Structures Structural engineering is generally associated with commercial steel and concrete buildings, and in some situations, it is also used for the structural design of residential buildings
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Introduction • Structural drafting techniques are generally the same as mechanical drafting; usually they are a combination of mechanical and architectural methods used • Differences develop due to raw materials used, methods of fabrication, & standards. Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Structural Shapes • • • • •
I beam Tee Channels Angle Plates
Refer to figure of Aided textbook Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 23.1 – Computer Drawing
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Line work
Lines used in structural drafting are generally the same as those used in mechanical drafting
• Lines may heavier or thinner than normal depending on the emphasis & size of the drawing • Dimension lines may be drawn with a space for the numeral or the numeral may be placed above the dimension line • Dimension lines may be capped with arrowheads, slashes, or dots
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Lettering • Structural lettering is generally slanted gothic style and freer in style than mechanical lettering • Lettering heights: – All lettering, except titles: 1/8” to 5/32” (34mm) – Titles: 3/16” to ¼” (5-6 mm) Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Coordination of Working Drawings • The structural drawings are a portion of a complete set of working drawings • A page numbering system is used in order to organization each type of drawing on a commercial project (AIA Handbook of Professional Practices) • The structural drawings can have a series of sheets that are numbered such as: S1.1, S1.2 – S2.1, S2.2, S2.3 – S3.1,S3.2, S3.3 etc. Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Example of how drawing elements are coordinated between pages of drawings.
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Laying out Details & Sections • Details & sections may be placed with the drawing where they relate or placed on a separate sheet. • All Details should be grouped together and organized from left to right, & laid out in sequential order on the drawing sheet. • Sections are laid out in the same manner with labels in alphabetical order. Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Concrete Construction
Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water.
• Concrete is the fundamental material for foundations • Concrete is used in commercial sites for wall and floor systems • Concrete can be poured or pre-formed into structural shapes Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Steel Reinforcing of Concrete
Concrete alone has excellent compression qualities but add steel and the tension properties improve to make it stronger
• Reinforced Concrete: Concrete poured around steel bars placed in the forms • Rebar: The steel bars • The most common steel reinforcing is plane and deformed, in round or square bars Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Types of Concrete Construction • • • •
Poured-in-place concrete Pre-cast Concrete Tilt-up Pre-cast Concrete Concrete Block Construction
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Concrete Structural Drawings • Concrete material symbols are used where appropriate • Rebar is shown as a very thick line or a thick dashed line in the longitudinal view and a round dot where the rebar appears cut • When drawing concrete block structures details of the steel reinforcing patterns are shown Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
The structural system is made up of the frame that support the walls and roof
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• Wall System – Horizontal Girts attached to the vertical structure and metal wall sheets attached to the girts. • Roof System – Horizontal Purlins attached to the structure and metal sheets attached to the Purlins. Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Common Structural Steel Materials • Plates – Flat pieces of steel of various thickness used at the intersection of different members. • Bars – Used as supports or braces for other steel parts or connectors • Structural Shapes – Available in several different manufactured shapes Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Structural Steel Callouts
Structural steel materials are specified by shape designation, flange width, and weight in pounds per linear foot
• For Example: W 24 x 120
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Structural Steel Shapes • W –wide flange shapes • S – American Std. Beam • M – Misc. beam & column shape • C – American Std. Channels • MC – Misc. channel shapes • WT – Structural tees cut from W shapes
• ST – structural tees cut from S shapes • MT – structural tees cut from M shapes • T – structural tees • Z – zee shapes • HP – steel H piling
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Shop Drawings • Shop drawings are used to break each individual component of a structural engineering drawing down into fabrication parts • Also referred to as “Fabrication Drawings”
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Common Connection Methods • Bolting • Nails • Welding
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Components in a Set of Structural Drawings • • • • • • •
Floor Plan Foundation Plan and Details Concrete Slab Plan and Details Roof Framing Plan and Details Roof Drainage Plan Building Sections Exterior Elevations, Panel Plan, and Wall Details • Drawing Revisions Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
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Layouts & Drawings
http://www.chemionix.com/2d_drawings.html
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Mustafa Pasha – MTS 242 – Computer Aided Drawing
Example of Structural Drawings. http://www.hi-spec-uk.com/eng/page1.htm
