verb Only the
, and
, which means “You came a good coming.” , which is the
of the
, which is
, have been dropped because of context. , remains.
Section 3.8.346
Definition: It is that noun, which explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, it is a masdar. e.g. I beat/hit him to teach (him) manners.
Section 3.8.447
Definition: It is that noun, which appears after such a This
is known as e.g.
, which has the meaning of
(with).
. Zayd came with the book. I came with Zayd.
45
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 156-160. For
additional types of
, with accompanying examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih,
Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 127-130. 46 For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 161-164. 47 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 157-162.
81
Section 3.8.5
Definition: It is that noun, which denotes the time took place. e.g.
in which an action
are of two types:
(limited, restricted)
I travelled for a month.
Both types of and
or place
, namely,
and
(unlimited, unrestricted).
Types of i.
(limited, restricted): for example,
ii.
day
e.g.
I fasted for one day.
night
e.g.
I worked for one night.
month
e.g.
I fasted for a month.
year
e.g.
I travelled for a year.
(unlimited, unrestricted): for example, long period of time e.g.
I fasted for a long time.
some time (could be short or long period of time) e.g. Nuh (peace be upon him) called his people for some time.
Types of i.
(limited, restricted):
ii.
e.g.
I prayed in the mosque.
e.g.
I sat in the house. (unlimited, unrestricted): behind
e.g.
I sat behind him.
in front of
e.g.
I stood in front of him.
Note: In the case of the case of
, the preposition , it is assumed to exist (
82
).
is mentioned in words; while in
The above-mentioned five maf‘ools have been combined in a couplet, which is as follows:
I praised Haamid a lot, with Hameed, out of regard for thanking him, for an extended period of time. Sentence Analysis:
=
1.
= = =
2.
| =
|
| (
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and identify the type of i.
viii.
ii.
ix.
iii.
x.
iv.
xi.
v.
xii.
vi.
xiii.
vii.
xiv.
83
in the following sentences.
)
Section 3.8.648 – State / Condition Definition: It is a noun, which describes the condition of either the
or the
or both at
the time the action contained in the verb takes place. e.g. Zayd came while mounted/riding. I came to Zayd while he was sleeping. I spoke to Zayd while both of us were sitting. Notes: 1. The condition itself is known as described is known as 2. The
gets a
3. The
, whereas the one whose condition is being
.
, which is generally in the form of two fathahs.
is generally
and the
e.g.
.
is generally
Zayd came riding/while he was mounted.
4. If the
is
, the
is brought before the
e.g.
.
A man came to me riding/while he was mounted.
5. The
can be a
.
e.g.
Zayd ate sitting. Here, the
6. The
is
, which is the hidden
in
.
can be a sentence. If the
is a
, then a
(with or without a
meaning of condition. e.g.
) is added to give the
Don’t come near salah while you are intoxicated.
If the
is a
and the
is
,
has to appear before the
. e.g.
48
Zayd came while his servant had left.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 101-109.
84
Sentence Analysis: 1.
Zayd came riding/while he was mounted.
+ = 2.
+
I came to ‘Amr while he was asleep.
+ = 3.
+
I met Bakr while he was sitting.
= +
+
= 4.
+
Zayd ate while sitting.
| + = =
+
85
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the
and
i.
vi.
ii.
vii.
iii.
viii.
iv.
ix.
v.
x.
86
in the following sentences.
Section 3.8.749
/ Definition: It is an
, which removes the ambiguity or vagueness created by the previous
noun. This ambiguity may be in distance, weight, measure, number, etc. e.g. I saw eleven stars. Here, the word (
) clarifies what (
) refers to.
Sentence Analysis:
+ =
+
Notes: The ambiguous noun is called or
and the noun which clarifies it is called
.
The
Sometimes, the
is mansoob and gets two fathahs. is not mentioned in words but is understood from the
meaning of the sentence
.
e.g.
If the
The boy is good in terms of (his) speech. is a number, the rules with regards to the usage of numerals (on the
next page) must be kept in mind.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the
49
and
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
in the following sentences.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 110-119.
87
Rules for
(Numerals)
Before we proceed, it should be pointed out that (number) is the and One and two (1-2) The will appear first and the
The
and the
e.g.
(the counted noun) is the
.
will appear second.
must correspond in all aspects. one boy one girl
Note: Normally, for one or two boy, girl, men etc., one would simply say
or
,
etc. However, at times, the number is used for emphasis. Three Through Ten (3-10) From three onwards, the
The
The
will be and the
e.g.
will appear first and the
second.
. must be of opposite gender.
three pens five cars
Note: In choosing the correct
gender, the singular form of the
into account. e.g. Here, the singular
will be taken
seven nights and eight days (night) of
For ten, the masculine form is
is feminine, and
(day) of
, and the feminine form is
is masculine. .
Eleven and Twelve (11-12)
From eleven onwards till 99, the
The
and the
e.g.
will be
.
must have the same gender. eleven stars twelve girls
From 11–19, the
of
will get a fathah when used with a masculine and a
sukoon when used with a feminine.50 is also used. See W. Wright, Arabic Grammar, (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2005), Part 1, 256. Also see Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, vol. 4, 71. 50
For feminine, the form
88
Thirteen Through Nineteen (13-19)
The
The gender of the first part of the
will be
.
e.g.
should be opposite of the gender of the
.
fourteen men nineteen girls
The “ten”
(masc.)/
(fem.) will agree with the
in terms of gender.
Twenty Till Ninety (21, 31, 41,…,91) The will be .
The gender of whether the
to
(21,31,41,…91) will remain the same, irrespective of
is masculine or feminine.
e.g.
twenty men thirty girls
Twenty-one and Twenty-two (21-22) The will be .
The first part of the e.g.
and the
must have the same gender.
twenty-one men twenty-one girls
The same will apply to 31-32, 41-42…91-92.
Twenty-three Through Twenty-nine (23-29) The will be .
The gender of the first part of the e.g.
should be opposite of the gender of the
.
twenty-four men twenty-six girls
The same will apply to 33-39, 43-49…93-99. The “tens” will remain the same, irrespective of whether the feminine.
89
is masculine or
Hundred (100)
The
will be
will remain the same, irrespective of whether the e.g.
. is masculine or feminine.
hundred men
For 200,
will be used. (
e.g.
hundred girls
in
)
two hundred girls two hundred girls
Since
is feminine, the number before
e.g.
will be masculine.
four hundred men four hundred women
If there are units and tens with the 100’s as well, their respective gender rules will. e.g.
hundred and ten books hundred and forty-five note-books
Thousand (1,000)
The
will be
.
will remain the same, irrespective of whether the e.g.
is masculine or feminine.
thousand men
Since
is masculine, the number before
e.g.
thousand girls will be feminine.
four thousand men four thousand women
Note: The plural for
is
Million (1,000,000) The will be
.
