Spanish Adjectives and Adverbs List absolutely
absolutamente
more
más
active
activo
most
el más
bad
malo
much
mucho
badly
mal
narrow
estrecho
beautiful
hermoso
nice
simpático
best
el mejor
polite
correcto
better
mejor
poor
pobre
bitter
amargo
pretty
lindo, bonito
cheerful
alegre
punctual
puntual
clearly
claramente
rapidly
rápidamente
clever
listo
rich
rico
correctly
correctamente
sensitive
sensible
difficult
difícil
serious
serio
easily
fácilmente
short
corto
easy
fácil
shy
tímido
fat
gordo
small
pequeño
friendly
amable
soft
blando
good
bueno
sour
agrio
good
bueno
strong
fuerte
great
grande
sweet
dulce
greater
mayor
the best
el mejor
hard
duro
the greatest
el mayor
heavy
pesado
the least
el menor
high, tall
alto
the worst
el peor
large
grande
thin
delgado
least
el menos
ugly
feo
less
menos
weak
débil
light
ligero
well
bien
little
poco
wide
ancho
long
largo
witty
gracioso
loving
cariñoso
worse
peor
low, short
bajo
worst
el peor
Spanish Reflexive Verbs to bathe
bañarse
to get up
levantarse
to be happy
alegrarse
to go to bed
acostarse
to be surprised
sorprenderse
to have a good time
divertirse
to break (arm, leg)
quebrarse
to hurt oneself
lastimarse
to brush (hair, teeth)
cepillarse
to make up one's mind
decidirse
to burn (oneself, one's body)
quemarse
to put on (clothes)
ponerse
to calm down
calmarse
to put on makeup
maquillarse
to cheer up
animarse
to put on makeup
pintarse
to comb (hair)
peinarse
to say goodbye to
despedirse
to cut (hair, nails)
cortarse
to shave
afeitarse
to fall (down)
caerse
to sit down
sentarse
to fall asleep
dormirse
to stay, remain
quedarse
to get a job
colocarse
to take a shower
ducharse
to get angry
enojarse
to take off (clothes)
quitarse
to get bored
aburrirse
to tear (clothes) to break (arm, leg)
romperse
to get dressed
vestirse
to try on
probarse
to get ready
arreglarse
to wake up
despertarse
to get scared
asustarse
to wash (up)
lavarse
to get sick
enfermarse
to worry
preocuparse
to get tired
cansarse
Plural in Spanish When a word is ending in an unstressed vowel add the letter s. like in: la casa - las casas, la picina - las picinas. When a word is ending in a consonant add the letters es. el señor - los señores, la ciudad - las ciudades. When a word is ending in s preceded by an unstressed vowel generally the plural stays the same in both singular and plural: el lunes (Monday) - los lunes (Mondays), la crisis (the crisis), las crisis (the crises). When a word is ending in z change the ending zes to ces. el pez (fish) - los peces(fish), el juez (the judge) - los jueces (judges), la luz ( the light) - las luces (the lights). When a word is ending in n in an unstressed syllable add an accent to the appropriate vowel to maintain the correct stress: el examen (the exam) los exámenes (exams). When a word is ending with a y the plural will need -es even if the y is a vowel, due to the phonetic nature of the word: el rey (the king) - los reyes (kings). Don't get confused to see all these exceptions, 95 % of the Spanish words follow the first rule, which is simply: add -s to a word ending in a vowel, and -es to a word ending in a consonant. Summery: It’s easy to make the plural out of singular, from both masculine and plural, the table below will refresh what you just learned, note that these rules can be applied on adjectives as well. Nouns in Spanish When a noun ends in a vowel, add -s.
libro coche radio señor ley mes luz juez vez
When a noun ends in any consonant except –z. When a noun ends in a -z, change the -z to a -c and add -es.
libros coches radios señores leyes meses luces jueces veces
In Spanish there are three categories of verbs: -ar verbs (like hablar, to speak), -er verbs (like comer, to eat), -ir verbs (like vivir, to live), In regular verbs the ending is identical and you can simply follow a specific rule to conjugate them all, we will take the present indicative as an example of conjugating regular verbs, since it's the tense used most, for example hablar (to talk), comer (to eat), and vivir (to live), the present indicative forms are made by removing the infinitive ending of the verb (-ar, -er or -ir) and replacing it with an ending that indicates who is performing the action of the verb: Spanish Verbs Stem +(-o, -as,-a, -amos, -áis, -an ) for verbs ending in -ar. Stem +(-o, -es,-e, -emos,-éis,-en) for verbs ending in -er. Stem +(-o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en) for verbs ending in -ir. The best thing about regular verbs is that you can apply the above rules (endings) to all regular verbs, it's important to know the stem of the verb so that you can add the endings to it, like the stem of hablar is habl, comer: com, vivir: viv. I speak = yo +habl+o = yo hablo. You can have a look at the table below and see the endings of each verb, it includes a list of: present participle, past participle, present indicative, preterit indicative, Imperfect indicative, future indicative, imperative (Commands). Spanish Regular Verbs Verb
Pr Part
Reg (hablando ar) Reg (-er) comiendo
Pa Part
Present
Preterite
Imperfect
Future
Imperative
hablado
hablo,as,a,amos,an
hablaba,s,-,mos,n
como,es,e,emos,en
hablaré,ás,á, emos,án comeré,ás,á, emos,án
habla, habl
comido
hablé,aste,ó, amos,aron comí,iste,ió, imos,ieron
comía,s,-,mos,n
come,come
Reg (-ir) viviendo
vivido
vivo,es,e,imos,en
viví,iste,ió, imos,ieron
vivía,s,-,mos,n
viviré,ás,á, emos,án
vive,vivid
The tables below are more detailed, and treat each tense separately; we will start with the present tense:
Present indicative(Presente de indicativo): hablar: -o, -as,-a, -amos,-áis,an comer: -o, -es,-e, -emos,-éis,en Vivir: -o, -es,-e, -imos,-ís,-en
yo (I)
tú(you)
Spanish Present Tense Ud./él/ella(he/she) nosotros/as(we)
vosotros/as(you)
Uds./ellos/ellas(they/you formal)
hablo
hablas
habla
hablamos
habláis
hablan
como
comes
come
comemos
coméis
comen
vivo
vives
vive
vivimos
vivís
viven
Now we will have a look at the preterit, which is equal to the past tense, look at the table and examine the changes that occur with each verbs category:
Preterit indicative (Pretérito de indicativo): hablar: -é, -aste, -ó, -amos,-asteis,aron comer: -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis,ieron vivir: -í, -íste,-íó, -imos,-isteis,ieron
Spanish Past Tense (preterit) Ud./él/ella nosotros/as
yo
tú
vosotros/as
Uds./ellos/ellas
hablé
hablaste
habló
hablamos
hablasteis
hablaron
comí
comiste
comió
comimos
comisteis
comieron
viví
viviste
vivió
vivimos
vivisteis
vivieron
Another tense which is very easy is the future tense, you don’t have to worry about the stem here, you can take the whole Spanish verb and add the future endings to it and that would be it:
Future indicative (Futuro de indicativo) hablar: -é, -ás, -á -emos,-éis,-án comer: : -é, -ás, -á -emos,-éis,-án vivir: : -é, -ás, -á -emos,-éis,-án
Future Tense in Spanish Ud./él/ella Nosotros/as
yo
tú
Vosotros/as
Uds./ellos/ellas
hablaré
hablarás
hablará
hablaremos
hablaréis
hablarán
comeré
comerás
comerá
comeremos
comeréis
comerán
viviré
vivirás
vivirá
viviremos
viviréis
vivirán
Now we will see the Imperative in Spanish, which is also very easy, because it has only two different categories of endings, look at the table below:
Imperfect indicative (Imperfecto de indicativo): hablar: -aba,-abas,-aba -ábamos,abais,ablan comer: -ía,-ías,-ía, -íamos,-íais,-ían vivir: -ía,-ías,-ía, -íamos,-íais,-ían
Spanish Imperfect Ud./él/ella Nosotros/as
yo
tú
Vosotros/as
Uds./ellos/ellas
hablaba
hablabas
hablaba
hablábamos
hablabais
hablaban
comía
comías
comía
comíamos
comíais
comían
vivía
vivías
vivía
vivíamos
vivíais
vivían
The present perfect is another Spanish tense which is very important, and used often as well, the good news is that it’s easy to form, have a look at the table:
