A
Tablas útiles
Tablas útiles
Apéndice
967
Esquema del apéndice A-1
Prefijos SI estándares
A-2
Factores de conversión
A-3
Unidades opcionales SI de esfuerzos flexionante, de torsión, axial y cortante directo 971
A-4
Unidades SI opcionales de deflexiones por flexión y torsión
A-5
Constantes físicas de materiales
A-6
Propiedades de ángulos de acero estructural
972-973
A-7
Propiedades de canales de acero estructural
974-975
A-8
Propiedades de tubos redondos
A-9
Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas
969 970
971
971
976 977-984
A-10
Función de distribución acumulada de la distribución normal (gaussiana) 985-986
A-11
Selección de grados de tolerancia internacionales: internacionales: serie métrica
A-12
Desviaciones fundamentales fundamentales de ejes: serie métrica
A-13
Selección de grados de tolerancia internacionales: serie en pulgadas
A-14
Desviaciones fundamentales fundamentales de ejes: serie en pulgadas
A-15
Gráficas de factores teóricos de concentración del esfuerzo K t t
A-16
Factores aproximados de concentración del esfuerzo K t t y K tsts de flexión de una barra redonda o un tubo con un agujero redondo transversal 997-998
A-17
Tamaños preferidos y números de Renard (serie R)
A-18
Propiedades geométricas
A-19
Tubería estándar estadounidense estadounidense
A-20
Resistencias determinísticas determinísticas mínimas a la tensión y a la fluencia de aceros laminados en caliente y estirados en frío 1004
A-21
Propiedades mecánicas medias de algunos aceros tratados térmicamente 1005-1006
A-22
Resultados de ensayos a la tensión de algunos metales
A-23
Propiedades esfuerzo-deformación esfuerzo-deformación media monótona y cíclicas de aceros seleccionados 1008-1009
986
987 988
989 990-996
999
1000-1002 1003
1007
967
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968
Apéndice A
A-24
Propiedades mecánicas mecánicas de tres metales no ferrosos
A-25
Resistencias estocásticas estocásticas a la fluencia y última para materiales seleccionados 1012
A-26
Parámetros estocásticos estocásticos para ensayos a la fatiga de vida finita de metales seleccionados 1013
A-27
Resistencias a la fatiga de vida finita de aceros al carbono simples seleccionados 1014
A-28
Equivalentes decimales de calibres de alambre y lámina de metal
A-29
Dimensiones Dimensiones de pernos de cabeza cuadrada y hexagonal
A-30
Dimensiones Dimensiones de tornillos de cabeza hexagonal común y pesada
A-31
Dimensiones Dimensiones de tuercas hexagonales
A-32
Dimensiones Dimensiones básicas de arandelas sencillas estándar estadounidense
A-33
Dimensiones Dimensiones de arandelas métricas sencillas
A-34
Función gamma
1022
1010-1011
1015-1016
1017 1018
1019
1021
1020
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-1 Prefijos SI estándares*
Nombre
Símbolo
Factor
†
exa
E
peta
P
tera
T
giga
G
mega
M
kilo kilo
k
hecto‡
h
deca‡
da
deci‡
d
centi‡
c
mili
m
1 000 000 000 000 000 000
18
10 1 000 000 000 000 000 10 1 000 000 000 000 10 1 000 000 000 10 1 000 000 10 1 000 10 100 100 10 10 10 0.1 10− 0.01 0.01 10− 0.001 0.001 10− 0.000 001 10− 0.000 000 001 10− 0.000 0.000 000 000 001 10− 0.000 000 000 000 001 10− 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10−
15 12 9 6 3 2 1
1 2 3 6
micro nano
n
pico
p
femto
f
ato
a
9
12 15 18
* Si es posible, utilice prefijos con múltiplos y submúltiplos en pasos de 1 000. †
En el SI se usan espacios en vez de comas para agrupar números y evitar confusiones debido
a la práctica en algunos países europeos de usar la coma para denotar el punto decimal. ‡
No se recomienda su utilización, pero suele encontrarse en ocasiones.