.
will remain the same, irrespective of whether the e.g.
is masculine or feminine.
million men million girls
Since
is masculine, the number before
e.g.
will be feminine.
four million men four million women
Note: The plural for
is
.
90
EXERCISES 1. Write the following in Arabic. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
2 schools 12 women 17 doors 21 cars 150 houses 444 miles
vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii.
11 books 14 chairs 26 boys 111 elephants 195 keys 3,333 roses
2. Translate the following sentences and fill in the iʻraab. i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
91
Section 3.8.851
means to exclude. is that noun, which has been excluded and appears after the is that noun from which the
.
has been excluded. It appears before
.
are as follows:
e.g.
The people came except Zayd.
Related Terminology refers to the case when the e.g.
was included in the
before the
.
The people came except Zayd. (Zayd was one of the people before the exclusion.)
refers to the case when the
was not included in the
before the
. e.g.
The angels prostrated except Iblees. (Iblees was never one of the angels.) The people came except the donkey. (Donkey was never included among the people.)
refers to that sentence in which the e.g.
No one came except Zayd.
refers to that sentence in which the e.g. 51
is not mentioned.
is mentioned.
The people came except Zayd.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 88-100.
92
/ or
(positive statement) refers to that sentence, which does not have a
. e.g.
/ or
,
The people came except Zayd. (negative sentence) refers to that sentence, which does have a
,
. e.g.
The people did not come except Zayd.
The i‘raab of the various types of
are as given below: Table 3.8
Sentence Type
Example
1. The angels prostrated except Iblees. 2. The people came to me except zayd. 3.
– or – same as No one came to me except Zayd. according to the governing
4.
(as if
No one came except Zayd.
does not exist) I did not see anyone except Zayd. I did not pass by anyone except Zayd. 5.
All types The people came except Zayd.
93
Table 3.8 – Continued Sentence Type 6.
Example
All types
– or – (as a preposition)
7.
The people came except Zayd.
All types The people came except Zayd.
Note: The i‘raab of the word determine the i‘raab of
is the same as that of
is to replace
to get, should be given to
with . Now, whatever i‘raab
was supposed
.
For example, we have two sentences, 1) To determine the i‘raab of sentences. a. Replace
. Thus, the simple way to
with
, follow the following two steps for each of these and see what the i‘raab of the
1)
would be.
2)
The first sentence is sentence is
, so the
and
will be mansoob.
, so the
(with ) will be given to
1)
.
2)
EXERCISES 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and explain the i‘raab of the mustathnaa. i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
94
The second
is according to the ‘aamil. Thus,
it will be marfoo‘. b. The i‘raab of the
.
and 2)
Section 3.952 – Words Which Are Always Majroor There are two types of words that are always majroor. These are as follows: 1. Noun preceded by a . e.g.
in the book
2. e.g.
52
book of Zayd
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 76-81.
95
Section 3.10
Definition: A
is that noun, which follows the noun before it in terms of i‘raab (and some
other things which vary from
The
There are five
to
). The preceding noun is called the
which governs the
also governs the
.
.
:
1)
2)
4)
5)
3)
Section 3.10.153 – Adjective54 is of two types: 1.
1)
2)
: It is that word, which describes the actual
.
As mentioned in section 1.4.3, the
case, in the following: a. I‘raab b. Gender c. Being ma‘rifah or nakirah d. Being singular, dual or plural The can be a complete sentence, in which case the must be .
The
follows the
, which is a sentence must have a
e.g.
, which is the
which refers to the
in this
.
A boy who was riding the bicycle came to me.
=
+ +
53 54
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 134-142. is another name for
; and
is another name for
96
.
Note:
If a
is followed by a sentence, it will be a
Example 1
or
.
The boy is riding the bicycle. Here, (
) is
, and (
) is the
.
Example 2 The boy came to me while riding the bicycle. Here, ( ) is , and ( ) is the
.
Sentence Analysis 1.
A learned man came.
A man whose father is learned, came.
|
2.
: It is that word, which does not describe the connected to the
.
e.g.
A boy whose father is learned, came to me. Here,
is describing
, which is connected to the
other words, it is describing the Notes: 1. In a. b.
, but describes that which is
, the
and
indirectly.
must correspond in only two aspects:
I‘raab Being ma‘rifah or nakirah 97
(
). In
2.
The
will always be singular, irrespective of whether the
plural. e.g. 3.
The
is singular, dual or
These are two pictures whose frames are beautiful. will correspond in gender to the word after it.
e.g.
The lady, whose son is intelligent, came.
Sentence Analysis: 1.
A woman whose son is learned, came.
|
Note: In this example, . However, it follows
is the
of
, or more precisely
. Because of
, it is marfoo‘ and
, in being masculine.55
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the
and the
in the following
sentences.
55
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
There seems to be a contradiction between the sentence analysis and the note given above for
. All
the books of Nahw that we referred to, including ‘Ilm al-Nahw, al-Nahw al-Wadih, and Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, agree that in this example, only explaining the rules for of
is the
. Yet, in ‘Ilm al-Nahw, the author, Mawlana Charthawali, after
, has given this example of sentence analysis, in which he makes
. This suggests that there can be two ways of looking at this.
98
the
2. Analyze the following sentences and and point out the difference between them. i.
iii.
ii.
99
Section 3.10.256
/
– Emphasis
Definition: It is that
, which gives emphasis to the
emphasizes the inclusion of all members of the e.g.
in the matter related to it.
(The second ‘Zayd’ emphasized Zayd’s coming.) (
in the matter related to it or
The
is called
and the
There are two types of 1.
:
emphasized that all came, no one remained.) is called
.
and
– Verbal Emphasis: The emphasis is attained by repeating the may be
,
,
,
e.g.
, which
, or sentence. Zayd definitely came. The absent one definitely became present. I will definitely not break the pledge. You open the window. You are, indeed, the censured one.
2.
– Emphasis Through Meaning: The emphasis is attained with any of the following words: Below, we discuss each of these. a.
(himself, herself, itself)
These are used for singular, dual and plural. They have to be to a .
Their
must agree with the
duality/plurality), while the form
in terms of gender and singularity (or should agree with the
in terms
of singularity (or duality/plurality). The exception is that the plural form of and is used in place of the dual form. e.g.
Zayd himself stood. The two Zayds themselves stood. The (many) Zayds themselves stood.
56
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 143-152
100
The female teacher herself came. The two female teachers themselves came. The (many) female teachers themselves came. b.
