DESIGN DESI GN AND FABRICATION FABRICATION OF STEERING OPERATED HEAVY DUTY MOVABLE MACHINE VICE
SYNOPSIS
The The main main purp purpos osee of this this proj projec ectt is used used to DESI DESIGN GN AND FABRIA RIAT TION ION
OF
STEE STEERI RING NG
OPERA PERAT TED
!EA" EA"Y
D#TY D#TY
$A!INE "IE% !o&din' machine is a mechanica& de(ice used to ho&d or other)ise e*ert a force on an o+ject too hea(, to dea& )ith +, hand% A common e*amp&e is the )or-shop machine (ice. )hich is used to fi* the end of a )or- piece +, a s,stem of ratchets. 'ears. and scre)s% !o&din' machine (ices are used for &e(e&in' or positionin' hea(, e/uipment. or for supportin' structures% In this project )e are doin' the machine (ice )ith rac- and pinion mechanism arran'ement )ith steerin' )hee&%
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CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERA GENERAL L INTROD INTRODUCT UCTION ION
This de(ice the steerin' machine (ice for )or-shops and )or- piece 'ara'es has +een de(e&oped to &ater the needs of sma&& and medium )or-sh )or-shop% op%
In
most of the 'ara'es the )or- piece are ho&ded +, usin'
machine (ice% This needs hi'h man po)er and s-i&&ed &a+ours% In order to a(oid a&& such disad(anta'es. this machine (ice for )or-shops has +een desi'ned in such a )a, that it can +e used to ho&d the )or- piece (er, smooth&, )ithout an, impact force% The operation is made +e simp&e that e(en an, person can hand&ed. +, turnin' the steerin' )hee&% This This is an era era of auto autom matio ation n )her )heree it is +roa +road& d&, , defi define ned d as rep&acement of manua& effort +, mechanica& po)er in a&& de'rees of auto automa mati tion on%% The The oper operat atio ion n remai remains ns an esse essent ntia ia&& part part of the the s,st s,stem em a&thou'h )ith chan'in' demands on ph,sica& input as the de'ree of mechani1ation is increases%
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De'rees of automation are of t)o t,pes. (i1 % 3 Fu&& automation% 3 Semi automation% In semi emi automa omation a com+ination of manua& effort and mecha echani nica ca&& po)e po)err is re/u re/uir ired ed )her )herea eass in fu&& fu&& auto autom matio ation n hum human participation is (er, ne'&i'i+&e%
1.2 NEED FOR AUTOMATION
Auto Automa mati tion on can can +e achi achie( e(ed ed throu throu'h 'h compu compute ters rs.. h,dra h,drau& u&ic ics. s. pneumatics. ro+otics. etc%. of these sources. pneumatics form an attracti(e medium for &o) cost automation%
To achie(e mass production
To reduce manpo)er
To increase increase the efficienc, of the p&ant
To reduce the )or- &oad
To reduce the production cost
To reduce the production time
To reduce the materia& hand&in'
To reduce the fati'ue of )or-ers
4
To achie(e 'ood product /ua&it,
5ess $aintenance
CHAPTER - 2 NEED FOR AUTOMATIC SYSTEM
3.1 AUTOMATIC SYSTEM
In the de(e&opment of the su+marine from pre6)ar c&asses. man, chan'es and impro(ements ha(e occurred% One of the outstandin' differences is the &ar'e (ariet, of su+marine de(ices )hich are no) operated +, automatic po)er% In ear&, c&asses. there )as no automatic s,stem. and po)er re/uirements )ere met +, means of air or e&ectricit,% A&on' )ith constant&, impro(in' su+marine desi'n has 'one a constant e*tension and di(ersification of the use of automatic po)er% 3.2 Compara!"# a$"a%a&#' o( a)oma!* po+#r
Automatic s,stems possess numerous ad(anta'es o(er other s,stems of po)er operation% The, are &i'ht in )ei'ht7 the, are simp&e and e*treme&, re&ia+&e. re/uirin' a minimum of attention and maintenance%
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Automatic contro&s are sensiti(e. and afford precise contro&&a+i&it,% Because of the &o) inertia of mo(in' parts. the, start and stop in comp&ete o+edience to the desires of the operator. and their operation is positi(e%