Present perfect indicative (Presente perfecto de indicativo):
yo
tú
Spanish Present Perfect Ud./él/ella
Nosotros/as
vosotros/as
Uds./ellos/e
hablar: he –ado,has –ado, ha –ado hemos –ado, habéis –ado, han -ado comer: he –ido,has –ido, ha –ido hemos –ido, habéis –ido, han -ido vivir: he –ido,has –ido, ha –ido hemos –ido, habéis –ido, han -ido
he hablado
has hablado
ha hablado
hemos hablado
habéis hablado
han hablado
he comido
has comido
ha comido
hemos comido
habéis comido
han comido
he vivido
has vivido
ha vivido
hemos vivido
habéis vivido
han vivido
And finally the imperative or commands in Spanish, a fun to learn mood, and can be very useful, especially if you like giving orders Spanish Imperative (Commands) Commands tú Vosotros/as usted ustedes (Mandatos): hablar: -a,-ad,-e,-en ¡Habla! ¡Hablad! ¡Hable! ¡Hablen! No –es,-éis,-e,-en ¡No hables! ¡No habléis! ¡No hable! ¡No hablen! comer: -e, -ed, -a, -an ¡Come! ¡Comed! ¡Coma! ¡Coman! No –as,-áis,-a,-an ¡No comas! ¡No comáis! ¡No coma! ¡No coman! vivir: -e, -ed, -a, -an ¡Vive ¡Vivid! ¡Viva! ¡Vivan! No –as,-áis,-a,-an ¡No vivas! ¡No viváis! ¡No viva! ¡No vivan! to others, try to memorize it, it’s tricky, because you will have to do some switching, examine the table below, and write down the endings that each verbs category take: I hope you have learned from this page to deal with the Spanish verbs in different tenses, especially: the regular verbs, present tense, past tense, Spanish future tense, imperfect, Spanish present perfect, and the imperative. Spanish Definite Articles Unlike English, which has only one definite article, which is “the", Spanish has 4 definite articles: Spanish Definite Articles Singular
Plural
Masculine
el
los
Feminine
la
las
El Hombre (the man), Los Chicos (the boys) La Mujer (the woman), Las Chicas (the girls) El libro es rojo (the book is red) La casa es grande (the house is big) Los amigos de mi padre (the friends of my father) Las chicas altas (the tall girls) Generally you can use the Spanish definite articles the same way you use it in English, however there are some exceptions when definite articles are used in Spanish but not in English and vice versa, here are some examples: Spanish is the language of Spain = el español es la lengua de España. I’m going to school on Monday = Voy a la escuela el lunes. President Juan Carlos lives in Madrid = el presidente Juan Carlos vive en Madrid. Napoleon segundo = Napoleon the second The exceptions are not very common, and they can be learnt with practice, so no worries! Spanish Indefinite Articles While we have (a / an / some) in English as indefinite articles, we also have un/ una. unos/ unas in Spanish . In general, whenever un or una are used in Spanish, you need to use "a" or "an" to say the equivalent in English. Un libro = a book Una casa = a house Unos amigos = some friends Unas casas = some houses The table below shows when they should be used according to the gender and number: Spanish Indefinite Articles
Singular
Plural
Masculine
un
unos
Feminine
una
unas
Sometimes Spanish seems to avoid using the indefinite articles in many places while English does like in occupations, affiliation, religion, before otro (other), after con (with) and sin (without), usually after tener (have)/ llevar (wear)...etc here are some examples: Soy professor = I'm a professor ¿Eres musulmán? = Are you a Muslim? Es artista = he is an artist Compré otro coche = I bought another car Escribo con lápiz = I write with a pencil Trabajo sin descanso = I work without a break No tengo carro = I don't have a car Ella lleva camisa gris = She wears a gray shirt ¿Tienes hija? = Do you have a daughter? If you're a new learner of Spanish, don't worry about these exceptions, first of all because they're not very common compared to the rule, and also because you will have a spontaneous reaction to when to use the articles and when not to just with the frequent use and practice of Spanish. Now what you need to worry about is to memorize these easy rules in the summery section. Summery of Spanish Articles: Definite Articles: Spanish Definite Articles Singular
Plural
Masculine
el
los
Feminine
la
las
Indefinite Articles: Spanish Indefinite Articles Singular
Plural
Masculine
un
unos
Feminine
una
unas
Adverbs (adverbios)are invariable words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs can provide additional information aboutmanner, quantity, frequency, time, or place. Many adverbs are formed from adjectives, by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine singular form, the same way we add (-ly) to an adjective in English. Adverbs explain when, how, where, how often, or to what degree something is done. There is a list of the most common adverbs at the bottom of this page. Positions of Spanish Adverbs: - If a Spanish adverb is modifying a verb, we place the adverb after the verb: jugas bien (you play well) - No adverb can be put between two verbs like in English, it should be placed after the two verbs: vamos a jugar aquí (let's play here) - When an adverb is modifying another adverb or an adjective, the adverb will be placed before the adverb/ adjective it modifies: - escribes muy bien (you write very well) - yo estoy siempre orgulloso de mi país (I'malways proud of my country) So the easiest part is to change adjectives into adverbs by simply adding ~mente. Here is an example of how to change an adjective to an adverb: - Su herida está grave (her wound is serious) becomes - Ella está gravemente herida (She is seriously wounded.) In a series of adverbs, only the last one takes the -mente suffix, while the other adverbs have the form of feminine adjectives: El intérprete debe pensar clara, rápida y correctamente. (The interpreter should thinkclearly, quickly and correctly.) Summery of Spanish Adverbs:
To form an adverb from an adjective in Spanish we simply add (~mente) to the Spanish adjective, just like how we add (~ly) to the adjective in English. Adjective lento (slow) becomes adverb lentamente (slowly): puedes hablar lentamente?(Can you speak slowly?) There are adverbs that don't have anything to do with adjectives, like aquí (here), bien (well), despacio (slowly)... if you scroll down you will see a long list of adverbs related & non related to adjectives, they’re used very often, so it would be very helpful to memorize them! Good luck! List of Adverbs: SPANISH ADVERBS MANNER ADVERBS
QUANTITY ADVERBS
(adjective)+mente
(adjective)+ly
apenas
hardly, barely
alto
loudly
bastante
quite, enough
bajo
softly
casi
almost
bien
well
demasiado
too much
mal
poorly
más
more
mejor
better
menos
less
peor
worse
mucho
a lot
muy
very
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
poco tanto
few, little so/as much/many
a veces
sometimes
frecuentemente
often
nunca
never
raramente
rarely
actualmente
currently
siempre
always
ahora
now
anteayer
the day before yesterday
PLACE ADVERBS
TIME ADVERBS
ayer
yesterday
cuando
when
abajo
below, downstairs
después
after
acá
here, over here
entonces
next, then
adentro
in, inside
hoy
today
afuera
outside
luego
soon
alguna parte
somewhere
mañana
tomorrow
allá
over there
mientras
while
allí
there
por fin
finally
aquí
here
pronto
soon
arriba
above, upstairs
tarde
late
cerca
nearby
temprano
early
delante
ahead
todavía
still, yet
detrás
behind
ya
already
donde
where
encima
above, on top
enfrente
in front of
fuera
outside
personalmente
personally
todas partes
everywhere
quizás
perhaps
evidentemente
obviously
POINT OF VIEW ADVERBS
NEGATION ADVERBS INTERROGATION ADVERBS jamás
never
ni
neither
¿adónde?
To where?
no
no
¿cómo?
How?
nunca
nunca
¿cuándo?
When?
tampoco
neither
¿cuánto?
How much/many?
¿dónde?
Where?
INCLUSION ADVERBS
¿porque?
además
moreover
aún
still, yet
tambien
also, too
Why?