969
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Apéndice A
970
Tabla A-2 Factores de conversión A para convertir la entrada X en en el resultado Y mediante el empleo de la fórmula Y AX *
Multiplique la Por el factor entrada X entrada X A
Para obtener el resultado Y
Multiplique la entrada X entrada X
Unidad térmica británica, Btu
joule, J
milla, mi
1.610
kilómetro, km
milla/hora, mi/h
1.61
kilómetro/hora, km/h
1055
Por el factor Para obtener A el resultado Y
Btu/segundo, Btu/s
1.05
kilowatt, kW
milla/hora, mi/h
0.447
metro/segundo, m/s
caloría
4.19
joule, J
0.0421
centímetro de mercurio (0°C)
1.333
kilopascal, kPa
momento de inercia, lbm · pie2
kilogramo-metro2, kg · m2
centipoise, cP
0.001
pascal-segundo Pa · s
grado (ángulo)
0.0174
radián, rad
pie, pie
0.305
metro, m
pie , pie
0.0929
metro2, m2
pie/minuto, pie/min
0.0051
metro/segundo, m/s
pie-libra, pie · lb
1.35
2
2
pie-libra/ segundo, segundo, pie · lb/s
1.35
pie/segundo, pie/s
0.305
galón (EUA), gal
mome moment nto o de iner inerci cia, a, 2 lbm · pulg momento de sección (segundo momento de área), pulg4
293 293 41.6
kilo kilogr gram amoo-mi milí líme metr tro o2, 2 kg · mm centímetro4, cm4
onza fuerza, oz
0.278
newton, N
onza masa
0.0311
kilogramo, kg
libra, lbf †
4.45
newton, N
1.36
newton-metro, N · m
joule, J
libra-pie, lbf · pie
watt, W
2
2
libra/pie , lbf/pie
47.9
pascal, Pa
libr libraa-pu pulg lgad ada, a, lbf lbf · pulg pulg
0.11 0.113 3
joul joule, e, J
metro/segundo, m/s
libr libraa-pu pulg lgad ada, a, lbf lbf · pulg pulg
0.11 0.113 3
newt newton on-m -met etro ro,, N · m
3.785
litro, L
libr libra/ a/pu pulga lgada da,, lbf/ lbf/pu pulg lg
caba caball llo o de fuer fuerza za,, hp
0.74 0.746 6
kilo kilow watt, att, kW
pulgada, pulg
0.0254
pulgada, pulg pulgada2, pulg2
25.4 645
2
175 175
newt newton on/m /metr etro, o, N/m N/m
6.89
kilopascal, kPa
metro, m
libra/pulgada , psi (lbf/pulg2)
milímetro, mm
libra-masa, lbm
0.454
kilogramo, kg
milímetro2, mm2
libra-masa/ segundo, lbm/s
0.454
kilogramo/segundo, kg/s
pulgada de mercurio (32°F)
3.386
kilolibra, kip
4.45
kilonewton, kN
módulo de sección, pulg3
16.4
centímetro3, cm3
kilolibra/pulgada2, kpsi (ksi)
6.89
megapascal, MPa (N/mm2)
slug
14.6
kilogramo, kg
kilogramo, kg
yarda, yd
masa, masa, lbf lbf · s2 /pulg
kilopascal, kPa
cuart cuarto o de galón galón (EUA (EUA), ), qt
175
ton ton (cor corta 2 000 000 lbm) lbm)
946
907 907 0.914
mililitro, mililitro, mL
kilo kilogr gram amo, o, kg metro, m
* Aproximado †
La unidad del sistema de uso común en Estados Unidos libra-fuerza, con frecuencia se abrevia lbf para distinguirla de la libra-masa, que se abrevia lbm.
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-3
Axial y cortante directo
Flexión y torsión
Unidades SI opcionales de esfuerzo flexionante Mc / I , esfuerzo de torsión / Tr J , esfuerzo axial / A y esfuerzo cortante F directo / A F
M, T
I, J
c, r
,
F
A
,
N · m*
m4
m
Pa
N
m2
4
Pa
N·m
cm
cm
MPa (N/mm )
N
mm
MPa (N/mm2)
N · m†
mm4
mm
GPa GPa
kN
m2
kPa
4
2
kN · m
cm
cm
GPa GPa
N · mm
mm4
mm
MPa (N/mm2)
2
2
kN
mm
GPa
* Relación básica. †
Con frecuencia se prefiere.