(both)
These are used for dual only. is masculine and is feminine.
It must be
to a dual
e.g.
. Both of the men stood up. Both of the female teachers stood up.
c.
(all)
They are used for singular and plural. and should be towards a
, which must correspond to the
.
is used with its form e.g.
changing to correspond to the
.
I read the whole book. All the men came. All the men came. All the people came.
,
Note:
and
can only be used for emphasis in those things, which
have parts or can be divided. Thus,
(I treated all of Zayd
hospitably) would be incorrect. d.
These are used for greater emphasis. They appear after . They are not used without before
nor can they appear
.
e.g.
All of the people came. All of the women stood up.
101
Sentence Analysis All the people came.
|
|
2
1
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i.
vi.
ii.
vii.
iii.
viii.
iv.
ix.
v.
x.
102
Section 3.10.357 – Substitute Definition: A
is that
, which is actually intended in the sentence and not its
merely serves as an introduction to the
The
is called
. The
.
(substitute) and the
is called
or
(the
substituted). e.g.
|
There are four types of 1)
: 2)
1.
3)
(also called the
): It is that
4) , which refers to the exact same thing as
. e.g.
2.
(also called
The
must have a
e.g. 3.
The
: It is that e.g.
57
, which refers to the
, which is related to the
must have a
e.g. 4.
, which refers to a part of the .
I hit Zayd’s head.
: It is that
): It is that
, which refers to the
, but is not part of it. .
Zayd’s shirt was stolen. , which is mentioned after an error, as a correction. I bought a horse; no, a donkey.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 163-167.
103
.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i.
vi.
ii.
vii.
iii.
viii.
iv.
ix.
v.
x.
104
Section 3.10.4 – Conjunction Definition: It is that
, which appears after a
and the
. The meaning of the
is called
The
. The
appears between the
applicable to the
and the
is called
e.g.
is also applicable to the
.
.
Zayd and ‘Amr came.
+
+
: The various
are as follows:
Their details are as follows: (and): This is without regard to sequence. e.g.
Zayd and Bakr came.
Here, sequence is not considered. (then, thus):
It shows sequence with slight delay. e.g. Zayd came. Then, Bakr (came).
It can also show cause
.
e.g. He sends down water from the sky. Therefore, the earth becomes green. (then): It shows sequence with delay. e.g.
Zayd came. Then, (after some time) Bakr (came).
(upto, till, even): It shows the end point ( e.g.
).
I read the Qur’an until the end. The pilgrims came, even those on foot.
105
(either…or): e.g.
The fruit is either sweet or bitter.
(or): e.g.
We stayed for a day or a part of a day.
(or): It is generally used with an interrogative e.g.
Is Zayd with you or Bakr?
(not): This negates from the
that which has been established for the
e.g.
.
Zayd came to me and not Bakr.
(but, instead, rather): It is used for
.
i.e. to give up one notion for another.
If it appears after a positive sentence (
) or a command ( ), it negates the
ruling for that which is before it, and affirms it for that which is after it. e.g. Zayd came to me. Rather, Bakr (came).
If it appears after a (
) or a (
), it confirms this ruling (of negation) for the one
before it, and affirms its opposite (i.e. opposite of negation) for the one after it. e.g.
I did not read the whole book; rather, [I read] some of it.
(but, however): It is generally used with a rectify. e.g.
and serves the purpose of
i.e. to
Zayd did not come to me but Bakr came.
Notes: 1. If the
is a
, then its
e.g.
has to be mentioned after it.
Zayd and I hit.
2. However, if after the
, another word appears before the
, then the
need not be brought. e.g.
Zayd and I hit, today. Neither us nor our forefathers associated partners.
3. If the by the same e.g.
is a
preceded by a
, then the
. I passed by you and Zayd.
106
should also be preceded
EXERCISE 1. Fill in a suitable i. ii. iii.
, translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
_____
iv.
_______
v.
_____
vi.
107
_____ _____
Section 3.10.5
Definition: It is that
, which clarifies or specifies its
.
Often, it is a more famous name of two names. Example: Abu Hafs ‘Umar stood up.
| + =
+
Example:
Abu ‘Amr Zayd came.
| + =
+
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i.
ii.
108
CHAPTER 4 – Governing Words
Definition: An
is a word that governs/causes i‘raab changes in another word.
There are two types of
: 1)
1.
, which is not in word form i.e. it is abstract.
: It is that
2)
There are two types of i.
.
: It means that being free of a e.g. Here,
a
.
Zayd is standing. is the
because of ii.
gives
In the case of
, which is
because of
.
is the
. , being free of a
or
gives
. e.g. Here 2.
: It is that
Zayd is working. is
because it is free of any , which is in word form.
There are three types of
and it is also
.
i. ii. iii.
109
or
.
a
Section 4.1 – Governing Particles A. Particles, Which Govern Nouns 1. refer to section 1.7 2.
refer to section 1.8
3.
refer to section 3.7.3
4.
refer to section 3.8.4
5.
refer to section 3.8.8
6.
refer to section 3.8.1
7.
refer to section 3.7.4
B. Particles, Which Govern
1. 2.
110
Section 4.1.158 – Particles That Give Nasb These are as follows:
These appear before
and cause the following changes at the end:
˗
They give the last letter a fathah if it is not a
˗
If the last letter is a two
of
or
of
or
.
, it is dropped. The exception is the
of the
. Table 4.1
Meaning
Example
that, to
I want to enter Paradise.
will not, never
The disbeliever will never enter Paradise.
so that
I came so I could rest.
then, case
in
that
In that case, you will be successful in your work. [This is said in response to the one who may have said: (I will work hard).]
Notes: 1. Sometimes , together with its
, gives the meaning of a masdar. In this case,
is called
. e.g.
i.e. Your fasting is better for you.
2.
is hidden after the following six a.
After
and gives the last letter of
:
e.g. I travelled until I entered the city.
59
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 47-52. For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 52-62.
111
a
.59
b.
After
or
, which appears after
: i.e. that
.
e.g. Allah was not going to punish them. c.
After , which has the meaning of
(until) or
e.g.
(
(but that/unless).
)
I will not leave you until you give me my right.
The sinner will be punished unless he provides an excuse. d.
After
: i.e., that
which “turns away” from the word after it the effect,
which the
had on the word before it (before the
).
e.g. Do not command the truth while you lie. (Here, the turned away/stopped the effect of from
e.
This
The sentence must start with a
After
is also known as
: i.e., that
or or
.)
. .
which has the meaning of
(it is also called
).
e.g. I came so I could rest. f.
