BIOTECNOLOGiA DEL MED MEDIO IO AM AMB BIE IEN NTE Principios y Aplicaciones Bruc Br uce e E. RITTMANN U ni ni ver ver sidad sidad d e No Non nh Wes est t ern. ern. Ev aanston. aanston. I/I i i nois.
Perr Pe rryy L. McCARTY Universi d d ad a d de St St anford . Ca Cal l ifornia. ifornia.
es el el ins instr trum umen ento to Biotecnol Biote cnologia ogia del Medi Medio o Ambi Ambiente ente:: Prin Principi cipio o s y Apli Apliccaciones es
impr esc imp escind indii bl blee para el disei seiio io y com compre prens nsiion de los los pr proc oces esos os mi micr crob obio iolo logi gico coss util ut iliz izad ados os en la pr prot otec ecci cion on y me mejo jora ra dell Me de Medi dio o Am Ambi bien ente te.. EI li lib b r o es esta tabl blec ecee lass base la basess de los los prin princi cipi pios os de micro microbi biol olog ogia ia e in inge geni nier eria ia junto a una extensa informac informaciion so sobr bree la lass pri rin nci cipa pale less ap apli liccac acio ione ness medi me dioa oamb mbie ient ntal alees, desd de sdee la lass trad tr adic icio iona nale les, s, co como mo lo lodo do activo activo y di dige gest stio ion n an anae aero robi bia, a, ha hast staa ap apli lica caci cion ones es en vi vias as de de desar desarro roll llo o co como mo elimiina elim naci cion on de to toxi xici cida dad d de pro produ ducc ccto toss qu quiimi mico coss pe peli ligr gros osos os y fi filt ltra raci cion on bi biol olog ogic icaa de dell agua agua po pota tabl blee . Es la fu fuen ente te fi fide dedi dign gnaa pa para ra en ente tend nder er co como mo fu func ncio iona nan n lo loss pro proce ceso soss en biot biotec ecno nolo logi giaa me medi dioa oamb mbie ient ntal al y com omo o cr creear pr proc oced edim imie ient ntos os seg se gur uros os pil ilta ta resp respon onde derr al alaas ne nece cesi sid dad adees actu ac tual alees y ve veni nide dera ras. s. EI libr li bro o resu result ltar araa de gra grani nint nter eres es para pa ra estud estudia iant ntes es,, medi me dico coss e inv inves esti tiga gado dore ress . Estaa prim Est primer eraa
edic ed icio ion n
incl in cluy uyee co como mo ca cara ract cter erist istic icas as
- Cont Contin inua ua arg rgum umeent ntaaci cion on aplica apl icacio ciones nes pra practi cticas cas..
a lo loss pr prin inci cip pio ioss
fund fu ndam amen enta tale less :
fun fu nda dame ment ntaale less
de pr proc oces esos os
mic icro robi bio olo logi gico coss
- Expo Exposi sici cion on de apl aplic icac acio ione ness trad tr adic icio iona nale less (por ej (por ejem empl plo, o, lo lodo do ac acti tivo vo y di dige gest stio ion n desa de sarr rrol ollo lo (trat (tratam amie ient ntos os dell agu de aguaa po pota tabl blee y corr correc ecci cion on biol biolog ogic ica) a).. - Nu Nume mero roso soss
ejem ej empl plos os qu quee il ilus ustr tran an c6 c6mo mo se apl aplic ican an co corre rrect ctam amen ente te
- Cada Cada capit capitul ulo o preparatorios,
proc pr oced edim imie ient ntos os
en su suss
anae an aero robi bia) a)
y en
de anali analisi siss y di dise seii iio o.
incluy incl uyee mu much chos os pr prob oble lema mass de di dive vers rsee al alca canc nce, e, qu quee pu pued eden en se serv rvir ir como como ej ejer erci cici cios os ejemplos adicionales en c1ase, 0 co como mo pr proc oced edim imie ient nto o de est estud udio io..
- Em Empl pleo eo ab abun unda dant ntee
de dia diagr gram amas as
para pa ra ad adar arar ar
conc co ncep epto toss .