Tabla A-4
Deflexión por flexión
Unidades SI opcionales de deflexión por flexión y f (Fl3 / EI ) o y f (wl4 / El) y deflexión por torsión / GJ Tl / GJ
Deflexión por torsión
F , w l l
l
I
E
y
T
l
J
G
N*
m
m4
Pa
m
N · m*
m
m4
Pa
rad
kN†
mm
mm4
GPa GPa
mm
N · m†
mm
mm4
GPa
rad
kN
m
m4
GPa
µm
N · mm
mm
mm4
MPa (N/mm2)
N
mm
4
mm
kPa kPa
m
N·m
cm
4
rad
2
cm
MPa (N/mm )
rad
* Relación básica. †
Tabla A-5
Con frecuencia se prefiere.
Constantes físicas de materiales
Módulo de elasticidad E E
Material Mater ial
Mpsi
GPa
Módulo de rigidez G Mpsi
GPa
Relación de Poisson
Peso específico w lbf/pulg3 lbf/ft 3 kN/m3
Aluminio (todas las aleaciones)
10.4
71.7
3.9
26.9
0.333
0.098
169
26.6
Cobre Cobre al berilio berilio
18.0 18.0
124.0 124.0
7.0
48.3
0.285 0.285
0.297 0.297
513
80.6
Latón Latón
15.4 15.4
106.0 106.0
5.82 5.82
40.1 40.1
0.324 0.324
0.309 0.309
534
83.8
Acero Acero al carbono carbono
30.0 30.0
207.0 207.0
11.5 11.5
79.3 79.3
0.292 0.292
0.282 0.282
487
76.5
Hierro fundido (gris) (gris)
14.5
100.0
6.0
41.4
0.211
0.260
450
70.6
Cobre Cobre
17.2 17.2
119.0 119.0
6.49 6.49
44.7 44.7
0.326 0.326
0.322 0.322
556
87.3
Abeto Abeto Douglas Douglas
1.6
11.0 11.0
0.6
4.1
0.33
0.016 0.016
28
4.3 4.3
Vidrio idrio
6.7
46.2 46.2
2.7
18.6 18.6
0.245 0.245
0.094 0.094
162
25.4
Inconel Inconel
31.0 31.0
214.0 214.0
11.0 11.0
75.8 75.8
0.290 0.290
0.307 0.307
530
83.3
Plomo Plomo
5.3
36.5 36.5
1.9
13.1 13.1
0.425 0.425
0.411 0.411
710
111.5 111.5
Magnes Magnesio io
6.5
44.8 44.8
2.4
16.5 16.5
0.350 0.350
0.065 0.065
112
17.6
Molibd Molibdeno eno
48.0 48.0
331.0 331.0
17.0 17.0
117.0 117.0
0.307 0.307
0.368 0.368
636
100.0 100.0
Metal Metal Monel Monel
26.0 26.0
179.0 179.0
9.5
65.5 65.5
0.320 0.320
0.319 0.319
551
86.6
971
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972
Apéndice A
peso por pie, lbf/pie masa por metro, kg/m área, pulg2 (cm2) segundo momento de área, pulg4 (cm4) radio de giro, pulg (cm) distancia centroidal, pulg (cm) módulo de sección, pulg3, (cm3)
Tabla A-6
w
Propiedades de ángulos de acero estructural* †
m
A
I
3
k
2
1
1
y
y Z
Tamaño, pulg w
2
3
1
×1× × 1 21 × 1 21 × × 2×2× × × 1 1 2 2 × 2 2 × × 3×3× × × 1 1 3 2 × 3 2 × × × 4×4× × × × 6×6× × × ×
1 8 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 4 3 8 1 4 3 8 1 4 3 8 1 2 1 4 3 8 1 2 1 4 3 8 1 2 5 8 3 8 1 2 5 8 3 4