After
: i.e., that
, which comes in the
to any of the following
six. 1.
e.g. Visit me so that I treat you hospitably.
2.
e.g. Do not cross the limit regarding it, lest My wrath descends upon you.
3.
e.g. You do not visit us, otherwise we would have treated you hospitably.
4.
e.g. Where is your house, so I can visit you.
112
5.
e.g. I wish I had wealth, so I would have spent it.
6.
e.g. Why don’t you visit us so that you receive good!
3.
has to be written after a e.g.
4.
if the
is joined to a
So that he does not know.
which appears after a verb with the root letters it does not give
.
a fathah. Such an
is not a
is known as
. Therefore, i.e., that
which was . e.g.
I knew that he will stand up.
e.g.
He knew that some of you will be sick.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the sentences. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.
113
and its effect in the following
Section 4.1.260 – Particles That Give Jazm These are as follows:
These appear before
and cause the following changes at the end:
˗
They give the last letter a sukoon if it is not a
˗
If the last letter is a of the two
of
of
or
.
, it will be dropped. The exception is the
or
. Table 4.2
Meaning
Example
if
If you sit, I will sit.
did not
He did not hit me.
not yet
The boy went but has not returned yet.
should, shall, let
He should sit.
do not
Do not sit.
Notes: 1. appears before two verbal sentences. The first one is called second 2. If
(condition) and the
(answer/result).
appears before , it should be translated negatively. e.g.
He is not but an honorable angel.
Note: This negation could also be expressed as “He is only an honorable angel.” 3.
can also be used to give the meaning of which was given
is added after the
He has not gone yet.
should be brought before the a.
or
by .
e.g. 4.
. For this,
of a
when the
is one of the following:
e.g. If you come to me you will be treated hospitably.
60
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 52-57 & vol. 2, 63-66.
114
b.
e.g. If you see Zayd, treat him hospitably.
c.
e.g. If Zayd comes to you, do not humiliate him.
d.
e.g. If you treat me hospitably, then, may Allah reward you well.
5.
will be translated in the future tense when it is… a. used as a
e.g. May Allah reward you well.
b. preceded by
e.g. If you sit, I will sit.
c. preceded by
e.g. Whoever comes with good, there will be ten like it for him.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the
and its effect on the following
sentences. i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
115
Section 4.2 – Governing Verbs Section 4.2.1 – Active Verb: It is that verb whose doer is known/mentioned.
, whether transitive or intransitive, governs the following nouns, as and when applicable: ˗ it gives ˗
it gives i.
to the
.
to the following, as and when applicable: (
can only be governed by a
)
ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Section 4.2.2 – Passive Verb: It is that verb whose doer is not known/mentioned.
is also known as
It gives
It gives
to the
(a verb whose (originally the
to all the remaining
is not named).
).
.
e.g. Zayd was beaten severely on Friday, in front of the Judge, in his office/house, to teach him manners. Section 4.2.3 – Intransitive Verb: It is that verb whose meaning can be understood without a . e.g.
Zayd sat.
Section 4.2.4 : These were discussed earlier in section 1.9.
116
Section 4.2.561 – Transitive Verb Definition: It is that verb whose meaning cannot be understood without a e.g.
.
Zayd hit Bakr.
There are four types of
. These are as follows:
1. Those verbs, which require one
as is the case with most muta‘addi verbs.
e.g. 2. Those verbs, which can be given two
. These include the following:
Any verb, which has the meaning of e.g.
(to give).
etc. I gave the beggar a bread.
Some other verbs, which can also have two
include the following
etc. e.g.
Knowledge clothes its possessor with dignity.
3. Those verbs, which must be given two
These verbs are known as
They enter upon a
and
. (verbs which relate to the heart/feelings). unlike the verbs above (number 2). Table 4.3
Verb
61
Usage
Example
used for certainty
I was sure Sa‘eed was going.
used for certainty
I was sure Rasheed was knowledgeable.
used for certainty
I was sure Zayd was trustworthy.
used for certainty or doubt
I was sure Zayd was present. / I thought Zayd was present.
used for doubt
I thought Zayd was well-educated.
used for doubt
I thought Khalid was standing.
used for doubt
I thought Bakr was sleeping.
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 69-71.
117
Note: Other verbs, which also require two
include the following:
to make something something else e.g.
I made the pages a book.
to take someone/something as someone/something e.g.
Allah took Ibraheem (peace be upon him) as a friend.
to make something something else e.g. 4. Those verbs which require three
I made the book organized. . Each of these has the meaning of “informing” or
“showing.” These are as follows: Table 4.4 Verb
Example I informed Zayd that Khalid is sleeping. I informed Zayd that Bakr is well-educated. The messenger informed me that the chief is coming. I informed them that arrogance is hated. I informed the boys that sport is beneficial. I informed the travellers that the train is late. I informed the children that swimming is beneficial.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
118
Section 4.2.662
Definition: These verbs are actually a type of also enter upon that their
and
is always
, and give
and they behave the same way. They
to their
and
to their
. The difference is
.
They are used for the following purposes: 1.
show nearness in the attainment (
2.
show desire for attainment of
3.
) of the
.
.
show commencement of action. Table 4.5
Type
/
Example
preferably without
Zayd was about to go.
preferably without
Khalid was about to sit.
preferably with
Zayd was about to sit.
preferably with
Hopefully Zayd will come out. Zayd began writing. Zayd began reading. Zayd began eating.
without without without * These verbs are used only in past tense. The can be used as normal verbs too. e.g.
62
Zayd took his clothes.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 103-108.
119
Sentence Analysis:
Hopefully Zayd will come out.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
120
Section 4.2.763 – Verbs of Praise and Blame Verbs of praise: Verbs of blame:
e.g.
What a wonderful man Zayd is!
e.g.
What a wonderful man Zayd is!
e.g.
What an evil man Zayd is!
e.g.
What an evil man Zayd is!
That which appears after the
The
of
i.
is called
.
must be one of the following
prefixed with . e.g.
ii.
What a wonderful man Zayd is! to a noun prefixed with .
e.g. iii.
What a wonderful learned man Zayd is!
a hidden
followed by a
(being
e.g. iv.
). What a wonderful man Zayd is!
The word . e.g.
In
or
,
How evil is what they used to do! is the
. is its
is the
. .
Notes: 1. These verbs are used in the past tense in their singular form (masculine or feminine). 2. At times the e.g.
63
is dropped. i.e.
What a wonderful slave Ayyub is!
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 57-59.
121
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i. ii. iii.
122
Section 4.2.864 – Verbs of Wonder For three-letter verbs 1.
:
, there are two wazns for expressing wonder or amazement.
has the meaning of
e.g.
