CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY PATNA.
SUCCESSION TO THE PROPERTY OF A HINDU FEMALE
SUBMITTED TO MR. SHAIWAL SATYARTHY
SUBMITTED BY AHSAS MANIKANT (7509) FOURTH SEMESTER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [1]
I owe the !e"e#t $%%o&'"h&e#t o &* !o+e%t to the $%,'t* M!. Sh$w$' S$t*$!th*
who"e
-,$#%e he'e &e &&e#"e'*/ $# to the he' ete#e 1* the '1!$!* "t$
wt ho,t ho, t wh%h wh%h ## ##- 1oo2 1oo2"" wo,' wo,' h$3e h$3e 1ee# 1ee# % %,'t ,'t.. I wo ,' $'"o $' "o '2e '2 e to th$ #2 &* !e# ! e# " who he'e &e &&e#"e'* wth &$te!$'" th!o,-ho,t th!o,-ho,t the !o+e !o+e%t %t $# $# wth wtho, o,tt who& who& t wo,' wo,' h$3e h$3e 1ee# 1ee# %, %,'t 't to %o& %o&'et 'etee t # the !e"e !e"e#t #t w$*4 w$*4 $# $# $'"o $'"o to & * " e # o! " w ho " e
% o# o # t! t ! 1 1 ,t , t o o # # e 3e 3 e !* !*
' t t t' t ' e w $* $*
h $" $"
h e ' ' e & e
# t he he
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th" !o+e%t. I wo,' $'"o '2e to ete# &* -!$tt,e to $'' tho"e ,#"ee# h$#" th$t he'e &e o,t $t e3e!* "t$-e o th" !o+e%t.
AHSAS MANIKANT
[2]
I owe the !e"e#t $%%o&'"h&e#t o &* !o+e%t to the $%,'t* M!. Sh$w$' S$t*$!th*
who"e
-,$#%e he'e &e &&e#"e'*/ $# to the he' ete#e 1* the '1!$!* "t$
wt ho,t ho, t wh%h wh%h ## ##- 1oo2 1oo2"" wo,' wo,' h$3e h$3e 1ee# 1ee# % %,'t ,'t.. I wo ,' $'"o $' "o '2e '2 e to th$ #2 &* !e# ! e# " who he'e &e &&e#"e'* wth &$te!$'" th!o,-ho,t th!o,-ho,t the !o+e !o+e%t %t $# $# wth wtho, o,tt who& who& t wo,' wo,' h$3e h$3e 1ee# 1ee# %, %,'t 't to %o& %o&'et 'etee t # the !e"e !e"e#t #t w$*4 w$*4 $# $# $'"o $'"o to & * " e # o! " w ho " e
% o# o # t! t ! 1 1 ,t , t o o # # e 3e 3 e !* !*
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th" !o+e%t. I wo,' $'"o '2e to ete# &* -!$tt,e to $'' tho"e ,#"ee# h$#" th$t he'e &e o,t $t e3e!* "t$-e o th" !o+e%t.
AHSAS MANIKANT
[2]
INDEX I#t!o,%to# Wo&$#" Wo&$#" 6!oe !t* St!h$# $# Wo&$#" E"t$te E#,&e!$to# o Wo&$#" 6!oe!t* S,%%e""o# to the !oe!t* o $ e&$'e I#te"t$te Se%to# 5 $'%$1'e to $1"o',te !oe!t* o e&$'e Se$!$te "%he&e o! ",%%e""o# o &$'e $# e&$'e #te"t$te S%he&e o ",%%e""o# S,%%e""o# to -e#e!$' !oe!t* 6!oe!t* I#he!te !o& F$the! A#$'*"" o the e%"o# o Dh$#"th$ K$'t$ 3 R&$2$#t$ K$'t$ 6!e3e#t#- the !oe!t* -o#- 1* o%t!#e o e"%he$t 8o#"tt,to#$' 3$'t* o Se%to# 5 S e e % % $' $ ' ! ,' , ' e" e " o! o ! e& e & $ 'e ' e - o3 o 3 e! e ! #e # e 1 * M $! $ ! ,& , & $ 22 2 2 $t $ t t$ t $ *$ * $ & $ # # A'*$"$#t$#$' '$w" 8o#%',"o# B1'o-!$h*
[3]
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The !e"e$!%he!" h$3e $ote $ ,!e'* Do%t!#$' ðo o !e"e$!%h $" the !e"e$!%h $e! "%,""e" the &$tte! # wh%h #o e' wo!2 " !e,!e o! the "$&e $# the Do%t!#$' $!o$%h " e!e%t'* ",te o! the "$&e. Aims and Ob!"#i$!s%
The $& o the !o+e%t " to !e"e#t $ et$'e "t,* o the S,%%e""o# to the 6!oe!t* o $ H#, Fe&$'e th!o,-h ",--e"to#" $# e!e#t w!t#-" $# $!t%'e". S"&'! and Limi#a#i&ns%
Tho,-h :S,%%e""o# to the 6!oe!t* o $ H#, Fe&$'e; " $# &&e#"e !o+e%t $# $-e" %$# 1e w!tte# o3e! the to% 1,t 1e%$,"e o %e!t$# !e"t!%to#" $# '&t$to#" we we!e #ot $1'e to e$' wth the to% # -!e$t et$'. S&()"!s &* Da#a%
The o''ow#- "e%o#$!* "o,!%e" o $t$ h$3e 1ee# ,"e # the !o+e%t< . Boo2" =. We1"te" M!#+&d &* W)i#in,%
The ðo o w!t#- o''owe # the %o,!"e o th" !e"e$!%h $e! " !&$!'* $#$'*t%$'.
[4]
INTRODUCTION The I#$# %3'>$to# " o#e o the o'e"t %3'>$to#" # the wo!' $# the H#," o!& the &$+o!t* o th" %3'>$to#. T!*#- to t!$%e the o!-#$' "o,!%e o th" !e'-o# " %,'t $" th" &e$#" -o#- 1$%2 to the t&e whe# w!tte# &$te!$' w$" ,#$3$'$1'e $# &o"t o the %o&&,#%$to# w$" o!$'. The!e w$" #o "t#%to# 1etwee# !e'-o# 4 '$w $# &o!$'t* ,!#- the e$!'* $*" 4 $# the* we!e !ee!!e %,&,'$t3e'* $" ?Dh$!&$. The H#, S,%%e""o# A%t %$&e #to o!%e o# 7 th @,#e 4 95 4 wth $# o1+e%t3e o !o3#- $ %o&!ehe#"3e $# ,#o!& "%he&e o #te"t$te ",%%e""o# o! H#,". 6!o! to 95 4 e!e#t %o&&,#te" wth# the H#, !e'-o# we!e -o3e!#e 1* e!e#t ",%%e""o# '$w". The!e we!e th!ee &$+o! %$te-o!e" 4 1e"e" the %o
e 4 t w$" &o!t$#t $# #e%e""$!* o! $ ,#o!& '$w th$t %o,' 1e $'%$1'e $# &o!e &o!t$#t'* $%%ete 1* the 3e!"e o,'$to# o''ow#- H#, !e'-o#. A'"o 4 # the '$tte! h$' o the ##etee#th %e#t,!* 4 the!e w$" $ "t!o#- e"t$1'"h&e#t o the +,%$' "*"te&. The 8o,!t "ett'e %o#t!o3e!"$' "",e" !e'$te to the e!"o#$' '$w" $# $""e '$w" $# the"e '$w" we!e to 1e $'e #ot +,"t to the $!te" 1,t to the e#t!e %o&&,#te" $'"o. Be"e" th" 4 "e3e!$' 'e-"'$to#" we!e e#$%te wth $# $& to &o* $# !eo!& $'' e!"o#$' '$w" 4 #%',#the H#,". The %oe o '$w" #e%e""t$t#%'$!t* $# %e!t$#t* $# o#'* "o',to# # h$# w$" %o%$to#. S,%%e""o# to the !oe!t* o $ H#, " #ow -o3e!#e 1* the !o3"o#" # 8h$te! II o the H#, S,%%e""o# A%t 4 95. Se%to#" to = e$' wth the -e#e!$' !o3"o#" !e'$t#- to ",%%e""o#. Se%to#" =C $# = o the A%t e$'#- wth Special provision respecting dwelling houses $# Certain widows remarrying may not inherit as widows !e"e%t3e'* h$3e 1ee# o&tte 1* the H#, S,%%e""o# (A&e#&e#t) A%t 4 =005 (C9 o =005) Se%to# $# 5 !e"e%t3e'* (w.e. 9<9<=005). The !,'e" '$ ow# # Se%to#" to = $!e ",'e&e#t$!* to the o#e" '$ ow# # Se%to#" 5 to 7. The"e !,'e" howe3e! 4 $!e #ot &e!e'* e'$#$to!* 4 1,t "o&e o the& '$* ow# ",1"t$#t3e !,'e" #3o'3#- 'e-$' !#%'e".
