Summer Internship Of MBA in WEALTH MANAGEMENT

VTOOD[ JGSD[GVEJQ Q[@MDFS F@OQH[HS^D VSTCZ @N ^H[J@TV HBSD[GHSJ^DV H^HJBHKBD JG SED OH[IDS N@[ \DHBSE OHGHLDODGS %iddqjgl sed

Khgi `n Kh{`ch

khvd khgi*

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VSTCZ F@GCTFSDC HS KHGI @N KH[@CH" BTFIG@\" FE@\I K[HGFE' Kz ¸ ^H[TG OJVE[H O'K'H' %F'O'* J'O'V' Btfig`| Tgj~d{vjsz



















HFIG@\BDCLDODGS Js jv h ohssd{ `n l{dhs vhsjvnhfsj`g hgc qbdhvt{d s` q{dvdgs sejv {dq`{s `g Fòqh{hsj~d vstcz `n ~h{j`tv hbsd{ghsj~dv h~hjbhkbd jg sed oh{ids n`{ |dhbse ohghldodgs shijgl Khgi `n Kh{`ch hv sed khvjv `n oz vstcz' J shid sejv `qq`{stgjsz s` sehgi hbb se`vd jg~`b~dc jg oz vtood{ s{hjgjgl' "

Sejv q{`mdfs {dq`{s f`tbc g`s eh~d kddg fòqbdsdc |jse`ts sed edbq hgc ltjchgfd `n O{ Q{hcddq V{j~hvsh~h Fejdn Ohghld{ Khgi @n Kh{`ch Fe`|i K{hgfe hgc O{' Kjohg Kjeh{j Ih{ Ohghld{ @qd{hsj`gv Khgi @n Kh{`ch Fe`|i K{hgfe' J ho sehgintb s` sedo n`{ sedj{ hkbd ltjchgfd hgc dgf`t{hldodgs hs d~d{z vsdq `n oz > |ddi b`gl vtood{ s{hjgjgl' J ho hbv` sehgintb s` sed vshnn odokd{v `n Khgi @n Kh{`ch Fe`|i K{hgfe n`{ sedj{ vtqq`{s ltjchgfd hgc f``qd{hsj`g' "

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Hgc bhvs kts g`s sed bdhvs J |`tbc bjid s` sehgi sed sdhfejgl vshnn `n JOV BT n`{ ohijgl od fhqhkbd dg`tle s` tgcd{shid sejv q{`mdfs jgcdqdgcdgsbz hgc n`{ k{`hcdgjgl oz e`{j}`gv' J |`tbc bjid s` dusdgc oz sehgiv s` d~d{z`gd |e` ehv d~dg {do`sdbz kddg hvv`fjhsdc |jse od hv sed `bc hchld l`dv |d ohz g`s bdh{g d~d{zsejgl n{ò vòd`gd kts bdh{g vòdsejgl n{ò d~d{z`gd' "

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F@GSDGSV JGCDU Vb' G`' Qh{sjftbh{v

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-- F@GSDGSV 8' JGS[ @CTF CTFSJ@ SJ@G ;' F@G F@GFDQS @N \DHBSE \DHBSE OHGHLDO HGHLDODGS \dhbse \dhbse Ohghldodgs [hgld Idz Idz Dbdodgsv `n \dhbse Ohghldodgs Vd{~jfdv Idz Idz Fehbbdgld H{dh 6 V`btsj`g N{hod|`{i 3' \dhbse Ohghldodgs ¸ H ¸ Hg Dod{ljgl Vdfs`{ 4' F`{d Dbdodgsv `n \dhbse Ohghldodgs Vd{~jfdv Qhfihldc Qhfihldc hs ~h{j`tv bd~dbv



















I Idz d z ntgfsj`g h{dhv  Njghgfjhb Qbhggjgl  Fbjdgs Q{`njbjgl  Jg~dvsodgs @kmdfsj~d  Q`{sn`bj` Vs{hsdlz Cdnjgjsj`g / Hvvds Hbb`fhsj`g  Cdnjgjgl Q`{sn`bj` Vs{hsdljdv hgc Q`{sn`bj` O`cdbjgl  Cdsd{ojghsj`g `n Q`{sn`bj` F`gvsjstdgsv hgc Hbb`fhsj`g `n Hvvdsv  Vs{hsdlz Joqbdodgshsj`g  Q`{sn`bj` Ohghldodgs  Q`{sn`bj` Hcojgjvs{hsj`g  Qd{n`{ohgfd D~hbthsj`g hgc Hghbzsjfv  Vs{hsdlz [ d~jd| d~jd| hgc Hbjlgodgs  [dfhbjk{hsj`g `n Q`{sn`bj` Vs{hsdlz  [dkhbhgfjgl [dhbb`fhsj`g hgc Cj~dvsodgs `n Hvvdsv >' I dz dz Fehbbdgld H{dhv Ejlebz Ejlebz Qd{v`ghbj}dc hgc Ftvsòj}dc Vd{~jfdv' Qd{v`ghb Qd{v`ghb {dbhsj`gvejq c{j~jgl sed ktvjgdvv' D~`b~jgl D~`b~jgl Fbjdgs Q{`njbd' Fbjdgs Fbjdgs Jg~`b~dodgs Bd~db' Qhvvj`g Qhvvj`g Jg~dvsodgs %Qejbhgse{`qz hgc V`fjhb [dvq`gvjkjbjsz*' Bjojsdc Bd~d{hljgl Fhqhkjbjsjdv `n Sdfeg`b`lz %hv hg dghkbd{*' Sdfegjfhb Sdfegjfhb H{fejsdfst{d hgc Sdfeg`b`lz Jg~dvsodgs' Jgs{jfhsd Jgs{jfhsd Ig`|bdcld `n F{`vv/ntgfsj`ghb Còhjg' <' V`btsj`g N{hod|`{i Xthbjsz Xthbjsz `n Vd{~jfd Bd~db Tgj~d{vhb Tgj~d{vhb Vd{~jfd @nnd{jgl Jg~dvsodgs Jg~dvsodgs jg Qd`qbd Q{`fdvvdv Q{jfd Q{jfd g`s h S{td Cjnnd{dgsjhs`{ Tgf`g~dgsj`ghb Tgf`g~dgsj`ghb Cdbj~d{z Fehggdb hgc Fòotgjfhsj`g Nbdujkjbjsz `n Sdfegjfhb H{fejsdfst{d 5' VD[^J VD[^JF FDV Q[ Q[ @^JCDC KZ \DHBSE \DHBSE OHGHLDO HGHLDODGS JGV JGVSJSTSJ@ SJSTSJ@GV Ftvs`cjhg Ftvs`cjhg Vd{~jfdv S{tvs S{tvs Vd{~jfdv [dsj{dodgs [dsj{dodgs Qbhg Vd{~jfdv :' HC^HGSHLDV HC^HGSHLDV HGC BJO BJOJSHSJ@ JSHSJ@GV 81' F`gvtod{ Q`jgs @n ^ @n ^jd| = "



















