Document Name:
08APESS
Section:
TAPPI PRESS
Title:
Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking
BOOK Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking, Papermaking, Second Edition by Christopher J. Biermann 1996, 732 pages, 7" x 10 1/4" hard cover Order Number: 08APESS ISBN: 0-12-097362-6
This second edition replaces the book... Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking . This textbook will be useful to students and papermakers alike as it emphasizes the principles of pulp and paper process processes. es. In addition, addition, it is also valuable valuable as as a comprehensive guide to current pulp and paper literature. The text includes information on key areas of paper chemistry and optical properties properties,, wood and fiber fiber anatomy, anatomy, paper paper use, use, and processing equipment, equipmen t, including i ncluding a useful use ful pump troubleshooting guide. The first eleven chapters provide an introduction to the entire mill, while the rest of the book provides details on topics relating to the production and use of paper. This book is not to be confused with the "Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists" ( "The Smook Book").
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition
ix
Preface to the First Edition
x
Acknowledgements
xi
Abbreviations
xiii
List of Color Plates
xv
1
Intro Introdu ducti ction on and and the the Lit Liter eratu ature re
1.1
Introduction to Papermaking
1
1.2
Introduction to the Literature
3
1.3
Abstract Indices
6
1.4
Technical and Trade Journals
6
1.5
Reference Books
8
Page 1 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents
2
3
1.6
Textbooks
8
1.7
Chemistry References
10
1.8
Other References
10
1.9
Annotated Bibliography
10
Exercises
11
Wood and Fiber Fundamentals
2.1
Wood and Bark
13
2.2
Wood Chips and Sawdust
21
2.3
Wood Chip Preparation and Handling at the Pulp Mill
22
2.4
Solid Wood Measurement
30
2.5
Wood Chip Measurement
31
2.6
Wood Chemistry
32
2.7
Wood and Fiber Physics
40
2.8
Properties of Selected Wood Species
42
2.9
Nonwood and Recycled Fiber Considerations
42
2.10
Annotated Bibliography
50
Exercises
53
Pulping Fundamentals
3.1
Introduction to Pulping
55
3.2
Mechanical Pulping
62
3.3
Chemi-mechanical Pulping
69
3.4
Related Pulping Methods
70
3.5
Semi-Chemical Pulping
71
3.6
General Chemical Pulping
72
3.7
Soda Pulping
86
3.8
Kraft Pulping
86
Page 2 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents
4
3.9
Sulfite Pulping
91
3.10 3.11
Other Pulping Methods Market Pulp
96 97
3.12
Annotated Bibliography
97
Exercises
100
Kraft Spent Liquor Recovery
4.1
Chemical Recovery
101
4.2
Pulp Washing
101
4.3
Liquor Evaporation
103
4.4
Recovery Boiler
107
4.5
Cooking Liquor Regeneration - The Causticizing Process
112
Annotated Bibliography
118
Exercises
121
4.6
5
6
Pulp Bleaching
5.1
Introduction
123
5.2
Bleaching Mechanical Pulps
123
5.3
Measurement of Lignin Content
124
5.4
Bleaching Chemical Pulps
127
5.5
Annotated Bibliography
134
Exercises
136
Refining and Pulp Characterization
6.1
Introduction to Refining
137
6.2
Refining
142
6.3
Pulp Characterization
149
6.4
Pulp Properties versus Performance
153
6.5
Annotated Bibliography
154
Exercises
157
Page 3 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 7
8
9
Paper and its Properties
7.1
Introduction
158
7.2
General Grades of Paper
158
7.3
Specific Types of Paper
160
7.4
Basic Paper Properties
163
7.5
Physical Properties of Paper
165
7.6
Mechanical Properties of Paper
174
7.7
Chemical Analysis of Paper
182
7.8
Basic Optical Tests of Paper
185
7.9
Sheet Splitting of Paper
187
7.10
Annotated Bibliography
188
Exercises
189
Stock Preparation and Additives for Papermaking
8.1
Introduction
190
8.2
Fiber Preparation and Approach
191
8.3
Raw Materials
193
8.4
Functional Additives
194
8.5
Control Additives
201
8.6
Wet End Chemistry
205
8.7
Annotated Bibliography
206
Exercises
208
Paper Manufacture
9.1
Introduction
209
9.2
The Paper Machine
209
9.3
The Headbox
211
9.4
The Foundrinier Wet End
214
9.5
Twin Wire Formers
230
Page 4 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 9.6 9.7
The Cylinder Machine The Press Section