Contenido: - Fund Fundame amento ntoss de mic microb robiol iologi ogiaa - Esteq Estequio uiomet metria ria y ener energia gia bac bacter ter iana - Cinetica micro microbiana biana - Cinet Cinetica ica de pel pelicu icula la fija - Reactores - EIproce EIproceso so de lo lodo do ac acti tivo vo - Balsas - Pro Proces cesos os de pel pelicu icula la f i ja aerobia - Nitrificaci6n - Desnitrificaci6n
- Elimina Eliminaci6n ci6n de f6sforo - Tra Tratam tamien iento to de agu aguaa pot potabl ablee - Trata Tratamient miento o anae anaerobio robio por metanogene metanogenesis sis - El Elim imin inac aci6 i6n n de toxic toxicid idad ad de pr prod oduc ucto toss qu qufm fmic icos os peligrosos - Correcci6 Correcci6n n biol6 biol6gica gica - Energ Energfas fas libres libres de formaci6n formaci6n de diversos diversos pro produc ductos tos quimicos,, 25 ·C quimicos - Curv Curvas as nor normal maliza izadas das de car carga ga de superfic superficie ie - Apendices
M cGr cGr aw aw -H -H i il l
Inte ram rame er ican icana
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BIOTECNOLOGiA DEL DE L MED EDIO IO AM AMB BIE IEN NTE
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Principios y Aplicaciones
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BIOTECNOLOGIA DEL DE L ME MEDI DIO O AM AMBI BIEN ENTE TE Princi Pri ncipio pios s y apl aplica icacio ciones nes
Bruc Br ucee E. Ri Ritt ttma mann nn Univ Un iveers rsidad idad de North NorthWest Western ern.. Evanston, Evanston, Illinois Illinois
Perr Pe rry y L. McCar McCarty ty Univer sid idaad de St Stanford nford.. California California
Traduccion FER NAN NANDO DO Liccenciado Li
revisi ision on tec tecnic nicaa y rev GARRALD RRALDA A
DE ROD RODA A
en Ciencia iass Qufm fmiicas
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No es estta permi rmitid tidaa la r e pr odu ducc ccii6n total 0 par cial de es estte !ibro, !ibro, ni su trata tratami mieent nto o inf orm rmaatico tico,, ni la transmis transmisi6n de nin ning gun unaa fo forma rma 0 por cual ualgui guier er medi dio, o, ya sea sea elec ectr tr 6ni nicco, mecanico, mecanico, por f otoco pi pia, a, por r egi egistr o u otres otres metodos, metodos, sin el per mise mi se pr evi evio y por es escrit crito o de los titula titular es es del Cop opy yri rig ght
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A Mar y yl l ee ee y M art a por su paciencia y compr ension
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RESU RE SUME MEN N DE MAT MATER ERIA IAS S
Capitulo Capitul o 1.
Fund undaamen menttos de mi miccr o b biiologia
..
.
Capiitulo 2. Cap
Esttequi Es uio ome mettria y ener gia gia bact cteer iana
.
Capitul Capit ulo o 3.
Cineetica micr obia Cin obiana
.
Capiitul Cap ulo o 4.
Cinetica de pelic icu ula fi ja ja
.
Ca pi pittulo 5.
R eac eactor es
.
Ca pitu pitullo 6.
El proceso proceso de lode ac acttivo
.
Capittul Capi ulo o 7.
Balsas
.
Capiitul Cap tulo o 8.
Pr oce ocesos de pelf cula f i ja ae aer r obia obia
.
Capitul Capit ulo o 9.
Nittri Ni rif f icac aciion
.
Capitul Capi tulo o lO.
Dessnitrif ica De icaci cio on
Capitul Capit ulo o II.
Eli liminaci minacio on de fosfo fosfor o
.
.
Capiitul Cap ulo o l2.
Tr atamient nto o de ag agua pota bl blee
..
.
Capiitul Cap ulo o 13.
Tr ata atamient ento o anaero bi bio o par metan anoge ogen nesis
Capiitul Cap tulo o 14.
Elimi limin nac acio ion n de toxic oxicid idaad d e pr pr odu ducctos qu quiimic icos os peligr osos
Ca pi pitul tulo o IS.
Cor r re ccio ccion n bi bio olog ogiica
.
Apeend Ap ndic icee A.
Eneer gia lib En ibres res de f orm rmac acio ion n de dive ver r sos sos pr oductos qu quiimi micos cos.. 25°C
.
Apeendic Ap icee B.
Cur vas norm ormaali liza zad das de ca car r ga ga de sup upeer fic ficie
.
....... ... .... ....... .......... .............. ................. ............... .........• ...•....... ............. ............... ......... .......... ........... ......... .......... ......... ........ ....... .....
. .
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CONTENIDO
1.1. La cel 1.1 celula 1.2. 1. 2. Taxo Taxono nom m ia y f iloge ilogen nia 1.3. Procariotas 1.3 .3..1. Bacter ias ias 1.3. 1. 3.2. 2. Ar Arcchaea 1.4. Eukar ya... ...... 1.4.1. Hongos 1.4.2 .2.. Algas 1.4.3. Proto zoos 1.4.4. Otro ross microor gan anis ismo moss
multi mu ltice cellular es
2 4 5 7 19 20 20 24 29 32
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x
C onte tenido nido
!.l5.1 l5.1.. 1.15.2. 1.15.3.
