Surfaces family with a common Mannheim geodesic curve

Journal Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation (JAMC), 2018 2018,, 2(4), 155-165

http://www.hillpublisher.org/journal/jamc ISSN Online:2576-0645 ISSN Print:2576-0653

Surfaces family with a common Mannheim geodesic curve 1,*

Gülnur Gülnur ŞAFFAK A TALAY ALA Y 1

Education Faculty, Department of Mathemat ics and Science Education, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

How to cite this paper: ATALAY, G.Ş G. Ş.

(2018) Surfaces family with a common Mannheim geodesic curve. Journ al of Aplied Mathematics and Computation , 2(4), 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ jamc.2018.04.005 *Corresponding author : Gülnur ŞAFFAK ATALAY, Education Faculty, Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey Email: [email protected]

Abstract In this paper, we analyzed surfaces family possessing a Mannheim partner curve of a given curve as a geodesic. Using the Frenet frame of the curve in Euclidean 3-space, we express the family of surfaces as a linear combination of the components of this frame and derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for coefficients to satisfy both the geodesic and isoparametric requirements. The extension to ruled surfaces is also outlined. Finally, examples are given to show the family of surfaces with common Mannheim geodesic curve. Keywords Geodesic curve; Mannheim partner; Frenet Frame; Ruled Surface.

1. Introduction

At the corresponding points of associated curves, one of the Frenet vectors of a curve coincides with one of the Frenet vectors of other curve. This has attracted the attention of many mathematicians. One of the well-known curves is the Mannheim curve, where the principal normal line of a curve coincides with the binormal line of another curve at the corresponding points of these curves. The first study of Mannheim curves has been presented by Mannheim in 1878 and has a special position in the theory of curves (Blum, 1966). Other studies have been revealed, which introduce some characterized properties in the Euclidean and Minkowski space (Lee, 2011; Liu & Wang, 2008; Orbay &Kasap, 2009; Öztekin & Ergüt, 2011). Liu and Wang called these new curves as Mannheim partner curves: Let x and x1 be two curves in the three dimensional Euclidean E 3. If there exists a corresponding relationship between the space curves x and x1 such that, at the corresponding points of the curves, the principal normal lines of x coincides with the binormal lines of x1, then x is called a Mannheim curve, and x1 is called a Mannheim partner curve of x. The pair { x, x1} is said to be a Mann s1) is the Mannheim partner curve of the curve x( s s) if and only if the curvature heim pair. They showed that the curve: x1 ( s and the torsion torsion  1 of x1 ( s s1 ) satisfy following equation  1

 '

d  ds1



 1

1      2

2 1

for some non-zero constant  . They also study the Mannheim curves in Minkowski 3-space. The generalizations of the et al. 2011). Later, Mannheim curves in the 4-dimensional spaces have been given (Matsuda & Yorozu, 2009; Akyiğit, et al. Mannheim offset the ruled surfaces and dual Mannheim curves have been defined in Orbay et al. 2009; Özkaldı et al. 2009; Güngör & Tosun, 2010). Apart from these, some properties of Mannheim curves have been analyzed according to different frames such as the weakened Mannheim curves, quaternionic Mannheim curves and quaternionic Mannheim curves of of Aw(k) - type (Karacan, 2011; Okuyucu, 2013; Önder Önder & Kızıltuğ, 2012; Kızıltuğ & Yaylı, 2015). In differential geometry, there are many important consequences and properties of curves ( O’Neill, 1966; do Carmo, 1976). Researches follow labours about the curves. One of most significant curve on a surface is geodesic curve. Geodesics are important in the relativistic description descrip tion of gravity. Einstein’s principle of equivalence tells us that geodesics represent the DOI: 10.26855 10.26855/jamc.2018.04.005 /jamc.2018.04.005