Jg~dvsodgs Jg~dvsodgs qejb`v`qez' Vfedod Vfedod kdgfeoh{iv' Ojgjoto Ojgjoto jg~dvsodgs' [dst{gv' [dst{gv' F`vs F`vs vs{tfst{d' N{dxtdgfz `n cjvfb`vt{d' K{ìjgl K{ìjgl e`tvd' Hvvdsv Hvvdsv tgcd{ ohghldodgs %HTO*' 88' F@G F@GFDQS @N HVV VVDS DS FBHVV BHVVD DV Hvvds Hvvds Oju  Bjvs @n C @n Cjnnd{dgs Hvvds Fbhvv  Njudc Cdq`vjsv  Od{jsv hgc Cdod{jsv  Jgsd{dvs {hsdv `g NCv  Dnndfsj~d [dst{g  OTSTHB NTGC  @qdgdgc ntgc  Dufehglds{hcdc ntgcv  Dx Dxtjsz tjsz ntgcv  Fhqjshbj}hsj`g  K`gc ntgcv  O`gdz oh{ids ntgcv  Ntgcv `n ntgcv  Edcld ntgcv  Dx Dxtjsz tjsz jg~dvsodgs  Cj{dfs e`bcjglv hgc q``bdc ntgcv  Fòo`cjsjdv Oh{ids  H[S NTGC  Cj~d{vjnjdc q`{sn`bj`  Sjd/tqv |jse lhbbd{jdv  [DHB DVSHSD NTGC  Jgvt{hgfd Q{`ctfs  Ldgd{hb Jgvt{hgfd  Tgjs Bjgidc Jgvt{hgfd Qbhg %TBJQ*  Vs{tfst{dc Q{`ctfs





















 L`bc kdfòdv cdvj{hkbd jg sjodv `n = 

 Khgi nhjbt{dv   B`| `{ gdlhsj~d {dhb jgsd{dvs {hsdv   \h{" jg~hvj`g" b``sjgl" f{jvjv  Ft{{dgfz  Q`{sn`bj` fòq`vjsj`g `n ft{{dgfz 8;' Fòqhgjdv q{`~jcjgl \dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfdv

 I I `shi `shi vdft{jsjdv  JGS[@CTFSJ@G  Q[@CTFSV  HVVDS FBHVVDV TVDC  HVVDS VJ]D  O`{lhg Vshgbdz  JGS[@CTFSJ@G  Q[@CTFSV  HVVDS FBHVVDV TVDC  HVVDS VJ]D  O`sj Bhb @v|hb  JGS[@CTFSJ@G  Q[@CTFSV  HVVDS FBHVVDV TVDC  HVVDS VJ]D  [ dbjlh{d dbjlh{d \dhbse Ohghldodgs



















Hkg Ho{` \dhbse Ohghldodgs  JGS[@CTFSJ@G  Q[@CTFSV  HVVDS FBHVVDV TVDC  HVVDS VJ]D  EVKF Njghgfjhb Qbhggjgl Vd{~jfdv  Q[@CTFSV  HVVDS FBHVVDV TVDC  HVVDS VJ]D  Fjsj Fjsj Khgi  JGS[@CTFSJ@G  Q[@CTFSV  HVVDS VJ]D  HVVDS FBHVVDV TVDC

JFJFJ \dhbse Ohghldodgs  JGS[@CTFSJ@G  Q[@CTFSV  HVVDS FBHVVDV TVDC  HVVDS VJ]D HUJV HUJV KHG KHGI . \DHBSE \DHBSE OHGHLDO HGHLDODGS Q{`fdct{d Q{`fdct{d n`{ dgsd{shjgjgl h fbjdgs jg HUJV KHGI KHGI @N KH[ KH[ @CH \DHBSE OHGHLDO HGHLDODGS VD[^JF D[^JFDV



















DUDFTSJ^D VTOOH[Z Khgi `n Kh{`ch \dhbse Ohghldodgs q{`~jcdv cjvf{dsj`gh{z |dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfd" jg |ejfe |dhbse ohghld{v lj~d {dfòodgchsj`gv s` ftvsòd{v hgc jg~dvs hff`{cjgl s` ftvsòd{ cjvf{dsj`g' Khgi @n Kh{`ch Kh{`ch jv `gd `n sed ohm`{ khgiv `n J `n Jgcjh `nnd{jgl |dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfdv' Sedj{ ohm`{ fòqdsjs`{v h{d I `shi `shi vdft{jsjdv O`{lhg Vshgbdz O`sj Bhb @v|hb [ dbjlh{d dbjlh{d \dhbse Ohghldodgs Vshgch{c feh{sd{dc Hkg Ho{` \dhbse Ohghldodgs EVKF Njghgfjhb Qbhggjgl Vd{~jfdv Fjsj Khgi JFJFJ \dhbse Ohghldodgs K`K `nnd{v ltjchgfd hgc vd{~jfdv s` qd{vqdfsj~d jg~dvs`{v hgc `nnd{v q{`ctfsv hgc vd{~jfdv se{`tle |ejfe sedz fhg ohujoj}d sedj{ |dhbse' Js `nnd{v vd{~jfdv vtjsdc s` sed gddcv `n cjnnd{dgs fbhvv `n ftvsòd{v" hv eh~d kddg cjvftvvdc jg cdshjb bhsd{ jg sed {dq`{s' Sed vstcz |hv f`gctfsdc hs sed fe`|i k{hgfe" `n Khgi `n Kh{`ch" Btfig`|' Sed q{`mdfs |hv `n > |ddiv ct{hsj`g' Ct{jgl sed q{`mdfs J ehc shidg sed ltjchgfd `n khgi ohghld{v . vshnn s` f`bbdfs sed chsh" . hbv` ohcd tvd `n



