1
Henceforth , The Act.
[5]
WOMAN-S PROPERTY In#)&d("#i&n Se%to# 4 H#, S,%%e""o# A%t 4 95 4 h$" #t!o,%e ,#$&e#t$' %h$#-e" # t h e H # , ' $ w o w o & $ # " ! o e ! t *. B e o ! e 9 5 4 t h e ! o e ! t * o w o & $ # w $ " 3e #to two he$" < ( $ ) S t ! h $ # 4 $ # ( 1 ) W o & $ # " E " t $ t e The H#, Wo&$#" R-ht to 6!oe!t* A%t 4 9C7 %o#e!!e "o&e #ew !-ht" o #he!t$#%e o# %e!t$# H#, e&$'e" wh%h h$ the ee%t o #%!e$"#- the 1,'2 o wo&$#" e"t$te 4 1,t $$!t !o& t" "e !ee!%,""o#" o# the +o#" $&'* " * " t e & 4 t # o t $ ' t e ! t h e 1 $ " % 3 " o # o w o & $ # " ! o e ! t * # " t ! h $ # $ # w o& $# " e "t $ te . S e% t o # 4 H # , S ,% %e " " o# A% t 4 95 h $" $ 1o ' " he w o & $ # " e " t $ t e $ # h $ " 3 ! t , $ '' * # t ! o , % e + # $ # e " hw $ ! $ # t e ! ! e t $ t o # o St!h$#.=
STRIDHAN AND WOMAN-S ESTATE Lte!$''* 4 the wo! St!h$# &e$#" wo&$#" !oe!t*. B,t # H#, '$w t h$" 4 $'' $'o#- 4 1ee# -3e# $ te%h#%$' &e$##-. I# the e#t!e H#, '$w 4 wo&$#" ! - h t t o h o ' $ # " o" e o ! o e ! t * h $ " 1 e e # ! e % o - # " e . A t # o t & e w h e t he ! $" $ &$e# 4 we o! wow 4 h$" the wo&$# 1ee# e#e the ,"e o he! ! o e ! t * $ " $ # $ 1 " o' , t e ow # e ! ( $ $ ! t ! o & t h e h, " 1 $ # " o & # $ #t o" t o# # !e"e%t o %e!t$# t*e o "t!h$#). C It " "o t!,e th$t $t #o t&e the ,$#t,& o he! !oe!t* h$" 1ee# $#*th#- &e$-!e. The S&!t2$!" e! !o& e$%h othe! $" t o w h $ t t e & " o ! o e ! t * % o # " t t , t e h e ! " t ! h $ # . Goo!oo$"" B$#e!+ee 3e!* $t'* "$ The %,'te" 1e"ett#- $# e#,!* #to the ,e"to# wh$t %o#"tt,te" "t!h$# 4 $!"e !o& the $%t th$t &$+o!t* o "$-e" $# %o&&e#t$to!" -3e # e t he ! $ # e $ % t e # t o # o " t ! h$ # 4 # o ! $ # e h $ , " t 3 e e # , & e !$ t o # 4 $ # the Mt$2"h$!$ -3e" $ "&'e $# #te''-1'e e#to# 4 th$t e#to# h$"
2
Mitakshara , II , ix , 2.
3 Mitakshara , II , ix , 2. [6]
1e e # ,$ ' e $ # ! e" t ! % t e # t " $ ' % $ t o # 1 * o ,! % o ,! t " 4 # % o# " e ,e #% e o t" "$-!ee&e#t wth the 3ew o othe! $,tho!te". 5 A % %o ! # - t o t h e S m r i t i k a r s 4 t he s tr i dh an % o # " t t , t e t h o " e ! o e! t e " w h % h "he !e%e3e 1* w$* o -t !o& !e'$to#" wh%h #%',e &o"t'* &o3 $1'e ! o e ! t * ( t ho ,- h " o &e t &e " $ h o, " e o! $ e % e o ' $ # w $ " $ ' " o - 3e # # - t ) 4 ",%h $" o!#$&e#t" 4 +ewe''e!* $# !e""e". The -t &$e to he! 1* "t!$#-e!" $t the t&e o %e!e&o#* o &$!!$-e (1eo!e the #,t$' !e) 4 o! $t the t&e o 1! $ ' ! o% e " " o # $ ' " o % o# " t t , t e he ! s t r i d ha n . A & o # - t h e 8 o & &e # t $ t o !" $ # D-e"t,!e $# ##-. (Th" e$#"o# w$" #ot $%%ete 1* the 6!3* 8o,#%' wh%h !e",'te # the e&e!-e#%e o the %o#%et o wo&$#" e"t$te). @&,t3$h$#$ -$3e $ e!e#t e#,&e!$to# o stridhan, "o the ",1<"%hoo'" o the Mt$2"h$!$. Whethe! the !oe!t* " stridhan o! wo&$#" e"t$te4 &o"t'* ee#" ,o# the "o,!%e !o& wh%h t h$" 1ee# o1t$#e.
4
A text of Manu that a wife , a son an a s!a"e can ha"e no #ro#ert$ an that wea!th the$ ac%uire &e!on's to the #erson to who( the$ &e!on' , is often %uote to show that Hinu !aw i not reco'ni)e an$ ri'ht of #ro#ert$ of wo(an *+III. &ut Manu hi(se!f reco'ni)es se"era! cate'ories of strihan. Manu -(riti , / enu(erates six kins of strihan. +ishnu enu(erate four kins of strihan 10 *at$a$ana thou'h enu(erates six kins of strihan , his enu(eration is fro( Manus *%uote &$ the a$a&ha'a I+ , I , 1. Accorin' to ana"a!k$a strihan was 'i"en to a wo(an &$ the father , (other , her hus&an or her &rother or &$ her at nu#tia! re or #resente on her su#ersession an the !ike is eno(ioa wo(ans #ro#ert$. 7 *a , II , 143. The wors 7an the !ike8 shou! &e note , as , an A &asis of these wors , +inaneshwara en!ar'e the (eanin' of strihan. 9aotM: *;;+III , 24<26 ex#!icit!$ reco'ni)in' wo(ans ri'ht to ho! an is#ose o= #ro#ert$.
5
Hinu /aw of Marria'e an -trihan *3r >. , 20?.
[@]
ENUMERATION OF WOMAN.S PROPERTY
1.Gi*# and b!/(!s#s *)&m )!0a#i&n .—F!o& the e$!'* t&e th" h$" 1ee# $ !e%o-#>e he$ o the "t!h$#. S,%h -t" &$* 1e &$e to wo&$#4 ,!#- &$e#hoo4 %o3e!t,!e o! wowhoo4 1* he! $!e#t" $# the! !e'$to#"4 o! 1* the h,"1$# $# h" !e'$to#". S,%h -t" &$* 1e &$e #te! 33o" o! 1* w''. The D$*$1h$-$ "%hoo' oe" #ot !e%o-#>e -t" o &&o3$1'e !oe!t* 1* h, "1 $# $" "t ! h $# . Th e ! oe! t* %o & #- ,# e ! th " he $ w$ " te%h#%$''* 2#ow# $" "t!h$# .
2. Gi*#s and b!/(!s#s *)&m s#)an,!)s . 6!oe!t* -3e# 1* -t #te! 33o" o! 1* w'' 1* "t!$#-e!" (.e.4 othe! th$# !e'$to#") to $ wo&$#4 ,!#- &$e#hoo o!wowhoo4 %o#"tt,te" he! "t!h$#. The "$&e " the o"to# o -t" -3e# to $ wo&$# 1* "t!$#-e!" 1eo!e the #,t$' ! e o! $t the 1!$' !o%e" "o#. 6!oe!t* -3e# to $ wo&$# 1* $ -t #te! 33o" o! 1e,e$the to he! 1* "t!$#-e!" ,!#- %o3e!t,!e " "t!h$# $%%o!#- to the Bo&1$*4 the Be#$!e" $# the M$!$" "%hoo'"4 1,t #ot $%%o!#- to the Mth'$ $# the D$*$1h$-$ "%hoo'". The o"to# 1eo!e 95 w$" th$t the -t" !e%e3e !o& "t!$#-e!" ,!#- %o3e!t,!e we!e "t!h$#4 1,t the"e we!e ,!#- he! h,"1$#" 'e t&e ,#e! the h,"1$# " %o# t!o'. O# h" e$th the"e 1e%$&e he! ,'' 'e-e "t!h$#.