Selecc ecciion .. .... ........ ........... ........... .... .... ..... .......... .................. .............. ............ ............ ............ .... .... ....... ........ ....... ..... ...... ......... ........... ......... Inteer cambi Int cambio o de ma materia eriass .... .......... ...... ..................... ........................ ........ ........... ...... ......... .... .... ......... ........ ...... .... ........... ......... Adaptacion ... ........ .......... ....... ...... ........ .... .... .................. ................. ................ ................. ....... ..... ........... ........ ..... .... ...... .... .... ....... ..... ...... ......... 1.16. Procedimi Procedimien enttos para el el estud udio io de eco ecolog ogffa de mi micr o bi bio os .. ...... .... ...... ............ ........... ...... .... ........ ........ .......... !.l6. 6.1 1. Proced rocediimien mienttos de en enri riq quecimien ecimientto tradi diccionales .. ..... ...... ........... .......... ..... ........ ...... ......... .... ....... .... ...... 1.16.2. Proced rocedimien imientos tos mo mollecu cula lare ress ... ...... ......... ....... .............. ................ ......... ...... ...... .... ..... ............ .......... .......... ...... ............ !.l6.3. Mode Mo dello d e mu multiespec iespeciies ... .... ..... ............. .................... ............. ..... ........ ...... ....... ....... .......... ........... ........ ........ ........ ............ ....... 1.17. Bib li liog ograff raff a .. .... ....... ...... .............. .............. .............. ............. ........................... ........................ .......... ........ ........ ........ ......... ........ ........ .... .... .... ..... ........ ........ ...... ..... !.l8. Probl Problem emas as .. ....... .... ...... ...... ............. ................ ........... ...... ...... ....... ........... ................ ............ .... .... ....... ....... ........... ............ ...... ....... ......... .... ....... ...... ......... ...... 2. Estequ Estequio iom metri riaa
y energ ergia ia
2.1.. 2.1
3.
bacter bac teria ian na
..... .. ...... ....... .................... ................... ...... ........... ....... .................. ......... ...... ...... ....... .............. .......... ....
92 94 99 102 102 104 110 III 112 117 11 7
Un e j jem em pl plo o de ecu ecuac acio ion n esteq tequio uiomet metric ricaa ... ...... ......... ............. ............ ........ ...... ........ ....... .... ........ .......... .... .... ............. ............. 2.2. Fo Formul rmulaa empirica empirica de cel celul ulas as mic microb robia ian nas ..... ........ ............... .......... .... ..... ......... ................ ............... .... ...... ......... .......... ............ 2.3. Reparto del sus susttra rato to y ren rendim dimien iento to ce cellular r ....... ........... ...... ....... ............... ....... ............ ......... ......... ........ ...... ..... ......... ............ 2.4. Reacci Reacciones de en energfa .. .... ........ ........ ...... ......... .............. ......... ............. ................. ........... ....... ....... ...... ...... .... ...... .... ..... ..... ....... ........ ........ .... ........... ......... 2.5. Reacci Reacciones glob obal ales es de cr ecimien ento to bio biolo logi gico co ..... .... ......... ....... ....... ........... ....... ........ ....... ....... ......... .... ..... ...... ....... ...... .... accion onees de f er er men enttac acii6n ... ........ ....... ......... ......... ........... ............... ........... ...... ...... ......... ........ ....... .......... ......... .... ........ 2.5 2. 5.1. R eacci 2.6.. Cr ecimi 2.6 ecimieentos bact acteri eriano ano y energfa energfa .... ..... ........ ......... ....... .............. ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... ...... .......... ....... ....... ..... ................ ............ 26 I Ener af a lib libre re de la energ ergfa fa de reacci reaccion .. ....... ....... ......... ....... ....... ....... .... .... ....... ............. ........... ........ ........ ..... ......... 2.7. Co~f ;cient ntee de re ren ndimie dimient nto o y ener energf gfaa de reacc reacci6 i6n n .. .... .... ....... ...... ........... ........ ......... ............ ............. ........... .......... .......... ...... 2.8. Fuent entes es ox oxid idad adas as de ni nitr6 r6ge geno no ....... ............. ......... .......... ............ ......... ....... ........ ....... ......... ....... ....... .......... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ........... 2.9. 2. 9. Bi bliograff bliograff a ...... ............ ............ ........... .... ............. ........... ...... ........... ........ ..... ...... ......... ...... ............. ............ ............. .... ...... ...... ....... .......... 2.1 2. 10. Pro bl bleemas .. .... .... ...... ........ ........... ......... ........... ......... ....... ........ ........ ......... ........... ........ .... .............. ............... ........ ...... ....... ........ ..... .......... ........... ......... ........... ......
