Standard Specifications for Tunneling

STANDARD STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR TUNNELING-2006: Cut-andCover Tunnels CONTENTS

1. GENERAL 1.1 General Provisions [ 1] Scope of Application [ 2] Definitions of Special Terms [ 3] Related Laws and Regulations [ 4] Selection of Cut-and-Cover Method and Study of Procedures 1.2 Investigation Investigation [ 5] Purposes of Investigation [ 6] Investigation Investigation of Site Conditions [ 7] Investigation Investigation of Obstacles [ 8] Studies of Geological Conditions [ 9] Environmental Protection Studies 1.3 Planning [10] Basics of Planning [11] Tunnel Locations [12] Tunnel Horizontal and Longitudinal Alignments Alignments [13] Tunnel Structure and Shape [14] Inner Section [15] Selection of Construction Construction Method [16] Appurtenant Tunnel Facilities [17] Environmental Protection Measures [18] Project Scheduling [19] Observations, Investigations, Measurements and Work Records [20] Maintenance and Management 2. TUNNEL DESIGN 2.1 General Provisions [21] Design Objectives [22] Design Documents 2.2 Basic Elements of Design [23] General Considerations [24] Design Life [26] Limit States Considered in Performance Verification [27] Safety Factors [28] Modification Factors 2.3 Loads [29] General Considerations [30] Load Characteristic Values [31] Load Factors [32] Types and Classifications of Loads [33] Self-weight [34] Surcharge on Ground Surface [35] Overburden Load [36] Earth and Water Pressures, or Lateral Pressure [37] Uplift Pressure [38] Loads inside Tunnel [39] Effects of Temperature Change and Influences of Drying Shrinkage [40] Loads during Construction [41] Influences of Ground Movement [42] Other Loads [43] Combination of Design Loads 2.4 Materials and Design Values [44] General Considerations [45] Design Values of Concrete

[46] Design Values of Steels 2.5 Analysis Model and Calculation of Response Values [47] Structural Analysis Model [48] Modeling Member Characteristics [49] Modeling Ground [50] Calculation of the Response Value 2.6 Verification of Safely [51] General Considerations [52] Examination of Safety Against Flexural Moment and Axial Force [53] Examination of Safety Against Shear Force [54] Examination of Safety Against Torsion [55] Examination of Safety Against Fatigue [56] Examination of Body Stability 2.7 Verification of Serviceability Serviceability [57] General Considerations [58] Calculating Stress [59] Stress Limiting Values [60] Examination of Cracking [61] Examination of Displacement and Deformation [62] Examination of Vibration 2.8 Verification of Durability [63] General Considerations [64] Examination of Steel Corrosion [65] Examination of Deterioration of Concrete 2.9 Examination of Earthquake Resistance 2.9.1 Fundamentals of Seismic Design [66] Fundamentals of Seismic Design for Cut-and-Cover Tunnels [67] Earthquake Motion Assumed in Design [68] Seismic Performance of Structure [69] Planning Seismic-Proof Structures in Cut-and-Cover Tunnels [70] Seismic Design Procedure 2.9.2 Seismic Loads [71] Loads that Must be Considered [72] Design Seismic Motion 2.9.3 Calculation of Response Value and Analysis Model [73] General Considerations [74] Calculation of Response Value in Transverse Direction [75] Calculation of Response Value in Longitudinal Direction [76] Modeling of Ground and Tunnel 2.9.4 Verification of Seismic Performance [77] General Considerations [78] Verification of Damage to Members [79] Safety Factors [80] Calculation of Limiting Values [81] Verification of Stability Against Liquefaction 2.10 Design of Members [82] Beams [83] Columns [84] Slabs [85] Walls [86] Arches [87] Precast Concrete 2.11 Structural Details 2.11.1 Structural Details of Tunnels [88] Structural Details of Tunnel Bodies [89] Structural Details of Tunnel Joints 2.11.2 General Structural Details of Members [90] General Structural Details [91] Member Structural Details 2.11.3 Structural Details for Seismic Performance [92] General Considerations