234 235
9.8
The Dryer Section
235
9.9
Post Drying Operations
245
9.10
Paper Machine Broke System
251
9.11
Conversion
252
9.12
Coating
254
9.13
Annotated Bibliography
258
Exercises
262
10 Fiber from Recycled Paper
10.1
Introduction
263
10.2
Recycled Fiber Preparation
263
10.3
Recycled Fiber Recovery
266
10.4
Annotated Bibliography
279
Exercises
282
11 Environmental Impact
11.1
Introduction
283
11.2
Water Pollution
284
11.3
Water Quality Tests
285
11.4
Aqueous Effluent Treatments
287
11.5
Air Pollution
290
11.6
Air Quality Tests and Control
290
11.7
Solid Waste Disposal
293
11.8
U.S. Regulations
294
11.9
Annotated Bibliography
295
Exercises
296
12 Metric and English Units and Unit Analysis
Page 5 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 12.1 12.2
Metric Units English and Metric Units
297 297
12.3
Unit Analysis
308
Exercises
311
13 Introductory Chemistry Review
13.1
The Elements
312
13.2
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
314
13.3
Hydrogen Bonding
315
13.4
The Mole and Mass Percentage
316
13.5
Equivalency, Molarity, and Normality
317
13.6
Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale
318
13.7
The Law of Mass Action
323
13.8
Solubility Products
324
13.9
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
326
13.10 Electrochemistry
327
13.11 Practical Aspects of Electrochemistry
330
13.12 Properties of Gases
331
13.13 Annotated Bibliography
333
Exercises
333
14 Analytical and Coordinate Chemistry
14.1
Strong Acid - Strong Base Titrations
335
14.2
pH Properties of Weak Acid - Conjugate Base Pairs
336
14.3
pH Indicators
337
14.4
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base or Weak Base with a Strong Acid
338
14.5
Reduction-Oxidation Titrations
339
14.6
Colorimetric Analysis
342
14.7
Coordinate Chemistry
343
Page 6 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 14.8
Miscellaneous Considerations
346
14.9
Annotated Bibliography
346
Exercises
347
15 Calculations of Wood, Paper, and Other Materials
15.1
Wood Moisture Content and Density
348
15.2
Pulpwood Measurement
351
15.3
Tensile Strength and Breaking Length of Materials
352
15.4
Paper Properties
354
Exercises
357
16 Pulping Calculations
16.1
General Chemical Pulping Definitions
359
16.2
Kraft Liquor - Chemical Calculations
359
16.3
Kraft Liquor - Chemical Analysis
363
16.4
Specific Gravity and Viscosity of Kraft Liquors
367
16.5
Importance of Black Liquor pH
368
16.6
Kraft H-Factor and Other Process Control Equations
368
16.7
Sulfite Liquor Calculations
372
16.8
Sulfite Liquor Analysis
375
16.9
The Chemistry of Sulfur
376
16.10 Calcining Equations
377
16.11 Annotated Bibliography
377
Exercises
378
17 Bleaching and Pulp Properties Calculations
17.1
Dilution Water Calculations
379
17.2
Chlorine Bleaching
379
17.3
Chlorine Dioxide
381
17.4
Chemical Analysis of Bleaching Liquors and
Page 7 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents Chlorine Equivalency
381
17.5
CSF Correction Equations
385
17.6
Computer Simulation of Fiber Cleaning Systems
385
17.7
Paper Machine Calculations
386
17.8
Properties of Dilute Pulp Slurries, Flocculation
390
17.9
Strength of Wet Fiber Mats
390
17.10 Fiber Physics
392
17.11 Annotated Bibliography
392
Exercises
393
18 Polymer Chemistry
18.1
Introduction and Types of Polymers
395
18.2
Addition Polymers
396
18.3
Condensation Polymers
398
18.4
Molecular Weights of Polymers
399
Exercises
410
19 Carbohydrate Chemistry
19.1
Introduction
403
19.2
Nomenclature
403
19.3
Forms of Monosaccharides
403
19.4
Selected Reactions of Carbohydrates
406
Exercises
410
20 Total Quality Management
20.1
Introduction to TQM and SPC
411
20.2
Statistical Process (Quality) Control, SPC, SQC
413
20.3
Statistical Process Control Tools
415
20.4
Implementing TQC and SPC
417
20.5
Miscellaneous Topics
418
Page 8 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 20.6
Equations
419
20.7
Annotated Bibliography
419
Exercises
419
Appendix - Generating Random Data with a Normal Distribution
420
21 Colloid and Surface Chemistry
21.1
Introduction
421
21.2
Colloid Chemistry
421
21.3
Polyelectrolytes
429
21.4
Surface Tension and Sizing
429
21.5
Surfactants
431
21.6