3. P)&'!)#1 a"/(i)!d b1 s!0*2!3!)#i&n and m!"+ani"a0 a)#s .A wo&$# &$* $%,!e !oe!t* $t $#* "t$-e o he! 'e 1* he! ow# "e'
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etai!s, see :aneree, Hinu /aw of Marria'e an -trihan, 321
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+$a" ahar a Ma $uk ha takes the "ie w t hat suc h # ro#e rt$ is str ih an, &ut the Dri" $ Eo unci! G!e'is!ateG an he! that such #ro#ert$ is wo(anGs estateB e"i Man'a! Prasad v. Mahadeo, (1919) 39 I.A. 121.
[1?]
SUCCESSION TO THE PROPERTY OF A FEMALE INTESTATE
Se%to# 5 " the !"t "t$t,to!* e#$%t&e#t e$'#- wth ",%%e""o# to the !oe!t* o $ H#, e&$'e #te"t$te. 6!o! to 954 the !oe!t* o $ wo&$# we#t $%%o!#- to the !,'e" !o3e ,#e! the ,#%oe H#, '$w . I# &$+o!t* o %$"e"4 he! '&te #te!e"t te!&#$te # the e3e#t o he! e$th $# the!eo!e4 the ,e"to# o ",%%e""o# to he! !oe!t* #ot $!"e. The eo!t" o# the $!t o the 'e-"'$t,!e we!e $&e &o!e tow$!" "e%,!#- he! &$#te#$#%e $# !oe!t* !-ht"4 !$the! th$# tow$!" !o3#- $ "%he&e o ",%%e""o# to he! !oe!t*4 $" !oe!t* ow#e!"h # $1"o',te %$$%t* 1* $ e&$'e4 w$" $ !$!t* $# he! -e#e!$' $# % o&'ete e%o#o&% ee#e#%e4 $ !,'e. The two "t$t,te" th$t we!e e#$%te to &!o3e he! %o#to#" o 'e4 3>4 the H#, L$w o I#he!t$#%e (A&e#&e#t) A%t 9=94 $# the H#, Wo&e#" R-ht to 6!oe!t* A%t 9C74 %o#%e#t!$te o# "e%,!#- he! !-ht"4 !$the! th$# o# o%,"#- o# who4 $te! he!4 w'' 1e e'-1'e to t$2e he! !oe!t*. The"e "t$t,te" th,"4 e$'t wth ",%%e""o# to the !oe!t* o $ H#, &$'e #te"t$te $# "e%,!#- the !-ht" o the wow # %$"e he e $" $# ,#3e &e&1e! o $ Mt$2"h$!$ %o$!%e#$!*4 h$3#- $t the t&e o h" e$th4 $# #te!e"t # t.
11 ith
res#ect to the strihan #ro#ert$ of a fe(a!e Hinu, se#arate ru!es succession were #ro"ie uner i=erent schoo!s of Hindu !aw. -uccession atac "arie e#enin' u#on the character of the strihan, her (arita! status and 1J for( of (arria'e. A!! these i=erent ru!es are a&ro'ate now an if the properwhate"er (a$ &e the character, is he! &$ a wo(an a&so!ute!$, is su&ect to ir< ru!es of ss 15 an 16 of the Act.
[11]
SECTION 67 APPLICA8LE TO THE A8SOLUTE PROPERTY OF A
FEMALE The "e%to# $'e" to () 6!oe!t* th$t $ wo&$# ho'" $" $# $1"o',te ow#e!4 !!e"e%t3e o the &oe o t" $%,"to#. It wo,' #%',e &o3$1'e o! &&o3$1'e !oe!te"4 1,t wo,' #ot #%',e $#* !oe!t* to wh%h the A%t oe" #ot $'* =. () The te!& !oe!t* wo,' #%',e $# ,#3e #te!e"t # $ Mt$2"h$!$ %o$!%e#$!* # wh%h $ e&$'e w$" $ %o$!%e#e! who e" 'e$3#- 1eh# he! "o#4 $,-hte!4 o! %h'!e# o $ !ee%e$"e "o# $#Jo! $,-hte! C.Th" !,'e " $'%$1'e # o,! I#$# "t$te"4 3>4 A#h!$ 6!$e"h4 T$&' N$,4 K$!#$t$2$ $# M$h$!$"ht!$. Th" "e%to# $# the "%he&e o ",%%e""o# $!e #ot $'%$1'e to $#* !oe!t* th$t " he' 1* $ H#, wo&$# $" $ '&te ow#e! ethe! ,#e! " (=) o the A%t4 o! e3e# othe!w"e . The !oe!t* # wh%h "he $%,!e $ '&te ow#e!"h to 1e-# wth4 wh%h &$t,!e #to $# $1"o',te ow#e!"h ,e to " ()4 w'' 1e -o3e!#e 1* the !o3"o#" o th" A%t 5. The !,'e " th$t o#'* th$t !oe!t* w'' 1e ",1+e%t to the $'%$to# o the"e "e%to#"4 wh%h $!e he!t$1'e $# o3e! wh%h $ wo&$# h$ ,'' owe!" o "o"$'.
12 -ee
the Hinu -uccession Act 156, ss 4*2 an
5.
13 -ee
the Anhra Draesh *Hinu -uccession A(en(ent Act 106, s 2A*iiB the Ta(i! Kau Hinu -uccession A(en(ent Act 1?, s 2A*iiB the arnataka Hinu -uccession A(en(ent Act 14, s 2A*iiB an the Maharashtra Hinu -uccession A(en(ent Act 14, s 2A*ii.
14 -o(aiah
" Catta((a AIC 15 AD 244B Inu :ai " +$ankati AIC 166 :o( 64B Cenuka :a!a " Aswin u(ar AIC 161 Dat 40B :ai a(!a " Eha'an /ai AIC 165 9u 04.
15 Munuswa(i
" Caa((a! AIC 1@@ Ma. 220B Manik$a((a " +enkatasu&&a Cao *1@0 1 Anh /T 2@4B Das(ani " Datra :a!a AIC 101 9au 42B Mahae"a##a " 9ura((a AIC 1@3 M$s 142B Haresa " /ax(an AIC 1@ 9u 45.
16 Ai&
-in'h "
Ca( -in'h AIC 15 L 2 *F:.
[12]
SEPARATE SCHEMES OF SUCCESSION FOR MALE AND FEMALE INTESTATES A ,#,e e$t,!e o the H#, S,%%e""o# A%t 954 tho,-h #ot $ h$* o#e4 " th$t t !o3e" o! two e#t!e'* e!e#t "%he&e" o ",%%e""o#4 1$"e o# the "e o the #te"t$te. No othe! &$+o! ",%%e""o# '$w # 3o-,e # I#$4 h$" $ !o3"o# $!$''e' to th" $# the* '$* ow# o#e "%he&e $# o#e "et o he!" o! $'' #te"t$te". The !e$"o# o! #ot !o3#- $ ,#o!& "%he&e ,#e! H#, '$w4 " '#2e %'o"e'* to the e&h$"" o# the %o#"e!3$to# $# !ote%to# o the !oe!t* # the $&'*. The o' %o#%et o "t!h$# " "t'' 3e!* e3e#t we 'oo2 $t the %o#te#t o "" 5 $# . A wo&$# ,#e! the $t!$!%h$' "et, " 3",$'"e $" h$3#- #o e!&$#e#t $&'* o he! ow#. She " 1o!# # he! $the!" $&'*4 $# !e&$#" the!e t'' "he -et" &$!!e4 whe!e,o#4 "he +o#" he! h,"1$#" $&'*. He! "t$* # #o#e o the"e $&'e" " e!&$#e#t. E3e# # he! h,"1$#" $&'*4 # the e3e#t o $ &$!t$' 1!e$2, ,e to the e$th o the h,"1$# o! e3e# 3o!%e4 "he %$# !e&$!!* $# &o3e o,t o th" $&'* $# +o# the "e%o# h,"1$#. I# %o#t!$"t4 the h,"1$#" $&'* oe" #ot %h$#-e wth h" &$!!$-e. The $1't* o the wo&$# to &o3e $# %$!!* the !oe!t* wth he!4 $w$* !o& the $&'* !o& who"e &e&1e!" "he h$ #he!te t4 " -3e# !&$!* &o!t$#%e ,#e! H#, '$w4 1,t " #ot t!e$te $" o $#* %o#"e,e#%e ,#e! the #he!t$#%e '$w" $'%$1'e to wo&e# 1e'o#-#- to the othe! !e'-o," %o&&,#te". It $e$!" ",!!"#- th$t the $t!$!%h$' "et , " o''owe 1* $'' I#$# $&'e" (e%et#- the &$t!'#e$' "o%ete")4 !!e"e%t3e o the! !e'-o#4 [13]
*et #o#e o the othe! ",%%e""o# '$w" !o3e o! "e$!$te "%he&e" o! &$'e $# e&$'e #te"t$te". A %'o"e! 'oo2 $t "" 5 $# $'"o !e3e$'" th$t #ot o#'* " $ "e$!$te "%he&e o ",%%e""o# !o3e # %$"e o $ e&$'e #te"t$te4 the!e " ,!the! 3e!-e#%e '#2e wth the "o,!%e o $%,"to# o the !oe!t* $# o# %o#"e!$to#" o he! &$!t$' "t$t,"4 $# $%to!" '2e whethe! "he e 'e$3# 1eh# %h'!e# o! "",e'e"". Wth !e"e%t to the %$te-o!"$to# o he!"4 # %$"e o $ &$!!e wo&$#4 he! 1'oo !e'$to#" $!e !e'e-$te to $ 3e!* #e!o! '$%e&e#t # %o&$!"o# to the e#t!e %$te-o!* o the he!" o he! h,"1$#
SCHEME OF SUCCESSION The A%t !o3e" o! th!ee e!e#t "et" o he!" ee##- ,o# the "o,!%e o $%,"to# o the !oe!t* o $ e&$'e th$t " $3$'$1'e o! ",%%e""o#. He! !oe!t* " 3e #to () (=)
!oe!t* th$t $ e&$'e H#, h$ #he!te !o& he! $!e#t"/ !oe!t* th$t $ e&$'e H#, h$ #he!te !o& he! h,"1$# o! he!