2.
.
How wonderful Zayd is!
:
has the meaning of past tense and the
e.g.
is extra
How wonderful Zayd is!
To express wonder for other than three-letter verbs or will be e.g.
.
etc. should be placed before the , thus
, a word such as of the desired verb. The
. How very respectful people are towards the learned!
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences. i. ii. iii.
64
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 60-63.
123
Section 4.3 – Governing Nouns Amongst these,
were discussed in section 2.4.4. Here, we will discuss the rest.
Section 4.3.165 – Conditional Nouns
They govern two
They appear before two sentences. The first is called
giving both a
. (condition) and the second
(result). Table 4.6
Noun 1. 2. 3.
Meaning who, whoever what, whatever however much
Usage
Example Whoever treats me hospitably, I will treat him hospitably. Whatever you eat, I will eat. Whatever you spend in the way of good, will benefit you. Whenever you go, I will go.
4.
when
5.
when
Whenever you travel, I will travel.
6.
where
Wherever you go, I will go.
7.
where
Wherever you stay, I will stay.
8.
where
9.
how, manner any of the above
Wherever you travel, I will travel. Whichever way you sit, I will sit.
10.
Notes: 1. and
any of the above
have the same function as
that they are particles are all called 65
Whichever place you go, I will go.
i.e. giving jazm to two
except
and not nouns. Collectively they (nouns and particles) .
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 66-71.
124
if
e.g.
If you go, I will go.
if
e.g.
If you do evil, you will be regretful.
2. There are other
that are
, i.e. they do not give
of these are discussed in Section 4.4, # 13 (
to
. Some
). Amongst the
, which do not give , two are discussed below: i.
(whenever, every time) This is a
, and enters upon
. It also conveys the meaning of
emphasis and repetition. e.g.
Whenever I fell sick, I went to the doctor.
ii.
(when) This is also a
, and is used to give the meaning of
the meaning of condition (
. It also entails
).
e.g.
When you meet him, greet him.
3. When the following nouns are used for
(interrogative), they appear before one
sentence. e.g.
EXERCISE 1. Complete the following sentences with a suitable
.
i.
_______
v.
_______
ii.
_______
vi.
_______
_______
vii.
_______
_______
_______
125
Section 4.3.266 – Active Participle Definition: It is a noun which indicates the one doing or undertaking an action described by the root letters. This is irrespective of its position in a sentence. It is created from verbs on the pattern of . For other than verbs, it is created on the pattern of its
by changing the
into a meem with a
dammah, and giving a kasrah to the letter before the last. Effect:
It has the same effect as that of its active verb ( to the
; and if it is
, it gives
to the
) i.e. if its verb is and
to the
, it gives
.
acts only in either of the following two situations: 1.
When it is prefixed with . e.g.
2.
I am grateful for your favor.
When it indicates present or future tense and is preceded by or
or
or
. For example,
a.
e.g.
Zayd’s father is beating/will beat Bakr.
b.
e.g.
I passed by a man whose father is beating/will beat Bakr.
c.
e.g.
Is Zayd beating Bakr?/Will Zayd beat Bakr?
d.
e.g.
Zayd is not standing/will not stand.
Sentence Analysis:
|
| +
+ +
66
This section and the following sub-section are based on the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw alWadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 71-76.
126
Section 4.3.2.1
Definition: It is that noun, which conveys extremity/intensity in meaning.
is turned into the seeghahs of Some of the wazns of
when exaggeration in meaning is intended.
are as follows: Table 4.7
Wazns
Examples Meaning most learned
Arabic
great distinguisher someone who laughs a lot very patient careful maintainer/sustainer very eloquent someone who helps frequently
does the
of
with the same conditions.
e.g. The one who is very grateful to the one who does good (to him), pleases me.
Indeed, the coward is very scared of meeting the enemy. Notes: 1. The round at the end of some wazns is for e.g. 2. The wazn e.g.
and not for gender.
well-learned is also used to denote a profession. cook
carpenter
blacksmith
barber
127
EXERCISES 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the effect and tense of the following sentences. i.
v.
ii.
vi.
128
in the
Section 4.3.367 – Passive Participle Definition: It is that noun which indicates the one upon whom an action described by the root letters is done. This is irrespective of its position in a sentence. It is created from verbs on the pattern of . For other than , it is created on the pattern of its
by changing the
into a meem with a
dammah, and giving a fathah to the letter before the last. Effect:
It has the same effect as that of its passive verb
, i.e. it gives
to the
.
The rules mentioned above regarding the
also apply here.
Examples: i. prefixed with alif-laam
e.g.
The one named Hisham is my brother.
ii.
e.g.
iii.
e.g.
Zayd’s son is being beaten/will be beaten. I passed by a man whose son is being beaten/will be beaten.
iv.
e.g.
Is Zayd being beaten?/Will Zayd be beaten?
v.
e.g.
Zayd is not being beaten/will not be beaten.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences. i.
67
This section is based on the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol 2, 7782.
129
Section 4.3.468 – That Adjective Which Is Similar to Definition: It is that noun, which is created from the
of a
(three-letter
intransitive verb) to indicate permanent existence of the meaning in the doer.
Like its
, it generally gives the
e.g.
a
His face is beautiful.
It conveys permanency of meaning in the object it relates to e.g. e.g.
(beautiful) is a
, which indicates a temporary meaning
permanent quality, as compared to
.
is a temporary quality, which exists only at the time of the action.
All such nouns, which are derived from a give the meaning of
(three-letter intransitive verb) and
but are not on the wazn of
Some of the common wazns of
, are
.
(based on usage) are given below Table 4.8
Wazns
Examples Meaning happy
Arabic
beautiful noble/honorable coward brave
Colors and bodily defects appear on the following wazns: (masculine)
e.g.
red mute
(feminine)
e.g.
red mute
68
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 83-91.
130
The
of non-three letter verbs
is brought on the wazn of its
on the condition that permanency of meaning is intended. e.g.
straight
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the iʻraab, and identify all the
2. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and identify the seeghahs of
131
in the following passage.
and
.
Section 4.3.569
– Comparative and Superlative Noun Definition: It is that noun, which indicates that a quality described by the root letters is found to a greater extent in one person/thing when compared to another. e.g. Khalid is older/bigger than ‘Amr. It can also refer to the highest degree (superlative) of the quality described by the root letters. e.g.
Allah is the greatest.
Note: This is the case when it is used without
, i.e. without comparison.
Table 4.9
Masculine
Example
Feminine
Example
Meaning
Singular
Bigger/older
Dual
Bigger/older Bigger/older
Plural
Bigger/older
Usage: is used in three ways. 1. With
: the
will always be a singular masculine
e.g.