155

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G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

paths of freely freely falling falling particles particles in in a given space. (Freely (Freely falling falling in this context context means moving moving only only under the influence influence of gravity, with no other forces involved). The geodesics principle states that the free trajectories are the geodesics of space. It plays a very important role in a geometric-relativity theory, since it means that the fundamental equation of dynamics is completely determined by the geometry of space, and therefore has not to be set as an independent equation. In architecture, some special curves have nice properties in terms of structural functionality and manufacturing cost. One example is planar curves in vertical planes, whichcan be used as support elements. Another example is geodesic curves, Deng described methods to create patterns of special curves on surfaces, which find applications in design and realization of freeform architecture. (Deng, B. 2011). He presented an evolution approach to generate a series of curves which are either geodesic or piecewise geodesic, starting from a given source curve on a surface. The concept of family of surfaces having a given characteristic curve was first introduced by Wang et.al. in Euclidean 3-space. Kasap et.al. generalized the work of Wang by introducing new types of marching-scale functions, coefficients of the Frenet frame appearing in the parametric representation of surfaces. Atalay and Kasap , studied the problem: given a curve (with Bishop frame), how to characterize those surfaces that posess this curve as a common isogeodesic and Smarandache curve in Euclidean 3-space. Also they studied the problem: given a curve (with Frenet frame), how to characterize those surfaces that posess this curve as a common isogeodesic and Smarandache curve in Euclidean 3-space. As is well-known, well-known, a surface is said to be “ruled” if it is generated by moving a straight line continuously in Euclidean space E3 (O'Neill, 1997). Ruled surfaces are one of the simplest objects in geometric modeling. One important fact about ruled surfaces is that they can be generated by straight lines. A practical application of this type surfaces is that they are used in civil engineering and physics (Guan et al.,1997). Since building materials such as wood are straight, they can be considered as straight lines. The result is that if engineers are planning to construct something with curvature, they can use a ruled surface since all the lines are straight (Orbay et al., 2009). In this paper, we analyzed surfaces family possessing an Mannheim partner of a given curve as a geodesic. geodesic . Using the Frenet frame of the curve in Euclidean 3-space, we express the family of surfaces as a linear combination of the components of this frame, and derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for coefficents to satisfy both the geodesic and isoparametric requirements. The extension to ruled surfaces is also outlined . Finally, examples are given to show the family of surfaces with common Mannheim geodesic curve. 2. Preliminaries Preliminaries

Let E 3 be a 3-dimensional 3-dimensional Euclidean Euclidean space provided provided with with the metric metric given given by dx12  dx2 2  dx32  ,   dx

where ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) is a rectangular coordinate system of E 3 . Recall that, the norm of a arbitrary vector X  E 3 is given

  X , X  . Let    ( s) : I  IR  E 3 is an arbitrary curve of arc-length parameter s. The curve  is called a unit speed curve if velocity ve locity vector  ' of a satisfies  '  1. LetT(s), T(s), N(s), N(s), B(s) B(s) be the moving Frenet frame

by X

along  , Frenet formulas is given by

 T s   0 d    N s        s  ds     B  s    0

 T s    0   s    N  s   ,   s  0   B  s     s 

0

where the function   s  and   s  are called the curvature and torsion of the the curve   s  , respectively. Let C:  ( s s) be the Mannheim curve in E3 parameterized by its arc length s and C*:  *( s s *) is the Mannheim partner





G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

exists one to one correspondence between the points of the space curves C and C* such that the binormal vector of C is in the direction of the principal normal vector of the curve C*, then the (C , C* ) curve couple is called Mannheim pairs (Liu & Wang, 2008).

Figure 1. The Mannheim partner curves.