(C)
$the!<#<'$w/ o!
$#* othe! !oe!t* o! -e#e!$' !oe!t*.
SUCCESSION #& G!n!)a0 P)&'!)#1 The te!& -e#e!$' !oe!t* !ee!" to the !oe!t* o $ wo&$# othe! th$# th$t wh%h w$" #he!te 1* he! !o& he! $!e#t"4 h,"1$# o! he! $the!<#<'$w. The te!& ,"e " #he!te $# -e#e!$' !oe!t* w'' #%',e the !oe!t* th$t "he &-ht h$3e !e%e3e !o& the"e !e'$to#" th!o,-h $#* othe! e3%e4 ",%h $" $ -t4 W'' o! $ "ett'e&e#t4 o! e3e# th!o,-h $ t!$#"e! o! %o#"e!$to#. It w'' $'"o %o3e! !oe!te" th$t we!e he! "e'<$%,"to#" o! we!e !e%e3e !o& $#* othe! "o,!%e wh$t"oe3e!4 #%',#- $ -t !e%e3e !o& $ !e# o! $ !e'$t3e4 o! !oe!t* #he!te !o& $#* othe! !e'$to#.
[14]
6!oe!t* th$t $ wo&$# #he!t" !o& he! 1!othe!4 # the %$$%t* o h" ""te!4 o! !o& he! h,"1$#" 1!othe! $" h" 1!othe!" wow4 wo,' 1e he! -e#e!$' !oe!t* $# wo,' -o ,#e! th" "e%to#. Se%to# 5 !o3e"
G!n!)a0 )(0!s &* s(""!ssi&n in #+! "as! &* *!ma0! Hind(s. (7) The !oe!t* o $ e&$'e H#, *#- #te"t$te "h$'' e3o'3e $%%o!#- to the !,'e" "et o,t # Se%to# 7 ($) !"t'*
,o#
the
"o#"
$#
$,-hte!"
(#%',#-
the
%h'!e#
o
$#*
!ee%e$"e "o# o! $,-hte!) $# the h,"1$#/ (1) "e%o#'*4 ,o# the he!" o he! h,"1$#/ (%) th!'*4 ,o# the &othe! $# $the!/ () o,!th'*4 ,o# the he!" o the $the!/ $# (e) '$"t'*4 ,o# the he!" o the &othe!. The he!" $!e -!o,e #to the"e 3e % $te-o!e"4 the o!&e! e%',#- the '$te!. So 'o#- $" $ "#-'e he! # the !o! %$te-o! * " !e"e#t4 the !oe!t* w'' #ot -o to the #et %$te-o!*. The o!-#$' H#, S,%%e""o# B'' (B'' No C) o 954 !o3e o! " "e$!$te %$te -o!e". 7 The h,"1$#" t,!# to #he!t ,#e! t4 %$&e $te! the %h'!e# $# -!$#%h'!e# o the #te"t$te $# he! $!e#t" we!e !ee!!e to he! h,"1$#" he!". The $&e#e 1'' (B'' No CB) o 954 '$%e the h,"1$# $'o#- wth the %h'!e#4 # the !"t %$te-o!*4 1,t "t'' !ee!!e the $! e#t" o $ wo&$# to he! h,"1$#" he!"4 who"e t,!# to #he!t %$&e o#'* whe# #o othe! he! w$" !e"e#t.
($)The
"%he&e
,#e!
the
H#,
S,%%e""o#
B''
(B''
C)
o
95
w$"
$"
o''ow" () !"t'*
1@
,o# the %h'!e#4 #%',#- the %h'!e# o $#* !ee%e$"e "o#/
Gurbachan Singh v Khichar Singh AIC 1@1 DH 24?.
10 a!esh"ari
#evi v $a%&i #evi *1@ 1 H/C 5? *A!!B $ach&an Singh v Kir'a Singh AIC 10@ -E 1616B Gurna& Singh v As Kaur AIC 1@@ DH 1?3B Maa''a Fa*ira''a v Shi''a AIC 162 M$s 14?B a&a Ananda Pa+i v A''a ,hi&a AIC 16 :o( 2?5. -ee a!so a& Ka+ori v Pra*ashva+hi 160 A!! /L 404 *wherein it was he! that since the sec tion uses the ter( Gson an au'hterG an not Gson an au'hter of the eceaseG, it wou! inc!ue the chi!ren of her hus&an a!so. The ecision, w hich oes not !a$ own a c orrect #ro#osition of !aw, was o"erru!e &$ the -u#re(e Eourt in $ach&an Singh-s case, cite a&o"e.
[15]
() "e%o#'*4 ,o# the h,"1$#/ () th!'*4 ,o# the &othe! $# $the!/ (3) o,!th'*4 ,o# the he!" o the h,"1$#/ (3) th'*4 ,o# the he!" o the &othe!/ $# (3) '$"t'*4 ,o# the he!" o the $the!. (1) The
"%he&e
,#e!
the
H#,
S,%%e""o#
B''
(B''
CB)
o
95
w$"
$"
o''ow" () !"t'*4 ,o# the "o#" $# $,-hte!" (#%',#- the %h'!e# o $#* !e<e%e$"e "o# o! $,-hte!) $# the h,"1$#/ () "e%o#'*4 ,o# the &othe! $# the $the!/ () th!'*4 ,o# the he!" o the $the!/ (3) o,!th'*4 ,o# the he!" o the &othe!/ $# (3) '$"t'*4 ,o# the he!" o the h,"1$#.
8'$,"e ($)
Th" %'$,"e "e%e" "e3e# he!"4 the "o#"4 $,-hte!"4 #%',#- %h'!e# o $#*
!ee%e$"e "o# $# $,-hte!4 h,"1$#.
S&n and Da(,+#!) : The te!&" "o# $# $,-hte! wo,' #%', e $ wo&$#" 1o'o-%$' o! $ote4 'e-t&$te o! e3e# ''e-t&$te %h'!e#4 1,t wo,' #ot #%',e $ "te<"o# o! $ "te<$,-hte!. The &$!t$' "t$t," o the &othe! o! the 3$'t* o he! &$!!$-e " o #o %o#"e,e#%e. The "o# $# $,-hte! &$* h$3e 1ee# 1o!# to $# ,#we &othe!4 o! $ote 1* $ " #-'e wo&$#4 o! 1o!# !o& e!e#t h,"1$#"4 *et the* wo,' "t''4 #he!t to-ethe!. Whe !e the &othe! w$" $ $!t* to $ 3o o! 3o$1'e &$!!$-e th$t w$" ",1"e,e#t'* $##,''e4 he! %h'!e# 1o!# to he! !o& th" !e'$to#"h wo,' 1e 'e-t&$te $# e#tt'e to #he!t !o& he!. The "o# $# $,-hte! #he!t to-ethe! $# t$2e the !oe!t* # e,$' "h$!e". Fo! e0$&'e4 $" "how# $ H#, wo&$# W e" 'e$3#- 1eh# $ "o# S4 1o!# to he! !o& he! !"t &$!!$-e4 wh%h e#e # $ 3o!%e. The!e,o#4 "he h$ $ !e'$to#"h wth $ &$!!e &$#4 H = $" $ !e",'t o wh%h "he -$3e 1!th to $ $,-hte! D. Uo# he! e$th4 S $# D 1oth4 w'' #he!t the !oe!t* # e,$' "h$!e". [16]
H1
-
H2 .