[93] Axial Reinforcement [94] Transverse Reinforcement Reinforcement [95] Member Joints [96] Members Subject to In-Plane Shear Force [97] Steel-Framed Reinforced Concrete [98] Verification through Experiment 2.12 Design for Using Diaphragm Walls as Permanent Walls 2.12.1 General Points in Regard to Plan and Design [99] General Considerations [100] Selection of Structural System [101] Loads 2.12.2 Design of Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Walls [102] Structural Analysis [103] Examination of Ultimate Limit State [104] Examination of Serviceability Limit State [105] Design of Joints between Slab and Side Wall [106] Structural Details 2.12.3 Design of Steel Diaphragm Walls [107] Structural Analysis [108] Examination of Ultimate Limit State [109] Examination of Serviceability Limit State [110] Design of Joint between Slabs and Side Wall [111] Structural Details 2.13 Design of Shaft [112] General Considerations Considerations [113] Loads [114] Structural Analysis [115] Structural Details 3. DESIGNING TEMPORARY STRUCTURES 3.1 General Provisions [116] Scope of Application Application [117] Design Fundamentals Fundamentals [118] Types of Loads [119] Dead Loads [120] Live Loads [121] Impact [122] General Approach to Lateral Pressure [123] Lateral Pressures Used in Conventional Calculation Method [124] Lateral Pressures Used in the Beam-Spring Model [125] Other Loads 3.3 Materials and Allowable Stresses [126] Materials [127] Determining Allowable Stresses [128] Allowable Stresses for Steels [129] Allowable Stresses for Concrete, etc [130] Allowable Stresses for Wood 3.4 Road Decking [131] Design of Road-Decking Road-Decking Panels [132] Design of Road-Decking Road-Decking Beams [133] Design of Beam Support Members 3.5 Earth-retaining Systems [134] General Considerations Considerations [135] Design of Earth-retaining Earth-retaining Systems [136] Stability of Bottom of Excavation [137] Calculation of Penetration Depth [138] Conventional Calculation Method for Earth-retaining Wall Stress [139] Calculation of Stresses and Deformation of Earth-retaining Walls according to the Beam-Spring Model

[140] Stress Calculation of Cantilever Earth-retaining Walls [141] Design of Waling [142] Design of Struts [143] Design of Angle Braces [144] Design of Ground Anchors Used for Temporary Retaining Works [145] Bearing Capacities of Earth-retaining Earth-retaining Walls and Intermediate Piles [146] Examining Effects of Earth-retaining Earth-retaining System on Surrounding Ground and Structures [147] Design of Shaft Retaining Systems that Use Diaphragm Walls 3.6 Auxiliary Methods Used in Excavation [148] General Considerations Considerations [149] Selection of Auxiliary Methods [150] Design of Auxiliary Methods 4. CNSTRUCTION 4.1 General Provisions [151] Construction Plan [152] Change of Construction Construction Method 4.2 Surveying [153] General Considerations Considerations [154] Surveying during Construction Work 4.3 Earth-retaining Walls 4.3.1 Handling of Obstacles and Trench Excavation/ Temporary Decking [155] General Considerations Considerations [156] Handling of Obstacles [157] Trench Excavation and Temporary Decking 4.3.2 Building Retaining Walls with Steel Piles, Steel Sheet Piles and Steel Pipe Sheet Piles [158] General Considerations Considerations [159] Construction Equipment [160] Driving and Pitching Steel Piles [161] Driving and Jacking Steel Sheet Piles [162] Driving and Bored Jacking of Steel Pipe Sheet Piles 4.3.3 Single-Axis Cast-in-Place Pile Diaphragm Walls [163] General Considerations Considerations [164] Construction Equipment [165] Construction 4.3.4 Soil-Cement Mixing Walls [166] General Considerations Considerations [167] Construction Equipment [168] Construction 4.3.5 Diaphragm Walls Using Stabilizing Slurry [169] General Considerations Considerations [170] Excavators [171] Excavation [172] Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Walls [173] Steel Diaphragm Walls [174] Stabilizing Diaphragm Walls with Solidified Slurry [175] Treatment of Stabilizing Stabilizing Slurry 4.4 Road Decking [176] General Considerations Considerations [177] Attachment of Beam Support Members [178] Demolition of Pavement [179] Erection of Deck Beams and Cover Plates [180] Maintenance of Road Decking 4.5 Excavation [181] General Considerations Considerations [182] Excavators and Other Equipment [183] Excavation [184] Wood Lagging