117 117 119 11 9 121 123 131 136 13 6 141 142 145 14 5 149 151 152
Cin ic
157 15 7
mi robian
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Con Co nrenid o
5.
4.1 .13.1 3.1.. Pe Pellfc fcul ulaa f ija ija pr ofund fundaa ......... ............ ........ ...... ..... ........ ............... ......... .... ........ .......... ........ ..... ........ ........ ...... ........... ............. 4.1 4. 13.2 3.2.. Cinet Cineticas de or den cero cero ... ......... ..... ........ ....... ....... ..... ..... ............ .......... ............... ........... ........... ............ ...... .... .......... ....... ..... 4.1 4. 14. Bib Bibllio iog gra raff ffaa ...... .............. ............ ........ ..... ......... .... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... ......... ..... ...... ....... ......... ....... ...... ........ ................ ........... ......... ......... .... ........ ..... .... 4.15. Probl Problemas ..... ..... ....... ........ ................. ........... ....... ....... .......... ........ ....................... ........ ......... ........ ........... ......... ......... ....... ......... ....... ...
238 239 239 241 24 1
R eact eactor es es
.... ....... ......... ............... .............. ..... ........... .............. .............. ............ .. .... ........ ...... ..... ......... ....... ..... .... ....... ............. .................. ..... ..... ............ ......... ....... ........... ....... ...
253
Tipos de reactor Tipos reactor .. ..... ..... .... ........ .... ...... .... ........ ................. ........... .... .......... ........ ......... .......... .......... .... ....... ......... ........ ...... ............ .......... ...... ......... ....... ....... 5.1..1. R eactore 5.1 toress de crecimi crecimieent nto o en sus pen penssion ..... ........ ........... ............ ..... ........ .... ........... ............. ...... ...... ...... ........ ..... ...
5.1.2. Reactores 5.1.2. Reactores de pelf pelf cula fi fija ja .. .... ..... .......... ....... ...... ......... ............. .......... .............. ...... .... .............. ................ ........ ..... ..... .......... 5.1 5. 1.3. Dis po possicione cioness de reactore reactores ... ....... ....... ......... ........ ......... ............ ...... ........ ................... .. ...... ........ ......... ..... ........ ........ 5.2. Balanc Balances de ma m ater eria ia ................ .. ..... ........ .......... ......... ....... ........... ......... ........... ......... .... ....... ............ ......... ........ ........ ........ ....... ........ ......... .... .... .. 5.3. Un r eactor e actor di disscontin continu uo .. ...... ........ .............. ........ ..... ...... .... ....... ...... ........ ............................... .. .... ..... ...... ....... ........ ....... ..... .......... ..... 5.4. Rea Reacto ctorr co con n tanq anqu ue ag agit itaado de fl flu u j jo o co conti ntinu nuo o co con n recic reciclado de ef luente luente ...... ......... .............. 5.5. Re Reac acto torr de f lu j jo o en pi piston .... ........ ...... ........ ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ..... .... ...... ...... ...... .... ......... ................... .. ........ ........... ......... ..... ......... ....... 5.6. Rea Reacto ctorr de flujo flujo en en piston con r ecicl eciclad ado o de ef ef luente .. .... ....... ........ ......... ............ ...... ......... ............ ....... ............ .... .. 5.7.. Reactor es 5.7 es con reci reciclad ado o de ce celu lula lass sed ediimentada tadass ........ ........... ...... ........... .......... .... ....... ..... ..... .............. ........... .... ........ 5.7.1. CSTR co con n sedimentad edimentado or y r eci eciclado de ce cellulas ... ........ ...... ...... ............... ......... ............. ............ ......... 5.7 5. 7.2 .2.. Evalua Evaluaci cion on de sup supuestos .... ...... .. .... ...... ...... ............. ........... .. .... .......... ........ ... .... ........ ...... ...... ........ ..... ...... ........ ..... ........ ............... 5.7.3. Rea Reacto ctorr de flu j jo o en pi pisston con con sed sedim iment entaci acion on de celul celulas as y r eci eciclad ado o .. ....... ......... 5.8. Uso de de mode modelos tas asas as al alttenati nativas vas .... ........ ...... ........ ........ ......... ........... ......... ............ .............. ...... .... ..... ....... .......... ...... ....... ........ ..... ....... 5.9. Enl nlac acee de ecuacio ecuaciones nes es estteq equi uiometr ometr icas con ecuaciones ecuaciones de bal balance de materia .. .... ....... ..... .... 5.10.. In 5.10 Inge gen nierf a de disefi efio o de r eact eactor es es ... ..... ...... ........ ...... .......... ........ ............. .......... ....... ......... ......... ........ ................. ............. .... ........ ....... 5.11 5. 11.. Reactor es es en ser ie ... ..... .... ........ ................ ................. ............... ............ ........... .......... ......... ........ ..... .... ...... ............ .......... .... ..... ....... ..... ....... ...... .... ...... ..... ..... .. 5.1 5. 12. B i bliograffa bliograffa ... ........ ....... ..... ............. .... .................. .... ....... .......... ......... ......... ............ ........ .......... ......... ......... ...... ...... ........... ........... ..... ............ .......... 5.1 5. 13. Probl Problem emas as ...... ...... ........... .............. ..... ......... ....... ............. .............. .......... ...... .... ..... ..... ........ ....... ........ ............ ......... .. ..... ..... .......... .............. ........ ....... .... ....... ...... ...