C+i0d)!n &* P)!d!"!as!d S&n and Da(,+#!) : Whe!e $ "o# o! $ $,-hte! e" ,!#the 'et&e o the! &othe!4 'e$3#- 1eh# $ %h'4 ",%h %h' w'' 1e the !&$!* he! $# wo,' #he!t $'o#- wth the '3#- "o# o! $,-hte! o the #te"t$te4 $#*. Howe3e!4 # o!e! to 1e e'-1'e o! #he!t$#%e4 ",%h -!$#%h'!e# &,"t 1e the 'e-t&$te o"!#-" o the! $!e#t"4 $# 1o!# o,t o $ 3$ ' &$!! $ -e 1etwee# th e&. S &'$ !' *4 th e! e%e$" e $!e#t " "ho,' $'"o 1e 'e-t&$te $# 1o!# o,t o $ 3$' &$!!$-e. Fo! e0$&'e4 $" '',"t!$te $ H#, wo&$# W4 -et" &$!!e to $# $'!e$* &$!!e &$# H. Th" &$!!$-e " 3o $" e! the !o3"o#" o the H#, M$!!$-e A%t 7955. Two "o#" St $# S= $!e 1o!# to he!. D,!#- the 'et&e o W4 S= e"4 'e$3#- 1eh# $ $,-hte! S = D.
H
-1
-2
-2
He!e4 St $'o#e w'' #he!t he! !oe!t*4 $" S=D w'' #ot 1e ee&e to 1e !e'$te to W. The !e'$to#"h # %$"e o %h'!e# 1o!# o $ 3o $# 3o$1'e &$!!$-e4 " ,!e'* e!"o#$' 1etwee# the $!e#t" $# %h'!e# $# the* $!e #ot ee&e to 1e !e'$te to $#* othe! !e'$t3e o ethe!. S&'$!'*4 whe!e the -!$#%h'!e# we!e 1o!# o $ 3o o! $ 3o$1'e &$!!$-e $##,''e 1* the %o,!t4 the!e $-$#4 the* wo,' #ot 1e e'-1'e to #he!t the !oe!t* o the #te"t$te. Fo! e$&'e4 $" "how# 4 $ H#, wo&$# A e"4 'e$3#- 1eh# $ "o# S C $# $ -!$#$,-hte! D. He! "e%o# "o# S = h$ -ot [1@]
&$!!e to W=4 1,t h$ '$te! "%o3e!e th$t h" %o#"e#t h$ 1ee# o1t$#e 1* !$,. He 'e $ etto# # $ %o,!t o '$w4 o! o1t$##- $ e%!ee o #,''t*. Me$#wh'e $ $,-hte!4 D w$" 1o!#4 who h$ 1ee# %o#%e3e 1eo!e the "%o3e!* o the !$, 1* S =. The %o,!t e%'$!e the &$!!$-e #,'' $# 3o. S = e $# D w$" 1!o,-ht , 1* A4 he! -!$#&othe!. Now4 A $'"o e". D w'' #ot 1e e#tt'e to #he!t the !oe!t* o A $" %h'!e# 1o!# o 3o $# 3o$1'e &$!!$-e" th$t $!e $##,''e 1* the %o,!t4 o #ot #he!t the !oe!t* o $#* !e'$t3e o the! $!e#t".
A
-1
*-2
2
8h'!e# o $ !ee%e$"e "o# o! $,-hte! w'' $'"o 1e ",$'e !o& #he!t#- the !o e!t* o the # te"t$te4 1eo!e the! 1!th4 th e! $!e#t (%h' o A)4 h$ %e$"e to 1e $ H#, 1* %o#3e!t#- to $#* othe! !e'-o#.
H(sband : The te!& h,"1$# !ee!" to the "o,"e o $ 3$' &$!!$-e4 wh%h h$ %o&e to $# e# wth the e$th o the #te"t$te. It oe" #ot #%',e $ 3o!%e h,"1$#4 1,t wo,' #%',e $ h,"1$# who h$ e"e!te the #te"t$te o! w$" e"e!te 1* he! o! w$" '3#- $$!t !o& he! ,#e! $ e%!ee o +,%$' "e$!$to#. The h,"1$#" &&o!$' o! e3e# %!&#$' %o#,%t4 oe" #ot "t$# # h" w$* o #he!t#- the !oe!t*4 ,#'e"" he %o&&t" he! &,!e!. The h,"1$#4 who h$ 1ee# $ $!t* to $ 3o &$!!$-e 1etwee# h&"e' $# the #te"t$te4 oe" #ot #he!t !o& h" we4 1,t whe!e the &$!!$-e " 3o$1'e4 he #he!t" e3e# $ etto# !$*#- o! $ e%!ee o #,'' t * & -ht 1e e# #- # th e %o,!t. B,t the &$ !!$ -e " e%'$!e $ #,''t*4 $# the wo&$# e" $te! ",%h !o#o,#%e&e#t4 the# he %$##ot #he!t !o& he!
Wid&4 &* Ma0! D!s"!ndan#s n&# a P)ima)1 H!i) : It " #te!e"t#- to #ote th$t wh'e ,#e! " 4 wow o $ !ee%e$"e "o# $# wow o the !ee%e$"e "o# o !ee%e$"e "o# $!e %'$""
[10]
R(0!s *&) Ca0"(0a#i&n &* S+a)!s O# the e$th o $ e&$'e #te"t$te4 he! !oe!t* e3o'3e" o# he! !&$!* he!"4 # $%%o!$#%e wth the o''ow#- !,'e" ) )
E$%h ",!33#- "o# $# $,-hte! $# the h,"1$# t$2e" o#e "h$!e4 Whe!e $ "o# o! $,-hte! h$ !ee%e$"e the #te"t$te4 1,t " ",!33e 1* $ %h'4 h"Jhe! 1!$#%h h$" to 1e $''otte $ "h$!e4
)
S,%h ",!33#- -!$#%h' t$2e" the "h$!e o the e%e$"e $!e#t $# the!e $!e &o!e th$# o#e4 the* w'' 3e the !oe!t* e,$''* $&o#- the&"e'3e". IIIustration (i)
A H#, e&$'e W4 e" $# " ",!33e 1* he! h,"1$# H4 two "o#" S $# S = $# $ $,-hte! D
*
H -1
-2
The !oe!t* w'' 1e 3e #to o,! e,$' $!t"4 o#e e$%h -o#- to H4 S 3 S= $#D. IIIustration (ii)
A H#, e&$'e W4 e" $# " ",!33e 1* he! h,"1$# H4 $ '3#- "o# S4 $# ,#&$!!e $,-hte! D4 two %h'!e# S+ $# S =4 o $ !ee%e$"e $,-hte! D= $# $# ''e-t&$te "o# S C.
-
H
-3 -1
-1
[1]
*2
The !oe!t* w'' 1e 3e #to 3e e,$' $!t"4 o#e e$%h -o#- to H4 S4 D $# S C. The 1!$#%h o the e%e$"e $,-hte! D=4 w'' 1e -3e# o#e<th ('J5th) o the !oe!t*4 o,t o wh%h S 7 $# S = w'' t$2e o#e
S K 7J5 D K 7J5
S7 K
SC K 7J5
S= K
7J57J= K 7J70
7J57J=K7J70
H K 7J5
C0a(s! 9b:% H!i)s &* H(sband The "e%o# %$te-o!* %o&!"e" the e#t!e -!o, o he!" o the h,"1$# o $# #te"t$te4 how"oe3e! !e&ote the* &$* 1e. Th" -!o, " !ee!!e to the #te"t$te" ow# $!e#t"4 who"e t,!# to #he!t %o&e" o#'* whe# #o#e o the he!" o the h,"1$# " !e"e#t. The* #he!t # $1"e#%e o the %h'!e#4 -!$#%h'!e# $# the h,"1$# o the e%e$"e9.I# ",%h %$"e"4 t " !e",&e th$t the !oe!t* $3$'$1'e o! ",%%e""o# 1e'o#-e #ot to the e%e$"e e&$'e4 1,t to he! h,"1$#4 $# the !oe!t* " "t!1,te # $%%o!$#%e wth the !,'e" '$ ow# # the A%t ,#e! "" <C4 o! ",%%e""o# to the !oe!t* o $ &$'e #te"t$te. Howe3e!4 the $te o the oe##- o the ",%%e""o# " #ot the $te o the e$th o the h,"1$#4 1,t th$t o the e%e$"e =0. Th,"4 we h$3e to !e",&e th$t o# the e$th o the #te"t$te4 t w$" he! h,"1$# who h$ e $# the !oe!t* $'"o 1e'o#-e to h&. Fo! e$&'e4 $ H#, wo&$# W4 e" #te"t$te4 'e$3#- 1eh# he! "te<"o# S ("o# o the h,"1$# 1o!# to h& !o& $ !e3o," &$!!$-e) $# he! 1!othe! B!. H1
:r
-
1 See #evinder Kaur v A!i+ Ku&ar Sandhu (199) 1 /$ 10 (P/)3 Sa+acharan v 4r&ia AI 195 S6 110.
2? See+ha $a*sh&iani&a v Mu+huven*a+ara&a engar AI 1997 S6 1892
[2?]