Fina&&,. automatic units are re&ati(e&, /uiet in operation. an important consideration )hen detection +, the enem, must +e pre(ented% Therefore. in spite of the presence of the t)o po)er sources just descri+ed. automatic po)er ma-es its appearance on the su+marine +ecause of the fact that its operationa& ad(anta'es. )hen )ei'hed a'ainst the disad(anta'es enumerated for e&ectricit, and air in the precedin' para'raphs. fu&&, justif, the addition of this third source of po)er to those a(ai&a+&e in the modern su+marine%
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MACHINE VICE
A $achine (ice is a porta+&e de(ice consistin' of a scre) mechanism used to ho&d or &o)ers the &oad% There are t)o t,pes of machine (ices6 mechanica& and h,drau&ic% $echanica& machine (ices can +e either hand operated or po)er dri(en% The h,drau&ic machine (ice consist of c,&inder and piston mechanism A&thou'h a machine (ice is a simp&e de(ice used to ho&d (arious t,pes of &oads Proper si1e. stren'th and sta+i&it, are essentia& re/uirements for the desi'n of the machine (ice from safet, consideration
:
A (ice is a mechanica& apparatus used to secure an o+ject to a&&o) )or- to +e performed on it% "ises ha(e t)o para&&e& ja)s. one fi*ed and the other mo(a+&e. threaded in and out +, a scre) and &e(er% T,pes
;ood)or-in' ;ood)or-in' (ises are attached to a )or-+ench. t,pica&&, f&ush )ith its )or- surface% Their ja)s are made of )ood or meta&. the &atter usua&&, faced )ith )ood to a(oid marrin' the )or-% The mo(a+&e ja) ma, inc&ude a retracta+&e do' to ho&d )or- a'ainst a +ench do'% <=uic-6re&ease< (ises emp&o, a sp&it nut that a&&o)s the scre) to en'a'e or disen'a'e )ith a ha&f6turn of the hand&e% ;hen disen'a'ed the mo(a+&e ja) ma, +e mo(ed in or out throu'hout its entire ran'e of motion. (ast&, speedin' up the process of adjustment% ommon thread t,pes are Acme and +uttress% En'ineer>s An en'ineer>s (ise. a&so -no)n as a meta&)or-in' (ise or fitter>s (ise. is used to c& meta& instead of )ood% It is t,pica&&, made of cast stee& or ma&&ea+&e cast iron% heaper (ises ma, +e made of +ritt&e cast iron% The
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ja)s are often separate and rep&acea+&e. usua&&, en'ra(ed )ith serrated or diamond teeth% Soft ja) co(ers made of a&uminum. &ead. or p&astic ma, +e used to protect de&icate )or-% An en'ineer>s (ise is +o&ted onto the top surface of a )or-+ench. )ith the face of the fi*ed ja)s just for)ard of its front ed'e% The (ise ma, inc&ude other features such as a sma&& an(i& on the +ac- of its +od,%
Others Other -inds of (ise inc&ude@ !and (ises $achine (ises 6 dri&& (ises &ie f&at on a dri&& press +ed% "ises of the same 'enera& form are used a&so on mi&&in' machines and 'rindin' machines% compound s&ide (ises are more comp&e* machine (ises% The, a&&o) speed and precision in the p&acement of the )or-% ross (ises. )hich can +e adjusted usin' &ead scre)s in the C and Y a*es7 these are usefu& if man, ho&es need to +e dri&&ed in the same )or-piece usin' a dri&& press% ompare router ta+&e% Off6center (ises An'&e (ises
Sine (ises. )hich use 'au'e +&oc-s to set up a hi'h&, accurate an'&e Rotar, (ises Diema-ers> (ises Pin (ises for ho&din' thin. &on' c,&indrica& o+jects +, one end e)e&&ers> (ises and +, contrast 5e' (ises. )hich are attached to a +ench +ut a&so supported from the 'round so as to +e sta+&e under the (er, hea(, use imposed +, a +&ac-smith>s )or-%
A$"a%a&#'
An ad(anta'e of (ice o(er some other t,pes of (ice is that the, are se&f6 &oc-in'. )hich means )hen the rotationa& force on the cam is remo(ed. it )i&& remain motion&ess )here it )as &eft and )i&& not rotate +ac-)ards. re'ard&ess of ho) much &oad it is supportin'% This ma-es them inherent&, safer than h,drau&ic (ices. for e*amp&e. )hich )i&& mo(e +ac-)ards under &oad if the force on the h,drau&ic actuator is accidenta&&, re&eased% M#*,a%!*a a$"a%a&#
The mechanica& ad(anta'e of a cam (ice. the ratio of the force the (ice e*erts on the &oad to the input force on the &e(er. i'norin' friction. is
)here
is the force the (ice e*erts on the &oad
0
is the rotationa& force e*erted on the hand&e of the (ice is the &en'th of the (ice hand&e. from the cam a*is to )here the force is app&ied