J f`gctfsdc h vt{~dz `n sed ftvsòd{v |ejfe {d~dhbdc sed shvsdv hgc q{dnd{dgfdv `n sed ftvsòd{v {dlh{cjgl sedj{ jg~dvsodgs q`{sn`bj`v hgc vòd |dbb ig`|g q{jgfjqbdv `n |dhbse ohghldodgs fhod s` bjles n{ò sed vt{~dz/ h' \jse hc~hgfdodgs `n hld qd`qbd kdfhod o`{d hgc o`{d f`gvd{~hsj~d hgc {jvi h~d{sd{v' Jg sejv f`ggdfsj`g J |`tbc bjid s` xt`sd h |dbb ig`|g n`{otbh= %811/hld*? ho`tgs `n {jvi shidg kz h qd{v`g `{ sed ho`tgs `n jg~dvsodgs c`gd kz ejo' k' Q{`vqdfsj~d ftvsòd{v h{d h~d{vd s` ohijgl fehgld`~d{v n{ò `gd jg~dvsodgs s` hg`sed{ d~dg jn sed{d jv h vs{`gl hc~jfd n{ò jg~dvsodgs hc~jv`{v s` ohid h fehgld`~d{' f' O`vs jg~dvs`{v h{d jg vdh{fe `n shu n{dd k`gcv {hsed{ sehg k`gcv `g |ejfe shu ehv s` kd qhjc d~dg se`tle sedz ohz lj~d h ejled{ {dst{g' c' Otsthb ntgc k{hgc johld `n K`K jv q`qtbh{' d' Sed{d jv bhfi `n f{dhsj~jsz hgc johljghsj`g jg sed |dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfd q{`~jcdc kz K`K' n' Vd~d{hb q`qtbh{ vfedodv `n |dhbse ohghldodgs h{d g`s q{d~hbdgs jg K`K' l' Jg~dvsodgs ltjcdbjgdv h{d g`s dhvjbz h~hjbhkbd hgc g` cdcjfhsdc fdbb jg dhfe k{hgfe n`{ sed vhod' e' Vdgj`{ fjsj}dg NC vfedodv %`n ejled{ jgsd{dvs {hsd* g`s h~hjbhkbd jg K`K' "

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@KMD @KMDFSJ^DV SJ^DV 8* Se{`tle sed qhvs {dvtbsv" s` jcdgsjnz sed q`sdgsjhb `n |dhbse ohghldodgs vdfs`{' ;* Tgcd{vshgcjgl fòqhgz¾v q{`fdct{d jg |dhbse ohghldodgs cdqh{sodgs' 6* S` ig`| sed fòqh{hsj~d q`vjsj`g `n sed fòqhgjdv `nnd{jgl |dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfdv' 3* S` eh~d h ldgd{hb g`sj`g `g cjnnd{dgs hvvds fbhvvdv h~hjbhkbd jg njghgfjhb oh{ids'



















Js jv h vs`{z vf{jqsdc jg f`{q`{hsd |jvcò hgc v`fjhb q{jcd' Js jv h vs`{z f{hnsdc jg q{j~hsd fhqjshb q{jgfdbz qhs{`ghld hgc vshsd `|gd{vejq' Js jv h vs`{z `n `{cjgh{z khgid{v hgc sedj{ dus{h`{cjgh{z f`gs{jktsj`g jg sed hvfdgs `n Khgi `n Kh{`ch s` sed n`{ojchkbd edjlesv `n f`{q`{hsd lb`{z' Js jv h vs`{z sehs gddcv s` kd veh{dc |jse hbb se`vd ojbbj`gv `n qd`qbd / ftvsòd{v vshide`bcd{v doqb`zddv . sed qtkbjf hs bh{ld / |e` jg hoqbd odhvt{d eh~d f`gs{jktsdc s` sed ohijgl `n hg jgvsjstsj`g' "

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Sed Khgi ehv vs{dglsev jg k`se {dshjb hgc f`{q`{hsd khgijgl hgc jv fòojssdc s` hc`qsjgl sed kdvs jgctvs{z q{hfsjfdv jgsd{ghsj`ghbbz jg `{cd{ s` hfejd~d dufdbbdgfd'

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vjojbh{ ghst{d' \ejbd cdnjgjgl \dhbse Ohghldodgs Sedz eh~d s` sejgi jg qbhggdc ohggd{' ¶\dhbse Ohghldodgs jv hg hbb h bb jgfbtvj~d vds `n vs{hsdljdv sehs hjov s` l{`| ohghld q{`sdfs hgc cjvs{jktsd hvvdsv jg h otfe qbhggdc vzvsdohsjf hgc jgsdl{hsdc ohggd{³' "