An adjective(adjetivo) in Spanishor in English is a word used to describe a noun (like size, color, shape...). If you already have an idea about adjectives you can scroll down to the Summery to refresh your memory, otherwise you can start with us from here: An adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Similar to nouns, an adjective usually end in (~o) for masculine (plural ~os), and (~a) for feminine (plural ~as):
masculine feminine
singular blanco blanca
Spanish Adjectives plural blancos blancas
singular alto alta
plural altos altas
-Un hombre alto (a tall man) -Unos hombres altos ( tall men) -Muchos libros (many books) -Una casa pequeña (a small house) - Unas chicas peligrosas (some dangerous girls) -Muchas cosas (many things) There are also some adjectives whose masculine singular ends in a consonant and form the feminine by adding -a: Un amigo frances (a French friend - male-) Una amiga francesa (a French friend -female-) Some other adjectives ending in a consonant take the same form for both masculine and feminine: un chico joven (a young boy) una chica joven (a young girl) unos cantantes populares (some popular singers) unas canciones populares (some popular songs) Usually descriptive adjectives follow the nouns they modify: una ciudad limpia (a clean city). But the tricky part is that Spanish adjectives are different from English adjectives, in English adjectives are found before the noun they modify, while in Spanish usually they're foundafter the noun they modify. And also because in Spanish the adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. When they precede the noun, such adjectives change meaning, acquiring a less literal sense: El mendigo es un hombre pobre. (A beggar is a poor man.) But: El pobre hombre tiene muchos problemas (The poor guy has many problems) See how the position can define the meaning intended in the sentence. The first “pobre” means someone who doesn’t have money, but the second “pobre” means someone who deserve pity, and has nothing to do with money. In most cases adjectives precede the nouns they modify whenever they: - Express an essential quality: la dulce miel (the sweet honey) las verdes hojas (the green leaves) - Point out, limit or quantify: este perro (this dog) su hija (his/ her daughter) menos caliente (less hot) tres manzanas (three apples) Adjectives can be used as nouns, in that case they take a definite article: Los pobres tienen muchos problemas. (Poor people have many problems.) Adjectives are occasionally used adverbially: Jose vive feliz en su granja. (Jose lives happily in his farm.) So in short these are some rules to follow about the Spanish Adjectives: Most Spanish adjectives end in (-o), and in order to make them feminine, change the o to an (-a), to make them plural, add -os (plural masculine); or -as (plural feminine). When the adjective ends in (-a) or (-e), no difference will be made between the masculine and feminine form, and the plural is created by adding (–s).
- pobre ( for both masc & fem singular) - pobres ( for both masc & fem plural) - egoísta ( for both masc & fem singular) - egoístas ( both genders in plural) When an adjective ends in any consonant except r, or z, there will be no difference between the masculine and feminine forms, and the plural can be created by adding -es. - débil (for both genders in singular) - débiles (for both genders in plural). When an adjective ends with z, no difference will be made to both genders in singular,but in the plural we have to switch z to c and then add the usual -es. - feliz ( for both genders) - felices ( for both genders in plural) When an adjective ends in r, the feminine is formed by adding an (-a), the masculine plural by adding -es and the feminine plural by adding -as. - encantador ( masc singular) - encantadora (fem singular) - encantadores (masc plural) - encantadoras (fem plural) At the end of this page you will find a list of the most used 101 adjectives. Summery of Spanish Adjectives: This is basically what you need to remember about adjectives, and the four forms they take: Most Spanish adjectives end in o. To make them feminine, change the o to an a. To make them plural, add -os (plural masculine) or -as (plural feminine).
singular blanco blanca
masculine feminine
Spanish Adjectives plural blancos blancas
singular alto alta
This is a list of some adjectives that you might find useful:
List of Adjectives in Spanish ambitious
ambicioso
Chinese
chino/ china
American
americano/ americana
comical, funny
cómico
annoying
pesado
conceited
presumido
argumentative bad
discutidor malo/ mala
conservative
conservador
conventional
convencional
bad-tempered
malhumorado
coward
cobarde
beautiful
hermoso/ hermosa
crazy, nuts
loco, chiflado
big, large
grande
cruel
cruel
blonde
rubio/ rubia
difficult, hard
difícil
boring
aburrido
disagreeable
antipático
brave
valiente
dull, boring
soso, aburrido
brunette, tanned skin
moreno/ morena
easy
fácil
carefree careless
despreocupado descuidado, poco cuidadoso
English fat
inglés/ inglésa gordo/ gorda
cautious
prudente, cauteloso, cauto;
few, a little
poco
certain
cierto
French
francés/ francésa
charming
encantador
frequent
frecuente
cheerful
alegre, jovial
friendly
amigable, agradable
pious
piadoso
mean
tacaño
polite
cortés, educado
modest
modesto
poor
pobre
moody
de humor cambiante
possible
posible
naive
ingenuo, inocentón
pretty
bonito/ bonita
narrow-minded
professional
profesional
new
de mentalidad cerrada, intolerante nuevo/ nueva
proud
orgulloso
nice (person)
simpático/ simpática
rapid, fast
rápido
old
viejo / vieja
realistic
realista
open-minded
recent
reciente
perfect
de actitud abierta, sin prejuicios perfecto
plural altos altas
reliable
fiable, confiable
personal
personal
rich
rico/ rica
fun, amusing
divertido
sad
triste
general
general
self-confident
seguro de sí mismo
generous
generoso
selfish
egoísta
German
alemán/ alemána
sensitive
sensible
good
bueno/ buena
shy - introverted
tímido, vergonzoso - introvertido handsome
guapo/ guapa
silly, dumb
tonto/ tonta
hard-working
trabajador
skinny
flaco/ flaca
high, tall
alto/ alta
slender, slim
delgado/ delgada
honest
honesto
slow
lento
small
chiquita
intelligent interesting
inteligente interesante
Spanish
español/ española
kind
amable
strict
estricto, severo, riguroso
laid-back
tranquilo, relajado
strong
fuerte
lazy
perezoso, vago
stubborn
terco, testarudo, tozudo
little, small
pequeño/ pequeña
sympathetic (understanding) talkative
comprensivo
low, short
bajo/ baja
conversador, hablador
loyal
fiel
trustworthy
digno de confianza
weak
débil
two-faced, fake
falso
weird
raro, extraño
ugly
feo/ fea
white
blanco
various
diverso
young
joven
In Spanish there are regular, semiregular and irregular verbs. We already know regular verbs. Semiregular verbs are verbs having slight modifications in their spelling, just so that they can sound phonetically easy to pronounce, like the verb pagar (to pay) yo pago (I pay), in the past instead of writing yo pagé, we added a (u) after the g so that it would still sound [g] like in pago I bought= yo pagué, and not like [j] if we wrote pagé. Irregular verbs are verbs which don't follow standard rules of conjugation in the different verb tenses. The bad news is that they're the most used verbs. So you need to focus on them more, the good news is that you can become familiar with them easily. We will deal with semiregular and irregular as a one subject, because semiregular verbs are considered somehow irregular too. Here we will go through types of irregularity: -First person singular present with g: decir (to say), I say= digo. caer (to fall), I fall= caigo. hacer (to do), I do= hago. salir (to go out), I go out= saglo... -First person present g changes to j: escoger (to choose), I choose= escojo. corrigir (to correct), I correct= corrijo. -Stem changes in the third person singular present (e -> ie): negar (to deny), he denies= niega. cerrar (to close), he closes= cierra. pensar (to think), he think=piensa -Stem changes in the third person singular present (o -> ue): jugar (to play), he plays= juega. mostrar (to show), he shows= muestra. dormir (to sleep),he sleeps=duerme -Stem changes in the third person singular present (e -> i): decir (to say), he says= dice. medir (to measure), he measures= mide. -When we add an e to the last letter of the stem c then (c -> qu): platicar (to chat), I chatted= platiqué. bloacar (to block), I blocked= bloqué. -When we add an e to the last letter of the stem z then (z-> c): lanzar (to throw) I threw= lancé. -When we add an a or o to the last letter of the stem c then (c ->zc): conocer (to know) I know= conozco. Click Here to see a list of about 200 irregular verbs, and the pattern they follow. These are some common irregular verbs in Spanish (check the table below to see how they are conjugated): abrir, andar, caer, cerrar, conocer, creer, dar, decir, dormir, empezar, encontrar, escoger, estoy, hacer, ir, jugar, leer, llegar, mirar, oír, olvidar, pagar, pedir, pensar, perder, poder, poner, quedar, querer, saber, sacar, salir, seguir, sentir, ser, tener, traer, valer, venir, ver, volver. Smart List of Irregular Verbs in Spanish This list contains most of the common modifications that occur to verbs, it may seem confusing, but this is the easiest way to learn how a verb is modified, especially once you get used to the table. -Underlined words: refer to the stem of a verb; the root of the verb that you should keep, and modify only what comes after that stem. -Words in bold: means that the word is conjugated in an irregular way and maybe that was the reason why it was put in this irregular list. -Abbreviations: (pr part= present participle), (pa part= past participle), (Imperative has two conjugations in this table the first one is for tú, the second word is for él). Spanish Irregular Verbs