253 253 256 258 259 262 265 266 269 271 27 1 272 277 279 280 281 28 1 284 288 291 29 1 291 29 1
EI pr oceso oceso de lod odo o ac acti tivo vo ........ ............. ..... ..... ................... ..... .......... .......... ...... .......... ...... ........... ........... ....... ..... ................. ..... ......... ..... ...
299
5.1 .1..
6.
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\
xii
COl l llel/ido CO llel/ido
Amlllisis y disei Aml diseiio de tanqu tanques de sed sedimen imenttaci6 aci6n n ... .......... ............... ....... ........ ........ ........... ........... ..... .................. ............... ...... .... ropiieda edade dess del lod odo o ac acttiv ivo o .. ........ .......... ............ ............ ......... ....... ................. ................. ..... .............. ....... ......... ...... ........ 6.7. 7.1 1. Prop po onentes del tanq anqu ue de sedim sedimen enttac acii6n .......... ............ ........ .... ...... ...... .............. .......................... ................. 6.7.2. Com p Critter ios de ca car r ga ga ... ..... ........................ ...................... .......... ......... ...... .............. ............... ....... ........... ......... ............. .................... .......... ......... 6.7..3. Cri 6.7 undaamento ntoss de la teo eorf rf a de f lujo lujo ..... ....... ........... ........................ ............... ....... ......................... ................... ....... ...... 6.7.4. Fund Amillisis de f lu lu jo de s6 s61id 1idos os .............. .......... ........ ........ ......... .......... ........... ............ .... ....... ......... ...... .................. ..................... 6.7..5. Ami 6.7 Acoplam amiient nto o delta tan nque de sedi sedimen menttac acii6n con el e l ta tanqu nquee d e ai aireac reacii6n ... ...... ...... ... 6.7.6. Acopl Limitacion nes del ami amillis isiis de flu jo flu jo de s6 s61ido 1idoss ...... ............ ........... ....... ....... ........... ................. ........... .......... ...... .. 6.7..7. Limitacio 6.7 Se p paar aci aciones centrffu ntrffugas gas ... ...... ..... ...... ........ .................. ............... ............ .......... .................. ................ ...... ............. .................. ............. ...... ..... ....... ...... 6.8. Se Se p paara racio cion nes con mem b br r anas a nas .. ......... ..... ............. ............ ....... ......... ........ ..... ....... ............. ................ ....... .......... .......... .......... ........... ..... ......... 6.9. Se Bibliogra f fa fa ..... .................. .................. ....................... ............................ .......... ....... ....... ....... .......... ............. ............ ............ .......... .......... ................. .................... 6.1 .10 0. Bibliogra bleemas ........ ........... ..... ....... .... .............. .............. ..... ............. ................... .............. ..... ............... .............. ............. ............. .... ........... .................... ................ 6.11 6. 11.. Pr o bl
345 345 347 351 35 1 354 360 365 366 366 367 370 371 37 1
Balsa sass .. .... ............ ........... ...... ........... .............. ...... ......••...... ......... ........ ................. .......... ......... ............ .............. ............ .............. .................. ........ ..... ....... ......... ..... ....... ............
385
6.7.
] /
7.
7.1 7. 1. 7.2. 7.3.. 7.3 7. 4 .