S#%e the 1!othe! " $# he! ,#e! %' (3)4 the "te<"o# $'o#e4 w'' ",%%ee to he! !oe!t*. A" #o#e o the %' ($) he!" " !e"e#t4 t wo,' 1e !e",&e th$t the !oe!t* 1e'o#-e to he! h,"1$# $# #"te$ o he!4 t " he who h$" e. H" "o# wo,' 1e h" !&$!* he! $# wo,' #he!t h" !oe!t*. Whe# $ wo&$# &$!!e" &o!e th$# o#%e4 the e!e""o# he!" o h,"1$# !ee!" to the he!" o he! '$"t h,"1$#. He!" o the h,"1$# we!e '$%e #et to the $!e#t"4 # the o,!th %$te-o!*4 ,#e! the o!-#$' H#, S,%%e""o# B'' (B'' C) o 95. F!o& the!e4 the* we!e !e'e-$te to the '$"t %$te-o!* # the $&e#e B''4 1,t $!e '$%e e3e# 1eo!e the $!e#t" # the !e"e#t A%t.
C0a(s! 9":% M&#+!) and Fa#+!) The &othe! $# $the! o the e&$'e #te"t$te $!e '$%e o# $# e,$' oot#- he!e $# #he!t to-ethe! whe# #o#e o the %h'!e#4 -!$#%h'!e#4 wowe! o! the e#t!e -!o, o h,"1$#" he!" o the! $,-hte!4 " !e"e#t. Mothe! $# $the! wo,' #%',e the 1o'o-%$' o! $ot3e $!e#t". Whe!e the &$!!$-e o the $!e#t" w$" $ 3o &$!!$-e o! $ 3o$1'e &$!!$-e th$t w$" ",1"e,e#t'* $##,''e 1* $ %o,!t" e%!ee4 the $!e#t" #he!t !o& ",%h %h'!e#. Howe3e!4 whe!e the #te"t$te w$" $# ''e-t&$te %h'4 o#'* the &othe! wo,' #he!t4 $# #ot the ,t$t3e $the!. The te!& &othe! $# $the! oe" #ot #%',e $ "te&othe! o! $ "te$the!4 = 1,t the* wo,' #e3e!the'e"" 1e e#tt'e to ",%%ee4 the o!&e! $" $# he! o the $the! $# the '$tte!4 $" $# he! o the &othe!.
C0a(s! 9d:% H!i)s &* #+! Fa#+!) O# the $',!e o the he!" "e%e # the !"t th!ee %'$,"e"4 the !oe!t* w'' -o to the he!" o the $the! o the #te"t$te. I# ",%h %$"e"4 t w'' 1e !e",&e th$t the !oe!t* 1e'o#-e to he! $the! $# t " he who h$ e o# the $te o he! e$th. It w'' #%',e he! 1!othe!" $# ""te!"4 #%',#- h$'< 1'oo 1!othe!" $# ""te!"4 $# the! e"%e#$#t"4 -!$#$!e#t" $# othe! #$t$' !e'$to#".
C0a(s! 9!:% H!i)s &* #+! M&#+!) Whe!e #o#e o the $1o3e&e#to#e he!" " !e"e#t4 the !oe!t* w'' -o to the he!" o the &othe! o the #te"t$te. Th" %$te-o!* wo,' #%',e the ,te!#e 1!othe! o! ""te! o the e%e$"e $# the! e"%e#$#t". It wo,' 1e !e",&e th$t the !oe!t* 1e'o#-e to the &othe! o the #te"t$te $# he! he!" w'' 1e $"%e!t$#e $" t w$" "he who h$ e. 21 An+ua v ,ai!na+h AI 190 Pa+ 1.
[21]
P)&'!)#1 In+!)i#!d *)&m #+! Fa#+!) S!"#i&n 679;: ')&$id!s N
Notwth"t$##- $#*th#- %o#t$#e # ",1<"e%to#(')4 $#* !oe!t* #he!te 1* $ e&$'e H#, !o& he! $the! o! &othe! "h$'' e3o'3e4 # the $1"e#%e o $#* "o# o! $,-hte! o the e%e$"e (#%',#- the %h'!e# o $#* !ee%e$"e "o# o! $,-hte!) #ot ,o# the othe! he!" !ee!!e to # ",1<"e%to#(') # the o!e! "e%e the!e# 1,t ,o# the he!" o he! $the!. So4 the !oe!t* #he!te 1* $ e&$'e !o& he! $!e#t"4 # $1"e#%e o he! "",e o! the! %h'!e#4 w'' !e3e!t to he! $the!" he!".== Two th#-" $!e &o!t$#t he!e4 3>4 () The te!& ,"e 1* the 'e-"'$t,!e " #he!te $# #ot !oe!t* !e%e3e !o& the $!e#t". I#he!t &e$#" to #he!t $" $# he! .=C 6!oe!t* !e%e3e 1* the $,-hte! !o& he! &othe!4 th!o,-h $ W'' =o! $ -t4=5 wo,' 1e t!e$te $" he! -e#e!$' !oe!t* $# #ot o#e th$t " #he!te. I "he #he!t" !oe!t* !o& he! $the!4"e''" t4 $# o,t o the "$'e !o%ee"4 ,!%h$"e" $#othe! !oe!t*/th" !oe!t* $-$# wo,' 1e he! -e#e!$' !oe!t*=. ()Whe!e "he e" "",e'e""4 3>4 "he " #ot ",!33e 1* $ %h' o! the %h' o ",%h %h'4 1,t he! h,"1$# " $'3e4 e3e# # the !e"e#%e o the h,"1$#4 the !oe!t* w'' !e3e!t to he! $the!" he!". =7 A "te<"o# " #ot $# "",e4 $# %$##ot #he!t the !oe!t* o $ wo&$# th$t "he #he!te !o& he! $!e#t".= 22 ,haga+ a& v e!a Singh (2552) 1 /$ 1 (S6).
23 Aia&&a v Subra&ania Asari AI 1988 Mad 389 Ka&nesh"ara ao v :asudeva ao AI 192 AP 1 79.
24 Ko&aavai A&&a v A; Krishna&achari (1995) 158 Mad $< 97.
25 A!i+Singh v S+a+e o= Pun!ab 1973 /$033(P/) !ai SinghvMugha(198)I$ Pun! 87.
26 :eera aghava&&a v G Subbarao AI 198 AP 3.
2@ adhi*a v Ahgnu (1998) 2 /$ 300 (S6).