Pr Part *
Pa Part *
abrir
Verb
abriendo
abierto
abro,es,e,imos,en
Present
abrí,iste,ió,imos,ieron
Preterite
abría,s,-,mos,n
Imperfect
Future
Imperative *
andar
andando
andado
ando,as,a,amos,an
anduve,iste,o,imos,ieron
andaba,s,-,mos,n andaré,ás,á,emos,án anda,andad
caer
cayendo
caído
caigo,caes,-,mos,n
caí,ste,cayo,mos,cayeron
caía,s,-,mos,n
cerrar
cerrando
cerrado
cierro,as,a,cerramos,an
cerré,aste,ó,amos,aron
cerraba,s,-,mos,n cerraré,ás,á,emos,áncierra,cierre
conocer
conociendo conocido conozco,es,e,mos,en
conocí,iste,ió,imos,ieron
creer
creyendo
creíndo
creo,es,e,emos,en,
creí,ste,creyó,mos,creyeron
conocía,s,-,mos,nconoceré,ás,á,emos, conoce,zca án creía,s,-,mos,n creeré,ás,á,emos,án cree,crea
dar
dando
dado
doy,das,a,mos,n
di,ste,o,mos,eron
daba,s,-,mos,n
daré,ás,á,emos,án
da,dad
decir
diciendo
dicho
digo,dices,-,decimos,n
dije,iste,o,imos,eron
decía,s,-,mos,n
diré,ás.á,emos,án
di,decid
dormir
durmiendo
dormido
duermo,es,e,o-imos,en
ir
yendo
ido
voy,vas,a,mos,n
fui,iste,e,imos,eron
iba,s,-,mos,n
jugar
jugando
jugado
juego,as,a,jugamos,an
jugué,aste,ó,amos,aron
jugaba,s,-,mos,n jugaré,ás,á,emos,án juega,juegue
leer
leyendo
leído
leo,es,e,emos,en
leí,ste,leyó,mos,leyeron
leía,s,-,mos,n
llegar
llegando
llegado
llego,as,a,amos,an
llegué,llegaste,ó,amos,aron
llegaba,s,-,mos,n llegaré,ás,á,emos,án llega,llegue
mirar
mirando
mirado
miro,as,s,amos,an
miré,aste,ó,amos,aron
miraba,s,-,mos,n miraré,ás,á,emos,án mira,mire
oír
oyendo
oído
oigo,oyes,-,oímos,n
oí,ste,oyo,mos,oyeron
oía,s,-,mos,n
olvidar
olvidando
olvidado olvido,as,a,amos
olvidé,aste,ó,amos,aron
pedir
pidiendo
pedido
pido,es,e,pedimos,piden pedí,iste,pidió,imos,pidieron
olvidaba,s,-,mos, olvidaré,ás,á,emos,á olvida,olvide n n pedía,s,-,mos,n pediré,ás,á,emos,án pide,pida
pagar
pagando
pagado
Pago,as,a,amos,an
Pagaba,s,-,mos,n Pagaré,ás,á,emos,án Paga, pague
pensar
pensando
pensado
pienso,as,a,pensamos,an pensé,aste,ó,amos,aron
perder
perdiendo
pedrido
pierdo,es,e,perdemos,en perdí,iste,ió,imos,ieron
poder
podiendo
podido
puedo,es,e,podemos,en
pude,iste,o,imos,ieron
pensaba,s,-,mos, pensaré,ás,á,emos,á piensa,piense n n perdía,s,-,mos,n perderé,ás,á,emos,.á pierde,pierda n podía,s,-,mos,n podré,ás,á,emos,án puede,pueda
poner
poniendo
puesto
pongo,pones,-,mos,en
puse,iste,o,imos,ieron
ponía,s,-mos,n
quedar
quedando
quedado
quedo,as,a,amos,an
quedé,aste,ó,amos,aron
querer
queriendo
querido
quiero,es,e,queremos,en quise,iste,o,imos,ieron
saber
sabiendo
sabido
sé, sabes,-,mos,en
supe,iste,o,imos,ieron
pondré,ás,á,emos,á pon,poned n quedaba,s,-,mos, quedaré,ás,á,emos,á queda,quede n n quería,s,-,mos,n querré,ás,á,emos,á quiere,quered n sabía,s,-,mos,n sabré,ás,á,emos,án sabe,sabed
sacar
sacando
sacado
saco,as,a,amos,an
saque, sacaste,ó,amos,aron
sacaba,s,-,mos,n sacaré,ás,á,emos,án saca,saque
salir
saliendo
salido
salgo, sales,e,imos,en
salí,iste,ío,imos,ieron
salía,s,-,mos,n
seguir
siguiendo
seguido
sentir
sintiendo
sentido
sigo,ues,ue,seguimos,uen seguí,iste,siguió,imos,siguieron seguía,s,-,mos,n seguiré,ás,á,emos,á sigue,siga n siento,es,e,sentimos,en sentí,iste,sintió,imos,sintieron sentía,s,-,mos,n sentiré,ás,á,emos,án siente,sienta
ser
siendo
sido
soy,eres,es,somos,son
era,s,-,mos,n
seré,ás,á,emos,án
tener
teniendo
tenido
tengo,tienes,-,tenemos,n tuve,iste,o,imos,ieron
tenía,s,-,mos,n
tendré,ás,á,emos,ánten,tened
traer
trayendo
traído
traigo,traes,-,mos,n
traje,iste,o,imos,ieron
traía,s,-,mos,n
traeré,ás,á,emos,án trae,traed
valer
valiendo
valido
valgo,vales,e,emos,en
valí,iste,ió,imos,ieron
valía,s,-,mos,n
valdré,ás,á,emos,án vale/val,valga
abriré,ás,á,emos,án abre,abra caeré,ás,á,emos,án cae,caiga
dormí,iste,durmió,imos,u-ieron dormía,s,-,mos,n dormiré,ás,á,emos,á duerme,dormid n empezar empezando empezado empiezo,as,a,ezamos,n empecé,empezaste,ó,amos,aron empezaba,s,-,mo empezaré,ás,á,emos empieza,ce s,n ,án escoger esogiendo escogido escojo,ges,e,gemos,gen escogí,iste,ió,imos,ieron escogía,s,-,mos,n Escogeré,ás,á,emos, Escoge,escoja án encontrar encontrando encontado encuentro,as,a,o-mos,an encontré,aste,ó,amos,aron encontaba,s,-,mo encontré,ás,á,emos, encuentra,e s,n án escribir escribiendo escrito escribo,es,e,imos,en escribí,iste,ió,imos,ieron escribía,s,-,mos,nescribiré,ás,á,emos, escribe,escriba án estoy estando estado estoy,as,a,amos,an estuve,iste,o,imos,ieron estaba,s,-,amos,a estaré,ás,á,emos,án esta,estad n hacer haciendo hecho hago,haces,-,mos,n, hice,iste,hizo,imos,ieron hacía,s,-,mos,n haré,ás,á,emos,án haz,haced
Pagué,aste,ó,amos,aron
fui,iste,e,imos,eron
iré,ás,á,emos,án
ve,id
leeré,ás,á,emos,án lee,lea
oiré,ás,á,emos,án
oye,oíd
saldré,ás,á,emos,án sal,salga
sé, sed
venir
viniendo
venido
vengo,vienes,-,venimos,n vine,iste,o,imos,ieron
ver
viendo
visto
veo,s,-,mos,n
volver
volviendo
vuelto
vuelvo,es,e,volvemos,en volví,iste,ió,imos,ieron
vi,ste,o,mos,eron
venía,s,-,mos,n vendré,ás,á,emos,á ven,venga n veía,s,-,mos,n veré,ás,á,emos,án ve,vea volvía,s,-,mos,n volveré,ás,á,emos,á vuelve,vuelva n
A Pronoun in Spanish as well as in English is like a shortcut to refer to a noun, a word that stands for or represents a noun or noun phrase, a pronoun is identified only in the context of the sentence in which they are used. So you must have a prior idea about who "he or she" "él or ella" is. In English we find "me, her, what, that, his", In Spanish they're used pretty much the same way, the main difference is that in Spanish most pronouns have a gender, masculine or feminine and rarely neuter to unknown objects or ideas. Types of pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about), indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verb's subject). This table below shows examples of all pronouns categories in Spanish:
Type of Pronouns Subject Possessive
Reflexive
Indefinite Relative Interrogative Demonstrative
Prepositional
Indirect Object Pronoun
Spanish Pronouns Use Examples in Spanish (English) Replaces the subject of a Yo (I), tú (you), él (he), ella (she),nosotros (we), ellos (they), ellas(they) sentence Refers to something Mío (mine), mía (mine), míos(mine), mías (mine), tuyo/a(yours), suyo/a (his, hers, owned or possessed by theirs),nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/a(yours) someone. usually preceded by el/la/los/las Used when the direct Me (myself), te (yourself), se(himself, herself, themselves), nos(ourselves), os (yourselves) object and indirect object of a verb refer to the same person. Used more often in Spanish. Used to refer to Algo (something), alguien(anybody), nadie (nobody), todo(all), todas (all), uno (one), unos(some), ninguno (none), muc nonspecific people or ho(many), poco (little) things Introduces a clause that Que (that, which, who, whom),quien (who, whom), el cual(which, that gives more information which) cuyo (whose),cuyas (whose), donde (where), el que (that, which) about a noun or pronoun Used in questions Qué (what), quién (what), cuándo(when), cuánto (when) Replaces a noun while Éste (this one), ésta (this one),ésa (that one), aquéllos (those ones), aquél (that one over there) also pointing to it Function as the object of Mi (me), ti(you), él, nosotros, vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest is the same as in subject pronouns) a verb or preposition, used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the noun they replace They’re words that Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you (formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them) Me da gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Te replace the indirect quiero (I love you) object, which is usually a person.