[185] Discontinuous Portions of Earth-retaining Earth-retaining Walls [186] Reinforcement of Intermediate Piles during Excavation [187] Drainage in Tunnel [188] Treatment of Excavated Soil [189] Safety 4.6 Earth-retaining Wall Support [190] General Considerations Considerations [191] Installation and Removal of Earth-retaining Earth-retaining Wall Support [192] Waling and Struts [193] Ground Anchors for Earth-retaining Earth-retaining Wall Support [194] Inspection of Earth-retaining Wall Support 4.7 Waterproofing Waterproofing [195] General Considerations Considerations [196] Sheet Membrane Waterproofing [197] Membrane Coating Waterproofing (Paint Film) [198] Bentonite Panels (Mat Waterproofing) [199] Other Waterproofing Waterproofing [200] Base for Waterproofing [201] Protection of Waterproofing Membrane [202] Waterproofing of Joints 4.8 Tunnel Main Structures [203] General Considerations Considerations [204] Foundation Preparation [205] Reinforcing Bars [206] Concrete Forms and Supports [207] Concrete Placement and Curing [208] Joint Treatment 4.9 Backfilling [209] General Considerations Considerations [210] Backfilling Operations 4.10 Road Deck Removal and Road Surface Restoration [211] General Considerations Considerations [212] Removing Road Decks [213] Restoration of Road Surfaces 4.11 Removing Earth-retaining Walls and Intermediate Piles [214] General Considerations Considerations [215] Removing Soldier Piles and Steel Sheet Piles [216] Removing Intermediate Piles 4.12 Protecting Underground Utilities [217] General Considerations Considerations [218] Safety Measures Prior to Tunnel Construction [219] Safety Measures during Excavation [220] Safety Measures when Backfilling [221] Maintenance and Inspections 4.13 Auxiliary Methods [222] General Considerations Considerations [223] Dewatering Method [224] Quicklime Pile Method [225] Deep Mixing Method [226] Chemical Grouting Method [227] Ground Freezing Method 4.14 Working in the Vicinity of Other Structures [228] General Considerations Considerations [229] Construction Methods Adopted as Countermeasures 4.15 Underpinning [230] General Considerations Considerations [231] Temporary and Permanent Support 4.16 Partial Excavation Method [232] General Considerations Considerations [233] Trench Cut Method and Island Process [234] Top-down Construction Construction

4.17 Shaft [235] General Considerations Considerations [236] Shaft Construction Construction 4.18 Monitoring and Instrumentation Instrumentation [237] General Considerations Considerations [238] Visual Inspections [239] Measurements [240] Reflecting Visual Inspection and Measurement Data in Design and Construction 4.19 Construction Management [241] Schedule Control [242] Quality Control [243] Work Control 4.20 Safety and Health Control [244] General Considerations Considerations [245] Creating Good Working Environment [246] Accident Prevention Program [247] Emergency Measures 4.21 Environmental Protection Measures [248] General Considerations Considerations [249] Prevention of Noise and Vibration [250] Preventing Ground Settlement, Drawing Down Water Levels and Impediments to Groundwater Flow [251] Preventing Water and Soil Pollution [252] Preventing of Flying Dust [253] Preventing Obstruction of Traffic [254] Treatment of Construction Construction By-Products APPENDIX 2-1 Reference 2-2 Reference 2-3 Reference an Earthquake 2-4 Reference Body 2-5 Reference 2-6 Reference INDEX

on Road Traffic Load on the Design Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction on the Calculation Method for Ground Deformation during on Use of Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Walls as Main on Modeling Connection of Shaft with Tunnel on Grashof-Rankine Grashof-Rankine Method