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\DHBSE OHGHLDO HGHLDODGS [HGLD Sed Jgcjhg oh{ids ehv kddg vdlodgsdc kz \dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfd q{`~jcd{v jgs` nj~d fhsdl`{jdv ghodbz= Tbs{h/ejle Tbs{h/ejle gds |`{se `{ Tbs{h/EG\ %jg dufdvv `n TV#61 ojbbj`g* |jbb eh~d h s`shb q`qtbhsj`g `n 81 411 e`tvde`bcv kz ;18;' Vtqd{ Vtqd{ ejle gds |`{se %kds|ddg TV#81 hgc #61 ojbbj`g* |jbb eh~d h s`shb q`qtbhsj`g `n 3; 111 e`tvde`bcv kz ;18;' Ejle Ejle gds |`{se %kds|ddg TV#8 ojbbj`g hgc #81 ojbbj`g* |jbb eh~d h s`shb q`qtbhsj`g `n 6;1 111 kz ;18;' Vtqd{ Vtqd{ hnnbtdgs %kds|ddg TV#8;4 111 hgc #8 ojbbj`g* |jbb eh~d h s`shb q`qtbhsj`g `n 641 111 e`tvde`bcv kz ;18;' Ohvv Ohvv hnnbtdgs %kds|ddg TV#;4 111 hgc #8;4 111* |jbb eh~d h s`shb q`qtbhsj`g `n 8'5 ojbbj`g e`tvde`bcv kz ;18;' Ohvv oh{ids %kds|ddg TV#4 111 hgc #;4 111* |jbb eh~d h s`shb q`qtbhsj`g `n 6: ojbbj`g e`tvde`bcv kz ;18;' "

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%f* Q`{sn`bj` Ohghldodgs ¸Hcojgjvs{hsj`g Qd{n`{ohgfd D~hbthsj`g hgc Hghbzsjfv %c* Vs{hsdlz [d~jd| hgc O`cjnjfhsj`g' "

h* Njghgfjhb Qbhggjgl Fbjdgs Q{`njbjgl Fbjdgs q{`njbjgl shidv jg hff`tgs otbsjstcd `n kdeh~j`{hb cdo`l{hqejf hgc jg~dvsodgs feh{hfsd{jvsjfv `n h fbjdgs sehs |`tbc | `tbc cdsd{ojgd dhfe fbjdgs¾v |dhbse ohghldodgs {dxtj{dodgsv' Vòd `n idz feh{hfsd{jvsjfv s` kd d~hbthsdc n`{ cdnjgjgl fbjdgs¾v jg~dvsodgs `kmdfsj~d h{d= Ft{{dgs Ft{{dgs hgc ntst{d Jgfòd bd~db Nhojbz hgc bjnd d~dgsv [jvi [jvi hqqdsjsd  s`bd{hgfd Shuhkjbjsz Shuhkjbjsz vshstv Jg~dvsodgs Jg~dvsodgs e`{j}`g Hvvds Hvvds Q{dnd{dgfd {dvs{jfsj`g Fhve Fhve nb`| duqdfshsj`gv [dbjlj`tv [dbjlj`tv kdbjdn %g`g jg~dvsodgs jg vjg vdfs`{ bjid / hbfè`b s`khff` lhokbjgl nj{ov `{ fòqbjhgs |jse Veh{jh bh|v* Kdeh~j`{hb Kdeh~j`{hb Ejvs`{z %Qhssd{g `n qhvs jg~dvsodgs cdfjvj`gv* 

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fbdh{ kbtdq{jgs n`{ jg~dvsodgs cj{dfsj`g' Jg~dvsodgs vs{hsdlz edbqv jg n`{ojgl k{`hc bd~db dg~jvj`gjgl `n hvvds fbhvv %Vdft{jsjdv N`{du Fòo`cjsz [dhb Vshsd [dnd{dgfd hgc Jgcjfdv H{sHgsjxtd hgc Bjndvszbd Hvvdsv %Fh{ K`hs Hj{f{hns** oh{ids ld`l{hqez vdfs`{ hgc jgctvs{z' Dhfe `n sedvd hvvds fbhvvdv jv s` kd fòq{dedgvj~dbz d~hbthsdc n`{ jgfbtvj`g jg q`{sn`bj` o`cdb jg ~jd| `n cdnjgdc jg~dvsodgs \ejbd cdnjgjgl sed vs{hsdlz f`gvjcd{hsj`g `n fbjdgs q{dnd{dgfd `{ h~`jchgfd n`{ vqdfjnjf hvvds fbhvv {jvi s`bd{hgfd {dbjlj`tv kdbjdnv jv sed idz dbdodgs d bdodgs |ejfe |`tbc fòd jgs` qjfst{d' Setv n`{ h fbjdgs |jse h kdbjdn `n h~`jchgfd `n jg~dvsodgs jg vjg jgctvs{jdv %hbfè`b s`khff` lhokbjgl dsf'* jv s` kd ctbz shidg fh{d `n' Bjid|jvd n`{ h fbjdgs b`ìjgl n`{ Veh{jh/fòqbjhgs jg~dvsodgs vs{hsdlz n`{otbhsj`g ve`tbc f`gvjcd{ jg~dvsodgs `qsj`gv oddsjgl |jse sed fbjdgs "

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hldgs hgc ohgz `sed{ oh{ids jgsd{odcjh{jdv'

Qd{n`{ohgfd D~hbthsj`g hgc Hghbzsjfv Qd{n`{ohgfd d~hbthsj`g `n sed q`{sn`bj` jv hg `gl`jgl q{`fdvv' Q`{sn`bj` {dst{g jv f`gsjgt`tvbz o`gjs`{dc hgc hghbz}dc |jse {dvqdfs s` cdnjgdc q`{sn`bj` `kmdfsj~dv' Hghbzvjv cjodgvj`g f`tbc kd ~h{jdc ¸ vjoqbd hgc fòqbdu' Sedvd ohz jgfbtcd / hkv`btsd {dst{g {dbhsj~d {dst{g %jg fòqh{jv`g s` fe`vdg kdgfeoh{i* s{dgc qhssd{g f`vs joqhfs shu joqhfs f`gfdgs{hsj`g b`vs `qq`{stgjsz hgc `sed{ n`{o `n vdgvjsj~jsz hgc |ehs/jn hghbzvjv' Hgz cd~jhsj`g `n q`{sn`bj` qd{n`{ohgfd `kvd{~dc ct{jgl qd{n`{ohgfd d~hbthsj`g |`tbc bdhc s` vs{hsdlz {d~jd| hgc hgz q`vvjkbd hbjlgodgs `n q`{sn`bj` vs{hsdlz' "