Subject pronouns: Subject pronouns replace the subject of the sentence, they're very easy to use, and this is a complete list of them with their English equivalent: Subject Pronoun in Spanish Singular yo - I , tú - you (familiar), él - he, ella - she, usted - you (formal), Plural nosotros We (masculine or mixed gender), nosotras we (feminine), vosotros you-all (familiar, Spain, masculine or mixed gender) vosotras you-all (familiar, Spain, feminine), ellos they (masculine or mixed gender), ellas they (feminine) ustedes you-all (formal in Spain, formal and familiar in Latin America)
Spanish Possessive Pronouns: Possessive pronouns refer to something owned or possessed by someone. Usually preceded by el/la/los/las, used the same way in both languages: Mine= el mío / la mía /los míos / las mías. Yours (familiar) = el tuyo / la tuya /los tuyos / las tuyas. Yours (formal), his, hers= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas. Ours= el nuestro / la nuestra/ los nuestros / las nuestras. Yours (familiar) = el vuestro / la vuestra / los vuestros / las vuestras. Yours (formal), theirs= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas
Possessive pronouns Mine Yours (tú) His/hers/its yours (Ud.) Ours Yours (vosotros) Theirs yours (Uds.)
Possessive Pronouns in Spanish Masculine el (los) mío(s) el (los) tuyo(s) el (los) suyo(s)
Feminine la(s) mía(s) la(s) tuya(s) la(s) suya(s)
el (los) nuestro(s) el (los) vuestro(s) el (los) suyo(s)
la(s) nuestra(s) la(s) vuestra(s) la(s) suya(s)
Below, are examples of pronoun adjectives, compare them to the possessive pronoun shown on the table above, mi(s)= my, mi coche (my car) mis amigas (my friends), tu(s)= your (singular) tu hermano (your brother) tus amigos, su(s)= his, her, your (formal), their su dinero (his money), sus plumas nuestro(-a, -os, -as)= our, nuestro plato (our plate), nuestras casas, vuestro(-a, -os, -as)= your (fam. pl.), vuestro radio, vuestras plumas . Note: don’t confuse between the three forms of possessive: Possessive adjective (short/unstressed form): mi, tu, su, nuestro/a, vuesto/a , nuestra casa (our house). Possessive adjective (long/stressed form): mío, tuyo , es un amigo tuyo ( he is a friend of yours). Possessive pronoun: el mío, el tuyo, es el mío (it’s mine) Prepositional Pronouns in Spanish Spanish prepositional pronouns are used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the noun they replace. There are 11 forms of prepositional pronouns, The only difference between prepositional pronouns and subject pronouns is the first and second person in the singular, (mí and ti instead of yo and tú), plus we have a neuter form ello in the prepositional pronoun.
Singular Me You Him, it Her, it You It
Prepositional Pronouns Plural mí Us nosotros ti You vosotros él Them ellos ella Them ellas Ud. You Uds. ello
Examples: A mi, no me gusta el carne de cerdo = me (to me), I don't like pork Quiero estudiar con ellos = I want to study with them Tengo un regalo para ti = I have a gift for you. But we also have ello which is for neuter, No tengo tiempo para ello = I don't have time for that. estoy occupado, y por ello no puedo ir al cine= I'm busy, that's why I can't go to the movies. Exceptions: We use subject pronouns after the prepositions como (like), entre (between),excepto (except), incluso (including), menos (except), salvo (except), and según(according to). Example: necesito un amigo como tú = I need a friend like you. And also when paired with another pronoun: - para él y ella - por tú o yo. Spanish Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns in Spanish are closely related to direct and indirect pronouns, by following the same rules of word order and using almost same pronouns. I wash myself: me baño. What’s your name? (What do you call yourself?) cómo te llamas. So all pronouns ending in -self (-selves) are considered reflexive pronouns, in Spanish there're (me, te, se, nos, os, se), see table below for more detail.
Person First-person singular Second-person singular familiar Second-person singular formal, third-person singular First-person plural Second-person plural familiar Second-person plural formal, third-person plural
Spanish me te
Spanish Reflexive Pronouns English equivalent myself yourself
Example Me baño, I wash myself. Te bañas, you wash yourself.
se
yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself
Ella se baña, she washes herself.
nos os se
ourselves yourselves yourselves, themselves
Nos bañamos, we wash ourselves. Os bañais, you wash yourselves. Se bañan, they wash themselves.
Indefinite Pronouns in Spanish Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing. In Spanish as in English, most of the words used as indefinite pronouns sometimes they function as other parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as adverbs. In Spanish, some of the indefinite pronouns exist in both masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and plural forms, so they must agree with the nouns they refer to. Here is a list of the most common Spanish indefinite pronouns:
Spanish alguien (someone, somebody, anyone, anybody) alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas (one, some things or people) algo (something)
Spanish Indefinite Pronouns Examples Necesito a alguien que pueda hablar inglés. (I need someone who can speak English.)
Voy a salir con algunas de las chicas. (I'm going out with one of the girls.) Algunos quieren bailar. (Some want to dance.) ¿Quieres alguno más? (Do you want some more?) busco algo grande y barato. (I’m looking for something big and cheap.) ¿escuchaste algo esta tarde? (Did you hear something this afternoon?) cualquiera (anybody, anyone) Cualquiera puede jugar El fútbol. (Anyone can play soccer.) mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas (much, El sitio web tiene mucho que ofrecer. (The website has much to offer.) Hay muchos. (There many) are many problems.) Nos queda mucho por hacer. (We have much left to do.) nada (nothing) No tengo nada para ti. (I have nothing for you.) (When nada follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form) nadie (nobody, no one) No conocemos a nadie. (we know nobody.) Nadie te crees. (No one believes you.) Note that when nadie follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form. ninguno, ninguna (none, nobody, no Ninguna de ellas tiene dinero. (None of them have money) (When ninguno follows a verb, the one) part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form. Otro/a, otros/as (another, other one, Me puedes traer otro? (Can you bring me another one?) Los otros estan judando con el perro. another one, other ones, others) (The others are playing with the dog). (Un otro and una otra are not used for "another one) Poco/a, pocos/as (little, little bit, few, a Tengo un poco de hambre. (I’m a little bit hungry.) Pocos van a la playa (A few are going to few) the beach.) todo, todos, todas (everything, all, Tú comes todo. (You eat everything.) Todos pensan en su futuro. (All are thinking about their everyone) future) uno, una, unos/as (one, some) Uno no puede creer sin ver. (One cannot believe without seeing.) Unos libros son aburridos. (Some books are boring.) Tanto (as much) Quiero ir contigo, pero no tengo tanto tiempo (I want to go with you but I don’t as much time)
Spanish Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are used to refer to another expression or concept that preceded it. In English we have (that, which, or who). In Spanish we find (que, quien, quienes, el que, el cual) Note that these pronouns are not accents like the interrogative ones. So relative pronouns are pronouns that are used to introduce a clause that provides more information about a noun. Thus in the sentence "The lady who is talking is my teacher," the relative pronoun is "who"; the clause "who is talking" provides more information about the sentence's subject, "the lady." In the Spanish equivalent, la mujer que habla es mi profesora, the relative pronoun is que.
Pronouns Que (who)
Spanish Relative Pronouns Examples Me gusta la canción que estas cantando. (I like the song that you're singing) Que must be used when the relative pronoun comes immediately after the antecedent, when there is nothing between the two.