From the figure1, we can write

(s*)  (s*)B*(s*) . (s)   * (s

A curve on a surface is geodesic if and only if the normal vector to the curve is everywhere parallel to the local normal vector of the surface. Another criterion for a curve in a surface M to be geodesic geodesic is that its geodesic curvature vanishes. An isoparametric curve α(s) is a curve on a surface Ψ=Ψ(s,t) is that has a constant s or t -parameter value. In other words, there exist a parameter  or  such that α(s)= Ψ(s,) or α(t)= Ψ( , ). Given a parametric curve α(s), we call α(s) an isogeodesic of a surface Ψ if it is both a geodesic and an isoparametric curve on Ψ. 3. Surfaces with common Mannheim geodesic curve

Suppose we are given a 3-dimensional parametric curve  ( s) , L1  s  L2 , in in which s is the arc length and  ''( s)

 0. Let

__

 ( s) , L1  s  L2 , be the Mannheim partner of the given curve  ( s) . __

Surface family that interpolates

 ( s) as a common curve is given in the parametric form as

__

__

__

__

(s, v) v )  (s)  [x (s (s, v) v ) T (s (s)  y(s, v) v ) N (s (s)  z(s, v) v ) B(s)] , L1  s  L2 , T1  v  T 2 ,

(3.1)

) , y (s , v) and z ( s, v) are C 1 functions. The values of the marching-scale functions x(s, v), ) , y (s, v) and where x(s, v), z ( s, v) indicate, indicate, respectively; re spectively; the extension-like, extension-like, flexion-like f lexion-like and retortion-like retortion-like effects, by the point point unit unit through the time __

__

__ __ __  v, starting from  ( s) and T(s), T(s), N(s) N(s) , B(s) B(s) is the Frenet frame associated with the curve  ( s) .

  Our goal is to find the necessary and sufficient conditions for which the Mannheim partner curve of the unit space curve  ( s) is an parametric parametric curve and a geodesic curve on the surface   s, v  . Firstly, since Mannheim partner curve of the curve  ( s) is an parametric curve on the surface   s, v  , there exists a

parameter v0  T1 , T 2  such that

















G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

__

n(s, v0 ) // N(s) . __

where n is a normal vector of



norma l vector vec tor of   ( s, v) and N is a normal

(3.3) __

 ( s) . __

Theorem 3.1: Let  ( s) , L1

 s  L2 , be a unit speed curve with nonvanishing curvature and  ( s) , L1  s  L2 , be a

__

Mannheim partner curve.  is a geodesic curve on on the surface (3.1) ifif and only ifif x(s,v 0 )  y(s,v 0 )  z(s,v 0 )  0, x(s

  y(s, v0 ) z(s, v0 )  v  0 and v  0

__

Mannheim partner of the curve  ( s) . From (3.1) ,  ( s, v) parametric parametr ic surface surfac e is is defined by as Proof: Let  ( s) be a Mannheim follows: __

__

__

__

(s, v) v )  (s)  [x (s (s, v) v ) T (s (s)  y(s, v) v ) N (s (s)  z(s, v) v ) B(s)] . __

Let  ( s) Mannheim partner curve of the curve  ( s) is an parametric curve on the surface   s, v  , there exists a parameter v0  T1 , T 2  such that, x  s, v0   y  s, v0   z  s , v0   0 , L1  s  L2 , T1  v0  T2 (v0 fixed fixed )

(3.4)

Secondly, since Mannheim partner curve of  ( s) is an geodesic curve on the surface   s, v  , there exist a parameter __

v0  T1 , T 2  such that n(s, v0 ) // N(s) where n is a normal vector of

__



  ( s, v) and N is a normal vector of

__

 ( s) .