!o)e(er. most cam (ices ha(e &ar'e amounts of friction )hich increase the input force necessar,. so the actua& mechanica& ad(anta'e is often on&, 4H to 9H of this fi'ure%
App!*a!o%'
A (ice threads must support hea(, &oads% In the most hea(,6dut, app&ications. such as cam (ices. a s/uare thread or +uttress thread is used. +ecause it has the &o)est friction% In other app&ication such as actuators. an Acme thread is used. a&thou'h it has hi'her friction% The &ar'e area of s&idin' contact +et)een the cam threads means (ice ha(e hi'h friction and &o) efficienc, as po)er transmission &in-a'es. around 4H9H% So the, are not often used for continuous transmission of hi'h po)er. +ut more often in intermittent positionin' app&ications% The Ba&& cam is a more ad(anced t,pe of &eadcam that uses a recircu&atin'6+a&& nut to minimi1e friction and pro&on' the &ife of the cam threads% The thread profi&e of such cams is semicircu&ar to proper&, mate
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)ith the +earin' +a&&s% The disad(anta'e to this t,pe of cam is that it is not se&f6&oc-in'% App!*a!o%'
Amachine (icescre)>s threads must support hea(, &oads% In the most hea(,6dut, app&ications. such as machine (ices. a s/uare thread or +uttress thread is used. +ecause it has the &o)est friction% In other app&ication such as actuators. an Acme thread is used. a&thou'h it has hi'her friction% The &ar'e area of s&idin' contact +et)een the scre) threads meansmachine (icescre)s ha(e hi'h friction and &o) efficienc, as po)er transmission &in-a'es. around 4H9H% So the, are not often used for continuous transmission of hi'h po)er. +ut more often in intermittent positionin' app&ications% The Ba&& scre) is a more ad(anced t,pe of &eadscre) that uses a recircu&atin'6+a&& nut to minimi1e friction and pro&on' the &ife of the scre) threads% The thread profi&e of such scre)s is semicircu&ar to proper&, mate )ith the +earin' +a&&s% The disad(anta'e to this t,pe of scre) is that it is not se&f6&oc-in
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Ma*,!%# "!*# op#ra!o%'
It is necessar, that the )or- shou&d +e proper&, and secure&, he&d on for machinin' operations. a "ISE is a effecti(e )or- ho&din' de(ice% "ises@ "ises are the most common app&iances for ho&din' )or- on ta+&e due to its /uic- &oadin' and un&oadin' arran'ement% There are main&, three t,pes of (ises common&, used. P&ain (ise S)i(e& (ise Too& ma-ers uni(ersa& (ise P&ain "ise@ the p&ain (ise +o&ted direct&, on the ta+&e on the T6s&ots% The (ise ma, +e fastened to the ta+&e )ith the ja)s set at ri'ht an'&es to the ta+&e T6s&ots% ;or- is camped +et)een the fi*ed and mo(a+&e ja)s and for ho&din' )or- pieces of irre'u&ar shape specia& ja)s are used% S)i(e& (ise@ the s)i(e& (ise is used to mi&& an'u&ar surface in re&ation to a strai'ht surface )ithout remo(in' the )or- from the (ise% In construction it ma, +e considered a p&ain (ise. )hich is mounted on a circu&ar +ase 'raduated in de'rees% The +ase is c&ed on the ta+&e +, means of T6 s&ots%
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The re/uired machinin' operations to +e performed are@ Facin'. chamferin'. turnin' to pro(ide c&in' surface to ja)s%
E*terna& S/uare threadin' on the spind&e% Dri&&in'. Borin' and interna& threadin' on +ase p&ate% Dri&&in' on the spind&e and threadin' on &e(er to fit into the spind&e
for app&ication of manua& &oad% 6c& for c&in' the "ice on the ta+&e%
V!'# I%'aa!o%
This (ise hard)are is adapta+&e for insta&&ation in a (ariet, of positions. and on different st,&es of +ench tops% The -e, to successfu& insta&&ation is carefu& p&annin' and preparation% Insta&&ed proper&,. ,our (ise )i&& 'i(e a &ifetime of usefu&. dai&, ser(ice% First@ hoose (ise position and ja) si1e This (ise can +e mounted in a (ariet, of positions. dependin' on ,our )or-in' st,&e and +ench t,pe% Assumin' ,ouJre ri'ht handed. t,pica& mountin' positions )ou&d +e either to)ards the &eft of the front ed'e of ,our +ench. or the ri'ht end of ,our +ench% ar(ers )i&& pro+a+&, find the end position most usefu&. as )i&& those )ho )i&& most often c& )ide.