Quien, quienes (who, whom) Conoces a Juan, quien habla ocho idiomas. (Do you know John, who speaks 8 languages.) Es la
el que, la que, lo que, los que, las que (which, who, whom) el cual, la cual, lo cual, los cuales, las cuales (which, who, whom) cuyo, cuya,cuyos, cuyas (whose) Donde (where)
profesora de quien te dije. (She is the teacher I told you about.) Don’t confuse between Quien and Que. Quien is used after a preposition. Or separated by commas from the noun it describes, Mario es el muchacho con el que vas a estudiar. (Mario is the student with whom you will study) This pronoun must match the noun it refers to in both number and gender. It is often interchangeable with el cual but is somewhat more informal in usage. Ese era el tema sobre el cual yo estaba hablando (this was the subject Which I was talking about) This pronoun must match the noun it refers to in both number and gender. It is used in formal writing more often than in speech Conozco personalmente a ese autor cuyos libros me brindan tanto placer (I know this author personally, whose books are a lot of fun) This pronoun must match the noun it modifies in both number and gender. It is used more in writing than in speech. Not used in questions, where de quién is used instead, as in¿De quién es esta camseta? (Whose shirt is this?) Voy a España donde se habla español. (I'm going to Spainwhere Spanish is spoken.)
Not also that we can omit relative pronouns in English, but not in Spanish: I like the song (that) you’re singing, (that) is not necessary in this sentence, but in Spanish it cannot be omitted: me gusta la canción que estas cantando. Que = that, which, who. Quien = who, or whom after a preposition. El que = that, which, who, whom. El cual = that, which, who, whom. It seems that they all mean the same thing!! So how do we know which one in specific cases? A general rule is the longer the distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun, the longer is the relative pronoun to be used, knowing that the shortest one is (que) with three characters and longest is el cual (6 characters). Que: must be used when the relative pronoun comes immediately after the antecedent, when there is nothing between the two. Me gusta la casa que tienes. (I like the house that you have). Quien: is used when the antecedent is a person and there is some distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun (a comma or a short (one- or two-syllable) preposition): Roberto es el hombre con quien salgo. (Robert is the person who I’m going out with). El que and the other forms (la que, los que, las que): are typically used when there is some distance between the relative pronoun and the antecedent, for example after a comma or a one-word preposition. This includes one-syllable prepositions often used with que (likeen) and especially those which que might cause confusion if used with que, for example: El pueblo en el que nací (the village where I was born). El cual and the accompanying forms la cual, los cuales, and las cuales, are used when there is greater distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun. The most typical examples is after compound prepositions such as acerca de (about, concerning), al lado de (beside), antes de (before), cerca de (near), debajo de (underneath), delante de(in front of), dentro de (inside), después de (after), detrás de (behind), and por encima de (on top of). As with el que, the numerous forms for el cual make it useful to distinguish between more than one possible antecedent. La violencia doméstica es un mal sobre el cual es difícil hablar. Spanish Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are quién, qué, cuál, and cuánto . A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, and interrogative means questioning, so interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to ask the questions like who, what, which, and how much/many. Note that all of these words have accents. Spanish Interrogative Pronouns Quién (who, whom) plural Quiénes.
¿Quién está aquí? Who is here? ¿Quién viene conmigo? Who's coming with me? ¿Quiénes han ganado? Who won?
Quién can also follow apreposition.
¿A quién habláis? To whom are you speaking? ¿De quién es este libro? Whose book is this?
Qué (what)
¿Qué quiere? What does he want? ¿Qué piensas del libro? What do you think of the book? ¿Qué es eso? What is this?
Cuál (what, which) pluralcuáles
¿Cuál quieres - la pluma o el lápiz? Which do you want - the pen or the pencil? Hay muchas ideas. ¿Cuáles prefieres? There are a lot of ideas. Which ones do you prefer?
Cuánto (how much) pluralcuántos (how many).
¿Tienes dinero? ¿Cuánto? Do you have any money?How much? ¿Cuántos están en el coche? How many are in the car?
Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns Spanish has three demonstrative pronouns where English only has two. In English, we say "this" or "that" depending upon whether the object is close to us or not. In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but there is another extra word used to mean "that one over
there." This form is used when the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of the room. Here are the three forms for "this" "that" and "that one over there". este (this) - ese (that) -aquel (that one over there). Remember, the demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative adjectives, except that the pronouns have a written accent. Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns this (este: adjective) (éste: pronoun) ése (that one - masculine) that (ese: adjective) (ése: pronoun) ésos (those ones - masculine) that one over there (aquel: adjective) (aquél: pronoun) ésa (that one - feminine) ésas (those ones - feminine) éste (this one - masculine) aquél (that one over there - masc.) éstos (these ones - masculine) aquéllos (those ones over there - masc.) ésta (this one - feminine) aquélla (that one over there - fem.) éstas (these ones - feminine) aquéllas (those ones over there - fem.) Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender, they do not have a written accent, and they are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object. esto (this matter, this thing) eso (that matter, that thing) aquello (that matter/thing over there) Spanish Indirect Object Pronouns Indirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object, which is usually aperson. The Spanish indirect object pronouns are as follows: 1st person
me
me
nos
us
2nd person
te
you
os
you
3rd person
le
him, her, you, it
les
them, you
Like direct object pronouns, Spanish indirect object pronouns are placed in front of the verb. I'm telling you about him. - te hablo de él. She sings to them - Les canta. We lend you people our car. - os prestamos nuestro coche. He asked us - Él nos preguntó. Pronouns can get attached to the end in the case of infinitives, present participles, and affirmative commands: Le voy a preguntar (or) Voy a preguntarle - I'm going to tell him. Les quiero enviar una tarjeta (or) Quiero enviarles una tarjeta - I want to send them a letter. Summery: This is mainly what you need to remember about Pronouns in general:
Spanish Pronouns Type of Pronouns Use Examples in Spanish (English) Subject Replaces the subject of a Yo (I), tú (you), él (he), ella (she),nosotros (we), ellos (they), ellas(they) sentence Possessive Refers to something Mío (mine), mía (mine), míos(mine), mías (mine), tuyo/a(yours), suyo/a (his, hers, theirs),nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/ owned or possessed by someone. usually preceded by el/la/los/las Reflexive Used when the direct Me (myself), te (yourself), se(himself, herself, themselves), nos(ourselves), os (yourselves) object and indirect object of a verb refer to the same person. Used more often in Spanish. Indefinite Used to refer to Algo (something), alguien(anybody), nadie (nobody), todo(all), todas (all), uno (one), unos(some), ninguno (none), nonspecific people or things Relative Introduces a clause that Que (that, which, who, whom),quien (who, whom), el cual(which, that which) cuyo (whose),cuyas (whose), donde ( gives more information about a noun or pronoun Interrogative Used in questions Qué (what), quién (what), cuándo(when), cuánto (when)
Demonstrative
Prepositional
Indirect Object Pronoun
Replaces a noun while also pointing to it
Éste (this one), ésta (this one),ésa (that one), aquéllos (those ones), aquél (that one over there)
Function as the object of aMi (me), ti(you), él, nosotros, vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest is the same as in subject pronouns) verb or preposition, used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the noun they replace They’re words that Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you (formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them) Me da gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Te replace the indirect object, which is usually a person.
Prepositions are a vital part of a language and it's hard to build a sentence without them. In Spanish prepositions are easy to understand, since they are used the same way as in English, the only tricky part is how to use them, especially because one preposition in Spanish can mean many prepositions in English. Like the preposition "en" which means not only (in, on) but also (at, about, by, on top of, upon, inside of...) let’s first understand what a preposition is. A preposition is a type of little word that is placed in front of an object usually a noun in order to indicate a relationship between that noun and the verb, adjective, or noun that follows and used to form a clause; the clause in turn functions as an adjective or adverb. The object also can be a pronoun or verb that functions as a noun. You will understand prepositions better when you go through the types and examples. List of Spanish Prepositions a (to, at)
en vez de (instead of)
al (upon)
en (in, at)
al lado de (beside)
encima de (above, on top)
ante (before)
enfrente de (in front of)
antes de (before)
entre (between, among)
bajo (under)
fuera de (outside)
cerca de (near)
hacia (towards)
como (like)
hasta (until)
con (with)
lejos de (far from)
contra (against)
menos (except)
de (from, of, about)
para (for)
debajo de (under, beneath)
por (for, on account of)
delante de (in front of)
salvo (except)
dentro de (inside)
según (according to)
desde (since)
sin (without)
después de (after)
sobre (about, above/on)
detrás de (behind)
tras (after)
These are some common prepositions used in a sentence to understand their meaning and the position they take better: Examples of Spanish Prepositions a (to, at) : voy a Marruecos y las Islas canarias (I’m going to Morocco & Canaries Islands) a personal: espero a mi hermano (I’m waiting for my brother) busca a alguien (I’m looking for someone) al (upon) : Al llegar a mi casa, voy a dormir (Upon arriving home, I'll go to sleep) al lado de (beside, by): Vivo al lado del río (I live by the lake) antes de (before): bebo agua antes de dormir (I drink water before sleeping) bajo (under): juega bajo la lluvia(he plays under the rain), busque bajo la mesa!(lookunder the table) cerca de (near) : trabajo cerca del banco (I work near the bank) como (like, as): dormir como un tronco (to sleep like a log), como postre tomo...( as a dessert I will take...) con (with) : salgo con Maria (I’m going out with Maria), huevos con queso (eggs withcheese) contra (against): estoy contra la Guerra (I’m against war) de (from, of, about): compré una mesa de mármol (I bought table made of marble) debajo de (under, beneath): los hombres por debajo de los 30 años (men under 30 years old) delante de (in front of): Delante de Dios (in front of God). Creo que Atlantis estádelante de Gibraltar.