Balsas air ead Bal eadas ..... ....... ....... .... ................ ............ .......... ............. ............. ........ ............ ....... .......... ....... .... ...... ...... ...... ....... ............ ...................... ............ ..... .... Balsas de es estta bili bilizzaci6 ci6n n ................ .......................... ............. ............ ........... ...... ....... .......... ............... ................... .......... ........ ....... ................ ............ Tipos Tip os de ba balsa sass de estab estabili lizac zacii6n .... ........ ............. ..... ......... .............. ............ .......... ..... ....... ............ ........ ............ .......... ....... ......... ....... ....... Balsas Bal sas de es estta b biilizaci6n aer o b biia ...... ........ ........ ............. ................. ............ ............. ............. ...... ...... ....... ........... ........ ...... .... .... .......... 7.4. 4.1 1. Ec Ecu uac aciiones br bris isiicas ..... ................... ................... ........ .......... .......... ........ ........ ..... .......... ......... ..... ...... ....... ......... ....... ..... ......... .......... ...... .. po ort rtee de en eneer gfa g fa so sollar y r end endim imiient nto o de utilizac zaci6n i6n ... ...... ......... ........ ............... ............ ...... ......... ....... .. 7.4.2. A p limiinaci6 i6n n de BODL ............•.••... ............•.••..... .........••.. .....••...... ...........•.... .....•......... ........••. .••.... ...•••..••. •••..••......••..... .••.....••••...... ........ 7.4. 4.3. 3. Elim 7.4.4. Cinetica de cr ecimi ecimieent nto o fot foto otr 6f 6f ico .. .......... ................ ............ ............. ...... .... ....... ....... ....... ........ ...... ......... ....... .... ....... Ballsas de esta bi billizac zacii6n facultativa .. ........ ............ ...... .... ....... ............. ........... ........ ........... ......... ....... .... ....... ........ ........ ...... 7.4.5. Ba .•...•....... ....... ..... .....••.. .... ..... ..... .......... .....•...•.. ..•...•..... ..... ........ ..••..••.•• asas as de ca carga rga de sup upeer f fici i cie BO BOD D5 ...•...• 7.4.6. Tas Cin netica de pr imer ord rdeen .. ..... ................. ............... ........... ................. ...... .... .......... ............ ....................... ..................... ........... ....... 7.4.7. Ci
385 391 39 1 391 39 1 392 393 395 397 402 406 407 408
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Con Co nre ren nido
10.
Des esn nit itr r if icaci icacion .................... ....... ......... .......... ...................... ........ ........... ....... .............. ..................... ............. ...... ........ ......... ....... ....... .............
487
10.1 10. 1.
487 490 493 496 498 499 502 504 514 515
10.2.
10..3. 10 \
10.4. 10.5. 11.. 11
Fisi sio olog ogf f a de bac bacteri rias as desn esnit itr r ifica ficant ntes es .. .... .... ....... ....... ............ ............. .................. ......... .... ........... ........ ........ ....... ....... .... ....... ....... Desni trificaci trificaci6n terc erciiar ia ......... .............. .......... ......... ......... .................. ............... .... .............. ............ ...... .................... ....... ............ ........ 10.2.1 0.2.1.. Lodo activ activo o ..... ...... ....... ............. ........ ..... .......... ........... ........ ....... .......... .............. ............ ...... ....... ............... ........ ........ ........... ........... ...... ... 10.2.2 .2.. Procesos de pelfc fcul ulaa f i ja ja .... ............... ............. .. ............... ....... ............ ................ ........... .................... ................. ..... ............. Des esnit nitrif rifica icaci6 ci6n n co con n lodo lodo unico ..... ....... ........ .......... ................ ............. .... .... .... ..................... ................... ........ .......... ......... ........... .......... ....... 10.3.1 3.1.. Est Estr r ategi ategias bas asiica cass de lodo uni unico co .......... ................. ............... ............... ....... .... ..... ....... ................ .............. .. ..... ......... ...... 10.3.2 3.2.. Var iac aciiones en el pr oceso oceso basi asico co de lodo uni unico co .. ....... ..... ...... ..... ..... .... .......... ................ ................... 10.3 .3.3 .3.. Analis isis is cuantit itaati tiv vo de la des esn nitr ificaci6 ficaci6n n co con n lodo unic unico o .... ........ ...... .... ....... ............ ............. B ib ibli liog ogr r af af la ....... ..... ............................... .... .... ........ ......... ........... ........... ....... ............. ...................... ........ ........... ......... ...... ...... .... .... ...... .... Pr o b ble lem mas ... ....... .............................. ... d ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••• ••• ••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• •••• •••••• ••••••••• •••••• •••••• •••••• •••••••
Elimin liminaacio cion n
de f osfor osfor o .............. ................... ............... ................... ........ ......... ................ .............. ...... ....... .... .... ....................... .......
11.1.