.
Zayd is more knowledgeable than Bakr. ‘Aishah is older than Zaynab.
2. With : the
must correspond with the word before it in gender and number.
e.g.
The two more knowledgeable Zayds are absent. The older ‘Aishah is present.
3. With
: the
may be
or it may correspond with the word before it.
e.g. The Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.
The two Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people. 69
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 92-100.
132
‘Aishah is the oldest of people. Notes: 1.
of words, which indicate color, physical defects and of made by placing the words the
,
, and therefore, will be e.g.
, etc. before the
of that word. The
verbs is will be
. He is redder than Zayd. He is lamer than Zayd. He is more hard-working than Zayd.
2. The words
and
are also used for
e.g.
.
The oppressor is the worst of people.
3.
gives
to its hidden
e.g.
. Zayd is more virtuous than Bakr.
The dameer
in
is its
.
EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and explain the usage of i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
133
in the following sentences.
Section 4.3.670 – Infinitive/Verbal Noun Definition: It is that noun which refers to the action indicated by the corresponding verb without any reference to time. It is the root of all derived words ( ). Effect: It has the same effect as that of its verb i.e. it gives
to the
and
to the
. e.g.
Today, I saw Zayd’s beating of Bakr.
Usage: Masdar is generally used in one of the following two ways: as a to its . e.g.
i.e.
I disliked Zayd’s beating of Bakr.
as a e.g.
to its
. i.e.
I disliked Zayd’s beating of Bakr.
EXERCISE 1. Fill in the i‘raab and explain the usage of the masdar in the following sentences.
70
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 52-70.
134
Section 4.3.771
In the case of
, it is assumed that one of the following prepositions
between the
and
.
when the
is a part/type
of the
e.g.
.
i.e.
when the
is a
e.g.
is hidden
silver ring
. i.e.
night prayer
when it is neither of the above two. e.g.
i.e.
Zayd’s son
Section 4.3.8
Definition: It is that noun, which gives the noun
A noun will be considered as a.
after it a nasb.
when it has one of the following:
tanween. e.g. There is not even a palm’s measure of clouds in the sky.
b.
hidden tanween. e.g.
(
was originally
)
There are eleven men with me. c.
of a dual noun. e.g. I have two qafeezes72 of wheat.
d.
which resembles the
of a sound masculine plural
.
e.g. I have twenty dirhams. The
in the above examples cannot be
of dual/plural, thus the noun after it gets a 71 72
while having a tanween or having a noon because of it being
.
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 131-141. A qafeez is a classical Islamic measure of volume. According to the Hanafis, it is equal to 40.344 litres.
135
Section 4.3.9
Definition: It is that noun, which indicates an unspecified quantity.
It is clarified by the noun following it. These are and .
: can be used in two ways: as an interrogative
or as an informative exclamation
. 1.
– (how many)
It gives the noun
The
after it a
.
is singular. e.g.
How many books do you have?
At times, the preposition
appears before the
e.g. 2.
. How many books do you have?
– (so many)
It gives the noun
The
after it a
(because of it being a
).
may be singular or plural.
e.g.
So much of wealth you have spent!
e.g
So much of wealths you have spent!
At times the preposition
appears before the
e.g.
.
There are so many angels in the skies/heavens!
– (so much, such and such)
It gives the noun
The
after it a nasb.
is singular. e.g.
I have this much dirhams.
EXERCISE 1. What is the difference between the following sentences. i. ii. 73
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 170-173.
136
Section 4.4 – Non-Governing Particles 1.
– Particles of Notification: These are used to draw the attention of the listener. These are as follows: meaning e.g.
Lo! / Behold! / Take heed!
Behold! Indeed, Allah’s help is near. Behold! Zayd is sleeping. Lo! I am present. This Note: The actual
is only , while
common usage the whole is referred to as
is the
. However, in
without differentiating.
– Particles of Affirmation:74
2.
These are used for affirmation of a statement made earlier. These are as follows:
– (yes)
It is used to confirm a statement, be it positive or negative. For example, ˗ If someone says (Did Zayd come?), the reply will be meaning ˗
(yes)
(Zayd came.).
If someone says (yes) meaning
(Has Zayd not come?), the reply will be (Zayd did not come.).
– (yes, why not)
It is used to convert a negative statement into a positive one. e.g. If someone says (Did Zayd not stand up?), the reply will be (yes, why not) meaning
(Zayd has stood up.).
– (yes)
It is the same as e.g.
. However it is used with an oath
If someone says
(Did Zayd stand up?), the reply will be
(yes, by Allah!) meaning 74
after a question.
(Zayd stood up.).
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 168-174.
137
/
/
– (yes)
These have the same meaning as e.g.
If someone says
(Did Zayd come?), the reply will be
(yes) meaning Note: 3.
. or
or
(Zayd came.).
is very rarely used for this purpose.
– Particles of Clarification: These are used to clarify a word in a sentence. These are as follows: (that is) e.g.
And ask the town, that is, the people of the town. And We called him, that is, O Ibraheem!
4.
: These are used to give a masdari meaning. These are as follows:
and
comes before a
come before a
. .
e.g.
(
)
Until when the earth became straitened for them despite its vastness. ( ( Note: 5.
and
) )
Your truthfulness pleases me. (News of) Zayd’s sleeping reached me.
are governing particles.
– Particles of Exhortation: These are used to encourage someone to do something when they appear before
.
These are as follows: e.g.
Do you not pray salah?
These particles are also used to create regret and sorrow in the listener when they appear before . Therefore, they are also called . e.g.
Have you not prayed ‘Asr salah?
e.g.
When you heard it, why did you not say…
138
– Particle of Anticipation:75
6.
This is . An example of its usage for
is as follows.
Probably, the absent person will return today.
Besides
,
can also be used for one or more of the following. These are all more
common than its usage for
.
: In this case, it gives
the meaning of near past. This usage is specific to
. e.g.
Zayd has arrived (recently).
: In this case, it gives to
the meaning of seldomness. This usage is specific
.
e.g.
Indeed, sometimes, a generous person is miserly.
: In this case, it gives
or
e.g.
the meaning of certainty.
Certainly, Zayd came. Certainly, Allah knows.
can also be used simultaneously for more than one of the above-mentioned purposes. An example of
being simultaneously used for
,
, and
follows: Indeed, salah has been established. Note:
can also be used for
.
– Particles of Interrogation:76
7.
These are and e.g.
. Is Zayd standing? Did Zayd stand up?
75 76
This is based on Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah. See Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah, 338-339. For more examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 168-171.