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 Qd{v`ghb Qd{v`ghb

{dbhsj`gvejq c{j~jgl sed ktvjgdvv S` odds fbjdgs duqdfshsj`g `n qd{v`ghb hssdgsj`g o`cd `n fòotgjfhsj`g jg |dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfdv sdgcv s` kd ejlebz qd{v`ghbj}dc' Setv sed f`g~dgsj`ghb l{jcv `n fòotgjfhsj`g vtfe hv fhbb fdgs{d chsh fdgs{d c`dv g`s njs |dbb' Vtffdvv `n |dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfdv edh~jbz c{h|v `g qd{v`ghb jgsd{hfsj`g |jse sed cdcjfhsdc {dbhsj`gvejq ohghld{ |e` shidv fh{d `n |e`bd jg~dvsodgs ohghldodgs bjndfzfbd n`{ ktgfe `n fbjdgsv `g `gd/s`/`gd khvjv' Sejv dvvdgsjhbbz {dxtj{dv vd{~jfd nj{o s` jg~dvs edh~jbz jg etohg q{`fdvvdv s` l{`ò hgc {dshjg h sdho `g fòqdsdgs {dbhsj`gvejq ohghld{v |jse f{`vv ntgfsj`ghb vijbbv' D~`b~jgl Fbjdgs Q{`njbd "

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Bjojsdc Bd~d{hljgl Fhqhkjbjsjdv `n S `n Sdfeg`b`lz %hv hg dghkbd{* Jg sed {dfdgs sjodv |d eh~d |jsgdvvdc sdfeg`b`lz h idz dghkbd{ s` edbq ktvjgdvv s` duqhgc jsv oh{ids {dhfe |jse {dctfdc f`vs `n vd{~jfdv `nnd{jgl' @gbjgd khgijgl hgc `gbjgd s{hcjglk{ìd{hld vd{~jfdv h{d sed kdvs duhoqbdv jg sejv {dlh{c' Sdfeg`b`lz bd~d{hljgl ehv edbqdc vd{~jfdv nj{o s` hfejd~d tgj~d{vhb q{`bjnd{hsj`g `n oh{ids |jse vtkvshgsjhbbz {dctfjgl s{hgvhfsj`g f`vs' Hv ktvjgdvv {tbdv hgc vd{~jfd cdnjgjsj`gv s` ltjcd sed hqqbjfhsj`gv sdgcv s` kd xtjsd fòq`vjsd jg |dhbse ohghldodgs vd{~jfdv bd~d{hljgl sed fhqhkjbjsjdv `n sdfeg`b`lz s` odds sed ktvjgdvv {dxtj{dodgs ohz g`s kd ejlebz ndhvjkbd jg sed jgjsjhb zdh{v' "

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Sdfegjfhb H{fejsdfst{d hgc Sdfeg`b`lz Jg~dvsodgs Hv ktvjgdvv h{fejsdfst{d jv vsjbb d~`b~jgl h q{`~dg khvjv `n {dvjbjdgs sdfegjfhb "





















`~d{/doqehvj}jgl h vhsjvnjdc fbjdgs |`tbc q{`~jcd otbsjstcd `n `qq`{stgjsjdv `n l{`|se `n ktvjgdvv ¸ se{`tle cddqdgjgl sed {dbhsj`gvejq cj{dfs  jgcj{dfs {dnd{dgfjgl hv |dbb hv f{`vv vdbbjgl `n q{`ctfsv' Jg sed `sed{ vjsthsj`g `n cdnjfjdgfz jg vd{~jfd bd~db ed |`tbc g`s edvjshsd s` o`~d sed ktvjgdvv s` hg`sed{ nj{o' Sejv iddqv vs{`gl doqehvjv `g f`gsjgtdc dglhldodgs |jse sed fbjdgs `g sed hvqdfsv `n fbjdgs duqdfshsj`g hgc vd{~jfjgl {hsed{ sehg ve`|jgl dus{h hssdgsj`g `gbz ct{jgl sed qd{j`c `n fbjdgs hfxtjvjsj`g' N`ftvdc h{`tgc fbjdgs gddcv h k{`hc n{hod|`{i `n vd{~jfd `nnd{jgl ct{jgl |e`bd bjndfzfbd `n fbjdgs jg~dvsodgs ohghldodgs |`tbc kd {d~`b~jgl h{`tgc= Hgsjfjqhsd Hghbz}d Hc~jfd Hfs hgc O`gjs`{ fzfbd' I dz dz Fehbbdgld H{dh \dhbse ohghldodgs nj{ov nhfd ohgz fehbbdgldv jg n`{otbhsjgl \jggjgl vd{~jfdv `nnd{jgl oddsjgl sed fbjdgs gddcv' Vòd `n sed idz fehbbdgldv nhfdc kz |dhbse "

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{dxtj{dodgsv h nj{o ehv ehv vd~d{hb hbsd{ghsj~dv hbsd{ghsj~dv %`{ fòkjghsj`g `n hbsd{ghsj~dv* s` f`gvjcd{= Jgsdl{hsdc Jgsdl{hsdc v`btsj`g hqq{`hfe= Cd~db`qjgl jg/e`tvd hqqbjfhsj`gv s` odds dgc/s`/ dgc gd| ktvjgdvv {dxtj{dodgsv' Vd{~jfd Kt{dht HVQ O`cdb= Jgn`{ohsj`g "























f`tbc kd hfejd~dc se{`tle hfsj~d qh{sgd{vejq hgc hnnjbjhsj`g' Kts ctd f`gvjcd{hsj`g jv {dxtj{dc sehs xthbjsz `n vd{~jfd bd~db q{`~jcdc kz qh{sgd{v  hnnjbjhsdv c`dv g`s lds fòq{òjvdc jg hgz ohggd{' Hgz ve`{sfòjgl jg vd{~jfd xthbjsz d~dg jn fhtvdc kz qh{sgd{hnnjbjhsd¾v vd{~jfdv |`tbc kd tbsjohsdbz joqhj{jgl fbjdgs vhsjvnhfsj`g "

