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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
Basic Building System Functions
serviceability during: 1. No Norm rmal al use use (serv (servic ice) e) cond condit itio ions ns 2. Max Maximu imum m cons conside idered red use con condit dition ions s . intensities
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Vertical deflection (sag) Dead, Live, etc.
Lateral deflection (sway)
n or earthquakes
Control displacements within acceptable limits during service loading, factored loading, and varying intensities of environmental loading
Types of Load Gravity: ea Live Impact Snow Rain/floods
Lateral n Earthquake Soil lateral pressure Thermal Centrifu al
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Vertical deflection (sag) Dead, Live, etc.
Lateral deflection (sway)
n or earthquakes
Control displacements within acceptable limits during service loading, factored loading, and varying intensities of environmental loading
Types of Load Gravity: ea Live Impact Snow Rain/floods
Lateral n Earthquake Soil lateral pressure Thermal Centrifu al
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RC Structural Systems A. Floo Floorr Sys Syste tem ms B. La Late tera rall Loa Load d Sys Syste tems ms
A. Floor Systems • • • •
Flat plate Flat slab (w/ drop pane panels ls and/or and/or capit capitals) als) OneOn e-wa way y joi joist st sy syst stem em TwoTw o-wa way y waf waffl fle e syst system em
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Flat Plate Floor System Slab-column frame system in two-way
Plan
Elevation
Flat Plate Floor System Advantages: • •
Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs) Low story heights due to shallow floors
Typical Applications: • Short-to-medium s ans with li ht loadin • For LL=50 psf, 15’ - 30’ spans • For LL=100 psf, 15’ – 25’ spans
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Flat Plate with Spandrel Beam System
Plan
Elevation
Flat Plate with Spandrel Beam System Advantages: – – – T •
, Increased gravity and lateral load resistance Increased torsional resistance Decreased slab edge displacements
ical A lications: Same as flat plate systems
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Flat Plate with Beams Floor System Two-way bending
Gravity and lateral load frames
Flat Plate with Beams Floor System Advantages: • •
Simple construction Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
Typical Applications: • Medium s ans with li ht loadin • For LL=50 psf, 25’ - 30’ spans • For LL=100 psf, 20’ – 30’ spans
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Flat Slab Floor System Flat plate with drop panels,shear capitals and column capitals
Plan
Elevation
Flat Slab Floor System Advantages: • Reduced slab dis lacements • Increased slab shear resistance • Relatively flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs) • Low story heights due to shallow floors Typical Applications: • • For LL=50 psf, 30’ – 35’ spans • For LL=100 psf, 25’ – 35’ spans
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One-Way Joist Floor System Rib (joist) slab : (One-way bending)
2D gravity or lateral frames 2D lateral frames Floor joists, type
One-Way Joist Floor System Rib (joist) slab with beams: (One-way bending)
Lateral space frame Floor joists, type
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One-Way Joist Floor System Typical Joist
To of Slab 8-24” for 30” Modules 16-24” for 53” Modules
Width varies ”, ” or arger
1:12 Slope, type
14-24” for 66” Modules .