The normal vector can be expressed as __   z (s, v )  y (s , v ) __ y (s , v )  z (s ,v ) __  __   n ( s, v )     (s )x (s , v )   (s )z (s ,v )     (s )y (s ,v )  T (s )  v  s    v  s   x(s, v )  z (s , v ) __  __ z (s ,v )  x (s ,v ) __     s   ( s) y (s, v )   v 1  s   (s ) y (s , v )   N (s )  v      __ __   y( s, v)  x (s , v ) __   x (s , v )  y (s ,v )  __ (s )x (s , v )    B    1  ( s ) y ( s , v ) ( s ) z ( s , v )    s   (s )  v  s  v     

Thus, if we let __   z ( s, v0 )  y( s, v0 ) __ y( s, v0 )   z( s, v0 ) __   1  s, v0   v  s   ( s) x( s, v0 )   ( s) z( s, v0 )   v  s   ( s) y( s, v0 )  ,        x( s, v0 )  z( s, v0 ) __  z ( s, v)  x( s, v0 ) __  1   ( s) y( s, v0 )     ( s) y( s, v0 )  , 2  s, v0     v  s v  s   

(3.5)





G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

We obtain obt ain __

__

__

n(s, v0 )  1  s, v0  T ( s)  2  s, v0  N ( s)   3  s, v0  B( s)

(3.6)

__

We know that  ( s) is a geodesic curve if and only if 1  s, v0   3  s, v0   0 ,  2  s, v0   0

(3.7)

From (3.4),

  1  s, v0   0   y ( s, v0 )  0  3  s, v0   0, we have  v   z ( s, v0 )   s , v 0 , we have   0   0  2 v

(3.8)

Combining the conditions (3.4) and (3.8), we have found the necessary and sufficient conditions for the   s, v  to have the Mannheim partner curve of the curve  ( s) is an isogeodesic. Now let us consider consider other types of the marching-scal marching-scalee functions. functions. In the Eqn. (3.1) marching-scal marching-scalee functions functions x  s, v  , y  s, v  and z  s, v  can be choosen in two different forms: 1) If we choose p  k k  x  s, v    a1k l  s  x v  , k 1  p  k k  y  s, v    a2 k m (s ) y v  , k 1  p  k k  z  s, v    a3 k n  s  z v  , k 1  __

then we can simply express the sufficient condition for which the curve  ( s) is a geodesic curve on the surface   s, v  as

  x  v0   y  v0   z v0   0,  dy  v0     





G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

where l  s  , m  s  , n  s  , x v  , y v  and z v  are C 1 functions, aij  IR , i  1, 2,3, 2,3, j  1, 2,..., 2,..., p. 2) If we choose

  p k k   x  s, v   f   a1k l  s  x  v  ,  k 1     p k k   y  s, v   g   a2k m  s y  v  ,  k 1    p   z  s, v   h   a3k n  sk z  vk  ,   k 1  __

then we can write the sufficient condition for which the curve  ( s) is a geodesic curve on the surface   s, v  as

  x  v0   y  v0   z v0   f  0   g  0   h  0   0,  dy  v0   a o r m s    0 or g '  0   0, 0 0 o r    21 dv   dz  v0  a n s h a n d 0 , 0 , ' 0 0     const  0.      31 dv 

(3.10)

where l  s  , m  s  , n  s  , x  v  , y  v  , z  v  , f , g and h are C 1 functions. Also conditions for different types of marching-scale functions can be obtained by using the Eqn. (3.4) and (3.8). 4. Ruled surfaces with common Mannheim geodesic curve

Ruled surfaces are one of the simplest objects in geometric modelling as they are generated basically by moving a line in space. A surface  is a called a ruled surface in Euclidean space, if it is a surface swept out by a straight line l moving alone a curve  . The generating line l and the curve  are called the rulings and the base curve of the surface, respectively. We show how to derive the formulations of a ruled surfaces family such that the common Mannheim geodesic is also the base curve curve of ruled ruled surfaces. surfaces. Let



  ( s, v ) be a ruled surface surface with with the Mannheim Mannheim isogeodesi isogeodesicc base curve. curve. From the defini definition tion of ruled surface, surface, there there

is a vector R  R  s  such that;  ( s, v)   ( s, v0 )  ( v  v0 ) R( s)

and where 3.1 is used , we get __

__

__

(v  v0 ) R( s)  x( s, v) T ( s)  y( s, v) N ( s)  z( s, v) B( s)







G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

__

x(s, v)  (v  v0 ) T (s ), R (s )  __

y (s, v)  (v  v0 ) N (s ), R (s ) 

(4.1)

__

z (s, v)  (v  v0 ) B (s ), R (s )  .