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fòojsodgs s`|h{cv sdfegjfhb joqbdodgshsj`g qbhg |`tbc g`s kd h |jvd jcdh' H q{tcdgs hqq{`hfe |`tbc kd s` lds vsh{sdc `g o`ctbh{ khvjv |jse q{`l{dvvj~d jgsdl{hsj`g `n ntgfsj`ghb fòq`gdgsv jg `{cd{ `n jsv ntgfsj`ghb vjlgjnjfhgfd' Lhjgjgl jgvjles hgc f`gnjcdgfd h{`tgc sed ktvjgdvv q{`fdvvdv sejv f`tbc kd "























Hqqbjfhsj`gv Hqqbjfhsj`gv ve`tbc q{`~jcd hcdxthsd nbdujkjbjsz s` jgf`{q`{hsd ohgthb q{`fdvvjgl jgsd{nhfdv'

VD[^JF D[^JFDV Q[ Q[ @^JCDC KZ \DHBSE \DHBSE OHGHLDO HGHLDODGS





































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































FTVS@OD[ Q[@NJBJGL %@g Sed Khvjv @n Sed Vt{~dz F`gctfsdc* Khvdc `g cjnnd{dgs njghgfjhb gddcv hg h~d{hld bjnd fzfbd ehv kddg cj~jcdc jgs` 3 vshldv `n Njghgfjhb Qbhggjgl hv lj~dg kdb`|'  Tqs` 61 zdh{v `n hld  61/34 zdh{v `n hld  34/>1 zdh{v `n hld  @~d{ >1 zdh{v 

Tqs` 61 zdh{v `n hld  Ldgd{hb Q{`njbd =  @ts `n f`bbdldQ{`ndvvj`ghb F`t{vd'  Mtgj`{ `{ Ojc bd~db doqb`zodgs'  Eh~d ehc hg h~d{hld |`{i bjnd `n 4/5 z{v'  Tgoh{{jdc `{ {dfdgsbz oh{{jdc'  Vohbb nhojbz'  Gtfbdh{ nhojbz  M`jgs nhojbz'



















 Q{`qdgvjsz s` vqdgc`~d{vqdgc  Njgc jg~dvsodgsvh~jgl hv K`{jgl . |hvsd `n sjod'  Bhfi `n jgfbjghsj`g s` jg~dvs'  Bhfi `n q{`qd{ jgn`{ohsj`g `g jg~dvsodgs'  C` g`s gddc {dltbh{ jgfòd n{ò jg~dvsodgs'  Jg~dvsodgs Gddcv =  [dqhzodgs `n q{`ndvvj`ghb vstcjdv b`hg'  Qbhg n`{ shu'  Vh~jgl n`{ |ejsd l``cvgd| ~dejfbd'  Kjlldvs gddc jv s` vh~d dg`tle n`{ h c`|g qhzodgs n`{ h e`tvd'  Vsh{s s` ktjbc hg dod{ldgfz ntgc'  [ dfòodgchsj`g dfòodgchsj`g =  Gdl`sjhsd shu/dnnjfjdgs vhbh{z'  Ktclds hgc iddq s{hfi `n duqdgvdv'  Tvd f{dcjs fh{c q{tcdgsbz'  Vh~d {dltbh{bz hgc f`gvfj`tvbz'  [ dfòodgcdc dfòodgcdc Jg~dvsodgs Vszbd =  Ve`tbc kd hg hll{dvvj~d jg~dvs`{'  Ve`tbc n`ftv `g b`gl sd{o fhqjshb l{`|se {hsed{ sehg ve`{s sd{o fhqjshb q{dvd{~hsj`g'  Eh~d h b`gl sd{o jg~dvsodgs e`{j}`g hv h khbhgfd `n q{`ctfsj~d |`{ijgl bjnd jv ejle'  Fhg jg~dvs jg ejle {jvi ejle lhjg q{`ctfsv "

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[ dfòodgcdc dfòodgcdc cjvs{jktsj`g `n hvvds = :1 $ jg~dvsodgsv jg dxtjsz' 81 $ jg~dvsodgs jg cdks'  Ve`tbc vsh{s VJQ `{ {dft{{jgl cdq`vjs se{`tle hts` cdkjs nhfjbjsjdv s` dgvt{d cjvfjqbjgdc hgc fòqtbv`{z vh~jglv'  Ve`tbc vsh{s qbhggjgl n`{ `{ hs bdhvs vsh{s sejgijgl hk`ts {dsj{dodgs'  Q{`ctfs [ dfòodgchsj`gv dfòodgchsj`gv =  Jn vhbh{jdc hqq{ùjohsdbz ;3$ `n khvjf jv gdfdvvh{jbz jg~dvsdc jg QN hgc fhg kd vtqqbdodgsdc |jse GVF . QQN'  Jn vdbn doqb`zdcq{`ndvvj`ghb ve`tbc vsh{s h QQNQdgvj`g qbhg jg~dvsodgs s` "

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` Vdfs`{ ntgcv%81$* ` Shu vh~jgl ntgcv%;1$*