20 $ach&an Singh v Kir'a Singh AI 197 S6 1818 >anardhan ,adrinaraan Pa+e v A&baa /i&a+a AI 1999 Gu! 18 2
[22]
I# ",%h %$"e"4 t " !e",&e th$t ,o# the e$th o the wo&$#4 he! $the! h$ e4 $# h" he!" w'' 1e $"%e!t$#e $%%o!#-'*. B,t the!e $e$!" to 1e $# $#o&$'* he!e4 wh%h h$" 1ee# #ot%e $# e'$#e 1* $'' the w!te!" o# H#, '$w. I $ wo&$# #he!t" the !oe!t* !o& he! &othe! $# e" "",e'e"" $# he! $the! " $'3e4 wo,' the !oe!t* -o to he! $the! o! h" he!"M The ,#$#&o," o#o# "ee&" to 1e th$t the !oe!t* wo,' 1e t$2e# 1* the $the!4 $# t " o#'* # h" $1"e#%e4 th$t t wo,' -o to h" he!". Whe!e $# ,#&$!!e wo&$# #he!t" the !oe!t* o he! $the! $# e"4 he! $the!" ""te! w'' ",%%ee to the !oe!t* $" the $the!" he!.=9 I# Bhagat Singh v Teja Singh4C0 two ""te!" #he!te the !oe!t* !o& the! &othe!. O# the e$th o o#e4 who e $" $# "",e'e"" wow4 the othe! ""te! too2 the !oe!t* $" he! $the!" he! $# e#te!e #to $# $-!ee&e#t to "e'' the "$&e to $ e!"o# N. The e%e$"e ""te!" h,"1$#" 1!othe! %h$''e#-e the 3$'t* o th" "$'e $# %'$&e the !oe!t* $" he! he! ,#e! " 75(7) (1). The S,!e&e 8o,!t he' th$t "#%e 1oth the %o#to#" we!e ,'''e4 3>4 "he h$ #he!te the !oe!t* !o& o#e o he! $!e#t" (&othe!) $# h$ e "",e'e""4 the !oe!t* wo,' !e3e!t to he! $the!" he!" e4 the ""te! # th" %$"e $# the 1!othe! o he! e%e$"e h,"1$# wo,' #ot 1e e#tt'e to ",%%ee. I# $#othe! %$"e !o& De'h4 C7 $# ,#&$!!e e&$'e #he!te the !oe!t* !o& he! &othe! $# e 'e$3#- he! 1!othe! $# $ wow o $#othe! 1!othe!. The 1!othe! %'$&e the tot$' !oe!t* o# the -!o,# th$t he w$" the "o'e he!. The %o,!t he' th$t $" the !oe!t* " to !e3e!t to he! $the! $# w'' e3o'3e $" t 1e'o#-e to the $the!4 o# h" he!"4 the e%e$"e 1!othe! wo,' 1e the "o# o the $the!4 $# $#othe! 1!othe!" wow wo,' 1e !e'$te to the $the! $" the wow o $ #reecease son. Thus, &oth of the( wi!!
inherit the #ro#ert$ as c!ass I heirs of the father, in e%ua! shares. In another case,32 a Hinu fe(a!e ie !ea"in' &ehin her au'hter fro( a #re"ious (arria'e an the "e%o# h,"1$#4 $# !oe!t* th$t "he h$ #he!te !o& he! $the!. The h,"1$# %'$&e h$' o the !oe!t*4 $" h" e%e$"e we" he!4 1,t the $,-hte! %o#te#e th$t "#%e the !oe!t* w$" #he!te 1* he! &othe! !o& the 2 A'u r+ i v Sun a S+r ee AI 198 3 ? ri 18 8
3? AI 2552 S6 1
31 @oginder Par*ash #ugga v ?& Pra*ash #ugga 2555 AI/6 295 (#e).
32 adhi*a v Angura& 1990B S66 81
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$the!4 t wo,' 1e #he!te o#'* 1* he! "",e (th$t " he!"e') $# #ot 1* the h,"1$#. The 'owe! %o,!t e%!ee # $3o,! o the h,"1$#4 1,t the S,!e&e 8o,!t "$ th$t !oe!t* #he!te 1* $ e&$'e H#, !o& he! $the! o! &othe!4 # othe! wo!"4 the e&$'e" $te!#$' "e4 # the $1"e#%e o he! "",e4 -oe" 1$%2 to the he!" o he! $the! $# #ot to he! h,"1$#. The 8o,!t he' th$t "#%e the e%e$"e h$ #he!te the !oe!t* !o& he! $!e#t"4 he! $,-hte! $'o#e w'' 1e e#tt'e to ",%%ee $# the h,"1$# he!e4 %$##ot #he!t.
P)&'!)#1 In+!)i#!d *)&m H(sband &) Fa#+!)2in20a4 A wo&$# #he!t" the !oe!t* o he! h,"1$# o# h" e&"e4 $" h" wow. She $'"o #he!t" !o& h" $the! $" the wow o h" !ee%e$"e "o#4 1,t !o3e "he oe" #ot !e&$!! * 1eo!e the $te o the oe##- o the ",%%e""o#. Whe!e "he #he!t" the !oe!t* o he! h,"1$# o! $the!<#<'$w $# e" "",e'e""4 the !oe!t* !e3e!t" to he! h,"1$#" he!" !o& who& o! !o& who"e $the!4 "he h$ #he!te the !oe!t*. Se%to# 5(=) (1) !o3e" A#* !oe!t* #he!te 1* $ e&$'e H#, !o& he! h,"1$# o! !o& he! $the!<#<'$w4 "h$'' e3o'3e4 # the $1"e#%e o $#* "o# o! $,-hte! o the e%e$"e (#%',#- the %h'!e# o $#* !ee%e$"e "o# o! $,-hte!) #ot ,o# the othe! he!" !ee!!e to # ",1<"e%to#(') # the o!e! "e%e the!e#4 1,t ,o# the he!" o the h,"1$#. Th," the !oe!t* "o #he!te4 w'' -o to the h,"1$#" he!". I "he !e&$!!e $te! #he!t#the !oe!t* !o& he! e%e$"e h,"1$# $# e 'e$3#- 1eh# "",e" !o& he! "e%o# h,"1$#4 "he h$" #ot e "",e'e"" $# he! %h'!e# $# "e%o# h,"1$# w'' ",%%ee to the !oe!t*. B,t "he e" "",e'e""4 the "e%o# h,"1$# w'' #ot -et $#*th#- $# the !oe!t* w'' !e3e!t to the !"t h,"1$#" he!". S&'$!'*4 whe!e $ wo&$# #he!te !oe!t* !o& he! "e%o# h,"1$# $# e 'e$3#- 1eh# $ "o# !o& the !"t h,"1$#4 the "o# wo,' t$2e the !oe!t* CC. S&'$!'*4 whe!e $ H#, wow #he!te $ '&te e"t$te !o& he! h,"1$# $# e $te!954 whe# t h$ &$t,!e #to $# $1"o',te e"t$te4 t w$" he' th$t the ""te! o he! e%e$"e h,"1$# wo,' t$2e the !oe!t*.C 33 Ehinta(( " Cushi&ai 2??? AIHE 13?0 *MD. -ee a!so Coshan /ai " a!i#a AIC 105 HD 0B D /oh i " Har Dra sa AIC 1@1 MD 12
34 Mahesh u(ar Date " Mahesh u(ar +$as 2??? AIHE 405 *MD.
[24]
Ana01sin, #+! D!"isi&n &* D+anis#+a Ka0i#a $ Rama
35 AIC 2??3 9au 2.
[25]
P)!$!n#in, #+! P)&'!)#1 *)&m G&in, b1 D&"#)in! &* Es"+!a# 6!oe!t* #he!te 1* $ e&$'e !o& he! h,"1# o! $the!<#<'$w4 !e3e!t" to the h,"1$#" he!" # the $1"e#%e o he! "",e $# oe" #ot -o to $#* othe! he!. Whe!e the !oe!t* " to !e3e!t to the he!" o the h,"1$#4 1,t #o ",%h he! " !e"e#t4 !$the! $# he! "e%e # the -e#e!$' %$te-o!* " !e"e#t4 "ho,' the !oe!t* -o to the -o3e!#&e#t ,#e! the $'%$to# o o%t!#e o e"%he$t4 e4 $',!e o he!"4 o! "ho,' the !oe!t* -o to $#* othe! he! o the e%e$"e wo&$# A H#, wow e "",e'e"" $# he! o#'* ",!33#- !e'$t3e w$" he! 1!othe!" -!$#"o#. CThe !oe!t* $3$'$1'e o! ",%%e""o# w$" #he!te 1* he!4 !o& he! e%e$"e h,"1$#. A" #o he! o the h,"1$# w$" !e"e#t4 the -o3e!#&e#t %'$&e the !oe!t* o# the -!o,# th$t the -!$#"o# o the 1!othe! o the e%e$"e w$" #ot %o3e!e ,#e! the e!e""o# he!" o he! h,"1$#4 $# the!e 1e#- #o othe! he! o he! h,"1$# !e"e#t4 the!e w$" $ %o&'ete $',!e o the he!". The S,!e&e 8o,!t he' th$t the o1+e%t 1eh# " 5(=) w$" #ot to e'&#$te the othe! he!" "e%e # " 5()4 1,t to -3e $# o!e! o !ee!e#%e . S#%e the!e w$" #o othe! he! !e"e#t4 the 1!othe!" -!$#"o# w$" $''owe to ",%%ee to the !oe!t*.
CONSTITUTIONAL VALIDITY OF SECTION 67 I# $ %$"e 1eo!e the Bo&1$* H-h 8o,!t C7 the %o#"tt,to#$' 3$'t* o " 5(=) w$" %h$''e#-e o# the -!o,# o ho"t'e "%!&#$to# o# -!o,#" o "e. The %o,!t !,'e # $3o,! o the &,-#e 36 S+a+e o= Pun!ab v ,a"an+ Singh AI 2991 S6 2351.