A
l 1
1
k 1
1
Z 1
1
y
k 3
3
0. 0.80
0.234
0.021
0.298
0.029
0.290
0.191
1. 1.49
0.437
0.036
0.287
0.054
0.336
0.193
1.23
0.36
0.074
0.45
0.068
0.41
0.29
2.34
0.69
0.135
0.44
0.130
0.46
0.29
1. 1.65
0.484
0.190
0.626
0.131
0.546
0.398
3. 3.19
0.938
0.348
0.609
0.247
0.592
0.391
4. 4.7
1.36
0.479
0.594
0.351
0.636
0.389
4. 4.1
1.19
0.703
0.769
0.394
0.717
0.491
5. 5.9
1.73
0.984
0.753
0.566
0.762
0.487
4 .9
1.44
1.24
0.930
0.577
0.842
0.592
7 .2
2.11
1.76
0.913
0.833
0.888
0.587
9 .4
2.75
2.22
0.898
1.07
0.932
0.584
5 .8
1.69
2.01
1.09
0.794
0.968
0.694
8. 8.5
2.48
2.87
1.07
1.15
1.01
0.687
11.1
3.25
3.64
1.06
1.49
1.06
0.683
6. 6.6
1.94
3.04
1.25
1.05
1.09
0.795
9. 9.8
2.86
4.36
1.23
1.52
1.14
0.788
12.8
3.75
5.56
1.22
1.97
1.18
0.782
15.7
4.61
6.66
1.20
2.40
1.23
0.779
14 14.9
4.36
15.4
1.88
3.53
1.64
1.19
19 19.6
5.75
19.9
1.86
4.61
1.68
1.18
24 24.2
7.11
24.2
1.84
5.66
1.73
1.18
28 28.7
8.44
28.2
1.83
6.66
1.78
1.17
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-6 Propiedades de ángulos de acero estructural*† (continuación)
Tamaño amaño,, mm
m
A
25 × 25 × 3
1.11
1.42
0.80
×
4
1.45
1.85
×
5
1.77
40 × 40 × 4 × ×
1
y
0.75
0.45
0.72
0.48
1.01
0.74
0.58
0.76
0.48
2.26
1.20
0.73
0.71
0.80
0.48
2.42
3.08
4.47
1.21
1.55
1.12
0.78
5
2.97
3.79
5.43
1.20
1.91
1.16
0.77
6
3.52
4.48
6.31
1.19
2.26
1.20
0.77
50 × 50 × 5
3.77
4.80
1 1 .0
1.51
3.05
1.40
0.97
×
6
4.47
5.59
1 2 .8
1.50
3.61
1.45
0.97
×
8
5.82
7.41
1 6 .3
1.48
4.68
1.52
0.96
60 × 60 × 5
4.57
5.82
1 9 .4
1.82
4.45
1.64
1.17
×
6
5.42
6.91
2 2 .8
1.82
5.29
1.69
1.17
×
8
7.09
9.03
2 9 .2
1.80
6.89
1.77
1.16
×
10
8.69
3 4 .9
1.78
8.41
1.85
1.16
5 5 .8
2.44
9.57
2 .1 7
1.57
12.3
7 2 .2
2.43
12.6
2.26
1.56
11.9
15.1
8 7 .5
2.41
15.4
2.34
1.55
12.2
15.5
145
3.06
19.9
2.74
1.96
80 × 80 × 6
7.34
×
8
9.63
×
10
100 ×100 × 8
11.1 9.35
l 1
1
k 1
1
Z 1
3v
×
12
17.8
22.7
207
3.02
29.1
2.90
1.94
×
15
21.9
27.9
249
2.98
35.6
3.02
1.93
150 × 150 × 10
23.0
29.3
624
4.62
56.9
4.03
2.97
×
12
27.3
34.8
737
4.60
67.7
4.12
2.95
×
15
33.8
43.0
898
4.57
83.5
4.25
2.93
×
18
40.1
51.0
1050
4.54
98.7
4.37
2.92
* Los tamaños métricos también están disponibles en tamaños de 45, 70, 90, 120 y 200 mm. †
k 3
Estos tamaños también están disponibles en aleación de aluminio.