dentro de (inside): tengo sentimientos dentro de mí (I have feelings inside me) desde (since): trabajo en la biblioteca desde 1998 (I work in the library since 1998) después de (after): la vida después de la muerte (the life after death) detrás de (behind): el campo de fútbol está detrás de la escuela (the football field is located behind the school) en vez de (instead of): en vez de enfadarte, deberías perdonarlos (instead of getting mad, you should forgive them) en (in, at) : estoy en cama ahora(I´m in bed now). Vivo en argentina (I live en argentina). encima de (above, on top): las cartas están encima de la mesa (the letters are on the top of the table) enfrente de (in front of): el hombre enfrente de mí es un héroe (the man in front of me is a hero) entre (between, among): vive en la frontera entre los EE.UU y mexico (he lives at the border between the U.S & Mexico) fuera de (outside): comes fuera de casa mucho( you eat outside the house a lot) hacia (towards): busco la carretera hacia Madrid (I'm looking for the road towardsMadrid) hasta (until): ayer trabajé hasta las diez (I worked until 10 o’clock yesterday) lejos de (far from): ¿está muy lejos de aquí? (is it far from here?) para*(for): trabajo para Global7 (I work for Global7). para prendir un idioma es necesario praticar (to learn a language...) por * (for, on account of): por eso no quiero hablar con él ( for this reason I don't want to talk to him) según (according to): según la previsión del tiempo, brillará el sol todo el día (according to the forecast,...) sin (without): ¡eh! ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! (hey, it´s be a while, literally: long timewithout seeing you) sobre (about, on):colecciono todo sobre las monedas (I collect everything about coins),sobre la mesa(on the table) Some prepositions rules: Preposition + noun: Sin corazón (without heart). Sobre la mesa (on the table). Preposition + pronoun: cómo yo (like me). para mí (for me). Preposition + infinitive: para variar (just for a change). para empezar (first...) Verb + preposition: trabajé hasta las ocho (I worked until 10). trabajo para la embajada (I work for the embassy) Sometimes it's hard to pick which preposition to use in certain cases, that's why we're going to go through examples of prepositions that you may have hard time to chose, like (por and para), they both mean the same thing in English, but still in Spanish each one of them is used in a certain situation. A: -connects a verb of motion + infinitive: voy a bailar (I'm gonig to dance) -joins any verb (except tener) + a person: busco a mi hijo (I'm looking for my son). De: descriptively links two nouns: el héroe de la historia (the hero of the story) expresses possession: el perro de perdo (Pedro’s dog). En (in, on): Estoy en Madrid. (I'm in Madrid). empeczo en 30 minutos. (I'll start in 30 minutes). la tarjeta en la mesa (the letter on the table). Para vs Por: por is more common than para, so to make it easy, try to learn the rules of para and for the rest you can just use por. In most cases para refers to a goal or destination. Para: (in order to + infinitivo): Para aprender, hay que practicar (in order to learn, we must practice). (For: for the benefit of, to be given to): eso es para tí (this is for you). (For: by (deadline): Hay que hacerlo para el jueves (it must be done by thursday). (for: towards, in the direction of): voy para la escuela (I'm going to school). (For: to be used for): una tazapara café. (For: in one's opinion, compared to others): Para mí, no me gusta el jamón (I don´t like pork) (for: like to work for): Trabajo para Lingualogy Inc. Por: (by, via, by means of):Viajé por tren.(I traveled by train) (through, along): Voy a NYpor Washington DC ( I go to NY through DC). (Because of, due to): no lo hice por dinero (I didn´t do it for money). (During, in (time of day). estudio por la mañana. (For: in exchange for): Pagué 40 dólares por el libro. (For: for a period of time: estudié por 6 horas. (For: for the sake of, on behalf of) Lo hizo solo por ella (I only did it for her). Por is also used in idiomatic expressions; here are the most common ones: Spanish Idioms ¡por supuesto!
Of course!
por lo mismo
For that very reason
¿por qué?
Why? For what reason?
por lo que a mí me toca
As far as I'm concerned
día por día
Day by day
por lo tanto
Therefore
estar por
To be in the mood to
por lo visto
Apparently
palabra por palabra
Word for word
por medio de
By means of
por adelantado
In advance
por mi parte
For my part
por ahora
For now
por motivo de
On account of
por allí
Around there, that way
por ningún lado
Nowhere
por amor de Dios
For the love of God
por orden
In order
por aquí
Around here, this way
por otra parte
On the other hand
por casualidad
By chance
por poco
Almost
por ciento
Percent
por primera/última vez
For the first/last time
por cierto
Certainly
por separado
Separately
por completo
Completely
por si acaso
Just in case
por correo
By mail/post
por su propio mano
By one's own hand
por dentro
Inside
por suerte
Fortunately
por desgracia
Unfortunately
por supuesto
Of course
por Dios
For heaven's sake
por teléfono
On the phone, by phone
por ejemplo
For example
por todas partes
Everywhere
por eso
Therefore, that's why
por todos lados
On all sides
por favor
Please
por último
Finally
por fin
Finally
por un lado, por otro
On one hand, on the other
por la mañana, tarde
In the morning, afternoon
una vez por todas
por la noche
At night
por lo menos
por las buenas o por las malas por lo común
Whether you like it or not
por lo demás
Furthermore
por lo general
Generally, in general
Usually
Preposition para: estar para
To be about to
para entonces
By that time
¿para qué?
Why? For what purpose? What for?
para siempre
Forever
para variar
Just for a change
Some Compound prepositions: a causa de (because of, due to)
después de (alter)
a excepción de (with exception of)
detrás de (behind, in back of)
a fuerza de (by dint of)
en frente de (in front of)
a menos de (without (with infinitive)
en vez de (instead of)
a pesar de (in spite of)
en virtud de (by virtue of)
acerca de (concerning)
frente a (before, in front of)
además de (moreover)
fuera de (outside of)
adversamente a (adverse to)
junto a (next to, beside)
al través de (across from)
lejos de (far from)
alrededor de (around)
por causa de (by cause of, because)
antes de (before)
por parte de (on account of)
cerca de (close to)
por razón de (by reason of)
contrario a (contrary to)
relativamente a (relative to)
correspondiente a (corresponding to)
respeto a (with respect to)
debajo de (under, beneath)
sin embargo de (however)
delante de (in front of)
tocante a (about, concerning)
dentro de (in, inside of)
Summery: A preposition is a type of little word that is placed in front of an object usually a noun inorder to indicate a relationship between that noun and the verb, adjective, or noun that follows and used to form a clause; the clause in turn functions as an adjective or adverb. The object also can be a pronoun or verb that functions as a noun, this is a table showing the most common prepositions with their translation into English. a (to, at)
en vez de (instead of)
al (upon)
en (in, at)
al lado de (beside)
encima de (above, on top)
Once and for all At least
ante (before)
enfrente de (in front of)
antes de (before)
entre (between, among)
bajo (under)
fuera de (outside)
cerca de (near)
hacia (towards)
como (like)
hasta (until)
con (with)
lejos de (far from)
contra (against)
menos (except)
de (from, of, about)
para (for)
debajo de (under, beneath)
por (for, on account of)
delante de (in front of)
salvo (except)
dentro de (inside)
según (according to)
desde (since)
sin (without)
después de (after)
sobre (about, above/on)
detrás de (behind)
tras (after)
Spanish tenses are more diverse then in English, also a finite verb agrees in person and number with its subject (the doer of the action), even when the subject is understood without being expressed by a noun or pronoun. There are three persons which exist in all tenses in Spanish: First person is the speaker, second person is the one spoken to, and third person is the one spoken about. First person singular: (Yo) soy marinero (I'm a sailor). First person plural: (Nosotros) somos marineros (We are sailors) Second person familiar, singular: (Tú) eres abogado (you're a lawyer). Second person familiar, plural: (Vosotros) sois Americanas. (You girls are Americans.) Second person polite, singular: Ud. es muy generoso (You are very generous), Second person polite, plural: Uds. son muy generosos. (You all are very generous.) Third person singular: (Él) es abogado. (He is a lawyer). Third person plural: (Ellos) son abogados. (They are lawyers.) Note: The usted/ ustedes (the polite "you") form of address is second person but uses third person verb forms.