From (3.8) and (4.1), we have __

__

 N ( s), R( s)   0 and  B(s), R( s)   0 __

__

(4.2)

__

Including, R( s)  x( s) T ( s)  y( s) N ( s)  z( s) B( s) using (4.2) (4. 2) we we obtain, y ( s)  0 and z ( s)  0

(4.3)

So, the ruled surfaces family with common Mannheim isoasymptotic given by; __

__

__

(s, v) v)  (s)  v[ x (s) T( T(s)  z(s) B(s)] ; z(s)  0 5. Examples of generatin generating g simple surfaces with common Mannheim ge odesic odesic cur curve ve

 

 s  , 3 sin  s  , 4 s  be a unit speed curve. Then it isis easy to show that   5 5  5   

Example 5.1. Let   s    3 cos 

  3  s  3 s 4 T  s     sin   ,  cos   ,  , 5 5  5 5 5     s  s   N  s     cos   , sin   , 0  , 5 5      4 s s 4 3  B  s     sin   ,  cos   ,   .  5 5  5 5 5

(4.4)





G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

 __  2  s  2  s  7 2  T  s    sin   , cos   , ,  1 0 5 1 0 5 10 1 0         __  7 2  s  7 2   s , 2 , N s s i n , c o s         5  10  5  10   10         __  B  s     cos  s  , sin  s  , 0 .  5  5    If we take x  s, v   y  s, v   0, z  s, v   v and v0  0 then the Eqn. (3.4) and (3.8) are satisfied. Thus, we obtain a __

member of the surface with common Mannheim geodesic curve (s) as

 

__

 s   v cos  s  ,  4 sin  s   v sin  s  , 4s   5 5 5 5  5       

 ( s, v )   4 cos 

Also, for x  s, v   y  s, v   0, z  s, v   v and v0  0 , we obtain a member of the surface with common geodesic curve (s) as

 

 s   4 v cos  s  ,  3 sin  s   4 v cos s  , 4s  3v    5  5 5  5 5 5   5 5       

 ( s, v )   3 cos 

where

  s   ,

-1  v  1 (Fig.2).

__

 ( s, v )

 ( s, v)





G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

If we take x  s, v   v cos(s / 5), y  s, v   0, z  s, v   e v 1 and v0  0 then the Eqn. Eqn. (3.4) and (3.8) are satisfied. satisfied. Thus, we obtain obt ain a member of the surface with w ith common Mannheim Mannheim geodesic geode sic curve as

  s   2 v cos  s  si  s   (ev 1) cos  s ,  4 sin  s   2 v cos 2  s   4 c o s s i n   5  10 5   5  5  5  10 5  __               ( s, v)    s  4s 7 2 s   v  (e  1) cos   ,   v cos    5  5 10 5   Also, for x  s, v   cos(s / 5), y  s, v   0, z  s, v   e v 1 and v0 common geodesic curve as

 0 , we obtain a member of the surface with

  s  4  s   s  4 v 1) sin  s ,  4 ( ev 1) s   1) cos  ,   3 cos  5   5 v cos  5  sin  5   5 ( e 1) 5  5         5    ( s, v)    4 s 4v  s  3 v   5  5 cos  5   5 (e  1)      where



3

 s  2 ,

-1  v  1 (Fig. 3).