973
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Apéndice A
974
Tabla A-7 Propiedades de canales de acero estructural* a, b
tamaño, pulg (mm) peso por pie, lbf/pie masa por metro, kg/m espesor del alma, pulg (mm) área, pulg2 (cm2) segundo momento de área, pulg4 (cm4) radio de giro, pulg (cm) distancia centroidal, pulg (cm) módulo de sección, pulg3 (cm3)
w
m
t
A
I
2
t 1
1
a
k
x
x
Z
2
b
pulg g a , pulg b , pul
t
A
w
l 1
1
k 11
Z 1
1
l 2
2
k 2
2
Z 2
2
x
3
1.410
0.170
1.21
4 .1
1.66
1.17
1.10
0.197
0.404
0.202
0.436
3
1.498
0.258
1.47
5 .0
1.85
1.12
1.24
0.247
0.410
0.233
0.438
3
1.596
0.356
1.76
6 .0
2.07
1.08
1.38
0.305
0.416
0.268
0.455
4
1.580
0.180
1.57
5 .4
3.85
1.56
1.93
0.319
0.449
0.283
0.457
4
1.720
0.321
2.13
7.25
4.59
1.47
2.29
0.433
0.450
0.343
0.459
5
1.750
0.190
1.97
6 .7
7.49
1.95
3.00
0.479
0.493
0.378
0.484
5
1.885
0.325
2.64
9 .0
8.90
1.83
3.56
0.632
0.489
0.450
0.478
6
1.920
0.200
2.40
8 .2
13.1
2.34
4.38
0.693
0.537
0.492
0.511
6
2.034
0.314
3.09
10.5
15.2
2.22
5.06
0.866
0.529
0.564
0.499
6
2.157
0.437
3.83
13.0
17.4
2.13
5.80
1.05
0.525
0.642
0.514
7
2.090
0.210
2.87
9 .8
21.3
2.72
6.08
0.968
0.581
0.625
0.540
7
2.194
0.314
3.60
12.25
24.2
2.60
6.93
1.17
0.571
0.703
0.525
7
2.299
0.419
4.33
14.75
27.2
2.51
7.78
1.38
0.564
0.779
0.532
8
2.260
0.220
3.36
11.5
32.3
3.10
8.10
1.30
0.625
0.781
0.571
8
2.343
0.303
4.04
13.75
36.2
2.99
9.03
1.53
0.615
0.854
0.553
8
2.527
0.487
5.51
18.75
44.0
2.82
1.98
0.599
1.01
0.565
11.0
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-7 Propiedades de canales de acero estructural (continuación) mm a b , mm
m
t
A
76 × 38
6.70 6.70
5.1
8.53
102 × 51
10.42 10.42
6.1
13.28 13.28
127 × 64
14.90
6.4
152 × 76
17.88
152 × 89
I 1
1
74.14 74.14
k 1
1
Z 1
1
I 2
2
k 2
2
Z 2
2
x
2.95
19.46 19.46
10.66 10.66
1.12
4.07
1.19 1.19
207.7 207.7
3.95
40.89 40.89
29.10 29.10
1.48
8.16
1.51 1.51
18.98
482.5
5.04
75.99
67.23
1.88
15.25
1.94
6.4
22.77
851.5
6.12
111.8
113.8
2.24
21.05
2.21
23.84 23.84
7.1
30.36 30.36
1166 1166
6.20
153.0 153.0
215.1 215.1
2.66
35.70 35.70
2.86 2.86
178 × 76
20.84 20.84
6.6
26.54 26.54
1337 1337
7.10
150.4 150.4
134.0 134.0
2.25
24.72 24.72
2.20 2.20
178 × 89
26.81 26.81
7.6
34.15 34.15
1753 1753
7.16
197.2 197.2
241.0 241.0
2.66
39.29 39.29
2.76 2.76
203 × 76
23.82 23.82
7.1
30.34 30.34
1950 1950
8.02
192.0 192.0
151.3 151.3
2.23 2.23
27.59 27.59
2.13 2.13
203 × 89
29.78 29.78
8.1
37.94 37.94
2491 2491
8.10
245.2 245.2
264.4 264.4
2.64 2.64
42.34 42.34
2.65 2.65
229 × 76
26.06 26.06
7.6
33.20 33.20
2610 2610
8.87
228.3 228.3
158.7 158.7
2.19
28.22 28.22
2.00 2.00
229 × 89
32.76 32.76
8.6
41.73 41.73
3387 3387
9.01
296.4 296.4
285.0 285.0
2.61
44.82 44.82
2.53 2.53
254 × 76
28.29 28.29
8.1
36.03 36.03
3367 3367
9.67
265.1 265.1
162.6 162.6
2.12
28.21 28.21
1.86 1.86
254 × 89
35.74 35.74
9.1
45.42 45.42
4448 4448
9.88
350.2 350.2
302.4 302.4
2.58
46.70 46.70
2.42 2.42
305 × 89
41.69
10.2
53.11
7061
11.5
463.3
325.4
2.48
48.49
2.18
305 × 102
46.18
10.2
58.83
8214
11.8
539.0
499.5
2.91
66.59
2.66
* Estos tamaños también están disponibles en aleación de aluminio.