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f&at )or- &i-e doors and )ide pane&s% If the (ise )i&& most&, +e used to ho&d sma&& parts. or narro) +oards on ed'e for jointin'. the +enchJs front ed'e )i&& &i-e&, +e the +est option% ust +e sure that the &ocation ,ou choose doesnJt interfere )ith +ench &e's or aprons% a) si1e is determined +, a com+ination of +ench top thic-ness and )idth. the mountin' st,&e ,ou choose. and ,our preference% a) $ateria&@ Traditiona& +ench and (ise ja) materia&s inc&ude European +eech and hard map&e7 )here these species are for sa&e the,Jre usua&&, a(ai&a+&e in K8 thic-ness% Birch and )hite oa- are a&so 'ood. tou'h )oods to consider% If ,ouJ(e made ,our o)n top. ,ouJ&& ha(e ,our o)n preference% a) Thic-ness@ ;e recommend that ja)s +e at &east 069K inches thic-. )hich a&&o)s +oth secure fastenin' to the hard)are. and room to accommodate do' ho&es either s/uare or 4K8 inch round in the front ja)% a) 5en'th@ For the sma&& (ise. recommended ja) &en'th is 02 to 09 inches% The &ar'e (ise can accommodate ja)s up to 0 inches &on'7 an,thin' &on'er su+jects the (ise to e*cessi(e rac-in'. )hich can shorten its &ife%
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a) Depth@ the startin' point for determinin' ja) depth is throat depth% Throat depth is the (ertica& distance from the top ed'e of the ja) f&ush )ith the +ench top do)n to the top o( ,# CHAPTER - COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
The major components of this project are. MOVABLE JAW FIXED JAW RACK AND PINION FRAME STEERING ROD STEERING WHEEL
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S##r!%& +,##
A steerin' )hee& a&so ca&&ed a dri(in' )hee& or hand )hee& is a t,pe of steerin' contro& in )or- piece and (esse&s ships and +oats% Steerin' )hee&s are used in most modern &and )or- piece. inc&udin' a&& mass6production )or-shops as )e&& as &i'ht and hea(, truc-s% The steerin' )hee& is the part of the steerin' s,stem that is manipu&ated +, the dri(er7 the rest of the steerin' s,stem responds to such dri(er inputs%
0?
This can +e throu'h direct mechanica& contact as in recircu&atin' +a&& or rac- and pinion steerin' 'ears. )ithout or )ith the assistance of h,drau&ic po)er steerin'. !PS. or as in some modern production cars )ith the assistance of computer contro&&ed motors. -no)n as E&ectric Po)er Steerin'%
As a dri(er ma, ha(e his hands on the steerin' )hee& for hours at a time these are desi'ned )ith er'onomics in mind% !o)e(er. the most important concern is that the dri(er can effecti(e&, con(e, tor/ue to the steerin' s,stem7 this is especia&&, important in )or- piece )ithout po)er steerin' or in the rare e(ent of a &oss of steerin' assist% A t,pica& desi'n for circu&ar steerin' )hee&s is a stee& or ma'nesium rim )ith a p&astic or ru++eri1ed 'rip mo&ded o(er and around it% Some dri(ers purchase (in,& or te*ti&e steerin' )hee& co(ers to enhance 'rip or comfort. or simp&, as decoration% Another de(ice used to ma-e steerin' easier is the +rodie -no+% A simi&ar de(ice in aircraft is the ,o-e% ;ater (esse&s not steered from a stern6mounted ti&&er are directed )ith the ship>s )hee&. )hich ma, ha(e inspired the concept of the steerin' )hee&%
0
Ear&, Formu&a One cars used steerin' )hee&s ta-en direct&, from road cars% The, )ere norma&&, made from )ood necessitatin' the use of dri(in' '&o(es. and in the a+sence of pac-a'in' constraints the, tended to +e made as &ar'e a diameter as possi+&e. to reduce the effort needed to turn%
0