139
, is as
8.
– Particle of Rebuke: This is
, which means “Never!”
It can be used to rebuke or reprimand. e.g. said in response to someone who says
(Hit Zayd.).
It can also be used to convey the meaning of certainty. e.g. Indeed, soon you will know. Note: This is according to one translation. According to another, it is in the meaning of “never.”
9.
: It is used for one or more of the following: :
It is that tanween, which shows a noun to be
.
e.g. :
It is that tanween, which shows a noun to be
.
e.g. : It is that tanween, which subsitutes a e.g. 10.
i.e.
. the day when such and such happens
: It is used for emphasis in
,
and
. It is of two forms:
and
.
Both have the same meaning.
Indeed, he should hit. You must help. 11.
: It can be used for the following: :
It appears before the
, and is used for emphasis.
e.g.
Indeed, you are more feared
: It comes in the answer to
and
.
e.g. If Allah did not repel some people by means of others, the earth would be corrupted. By Allah! I will fast tommorrow. :
This is extra, and can be used for emphasis. Indeed, they eat food.
e.g. 140
12.
– Extra Particles: These are not translated. However, they add beauty and emphasis to the meaning. They may also stop the effect ( ( Usage: : It appears after
) of an
. These are:
are governing particles –
)
.
e.g.
Zayd is not standing.
: It appears after
.
e.g.
When the bearer of good news came.
: It appears after the following: e.g.
When you are afflicted, be patient.
e.g.
When you travel, I will travel.
e.g.
Whoever comes to you, treat him Here,
blocked the
e.g.
hospitably. of . Whichever way you turn, there is the face of Allah.
e.g.
Then, should some guidance come to you from Me.
e.g.
So, it is through mercy from Allah that you are gentle to them.
Here, e.g.
did not block the
of
.
I swear by this city.
e.g.
Indeed, they eat food.
e.g.
Is there a creator besides Allah?
e.g.
There is nothing like Him.
e.g.
Zayd is not a liar.
141
– Conditional Particles That Do Not Give Jazm:77
13.
(however, as for, as far as…is concerned)
It is used to explain/clarify something, which was mentioned briefly. should be used before its answer . e.g. So, some of them will be wretched and (some) blessed. As for the wretched, they will be in the Fire.
(if)
It is used to negate the second sentence
on account of the first sentence
not being fulfilled. e.g. If there had been gods besides Allah in them (the heavens and the earth), they would have been corrupted. (There will not be corruption because there is not more than one god.) Note: If a
is added to
, it will give the meaning of “even if/even
i.e.
though” and will be known as e.g.
. Celebrate walimah even if it be with one (slaughtered) goat.
and
(if such and such had not been so, …) Apart from being used for
and
that the second sentence
cannot be attained because of the presence of
the condition of the first sentence e.g.
, they are also used to demonstrate .
Had it not been for Zayd, Bakr would have perished.
(when)
This is a
in the meaning of
e.g.
. It enters upon
.
When I greeted him, he returned my greeting.
77
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 43-48.
142
: It is that , which has the meaning of
14. e.g.
(as long as).
i.e. I will stand as long as the leader is sitting.
15.
: These have been discussed in Section 3.10.4
FINAL EXERCISE Q: Go through the whole book and identify the various meaning and uses of the following:
143
APPENDIX Studying Classical/Qur’anic Arabic There are a number of options available for the student of sacred Islamic knowledge seeking to learn classical Arabic on his/her path to learning the deen. The following is a set of suggested curricula for studying Arabic language, based upon the South Asian (Indo-Paki) scholarly tradition. It is by no means the only option. To begin with, Urdu texts have been omitted. Moreover, those following other scholarly traditions (Arab, Turkish, South East Asian) may have a somewhat different set of books, although they will also find some overlap here. The books whose names are only mentioned in English are English texts, while those whose Arabic names are also given are Arabic texts. The texts increase in difficulty and advancement downward. General Arabic Language Level
Beginner to Intermediate
Texts Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vols. 1-3 ( )
Arabic Tutor vols. 1-2
OR Al-‘Arabiyyah Bayna Yadayk vols. 1-3 ( )
Ten Lessons
Nahw Level
Texts Tasheel al-Nahw Sharh Mi’at ‘Amil (
Beginner to Intermediate
)
OR ‘Awamil al-Nahw (
)
Hidayat al-Nahw (
)
OR Al-Ajurrumiyyah (
) with commentary
al-Tuhfah al-Saniyyah ( Al-Kafiyah ( Sharh ibn ‘Aqil ( Sharh Jami ( Advanced
) ) ) OR ) OR
Sharh Qatr al-Nada wa Ball al-Sada ( OR Sharh Shudhur al-Dhahab (
145
) )
The texts al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtida’iyyah vols. 1-3 (
)
and al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Thanawiyyah vols. 1-3 (
)
belong to the intermediate to advanced level. The six volumes in general, and the three alIbtida’iyyah volumes in particular, can be used in place of, or in conjunction with Tasheel alNahw. The six could also be used in conjunction with Hidayat al-Nahw. Almost always, one of these texts has something that the other does not. Sarf Level Beginner
Texts Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1 From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ‘Ilm al-Seeghah (
Intermediate
) OR
Shadha al-‘Arf fi Fann al-Sarf ( Arabic Reading/Literature Level Beginner
Intermediate
Advanced
Texts Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 1 (
)
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 2 (
)
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 3 (
)
Al-Qira’ah al-Rashidah vol. 2 ( )
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 4 (
)
Nafhat al-‘Arab ( )
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 5 (
)
Al-Qira’ah al-Rashidah vol. 1 ( )
Mukhtarat min Adab al-‘Arab vol. 1 ( ) Mukhtarat min Adab al-‘Arab vol. 2 (
Al-Maqamat al-Haririyyah ( )
)
Arabic Rhetoric (Balaghah) Level Beginner
)
Texts Durus al-Balaghah (
)
Al-Balaghah al-Wadihah ( Intermediate to Advanced
Talkhees al-Miftah ( OR its commentary Mukhtasar al-Ma‘ani (
146
) ) )
Suggested Curriculum Below, we have provided a suggested curriculum based upon some of the texts given above that could be followed as part of an overall traditional Arabic & Islamic Studies curriculum. This curriculum is based on a two-semester academic year. Year Sem 1