975
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976
Apéndice A
peso específico de tubería de aluminio, lbf/pie peso específico de tubería de acero, lbf/pie masa unitaria, kg/m área, pulg2 (cm2) segundo momento de área, pulg4 (cm4) segundo momento polar de área, pulg4 (cm4) radio de giro, pulg (cm) módulo de sección, pulg3 (cm3) tamaño (DE) y espesor, pulg (mm)
Tabla A-8
wa
Propiedades de tubos redondos
ws
m
A
I
J
k
Z
d , t
Tamaño, pulg
w a
w s
A
l
k
Z
J
1 8
0.416 0.416
1.128 1.128
0.344 0.344
0.034 0.034
0.313 0.313
0.067 0.067
0.067 0.067
1 4
0.713 0.713
2.003 2.003
0.589 0.589
0.046 0.046
0.280 0.280
0.092 0.092
0.092 0.092
1 2
1 8
0.653 0.653
1.769 1.769
0.540 0.540
0.129 0.129
0.488 0.488
0.172 0.172
0.257 0.257
1 2
1 4
1.188 1.188
3.338 3.338
0.982 0.982
0.199 0.199
0.451 0.451
0.266 0.266
0.399 0.399
1 8
0.891 0.891
2.670 2.670
0.736 0.736
0.325 0.325
0.664 0.664
0.325 0.325
0.650 0.650
1 4
1.663 1.663
4.673 4.673
1.374 1.374
0.537 0.537
0.625 0.625
0.537 0.537
1.074 1.074
1 2
1 8
1.129 1.129
3.050 3.050
0.933 0.933
0.660 0.660
0.841 0.841
0.528 0.528
1.319 1.319
1 2
1 4
2.138 2.138
6.008 6.008
1.767 1.767
1.132 1.132
0.800 0.800
0.906 0.906
2.276 2.276
1 4
2.614 2.614
7.343 7.343
2.160 2.160
2.059 2.059
0.976 0.976
1.373 1.373
4.117 4.117
3 8
3.742 3.742
3.093 3.093
2.718 2.718
0.938 0.938
1.812 1.812
5.436 5.436
3 16
2.717 2.717
2.246 2.246
4.090 4.090
1.350 1.350
2.045 2.045
8.180 8.180
3 8
5.167 5.167
4.271 4.271
7.090 7.090
1.289 1.289
3.544 3.544
14.180 14.180
1
× 1× 1 × 1 × 2× 2× 2 × 2 × 3× 3× 4× 4×
10.51 10.51 7.654 7.654 14.52 14.52
Tamaño, mm
m
A
l
k
Z
12 × 2
0.490 0.490
0.628 0.628
0.082 0.082
0.361 0.361
0.136 0.136
0.163 0.163
16 × 2
0.687 0.687
0.879 0.879
0.220 0.220
0.500 0.500
0.275 0.275
0.440 0.440
16 × 3
0.956 0.956
1.225 1.225
0.273 0.273
0.472 0.472
0.341 0.341
0.545 0.545
J
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas. ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
1 En voladizo: carga en extremo y l
R1 F x
= V = = F M = = F ( F ( x − l )
M 1
= F l
2
= 6F Ex I ( x − 3l )
y
M 1
R1
3
y ymáx max máx
= − 3Fl E I
V
+
x
M x –
2 En voladizo: carga intermedia y
R1
l a
b
M A A B
F A
B
C x
M 1
= V = = F = F ( F ( x − a )
M 1
2
y A B
R1
= 6F Ex I ( x − 3a) 2
(a − 3 x ) = 6Fa E I
y BC V
2
ymáx max
= 6Fa (a − 3l ) E I
= F a M = 0 BC
977
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978
Apéndice A
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas (continuación) ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
3 En voladizo: carga uniforme y
R1
l
= w2l
= wl
w
x M 1
2
M 1
= = − w2 (l − x )
w(l − x ) = = w(l x )
V
M
2
x (4l x − x − 6l ) = 24w E I 2
y
R1
2
4
ymáx
V
= − 8w El I
+
x
M x
–