• 2’ or 3’ cc. – Joists • 4’ or 6’ cc. – Skip joists • 5’ or 6’ cc – Wide-module joists
One-Way Joist Floor System Advantages: • Lon er s ans with heav loads • Reduced dead load due to voids • Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed between voids • Good vibration resistance
• • •
Medium-to-long spans with heavy loading For 30” modules, 35’ – 40’ spans For 53” & 66” modules, 35’ – 50’ spans
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Two-Way Joist Floor System Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)
2D lateral frames Waffle pans, type
Two-Way Joist Floor System Advantages: • Lon er s ans with heav loads • Reduced dead load due to voids • Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed in voids • Good vibration resistance • Attractive Ceiling
• •
Long spans with heavy loading For 3’, 4’, and 5’ modules, 40’ – 50’ spans and beyond
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B. Lateral Load Systems • Frame Overview • Flat plate (& slab)-column (w/ and w/o drop panels and/or capitals) frame systems • Beam-column frame systems • bearing wall) • Dual systems (frames and shear walls)
Frame:
Coplanar system of beam (or slab) and column elements dominated by flexural deformation
Planar (2D)
Space (3D)
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Basic Behavior
Gravity Load
Lateral Loading
2D vs. 3D Frames (Plan) 4 frames , 2 frames
Planar
4 frames , 4 frames
Floor joists, type
Space
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Frame Advantages • Optimum use of floor space, ie. optimal for office buildings, retail, parking structures where open space is required. • Relatively simple and experienced construction process • Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction (less than about 40 stories)
Frame Disadvantages • Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral deflections enerall control the desi n rocess for buildings with greater than about 4 stories. Note that concrete frames are about 8 times stiffer than steel frames of the same strength. • Span lengths are limited when using normal reinforced , 50 ft). Span lengths can be increased by using prestressed concrete.
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Frame Lateral Load Systems Flat plate-column frame:
Plan
Effective slab width
Elevation
Frame Lateral Load Systems Beam-column frame:
Elevation
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Frame Lateral Load Systems Diaphragm (shear) element : Carries lateral loading Lateral load frame, type. Plate element Lateral load distributes to frames proportional to tributary area
Frame Lateral Load Systems For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally Space frame with square plan Deformed shape has constant lateral displacement - No diaphragm flexibility, ie. lateral load distributes to frame proportional to frame stiffness
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Shear Wall Lateral Load Systems Shear wa
Edge column
Interior gravity frames
Shear deformations
Elevation
Shear Wall Lateral Load Systems Elevator shaft configuration Gravity frames
Shear walls Void Coupling beams
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Dual Lateral Load Systems Wall-Frame Dual System: Lateral frames – 25% of lateral load, minimum Void ear wa s
AUDITORIUMS
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Some of the most fascinating man-made that were once used for theatrical performances, music shows, as well for more sinister purposes such as violent wild animal shows and gladiatorial contests
The amount of engineering knowledge that our ancient ancestors had developed is just as mesmerizing especially when some of these auditoria rival present-day outdoor theatres in terms of acoustic properties.
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HISTORICAL SNAP SHOT
The Colosseum, Italy
Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Greece
Epidauros, Greece
Side Theatre, Turkey
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Caesarea, Israel
Argos ,Greece
Argos Theatre, Greece Kourion, Cyprus
Bouleuterion of Aphrodisias, Turkey
MODERN AUDITORIUMS
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Glasgow Clyde Auditorium
Cotsen Hall, modern auditorium in historic setting
Accenture Campus Kornberg
Charter Theatre
Auditorium of the Municipal Theatre, Regensburg, Germany
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AUDITORIUM STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 1 (Hall Planer Dimensions 70’x80’)
ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
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ELEVATIONS
PROPOSED FOUNDATION SYSTEM
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R.C.C wall to retain soil
so a e oo ngs integrated together with footing beams
Foundation section through Auditorium ste s is on next slide
FOUNDATION SECTION
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PROPOSED ROOFING SYSTEM
Double T-Planks Sectional Blow up
Double T-Planks spanning the Roof of Auditorium
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Double T-Planks Auditorium
Roof Specifications
Roof Section Showing Double Tee Planks, Roof Parapet & Bracer Beam
AUDITORIUM STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 2 (Hall Planer Dimensions 60’x80’)
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BASEMENT PLAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
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FIRST FLOOR PLAN
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
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ELEVATION & SECTION
PROPOSED FOUNDATION SYSTEM
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Strip Footing
Isolated Footing
Combined
FOOTING SECTIONS & DETAILS
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INTERMEDIATE SLABS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Typical Beam Column system
Beam-Slab Corss-section
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ROOF SLABS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Waffle-Slab
Cross-sectional Blow up of waffle slab
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