 Kds|ddg 61/34 z{v =/  Ldgd{hb q{`njbd =  Oh{{jdc tvthbbz |jse fejbc{dg  Ojccbd s` vdgj`{ bd~db doqb`zddv'  Eh~d ehc hg h~d{hld |`{i bjnd `n 81/84 z{v'  Ohz eh~d cdqdgcdgs qh{dgsv  Tvthbbz h qd{v`ghb ~dejfbd `|gd{'  Hb{dhcz jg~dvsdc jg h eòdvd{j`tvbz sejgijgl `n jg~dvsjgl jg h eòd' "

Ldgd{hb Feh{hfsd{jvsjfv =  Vt{qbtv ntgcv h{d bjojsdc'  Bjndvszbd duqdgvdv l` tq  Fejbc{dg gddcduqdgcjst{d jv `n q{jod joq`{shgfd'  E`tvde`bc duqdgvdv h{d l{hcthbbz jgf{dhvjgl  [dhbj}d sed gddc n`{ jg~dvsodgs qbhggjgl kts bhfi sjod n`{ jg~dvsodgs qbhggjgl'

 Jg~dvsodgs Gddcv =  Vedbsd{ jgfòd n{ò shudv'  Qbhg n`{ fejbc{dg¾v ejled{ dctfhsj`g  Vsh{s s` ktjbc fhqjshb n`{ {dsj{dodgs {ds j{dodgs jn g`s vsh{sdc hb{dhcz'  Ohjgshjg hg dod{ldgfz ntgc . iddq hccjgl s` js'  Ktz h eòdvd{~jfd h eòd b`hg'  Vh~d n`{ e`bjchzv{df{dhsj`g' "



















Q{`ctfs [ dfòodgchsj`gv dfòodgchsj`gv =  Cj~d{vjnjdc dxtjsz ntgcv o`{d sjbsdc s`|h{cv bh{ld fhqv n`{ fhqjshb l{`|se n`{ {dsj{dodgs `{ vddc o`gdz n`{ eòd b`hg'  Ktjbc tq h cj{dfs dxtjsz'  Jg~dvs jg fejbc{dg vqdfjnjf otsthb ntgcv s` q{`~jcd n`{ fejbc{dg¾v ejled{ dctfhsj`g gddcv '  GVF hgc QQN s` khbhgfd jg~dvsodgsv jg dxtjsz'  Shu dnnjfjdgs vh~jgl se{`tle DBVV'  Iddq hccjgl s` ve`{s sd{o nb`hsjgl {hsd ntgcv hgc khgi NC¾v n`{ dod{ldgfz ntgc'  Lds odcjfhb jgvt{hgfd n`{ z`t{ cdqdgcdgs qh{dgsv'  Lds e`tvde`bc f`gsdgsv jgvt{dc'  Lds h bjnd jgvt{hgfd hlhjgvs z`t{ eòd b`hg'  Lds hg hffjcdgs jgvt{hgfd hlhjgvs hgz h gz cjvhkjbjsjdv' "

 Kds|ddg 34/>1 z{v' Ldgd{hb Q{`njbd =  Tvthbbz hs sed qdhi `n fh{dd{  L{`|g tq fejbc{dg'  Ohz gddc shid fh{d `n cdqdgcdgs fejbc{dg'  [dsj{dodgs jv g`s ~d{z cjvshgs' c jvshgs'  F`tbc `qs n`{ ^[V'  Ohz eh~d h jged{jsdc q`{sn`bj` `n jg~dvsodgsv n{ò



















[ dfòodgchsj`gv dfòodgchsj`gv =  Cdfjcd |edg s` {dsj{d'  Hfxtj{d hbb gdfdvvh{z f`gvtod{ ct{hkbdv |ejbd vsjbb s` qbtl ntst{d `tsnb`|v'  F`gv`bjchsd hgc f`gsjgtd |jse |dhbse f{dhsj`g  Vsh{s cd/{jvi shijgl z`t{ q`{sn`bj`'  [d~jvjs hgc {d~jvd njghgfjhb l`hbv'  [dkhbhgfd z`t{ q`{sn`bj` hv qd{ ntst{d gddcv'  Odcjfhb jgvt{hgfd h otvs'  Qdgvj`g qbhgv otvs kd vsh{sdc jn g`s c`gd hb{dhcz'  Q{dqh{d h |jbb'

 [ dfòodgcdc dfòodgcdc Jg~dvsodgs Vszbd =  L{dhsd{ ~tbgd{hkjbjsz s` {jvi edgfd n`ftv `g o`cd{hsd khbhgfdc l{`|se'  Vejns n`ftv n{ò fhqjshb l{`|se s` fhqjshb q{dvd{~hsj`g'  Jg~dvsodgs sjod e`{j}`g fòdv c`|g'  St{gjgl q`jgs hv jg~dvsodgs cdks g`| `tsqhfdv jg~dvsodgs jg dxtjsz'  Tq s` 31$ `n vt{qbtv ntgcv jg dxtjsz'  Tq s` >1 $ `n vt{qbtv ntgcv jg cdks'  Q{`ctfs {dfòodgchsj`g =  Q{dqhz `{ njgjve hbb b`hgv kz 44 zdh{v `n hld'  Jg~dvs jg khbhgfdc ntgcv `{ OJQ¾v  Qehvd `ts ejle {jvi vdfs`{ ntgcv l{hcthbbz'  Iddq jg~dvsodgs jg |dbb/cj~d{vjnjdc bh{ld fhq ntgcv'  Jg~dvsodgs jg cdks ve`tbc kd h{`tgc GVF . K`gcv'  Ve`{s sd{o cdq`vjsv hgc nb`hsjgl {hsd ntgcv hb`gl |jse fhve `{ bjxtjc ntgcv ve`tbc kd ohjgshjgdc n`{ bjxtjcjsz' "



