4 En voladizo: carga de momento y
= V = = 0
R1 l
M 1
M B A
2
x = M 2 E I
y
B
M 1
= M = = M
B B
2
l = M 2 E I
ymáx
B
2
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas (continuación) ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
5 Apoyos simples: carga central y l l / 2
2
V AB
1
F
A
B
C
= R = F 2 = R V = − R
R1
x R1
M AB
R2
y AB
V
=
BC
F x
F (l
M BC
=
2
2
= 48F Ex I (4 x − 3l ) 2
2
3
= − 48Fl E I
ymáx
+
x –
M
+
x
6 Apoyos simples: carga intermedia y
R1
l a
=
Fb l
R2
=
Fa l
b F
V
R
V
2
R
− x )
979
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980
Apéndice A
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas (continuación) ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
7 Apoyos simples: carga uniforme y
R1
l
= R = w2l
= = w2l − w x
V
2
= = w2 x (l − x )
w
M x R1
R2
y
= 24w E x I (2l x − x − l 2
3
3
)
4
V
ymáx
5wl = − 384 E I
+
–
x
M
+
x
8 Apoyos simples: carga de momento y
R1
l a
b
= R = M l
B
2
M B x
= = M l
B
V
M B
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas (continuación) ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
981
9 Apoyos simples: cargas idénticas y
R1 l F
a A
F
B
V C D
a C
D x
R1
R2
M A A B y A B
= R = F V = F = −F = F x M = F a 2
A B
BC
= 6F Ex I ( x + 3a − 3la ) 2
2
Fa = 6 E x ) (3 x + a − 3l x ) I
V
2
y BC ymáx
+
2
(4a − 3l ) = 24Fa E I 2
2
x –
M
+
x
10 Apoyos simples: carga en voladizo y l R1
a
R1 F
= Fal
= F l (l + a)
R2
= 0
V BC
M C D
= F ( F (l − x )
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982
Apéndice A
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas (continuación) ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
11 Un apoyo fijo y el otro simple: carga central y l F
l / 2 A
V A B
C
B
x R2
M 1
= 1116F = R
R1
M A A B
R1
1
= 516F = − R
R2 V BC
M 1
= 316Fl
2
F (11 x − 3l ) = 16
= 516F (l − x ) x )
M BC
2
y A B
V
= 96F Ex I (11 x − 9l ) F (l − x ) (5 x + 2l − 10l x ) = F ( 96 E I 2
y BC +
2
x –
M
+
x
–
12 Un apoyo fijo y el otro simple: carga intermedia y l
R
Fb ( 3l 2
b2 )
R
Fa 2
(3l
)
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas (continuación) ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
13 Un apoyo fijo y el otro simple: simple: carga uniforme y
= 5w8 l
= 3w8 l
R1
l
x R2
M 1 R1
R2
= = 5w8 l − w x
V
= = − w8 (4 x − 5l x + l ) 2
M
2
y
V
+
–
x
2
(l − x )( )(2 x − 3l ) = 48w x E I
= w8l
M 1
2
983
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984
Apéndice A
Tabla A-9 Cortante, momento y deflexión de vigas (continuación) ( Nota: Nota: La fuerza y las reacciones de momento son positivas en las direcciones que se muestran; las ecuaciones de la fuerza cortante V y y el momento cortante M siguen siguen las convenciones de signos que se dieron en la sección 3-2.)