12.. 12
xiiii xi
525
A p po ort rtac acii6n a biomasa de f6s f6sfo for r o norma normal ............. .......... ...... ...... ......... .......... ........... ....... ...... ........ .... .... ...... ...... ....... ..... ........ .... .. 11.2. Pr eci eci pit pitac acii6n pOl' adi dicci6n de sa salles metalic icas as a un pr oceso oceso bi bio ol6g 6giico ........ ................. ............ ... ....... Inteensificac ficacii6n biol6g 6gic icaa de la elim imiinac nacii6n de f6sforo ......... .................. ............ ..... ......... ......... ...... ............ ............. ..... 11.3. Int 11..4. Bibliogr aff a ........ 11 ....... ... .......... ........... ........ ....... ....... ..... ....... ......... ...... ............ .......... .. .... ....... ............ ............. ..... ......... .... .... .......... ........ ......... ............ Pr o b bllemas ....... ........... .... ....... ..... ....... ...... ...... ..... ....... ..... .......... .............. ............ ...... .... ................ .... ....... ........ ................ .............. ..... .............. ........... liS
525 527 529 535 536
Tr atam tamiiento
539
12. 2.1 1.
12.2.
de agua pota bl blee ........ .......... ........... ....... ......... .............. ............ ..... ............ ........ ........ ...... ......... ......... ....... ...... ....... ........ ....... .... ...... ......
Pr ocesos o cesos 12. 2.1 1.1. 12. 2.1 1.2. 12..1.3. 12 12..1.4. 12
de pelfcula fi ja ja ae aer r obi obia par a elim imin inar ar in ines estab tabil iliidad biol6g ol6gica ica ........... .......... .......... ..... .. Tec ecni nicas cas de med edid idaa de BOM ........... .......... .... ....... ......... ........................... ...................... .. ........................ ...................... .. Eliminac nacii6n de f uent ntes es inor gani ganicas cas de ine inessta b bil iliidad bi bio ol6g 6giica .. ....... ....... ......... ........... ...... Tra rattam amiient nto o pr ev eviio co con n pelf cula cula f ija ija ..... .......... ..... ........ ....... ........ ......... ....... ....... ....... ......... ...... ......... ............ .... .. Biof iltrac iltracii6n hf hfbr brid idaa .. ................... ....... .......... .... .... ........ ..................... .................. ... .... ....................... ..................... ....... 12.1 12 .1..5. Biofiltr Biofiltr aci6n aci6n len entta ........ ................. ................. ................. ........... ..... ....................... .... ........ ....................... ................... ...... Des ndimi d i ni
540 542 543 543 546 54 6 550 550
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\3.6. 13.7.
14.1.. 14.1
14.2. 14.3. 14. 3. 14..4. 14 14.5. 14. 5.
13.5.2. Mezclado 13.5.3. Calefacci on 13.5..4. Recogida de gas 13.5 13.5.5. Funcionamiento Bibliografia Problemas
Factores que ocasionan la resistencia molecular 14.l.l. Estructura molecular 14.1.2. Condiciones ambientales 14.1..3. Presencia de microorganismos 14.1 Clases de productos quimicos organicos sinteticos Ener En ergi giaa de metab metabol olis ismo mo y cometabolismo Dona Do nant ntes es y aceptores de electrones Conc Co ncen entr trac acion ion mi minim nimaa de sus sustr trat ato o (Sm )
. . . . . .
..
. . . . . .
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PREFACIO
La bi biot otec ecno nolo logi giaa medi me dio o am ambi bien ente te.. dio di o ambien ambiente te,, la
cied ci edad ad
dell medi de medio o
ambi am bien ente te
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util ut iliz izaa
loss micro lo microor orga gani nism smos os
para pa ra me mejo jora rarr
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en la de desc scar arga ga
cont co ntam amin inad ados os
y la crea creaci ci6n 6n
di mb mbie ie al
iall ia
la
la ca cali lida dad d
de co cont ntam amin inan ante tess de re recu cur r sos sos cied ci edad ad
dell de
al me me--
val alio ioso soss
par pa r a
di ip ipli li