The )ire spo-es )ere a +uffer or a+sor+er +et)een the dri(er>s hands and the drum of the road% $ost )ere 4 or 8 spo-es made of four or fi(e )ires in each spo-e. hence the name
#sa'e
The steerin' )hee& shou&d +e used )ith strate'ic mo(ements of the hand and )rist in spinnin' motions% aution and care shou&d +e used to ensure safet, of the e*tremities% The constant motions used must +e performed )ith caution%
2
Ra*/ a%$ p!%!o%
A rac- and pinion is a t,pe of &inear actuator that comprises a pair of 'ears )hich con(ert rotationa& motion into &inear motion% A circu&ar 'ear ca&&ed
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A 'eneratin' rac- is a rac- out&ine used to indicate tooth detai&s and dimensions for the desi'n of a 'eneratin' too&. such as a ho+ or a 'ear shaper cutter% Rac- and pinion com+inations are often used as part of a simp&e &inear actuator. )here the rotation of a shaft po)ered +, hand or +, a motor is con(erted to &inear motion% The rac- carries the fu&& &oad of the actuator direct&, and so the dri(in' pinion is usua&&, sma&&. so that the 'ear ratio reduces the tor/ue re/uired%
22
This force. thus tor/ue. ma, sti&& +e su+stantia& and so it is common for there to +e a reduction 'ear immediate&, +efore this +, either a 'ear or )orm 'ear reduction% Rac- 'ears ha(e a hi'her ratio. thus re/uire a 'reater dri(in' tor/ue. than scre) actuators% A rac- and pinion is common&, found in the steerin' mechanism of cars or other )hee&ed. steered )or- piece% Rac- and pinion pro(ides a &ess efficient mechanica& ad(anta'e than other mechanisms such as recircu&atin' +a&&. +ut &ess +ac-&ash and 'reater feed+ac-. or steerin'
G#ar' G#ar'0toothed )hee&s or co's are positi(e t,pe dri(es )hich are used to
transmit motion +et)een t)o shafts or a shaft and a component ha(in' &inear motion. +, meshin' of t)o or more 'ears% The, ha(e ad(anta'e o(er other dri(es &i-e chains. +e&ts etc% in case of precision machines )here a definite (e&ocit, ratio is of importance and a&so in case )here the dri(er and the fo&&o)er are in c&ose pro*imit,7 the do)nside is that 'ears
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are more e*pensi(e to manufacture and their operatin' cost is a&so re&ati(e&, hi'h% Po+#r '*r#+' are used to con(ert rotar, motion in to trans&ationa&
motion % It is a&soca&&ed trans&ationa& scre)% The, find use in machines such as uni(ersa& tensi&e testin'machines. machine too&s. automoti(emachine (ices. (ises7 aircraft f&ap e*tenders. trench +races.&inear actuators. adjusta+&e f&oor posts. micrometers. and 6 c&s% There are t)o -indsof po)er scre)s. h,drau&ic and mechanica& po)er scre)s%A specia& case is machine (ice )hich ho&ds or &o)ers the &oad +, app&,in' a sma&& force inthe hori1onta& p&ane% A scre) thread is formed +, cuttin' a continuous he&ica& 'roo(earound the c,&inder% These 'roo(es are cut either &eft hand or ri'ht hand%The majorit, of scre)s are ti'htened +, c&oc-)ise rotation. )hich is termed a ri'ht6hand thread % Scre)s )ith &eft6hand threads are used in e*ceptiona& cases% For e*amp&e.antic&oc-)ise forces are app&ied to the scre) )hich )ou&d )or- to undo a ri'ht6handthread. a &eft6hand6threaded scre) )ou&d +e an appropriate choice%Po)er scre)s are t,pica&&, made from car+on stee&. a&&o, stee&. or stain&ess stee& and the,are usua&&, used )ith +ron1e. p&astic. or stee& matin' nuts% Bron1e and p&astic nuts arepopu&ar for hi'her dut, app&ications and the, pro(ide &o) coefficients of friction forminimi1in' dri(e tor/ues%
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S1.
PARTS
.