15 Un apoyo fijo y el otro simple: carga central y l a A
F B
R1
=
M 1
=
b C x
M 1
M 2
R1
V A B
R2
V
+ b)
Fa b2
M 2
l2
= R
R2
=
=
V BC
l3
(3b
+ a)
F a2 b
= − R
1
Fa 2
l2 2
= Flb [ x (3a + b) − al ] = M − F ( F ( x − a ) 3
M BC +
y A B –
l3
(3a
2
M A A B
x
F b2
=
y BC
=
A A B
F b2 x 2 [ x ( x (3a 6 E I l 3 Fa 2 (l
+ b) − 3al ]
2
− x ) 3
[(l
− x )( x )(3b + a ) − 3bl ]
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-10 Función de distribución acumulada de la distribución normal o gaussiana zα
( z α )
2
1
= √ −∞
2π
=
α 1
−α
exp
− u2
f ( z)
d u
( z)
0 zα z α > 0
≤
0 z
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.0
0.5000
0.4960
0.4920
0.4880
0.4840
0.4801
0.4761
0.4721
0.4681
0.4641
0.1
0.4602
0.4562
0.4522
0.4483
0.4443
0.4404
0.4364
0.4325
0.4286
0.4247
0.2
0.4207
0.4168
0.4129
0.4090
0.4052
0.4013
0.3974
0.3936
0.3897
0.3859
03
0 3821
0 3783
0 3745
0 3707
0 3669
0 3632
0 3594
0 3557
0 3520
0 3483
Z
0.07
0.08
0.09
985
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Apéndice A
986
Tabla A-10 Función de distribución acumulada de la distribución normal o gaussiana (continuación) 0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
3
0.00135
0.0 3968
0.03687
0.03483
0.03337
0.03233
0.03159
0.03108
0.04723
0.04481
4
0.04317
0.04207
0.04133
0.05854
0.05541
0.05340
0.05211
0.05130
0.06793
0.06479
5
0.06287
0.06170
0.07996
0.07579
0.07333
0.07190
0.07107
0.08599
0.08332
0.08182
6
0.09987
0.09530
0.09282
0.09149
0.010777
0.010402
0.010206
0.010104
0.011523
0.011260
z
−1.282
−1.643
−1.960
−2.326
−2.576
−3.090
−3.291
−3.891
0.90
0.95
0.975
0.990
0.995
0.999
Z
z ) F( z
R( z z )
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.010
0.005
0.001
0.0005 0.9995
0.0001 0.9999
−4.417
0.000005 0.999995
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-12 Desviaciones fundamentales de ejes: serie métrica (Los intervalos de tamaño son sobre el límite inferior e incluyen el límite superior. Todos los valores están en milímetros) Fuente: Preferred Metric Limits and Fits, ANSI B4 2-1978. Vea
Tamaños bási bá sico coss
también BSI 4500.
Letra de la desviación superior c d f g h
0-3
−0.060
−0.020
−0.006
−0.002
0
3-6
−0.070
−0.030
−0.010
−0.004
0
6-10
−0.080
−0.040
−0.013
−0.005
10-14
−0.095
−0.050
−0.016
14-18
−0.095
−0.050
18-24
−0.110
−0.065
k 0
Letra de la desviación inferior n p s
u
+0.004
+0.006
+0.014
+0.018
+0.001
+0.008
+0.012
+0.019
+0.023
0
+0.001
+0.010
+0.015
+0.023
+0.028
−0.006
0
+0.001
+0.012
+0.018
+0.028
+0.033
−0.016
−0.006
0
+0.001
+0.012
+0.018
+0.028
+0.033
−0.020
−0.007
0
+0.002
+0.015
+0.022
+0.035
+0.041
987
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988
Apéndice A
Tabla A-13 Selección de grados de tolerancia internacionales: serie en pulgadas (Los intervalos de tamaño
Tamaños Tamañ os básicos básic os
IT6
Grados de tolerancia IT7 IT8 IT9
IT10
IT11
0-0.12
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0024
0 12-0 24
0 0003
0 0005
0 0007
0 0012
0 0019
0 0030
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Tablas útiles
989
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990
Apéndice A
Tabla A-15 Gráficas de factores teóricos de concentración del esfuerzo K t t*
3.0
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Tablas útiles
Tabla A-15 Gráficas de factores teóricos de concentración del esfuerzo K t t* (continuación)
3.0
991
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992
Apéndice A
Tabla A-15 Gráficas de factores teóricos de concentración del esfuerzo K t t* (continuación)
2.6
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