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vadoss de no gr adu vado duaados y co como fu fueent ntee de gran gran alca can nce para aqu aqueell llos os qu quee tr a bajen en la pnicti pnicti-ca pr of of esion esionaa l e in inves vesti tigac gaciion so sob bre bi bio otec ecn nologia del medio medio ambi mbieent nte. e. El mate materi riaal de Bio iot t ecn ecnolo g {a {a d el M edi dio o Am Amb bie ient nt e: e: Princ Principi ipios os y Aplicac Aplicaciiones pu pueede ser uti uti-liza li zad do en un uno o 0 v ari arios os cur sos. sos. Par a aqu queell llos os es esttudiante udiantess qu quee no tenga gan n un unaa formac formaciion so solida lida en mic icr r o b bio iollog ogiia, el Ca Ca p piitul tulo o lie liess suminis nistr tr a un unaa bas asee en taxo taxon nomia, meta boli bolissmo mo,, ge gen neti tica ca y ecol ecologi giaa mic icr r obi obiana. EI Cap apit itul ulo o I ex p po one los con concepto eptoss mas f undame ament ntaales en micro micro bi bio ologia para para amp ampli liar ar los pri rin ncip ipio ioss y ap apli liccacio acion nes que se expone exponen a co continu ntinuaacion cion.. El Ca pitul pitulo o 1 pueede ser vir como tex pu extto de un primer cur so s o so br e micr o bi bio olog ogiia del med ediio ambi mbieente nte,, 0 utiliutilizado como como r ecu ecurso par par a ref r rescar e scar los con conoc ocimi imien enttos para la pr e p parac araciion de un cur so so mas or ientado a procesos, procesos, inves nvesti tigac gaciion 0 pr prac acti tico. co. EI nuc nucleo de la secci seccion de principi principios os est esta co cont nten enid ido o en lo loss Ca pitul pitulos os 2, 3, 4 Y 5. EI Ca p piitulo tul o 2 des esar ar roll rollaa proce rocedimi dimieento ntoss cuant ntiitat atiivos que descri ben ben la es esttequi quio ometria y en eneer gf a de r eacci eacciones mic icr r o bi biaanas: que y en que que cantid cantidad ad es 10 que co con nsum umeen y pr odu duce cen n los mic icr r oor oor gaganismos.. La es nismos esttequi quiome ometr tr ia es el mas imp impor or tant ntee de los pro roced cediimi mieent ntos os cuantitati ntitativos. vos. Los Ca Ca- pitulos 3 y 4 de desa sar r roll rollaan sistematicam tematicameent ntee metodos cineticos cineticos cu cuaant ntiitati tivos: vos: con que ve veloc ocid idaad
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tor i os, usad sados os como e j jem em pl plos os adi diciona cionalles en cl clase 0 como pr ocedimi ocedimient ntos os de estud estudio. Los pr o bleemas ti bl tieenen am pl am plio io al alccan ance ce.. Algun Algunos son son simpl imples, es, precisa recisand ndo o tan so sollo un unaa uni nica ca op opeer aci acion o un unaa respu respues estta a br evi eviada da.. E n el e l otro ext ex tre rem ma se encuentra tran n pr o blemas de gran gran alca can nce, que r equi quieer en en mu mucchos pa paso soss y pagi agin nas as.. La mayor ia de los pr o bl bleemas son de un alca can nce intermedio. As Asii , , el in insstr uctor 0 el es estudi tudiaant ntee pu puede eden n ava van nza zar r gra gradu duaal me ment ntee a pa par r tir t ir de de pr o bl bleemas sim ples, pl es, de un so sollo co con nce pto pto,, has astta pr o bl bleemas ex extten ensos sos que integ integr an mucho uchoss co con nce p pto tos. s. En algunoss casos el no el uso de una hoja hoja de ca callcul ulo o re ressult ultaar a mu muy y util il,, es p pec eciialm lmeent ntee cu cuaand ndo o se neces ecesit iteen solu olucio cion nes compl mplee j jas as 0 iterati iterativas. vas. En el esf uer zo zo de prom promove overr uniform formid idaad e n la la designac esignaciion, hemos ele eleg gid ido o ada pt ptar ar la «Recomm mmeend ndeed No Nottatio ion n f or or Use in the the Desc escript riptiion of Bi Bio ologica ogicall Was Wasttewa wate terr Trea reattme men nt Proc roceess» adoptadaa int adoptad inteern rnac aciionalment lmentee y publi publica cad da en Water Resea Resear r ch 16 1501-15 01-1505 05 (1 (1982 982)). Es p per er amos amos 16,, 15 quee ell qu llo o anim nimaar a a otros a hacer 10 mi missmo, 10 q que ue f acil acilita itar r a en un gr ado co con nsid idera era bl blee la comunicac munic aciion entr e noso osotro tros. s. Estte texto es dem Es demasi asiad ado o breve para trat tratar de debi bida dam ment ntee los pr inc ncipio ipioss ge gen nera eralles, a pli plicac cacio io-ness de bio ne biotec ecn nolog ogf f a medioam b medioam biient ntaal y los os numeros numerosos detall lles es me meca canicos nicos es es pe pecf cf f ficos i cos qu quee de ben ser teni nid dos en cuent ntaa en el dise diseiio iio en co conj njun unto to de sistemas bi bio olog ogiicos. Hemos pr eferid eferido o ce cenntr ar la ate atencion so br e los prin princcip ipio ioss y las a pli plica cacion ciones. es. Par a el disei seiiio es p pec ecffi ffico co de detall lles es su-