 Cdqdgcdgs qh{dgsv gddcjgl odcjfhb hssdgsj`g ohz kd qh{s `n nhojbz'  F`tbc eh~d l{hgc fejbc{dg'  Eh~d o`{d bdjvt{d sjod'  Ldgd{hb Feh{hfsd{jvsjfv  Jgfòd n{ò dujvsjgl jg~dvsodgsv tvthbbz sed `gbz v`t{fd `n {dltbh{ jgfòd'  Vt{qbtv ntgcv tvthbbz g`s h~hjbhkbd n`{ hccjsj`ghb jg~dvsodgsv'  Fhqjshb q{dvd{~hsj`g jv sed q{joh{z gddc'  Ejle bjnd duqdfshgfz edgfd q{dvdgs fhqjshb ehv s` vs{dsfe `~d{ h b`gl sjod'  Bjnd vszbd duqdgvdv l` c`|g'  Odcjfhb duqdgvdv l` tq'  Jg~dvsodgs gddcv'  [dltbh{ jgfòd gddcdc n{ò jg~dvsodgsv'  Dod{ldgfz ntgcv n`{ odcjfhb dsf'  s` kd bjxtjc hgc ejle'  Q{dvd{~hsj`g `n |dhbse'  O`gdz n`{ s{h~dbjglljnsv'  Gddc ntgcv s` qt{vtd e`kkjdv s` iddq ktvz'  [ dfòodgchsj`g dfòodgchsj`g  O`gjs`{ duqdgvdv s` njs jgs` sed {dsj{dodgs jgfòd'  Dgvt{d shu dnnjfjdgfz `n {dst{gv `g jg~dvsodgsv  Duqb`{d vdf`gc fh{dd{vqh{s sjod doqb`zodgs'  Fedfi dufdvv bjxtjcjsz hv js gddcv s` {dctfdc {dst{gv `g jg~dvsodgsv'  S`` otfe fhve ve`tbc g`s kd idqs |jse `gdvdbn jg sed e`tvd hv js ohz kd h {jvi'  C` ohujoto qt{fehvd s{hgvhfsj`g se{`tle cdkjs fh{cv s` h~`jc sed gddcv `n fhve |jsec{h|hbv' "

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 Q`vs `nnjfd o`gsebz vfedodv'  NC¾v |jse o`gsebz vfedodv'  [KJ K`gc  F`gsjgtd |jse cj{dfs dxtjsz q`{sn`bj` |jse ejle cj~jcdgc zjdbc vs`fiv'  H~hjb hbb q`vvjkbd shu k{dhiv h~hjbhkbd s` vdgj`{ fjsj}dgv  V|jsfe vòd jg~dvsodgsv n{ò dxtjsz s` cdks hgc o`gdz oh{ids q{`ctfsv'  L` n`{ vzvsdohsjf |jsec{h|hb qbhgv%{d~d{vd `n VJQ*'  L{`|se q`{sj`g `n q`{sn`bj` ve`tbc kd {dctfdc s` ohjgshjg `gbz dg`tle ho`tgs' Edhbse odcjfbhjo'

KHVDC @G ;11>/;11: CHSH





















CHSH N[@O JFJFJ Q[TCDGSJHB

Sed |dhbse ohghldodgs jgctvs{z jg Jgcjh jv duqd{jdgfjgl hg d~`btsj`gh{z qehvd `n cd~db`qodgs hff`{cjgl s` Fdbdgs' \jse sed bjkd{hbj}hsj`g `n sed Jgcjhg df`gòz hgc vtkvdxtdgs l{`|se hgc q{`vqd{jsz hf{`vv vdfs`{v sed |dhbse ohghldodgs jgctvs{z jv q`jvdc s` lhjg l{dhsd{ s{hfsj`g' Fdbdgs vdlodgsv sed Jgcjhg |dhbse ohghldodgs oh{ids hgc b`ìv hs s{dgcv hgc `qq`{stgjsjdv hs sed q{`~jcd{ dgc' Hff`{cjgl s` sed {dq`{s Jgcjh jv vbhsdc s` kdfòd h TV#8 s{jbbj`g oh{ids %jg hvvdsv "

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ftvsòd{v ohz gddc hg jgs{`ctfsj`g s` sed f`gfdqs `n q{j~hsd khgijgl %`{ \dhbse ohghldodgs*' Sed{d jv h ve`{shld `n vijbbdc qd{v`ghb njghgfjhb hc~jv`{v' S` chsd sed QNV `qq`{stgjsz ehv kddg bjojsdc s` h ~d{z vohbb vdlodgs `n sed q`qtbhsj`g v` còdvsjf khgiv eh~d g`s ldgd{hbbz cd~db`qdc duqd{sjvd jg fòq{dedgvj~d qd{v`ghb njghgfjhb ohghldodgs' Lb`khb khgiv fhg shid hc~hgshld `n sejv lhq kz bd~d{hljgl hc~jv`{z fòqdsdgfjdv sehs sedz eh~d ftbsj~hsdc ft bsj~hsdc jg `sed{ oh{idsv joq`{sjgl sehs duqd{sjvd jgs` sed Jgcjhg oh{ids' "

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KJKBJ@L[HQEZ 8' \dhbse Ohghldodgs Mtbz1: khgijgl q`bb/{: {dq`{s' ;' |||'o`gdzf`gs{`b'fò' 6' |||'l``lbd'fò' 3' JFJFJ Q{tcdgsjhb Hvvds Ohghldodgs [dq`{s' 4' \`{bc \dhbse [dq`{s ;11: / Od{{jbb Bzgfe Fhqldojgj' >' ¶Zdh{/Dgc [d~jd| `n Oh{idsv . Njghgfd ³ Sed \hbb Vs{dds M`t{ghb Mhgth{z ; ;11: <' Sed Df`gòjvs Jgsdbbjldgfd Tgjs Mhgth{z ;115' 5' Jg~dvsodgs Vs{hsdlz / G`'> Htltvs ;11> V`fjdsd Ldgd{hbd Hvvds Ohghldodgs' :' L`bcohg Vhfev Hvjh Hvjh Qhfjnjf [dq`{s' 81' JKO Ktvjgdvv F`gvtbsjgl \dhbse Ohghldodgs [dq`{s' "

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