__

  s, v 

 ( s, v)





G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

satisfied. Thus, we w e obtain obtain a member of the the ruled surface x(s )  y (s )  0, z( s )  s and v0  0 then the Eqn. (4.4) is satisfied. with common Mannheim geodesic curve as __  s  s  s  s  4s   ( s, v)   4 cos    vs cos   ,  4 sin    vs sin   ,  5  5  5  5 5   Also, for x(s)  y (s )  0, z (s )  s and v0  0 ,we obtain a member of the ruled surface with common geodesic curve as  s 4  s  s 4  s  4s  3vs   ( s, v)   3 cos    vs cos   ,  3 sin    vs cos  ,  5 5  5  5 5  5 5 5   where   s   , -1  v  1 (Fig.4). __

 ( s, v)

 ( s, v)





G.Ş G.Ş . ATALAY

Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Geoinformation of. Do Carmo , M.P . (1976). Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Güngör, M.A. & Tosun, M. (2010). A study on dual Mannheim partner curves. International Mathematical Forum, 5(47):2319-2330. Karacan, M.K. (2011). Weakened Mannheim curves. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(20):4700-4705. Kızıltuğ, S. & Yaylı, Y. (2015). On the quater quaternionic nionic Mannheim Mannheim curv cur ves of o f Aw (k ) – type type in Euclidean space E 3. 3. Kuwait Journal of Science, 42(2):128 – 140. 140. Lee, J.W. (2011). No null-Helix Mannheim curves in the Minkowski Space . International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, Article ID 580537: 7 pages, doi.10.1155/2011/580537. Liu, H. & Wang, F. (2008). Mannheim partner curves in 3-space. Journal of Geometry, 88:120-126. Matsuda, H. & Yorozu, S. (2009). On generalized Mannheim curves in Euclidean 4-space. Nihonkai Mathematical Journal, 20:33-56. Okuyucu, O.Z. (2013). Characterizations of the quaternionic Mannheim curves in Euclidean space E 4. 4. International Journal of Mathematical Combinatorics, 2:44-53. Orbay, K. & Kasap, E. (2009). On Mannheim partner curves in E 3. 3. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(5):261-264. Orbay, K., Kasap, E. & Aydemir, İ. (2009). Mannheim Mannheim offsets of ruled r uled surfaces. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Article Artic le ID 160917: 9 Pages, doi:10.1155/2009/160917. O’Neill, B. (1966). Elementary (1966). Elementary Differential Geometry, Academic Press Inc., New York. Önder, M. & Kızıltuğ, S. (2012). (2012) . Bertrand and Mannheim partner D-curves on parallel surfaces in Minkowski 3-Space. International Journal of Geometry, 1(2):34-45. Özkaldı, S., İlarslan, K. & Yaylı, Y. (2009). On Mannheim partner curve in Dual space. Ananele Stiintifice Ale Universitatii Ovidius Constanta, 17(2):131-142. Öztekin, H.B. & Ergüt, M. (2011). Null Mannheim curves in the Minkowski 3-space . Turkish Journal of Mathematics, 35(1):107-114. Serret, J.A. (1851). Sur quelques formules relatives à la théorie des courbes à double courbure. Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées. 16:193-207. Wang, F., Liu, H. (2007). “Mannheim partner curves in 3-Euclidean Pr actice and and Theory, Theor y, vol. vol. 37, 37 , no. 1, 3-Euclidean spac space”, e”, Mathematics in Practice pp. pp. 141-143. Wang, Wang, G. J., Tang, Tang, K. K . (2004). (2 004). C. L. Tai, Parametric representation of a su s urface pencil with a comm co mmon on spatial geodesic, eo desic, Comput. Aided Des. 36 (5) 447-459. Kasap, E., Akyildiz, F.T., Orbay, K. (2008). A generalization of surfaces family with common spatial geodesic, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 201781-789. Guan Z, Z, Ling J, Ping Pi ng X, Rongxi T (1997). (19 97). Study and Application of Physics-Based P hysics-Based Deformable Curves and S Surfaces urfaces,, Computers and Graphics 21: 305-313.

Surfaces family with a common Mannheim geodesic curve

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