1 2
1
2
2
Texts Ten Lessons
Tasheel al-Nahw (using Al-Nahw alWadih Ibtida’iyyah & Thanawiyyah for reference/examples) Tasheel al-Nahw (continued, if not completed) followed by selected readings & exercises from alNahw al-Wadih Ibtida’iyyah & Thanawiyyah ‘Awaamil al-Nahw Hidayat OR al-Nahw Sharh Mi’at ‘Aamil
1 3
2
Sharh ibn ‘Aqil vol. 1
Fundamentals vol. 1
Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Treasures of Arabic Morphology (continued)
‘Ilm alSeeghah
Durus alLughah vol. 1 (continued if not completed, followed by vol. 2)
Durus alLughah vol. 2 (continued if not completed, followed by vol. 3)
Durus al-Lughah vol. 1
Arabic Tutor vol. 1
Qasas alNabiyyin vols. 1 & 2
Arabic Tutor vol. 1 (continued if not completed, followed by vol. 2)
Qasas alNabiyyin vols. 3 & 4
Nafhat al‘Arab
Qasas alNabiyyin vol. 5
Durus al-Balaghah Durus al-Balaghah (continued, if not completed) followed by selected readings from Talkhees alMiftah OR its commentary Mukhtasar al-Ma‘ani
147
Mukhtarat vol. 1
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‘Aamir Bashir (ed.). (2012). Ten Lessons of Arabic. Buffalo: Dār al-Saʻādah Publications. ‘Abd al-Ghaniyy al-Daqr. (1986). Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah fi al-Nahw wa al-Tasreef [Handbook of Arabic Grammar Rules]. Damascus: Dar al-Qalam. ‘Abd al-Majid Nadvi. (n.d.). Vol. 1, Mu‘allim al-Insha’ [Composition Tutor]. Karachi: Majlis Nashriat-e-Islam. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Fawzan, Mukhtar Husayn & Muhammad ‘Abd al-Khaliq. (2007). Al‘Arabiyyah bayna Yadayk [Arabic Before You] (Vols. 1-3). Riyadh: Al-‘Arabiyyah li alJameeʻ. ‘Abd al-Sattar Khan. (2007). Arabic Tutor (Vols. 1-2) (Ebrahim Muhammad, Trans.). Camperdown, South Africa: Madrasah Inʻamiyyah. ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Aqil. (1980). Sharh ibn ‘Aqil ‘ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik [Ibn ‘Aqil’s Commentary on The One-thousand Verse Poem of Ibn Malik] (Vols. 1-4). Cairo: Dar al-Turath. Abul Hasan ‘Ali al-Nadwi. (n.d.). Al-Qira’ah al-Rashidah [The Rightly Guided Reading] (Vols. 1-2). Karachi: Majlis Nashriat-e-Islam. Abul Hasan ‘Ali al-Nadwi. (n.d.). Mukhtarat min Adab al-‘Arab [Selections from the Literature of the Arabs] (Vols. 1-2). Karachi: Majlis Nashriat-e-Islam. Abul Hasan ‘Ali al-Nadwi. (n.d.). Qasas al-Nabiyyin [Stories of the Prophets] (Vols. 1-5). Karachi: Majlis Nashriat-e-Islam. ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen. (n.d.). Al-Balaghah al-Wadihah [Clear Rhetoric]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif. ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen. (n.d.). Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtida’iyyah [Clear Grammar for Elementary Schools], (Vols. 1-3). Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif. ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen. (n.d.). Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Thanawiyyah [Clear Grammar for Secondary Schools], (Vols. 1-3). Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif. Al-Andalusi, ibn Hayyan. (2008). Hidayat al-Nahw [Guide to Grammar]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Al-Ansari, Abdullah ibn Hisham. (1994). Sharh Qatr al-Nada wa Ball al-Sada [Commentary on The Drops of Dew and the Moisture of Thirst], with notes by Muhammad Muhy alDin ‘Abd al-Hamid. Beirut: al-Maktabah al-‘Asariyyah. Al-Ansari, Abdullah ibn Hisham. (1990). Sharh Shudhur al-Dhahab [Commentary on The Scattered Particles of Gold]. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnan. Al-Hamlawi, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. (2005). Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Muʻti (ed.). Shadha al-‘Arf fi Fann al-Sarf [Strong Fragrance Regarding the Science of Morphology]. Riyadh: Dar al-Kayan. 149
Al-Hariri, Muhammad al-Qasim ibn ‘Ali. (n.d.). Al-Maqamat al-Haririyyah [The Assemblies of al-Hariri]. Lahore: Maktabah Rahmaniyyah. Al-Jurjani, ‘Abd al-Qahir. (n.d.). Sharh Mi’at ‘Amil [Commentary of Hundred Governing Words]. Karachi: Qadimi Kutubkhana. Al-Qazwini, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman. (2010). Talkhees al-Miftah [Summary of The Key]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Al-Taftazani, Mas‘ood ibn ‘Umar. (2111). Mukhtasar al-Ma‘ani [Summary of Rhetoric]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Charthawali, Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad. (n.d.). ‘Ilm al-Nahw [Science of Grammar]. Karachi: Altaf & Sons. Charthawali, Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad. (2010). ‘Awamil al-Nahw [Governing Words of Grammar]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Dockrat, Mawlana Hasan. (2003). Tawdeeh al-Nahw: A Simplified Arabic Grammar. Azaadville, South Africa: Madrasah Arabiah Islamia. Ebrahim Muhammad. (2006). From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology. Camperdown, South Africa: Madrasah Inʻamiyyah. Husain Abdul Sattar. (2002). Vol. 1, Fundamentals of Classical Arabic. Chicago: Faqir Publications. Ibn al-Hajib. (2008). Al-Kafiyah [The Sufficient]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Jami, ‘Abd al-Rahman. (2011). Sharh al-Mulla al-Jami ‘ala al-Kafiyah [The Commentary of Mulla Jami on The Sufficient]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Lane, E. W. (1968). Book I, Parts 4-6, An Arabic-English Lexicon. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. Muhammad Diyab, Sultan Muhammad, et. al. (2009). Durus al-Balaghah [Lessons of Rhetoric]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Muhammad ‘Inayat Ahmad. (n.d.). ‘Ilm al-Seeghah [Science of Forms]. (Wali Khan alMuzaffar, Trans.). Karachi: al-Maktabah al-Faruqiyyah. Muhammad I‘zaz ‘Ali. (2111). Nafhat al-‘Arab [Fragrance of the Arabs]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra. Muhammad Muhy al-Din ‘Abd al-Hamid. (1989). Al-Tuhfah al-Saniyyah bi Sharh Muqaddamat al-Ajurrumiyyah [The Sublime Gift of Commentary on the Ajurrumi Prolegomena]. Cairo: Maktabat al-Sunnah V. ‘Abd al-Rahim. (2009). Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah [Lessons of Arabic Language], (Vols. 1-3). Chennai: Islamic Foundation.
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