Ma#r!a
1
$I5D STEE5
0
5EAD SRE;
2
!o&d pad
0
$i&d stee&
4
Steerin' )hee&
0
%I
8
Stand Frame
0
$i&d stee&
9
Frame
:
$echanica& 'ear arran'ement
0
$i&d stee&
?%
Steerin' rod
0
$i&d stee&
2 $eter $i&d stee&
Ta# .1 L!' o( Ma#r!a'
29
2:
CHAPTER 4 5
BLOC6 DIAGRAM 7Ho$!%&8
Arm Po)er
Steerin' )hee&
Power To Front Wheel
$achine (ice Arran'ement
Rac- and pinion
2?
!o&d the )or- piece
CHAPTER - 9 :OR6ING PRINCIPLE The steerin' )i&& +e operated at the time of an, hodin' the )or- piece or machinin' operation% The arm po)er is 'i(en to steerin' )hich transmits mechanica& po)er% The steerin' rotates )hich is coup&ed )ith
2
pinion a&so rotates% The rac- and pinion con(erts rotar, to &inear motion in the s,stem )hich mo(es the mo(a+&e ja) in the machine (ice and the )or- piece 'ets ho&ded% This is an era of modern techno&o', )here it is +road&, defined as rep&acement of manua& effort +, mechanica& po)er in a&& de'rees of automation%
In order to ho&d the hea(, &oad of the )or- piece a mechanica& &oc- arran'ement is a&so pro(ided%
CHAPTER - ;
2
CALCULATION HOLD
Calculation of Linear Speed for a Machine vice
M#r!* U%!'
RPM $% Inp&' Sa%' ) H$*din+S,re- Lead Linear Speed
("
(!in" # Gear Ra'i$n
or a&ternati(e&,
RPM $% Inp&' Sa%' Linear Speed (!in" # T&rn. $% W$r %$r / H$*d
Imp#r!a U%!'
4
RPM $% W$r Sa%' ) H$*din+S,re Linear Speed
Lead (in"
(in!in" # Gear Ra'i$n
or a&ternati(e&,
RPM $% W$r Sa%' Linear Speed (in!in" # T&rn. $% W$r %$r /0 H$*d
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CHAPTER - 1< ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES It re/uires simp&e maintenance areas% The &en'th, )or- piece can +e easi&, ho&ded% hec-in' and c&eanin' are eas,. +ecause of the main parts are
scre)ed% !and&in' is eas,% $anua& po)er not re/uired for ho&din' the )or- piece% Repairin' is eas,% Rep&acement of parts is eas,% $a*imum &en'th upto 0%9 feet can +e reached%
DISADVANTAGES
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Initia& cost is hi'h%
CHAPTER - 11 APPLICATIONS
It is (er, much usefu& for machine O)ners and Auto 'ara'es% This
automatic machine (ice for )or-shops is used for ho&din'K +ra-in' the )or- piece% Thus. it can +e usefu& for the a&& t,pes of industries%
CHAPTER - 12 CONCLUSION This project )or- has pro(ided us an e*ce&&ent opportunit, and e*perience. to use our &imited -no)&ed'e% ;e 'ained a &ot of practica& -no)&ed'e re'ardin'. p&annin'. purchasin'. assem+&in' and machinin' )hi&e doin' this project )or-% ;e fee& that the project )or- is a 'ood so&ution to
44
+rid'e the 'ates +et)een institution and industries% ;e are proud that )e ha(e comp&eted the )or- )ith the &imited time successfu&&,% =DESIGN AND FABRICATION
OF STEERING
OPERATED MACHINE VICE IN :OR6SHOPS is )or-in' )ith satisfactor, conditions% ;e are a+&e to understand the difficu&ties in maintainin' the to&erances and a&so /ua&it,% ;e ha(e done to our a+i&it, and s-i&& ma-in' ma*imum use of a(ai&a+&e faci&ities% In conc&usion remar-s of our project )or-. &et us add a fe) more &ines a+out our impression project )or-% B, usin' more techni/ues. the, can +e modified and de(e&oped accordin' to the app&ications%
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REFERENCES 0% G%B%S Naran'. L;or-shop En'ineerin'M. hanna Pu+&ishers. De&hi. 00. pp%:?0% 2% ;i&&iam !% ro)se. L;or-shop En'ineerin'M% 4% $E!ANIS$S IN $ODERN ENGINEERING DESIGN "o&% "% PART I 8% E5E$ENTS OF ;ORS!OP TE!NO5OGY "O55 II 6S%% !ARA !O#D!RY 6 S%% BOSE 6 A%% !ARA !O#D!RY 9% STRENGT! OF $ATERIA5S I%B% PRASAD
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