[26]
'e-"'$to# $# he' th$t the !,'e o !e3e!"o#4 e4 !oe!t* !e3e!t#- to the $&'* !o& whe!e t w$" #he!te4 w$" # ,!the!$#%e o the %'e$! o1+e%t3e o %o#t#,#- the $&'* ,# t*. The etto# w$" !e+e%te $# the %o,!t he' th$t t " #ot "%!&#$to!*. A" $o!e"$4 t " o#'* ,#e! H#, '$w th$t #ot o#'* "e$!$te "%he&e" h$3e 1ee# !o3e o! &$'e $# e&$'e #te"t$te"4 1,t $'"o e!e#t "et" o he!" $# !,'e" h$3e 1ee# "e%e4 '#2e wth the "o,!%e o $%,"to# o the !oe!t*. The $!-,&e#t th$t $&'* ,#t* %$# 1e !ote%te 1* !o3#- e!e#t "et" o he!"4 $e$! " "t!$#-e. A!e %o&&,#te" th$t $!e -o3e!#e 1* $ "#-'e "%he&e o ",%%e""o#4 ,#$1'e to !ote%t $&'* ,#t* Th" who'e "%he&e o " 5 $# the #o&e#%'$t,!e o! e"%!to# o he!" $" he!" o he! h,"1$#4 o he! $the! o! o he! &othe!4 "how" th$t the 'e-"'$t,!e oe" #ot t!e$t $ wo&$# $" $# #ee#e#t #3,$'4 $# oe" #ot e#e he! !e'$to#"h wth he! he!"4 # te!&" o he! ow# 1'oo4 1,t $"%e!t$#e the& wth !e"e%t to the he$" o the $&'* # wh%h "he w$" $ &e&1e!. I "he !e%e3e "oð#- !o& $ $&'*4 'et t #ot -o to $#othe! $&'* # the $1"e#%e o he! "",e4 "ee&" to 1e the o&#$#t ,!o"e 1eh# !o3#- the e%eto# # " 5(=). He! 1!othe! " #ot he! he! # the %$$%t* o he! 1!othe!4 1,t %$# ",%%ee $" he! $the!" he!. Th" who'e ee!%"e " &e$##-'e"" $# the!e " #o !e$"o# wh* t "ho,' #ot 1e "%!$e $# $ ,#o!& "%he&e -o3e!##$'' H#, #te"t$te"4 !!e"e%t3e o the! "e4 !$&e.
SPECIAL RULES FOR FEMALES GOVERNED 8Y MARUMAKKATTAYAM AND ALIYASANTANA LAWS 3@ -onra :ai ashwant ]aea" " :o!o'oiGino aa" AIC 103 :o( 156
[2@]
8o&&,#te" th$t we!e e$!'e! $he!#- to the &$t!'#e$' "*"te&"4 $!e $'"o ",1+e%t to the !o3"o#" o th" A%t4 wh%h " '$!-e'* 1$"e o# the Mt$2"h$!$ $t!$!%h$' $tte!#. Howe3e!4 the A%t t"e' !o3e" o! $ e3$to# # the %$"e o e&$'e #te"t$te" who we!e e$!'e! -o3e!#e 1* the M$!,&$22$tt$*$& $# A'*$"$#t$#$ '$w". The he!" o $ e&$'e #te"t$te he!e4 $!e "&'$! to the o#e" !o3e ,#e! the -e#e!$' "%he&e4 1,t the o!e! o !ee!e#%e " e!e#t. The !oe!t* o $ e&$'e " %$te-o!"e #to two4 #"te$ o th!ee %$te-o!e" $# the %'$""%$to# " $" o''ow" ) )
-e#e!$' !oe!t* o $ wo&$#/ $# !oe!t* #he!te !o& he! h,"1$# $# $the!<#<'$w. Fo! ",%%e""o# to the -e#e!$' !oe!t*4 the he!" $!e -!o,e #to the o''ow#- %'$""e"
) ) ) 3) )
"o#" $# $,-hte!" (#%',#- the %h'!e# o $#* !ee%e$"e "o# o! $,-hte!)/ $the! $# h,"1$#/ he!" o &othe!/ he!" o $the!/ $# he!" o h,"1$#. He!e4 # 2ee#- wth the !#%'e" o the &$t!'#e$' "*"te&"4 the &othe! " !ee!!e to 1oth the $the!4 $" we'' $" the h,"1$#. S&'$!'*4 the he!" o the &othe! $!e !ee!!e to 1oth4 the he!" o the $the! $# the he!" o the h,"1$#.
CONCLUSION Th," the %h$#-e" &$e 1* the A%t # the $!e$ o #he!t$#%e to "e$!$te !oe!t*4 we!e # the #$t,!e o &o%$to#" o e$!'e! '$w"4 $# $%%o!e $ 'e-"'$t3e !e%o-#to# o the !-ht o $ wow. It w$" $ !o-!e""3e "te th$t "t!e#-the#e he! o"to#4 1,t t #ot !$%$''*4 e$!t !o& the o' '$w. Howe3e!4 the !-ht" -!$#te to the wow # the %o$!%e#$!* !oe!t* we!e !e3o',to#$!* $# e#e [20]
, &$2#- &$+o! #!o$" #to the %o#%et o %o$!%e#$!*4 th$t ,!the! eee#e wth '$te! 'e-"'$t3e e#$%t&e#t". The A%t4 $" $o!e"$4 o"t,'$te th$t whe# $ H#, e"4 h$3#- $t the t&e o h" e$th4 $# #te!e"t # the H#, +o#t $&'* !oe!t*4 h" wow "h$'' h$3e4 # the !oe!t*4 the "$&e #te!e"t $" he h&"e' h$.C5 It the!eo!e4 !o3e o! the ",1"tt,to# o the wow # the '$%e o he! e%e$"e h,"1$# # the %o$!%e#$!* $# "o 'o#- $" "he w$" $'3e4 he! !e"e#%e ee$te the $'%$to# o the o%t!#e o ",!33o!"h. He! #t!o,%to# # the '$%e o he! h,"1$# #ot &$2e he! $ %o$!%e#e!4 1,t e#$1'e he! to e#+o* h" "h$!e # he! ow# ! -ht4 "oð#- th$t w$" #ot o""1'e 1eo!e th" A%t. C He! ",1"tt,to# #ot "!,t the ,#t* o o""e""o# # the %o$!%e#$!*4 #o! the +o#t $&'*.C7 He! "t,$to# w$" ,#,e4 $" "he %o,' #ot 1e %$''e $ %o$!%e#e!4 #o! %o,' "he 1e $ K$!t$4C 1,t "he %o#t#,e to 1e $ &e&1e! o the +o#t $&'* C9 $# w$" e&owe!e to %'$& $ $!tto# $# e&$!%$to# o th" "h$!e.0 T'' $ $!tto# w$" ee%te4 "he w$" !e!e"e#te 1* the K$!t$ # $'' $&'* &$tte!". She w$" e#tt'e to o""e"" $# ,"e the !oe!t* $#4 $" "he w$" the ow#e! o! 'e4 o# he! e$th o! !e&$!!$-e4 th" "h$!e !e3e!te to the ",!33#- %o$!%e#e!"4 $" the e%e$"e %o$!%e#e! who"e wow #te!!,te the ",!33o!"h4 h$ e #ow. The!eo!e we %o#%',e th$t the A%t %o#%!et"e the !-ht" o $ wo&$# # %'e$! te!&". It w$" th!o,-h th" A%t th$t o! the !"t t&e4 "he %o,' t$2e the '$%e o he! h,"1$# # $ Mt$2"h$!$ %o$!%e#$!*. Yet4 the A%t w$" tot$''* "'e#t $1o,t the e3o',to# o he! e"t$te $te! he! e$th. S#%e he! ow#e!"h # th" e"t$te te!&#$te o# he! e$th $# "he w$" #ot $ !e"h "to%2 o e"%e#t4 e4 th" e"t$te w$" #ot he!t$1'e $&o#- he! he!"4 the ,e"to# th$t $!o"e w$"4 who w'' ",%%ee to th" e"t$te The !,'e w$" th$t4 whe!e "he #he!te the "e$!$te !oe!t* o he! h,"1$#4 o# he! e$th4 the !oe!t* wo,' -o to he! h,"1$#" he!"4 $# whe!e "he #he!te $# ,#3e "h$!e # $ Mt$2"h$!$ %o$!%e#$!*4 o# he! e$th4 th" "h$!e wo,' -o to the ",!33#- %o$!%e#e!"4 ,#e! the o%t!#e o ",!33o!"h.
8I8LIOGRAPHY 8&&
F$&'* L$w Le%t,!e" by 6oo#$& 6!$h$# S$e#$(publication lexis nexis second edition) Moe!# H#, L$w by 6$!$" Dw$#( llahabad !aw gency)
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