Foam
434
21.7
Emulsions
435
21.8
Light Scattering by Colloids
435
21.9
Annotated Bibliography
436
Exercises
437
Appendix
437
22 Papermaking Chemistry
22.1
Introduction
438
22.2
Polymeric Additives
440
22.3
Colloid Chemistry
442
22.4
Retention, Formation, and Drainage
443
22.5
Internal Sizing
449
22.6
Wet and Dry Strength
451
22.7
Monitoring Wet End Chemistry
453
22.8
Papermaking Chemistry Control
457
22.9
Other Considerations
458
Page 9 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 22.10 Annotated Bibliography Exercises
459 462
23 Printing and the Graphic Arts
23.1
Introduction
463
23.2
Letterpress
464
23.3
Lithography
464
23.4
Gravure
467
23.5
Screen Printing
468
23.6
Other Printing Methods
468
23.7
Halftone Printing
469
23.8
Color Printing
470
23.9
Common Aspects of Printing
473
23.10 Ink and Ink Application
473
23.11 Paper Properties and Printing
475
23.12 Specific Products
477
23.13 Computers and Printing
478
23.14 Bindery Operations
480
23.15 Annotated Bibliography
483
Exercises
486
Appendix
486
24 Optical Properties of paper
24.1
Introduction
487
24.2
Behavior of Light Rays
488
24.3
Color
489
24.4
Tristimulus Systems
494
24.5
Blackbody Radiation and Other Light Sources
500
24.6
Kubelka - Munk Theory
502
Page 10 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 24.7
Annotated Bibliography
508
Exercises
512
Appendix
513
25 Wood and Fiber - Growth and Anatomy
25.1
Introduction
516
25.2
Sample Preparation for Identification or Microscopy
529
25.3
Wood Variation
532
25.4
Silviculture and Wood Quality
534
25.5
Annotated Bibliography
537
Exercises
540
26 Softwood Anatomy
26.1
Gross Anatomy of Softwoods
541
26.2
Microscopic Anatomy of Softwoods
543
26.3
Anatomy of Softwood Species
549
26.4
Non-AMerican Species
581
27 Hardwood Anatomy
27.1
Gross Anatomy of Hardwoods
583
27.2
Microscopic Anatomy of Hardwoods
586
27.3
Anatomy of Hardwood Species
589
28 Wood Fiber Anatomy and Identification
28.1
Fiber Analysis
628
28.2
Softwood Fiber
629
28.3
Hardwood Fiber
631
29 Nonwood Fiber Use in Pulp and Paper
29.1
Introduction
633
29.2
Pulping Methods for Nonwood Fibers
635
29.3
Considerations for Nonwood Fiber Use
637
Page 11 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 29.4
Other Fiber Types
639
29.5
Annotated Bibliography
639
30 Hydraulics
30.1
Flow of Liquids
641
30.2
Pump Basics
641
30.3
Positive Displacement Pumps
642
30.4
Centrifugal (Dynamic) Pumps
644
30.5
Valves
648
30.6
Hydraulic Power Systems
655
30.7
Troubleshooting Hydraulic Power Systems
659
30.8
Annotated Bibliography
660
31 Process Control
31.1
Introduction
663
31.2
Sensors
663
31.3
Temperature Sensors
664
31.4
Mechanical Sensors
665
31.5
Controllers
668
31.6
Actuators
670
31.7
Annotated Bibliography
670
32 Corrugated Containers
32.1
Introduction
671
32.2
Manufacture
672
32.3
Test Methods
674
32.4
Annotated Bibliography
676
33 Miscellaneous Topics
33.1
Viscosity and Surface Tension of Water from 0 to 100 Degrees Celcius
Page 12 of 14
678
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 33.2
Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 280 degrees Celcius 679
33.3
Properties of Air and Water
680
33.4
Water Conditioning
680
33.5
Boiler Feedwater Treatment
683
33.6
Corrosion
685
33.7
Safety Practices for Hazardous Chemicals
686
33.8
Transportation Safety
687
33.9
Operations Management
690
33.10 Process Simulation
690
33.11 Superabsorbency
692
33.12 Bearings
692
33.13 Electric Circuit Symbols
694
33.14 Annotated Bibliography
694
Appendix
697
34 Updates and Bibliography
34.1
General Pulp and Paper
698
34.2
Wood
699
34.3
Roundwood Properties
700
34.4
Wood Chemistry
701
34.5
Recycling and Secondary Fiber
702
34.6
Properties of Pulps
705
34.7
Mechanical Pulping
705
34.8
Chemical Pulping
706
34.9
Kraft Recovery
707
34.10 Bleaching
709
34.11 Fiber Physics and Preparation
710
34.12 Papermaking
712
Page 13 of 14
Handbook of Pulping & Papermaking Table of Contents 34.13 Paper
713
34.14 Coating and Converting
713
34.15 Flexible Packaging
716
34.16 Environmental
716
34.17 Miscellaneous Topics
717
34.18 Testing Methods
718
Answers to Selected Problems
721
Author Index
733
Subject Index
741
Page 14 of 14