Conjugations Types -First Conjugation -ar: hablar (to speak)
Simple Tenses -Present Tense (presente): hablo (I speak)
-Second Conjugation -er: comer (to eat)
-Future Tense (futuro): hablará (he will speak)
-Third Conjugation -ir: vivir (to live)
-Imperfect Tense (pretérito imperfecto): hablaba (he used to speak) -Preterit/ Past Tense: habló (he spoke)
Spanish Tenses Compound Tenses -Present Perfect(préterito perfecto): he comido (I have eaten)
Moods -Indicative (indicativo): To express a fact: Estoy en el restaurante. (I’m in the restaurant.
-Subjunctive (subjuntivo): To express a wish -Future Perfect (futuro perfecto): attitude, or a doubt: habrá comido (he will have eaten) Quiero que Ud. venga. (I want you to come.) Siento que no venga Ud. (Sorry you're not com Dudo que venga Ud. (I doubt that you'll come -Pluperfect or Past Perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto): -Conditional (potencial or condicional): había hablado (I had spoken) Expressing the idea of (would): Juan no lo haría así. (Juan wouldn't do it that w -Preterit Perfect orPast Anterior (pretérito anterior): hubo -Imperative (imperativo): Expressing a direc comido (he had eaten) ¡Venga Ud! (Come!)
Spanish Present Tense The present tense (presente) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and adding personal endings to the verb stem, it's the most used tense, and it functions quite similarly to the present tense in English.
Present Tense in Spanish Present (regular) hablo,as,a,amos,an como,es,e,emos,en vivo,es,e,imos,en Present (Irregular) conozco,es,e,mos,en doy,das,a,mos,n
digo,dices,-,decimos,n empiezo,as,a,ezamos,n encuentro,as,a,o-mos,an estoy,as,a,amos,an hago,haces,-,mos,n, voy,vas,a,mos,n The present tense is used to describe something that is happening right now: (yo hablo) I speak. To refer to habitual actions:corro 5 km todos los días (I run 5 km every day). It’s also used to describe something happening in the near future: empiezo la semana que viene (I start next week). Also note that the present tense is sometimes used in literature to replace the preterit, also called the vivid present used in a narrative, to tell of the past (we will see that later). Spanish Future Tense The future tense (futuro) of regular verbs is formed by adding personal endings to the infinitive of the Spanish verb, which makes it one of the easiest tenses to conjugate. The endings are the same for all three conjugations. Future Tense in Spanish Future (Regular) hablaré,ás,á,emos,án comeré,ás,á,emos,án viviré,ás,á,emos,án Future Irregular diré,ás.á,emos,án encontré,ás,á,emos,án haré,ás,á,emos,án podré,ás,á,emos,án pondré,ás,á,emos,án querré,ás,á,emos,án sabré,ás,á,emos,án saldré,ás,á,emos,án tendré,ás,á,emos,án vendré,ás,á,emos,án The future tense is often used in discussing things that will happen & expressing future time: Iré a la oficina mañana (I will go to the office tomorrow). The future tense can express also uncertainty or probability in the present: Tendrá hambre (he must be hungry). Spanish Imperfect Tense The imperfect tense (pretérito imperfecto) of regular verbs in Spanish is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. The good news is that there is one set of endings for the first (-ar) conjugation and a second set of endings for both verbs with (-er) and third (-ir). And not many irregularities, In English it’s usually the equivalent of "was ...-ing" or sometimes "used to". Imperfect Tense in Spanish Imperfect regular hablaba,s,-,mos,n comía,s,-,mos,n vivía,s,-,mos,n Imperfect Irregular iba,s,-,íbamos,n era,s,--,éramos,n veía,s,-,mos,n The imperfect tense is used to describe a situation in the past, or an action, which occurred repeatedly: corría 5 km cada día (I used to run 5 km everyday).
It is also used to refer to an action in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.Yo bebía frecuentemente té (I used to drink tea frequently). The imperfect is used to express time or age in the past: era las nueve de la noche (it was 9 pm), tenía 3 años cuando su padre murió (he was 3 when his father died). It is also used to describe a scene in the past: el palacio era maravilloso (the palace was gorgeous). Spanish Preterit (Past Tense) The preterite tense or past tense (pretérito indefinido) of regular verbs is formed in Spanish by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. As with the imperfect tense, there is one set of endings for the first (-ar) conjugation and a second set of endings for both verbs with (-er) and third (-ir) Conjugations. Spanish Past Tense Preterit (Regular) hablé,aste,ó,amos,aron comí,iste,ió,imos,ieron viví,iste,ió,imos,ieron Preterite (Irregular) anduve,iste,o,imos,ieron di,ste,o,mos,eron dije,iste,o,imos,eron dormí,iste,durmió,imos,u-ieron empecé,empezaste,ó,amos,aron estuve,iste,o,imos,ieron hice,iste,hizo,imos,ieron fui,iste,e,imos,eron oí,ste,oyo,mos,oyeron pude,iste,o,imos,ieron puse,iste,o,imos,ieron quise,iste,o,imos,ieron supe,iste,o,imos,ieron tuve,iste,o,imos,ieron traje,iste,o,imos,ieron vine,iste,o,imos,ieron vi,ste,o,mos,eron
The preterit tense is used for the past actions that are seen as completed, with a definite beginning or ending in the past or has a verb which refers to an action that has a clear end: yo hablé con él (I spoke with him). Maria salío con él anoche (Maria went out with him last night). Fui ayer a la oficina (I went to the office yesterday). It is also used to indicate an event or action that took place while another action (usually in the imperfect tense) was still ongoing: Cantaba cuando llegué. (He was singing when I got there). Also we use the preterit when we use a word referring tothe time of the past: (ayer, anoche, el lunes, el año pasado). Spanish Imperfect vs Preterit: Since it’s easy to confuse between the Imperfect and Preterit, and also because they’re not interchangeable, we will learn here what’s the unique differences that each of them has: Preterit -To refer to something that happened once or more but with a specific end: fue ayer al gimnasio (dos veces) (I went to the gym (two times) yesterday). -To indicate a short event took place while another action (usually in the imperfect tense) was still ongoing: comía cuando llamé por teléfono (he was eating when I called). -Also used when we refer to the time of the past: (ayer, anoche, el lunes, el año pasado).
Imperfect -Habitual events (used to, would): corría 5 km cada día (I used to run 5 km everyday). -Duration, ongoing/incomplete events (was …ing) el comía mucho (he was eating a lot). -Past action in progress: el teléfono sonó mientras él dormía (the phone rang while he was sleeping) -Used when we refer to a general time reference: siempre, con frecuencia
The preterit tense is used more often than the imperfect tense; there are some exceptions though with the verbs: querer, pueder, tener, saber, creer, and esperar. We will see examples of some of them and how their meaning change by changing the tense:
Verbs Conocer Saber Querer No Querer Poder No Poder
Imperfect conocía: to have known someone sabía: to have known something quería: wanted no quería: didn't want podía: was able to no podía: wasn't able to
Preterit conoció: to have met someone supo: to have found out something quiso: tried no quiso: refused pudó: managed to no pudó: failed to
Spanish Perfect Tense The compound tenses (tiempos compuestos) are formed in Spanish with the auxiliary verb "haber" and the past participle of the main verb. The past participle in compound tenses is invariable in form and keeps the same endings in both singular & plural. -The present perfect (pretérito perfecto) uses the present tense of the auxiliary verb haber: (he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han) + (stem+ado or ido). -ado for -ar ending verbs, -ido for -er and -ir ending verbs. he hablado, has comido, he vivido. It's used almost the same way English does. To express that something has happened at a certain point just before now, at an undetermined time in the past. It cannot be used with specific times, dates, days, or years, only if it indicates a repeated action during that same period of time. Ya he estado aquí (I have already been here). He, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + (one of the examples in the table). Spanish Past Participle (regular) hablando comiendo viviendo Past participle (irregular) abierto
hecho
sido
dicho
ido
visto
escrito
puesto
vuelto
-The future perfect (futuro perfecto) uses the future tense of the auxiliary verb haber, not used that often to indicate an action that will have taken place before another action in the future. (habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán) + (stem +ado or ido), -ado for -ar ending verbs, -ido for -er and -ir ending verbs. habrás comido (you will have eaten). habrán visto (they will have seen). Future tense of haber (habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán) + (one of the examples in the table).
Past Participle regular
Past participle irregular
hablando
abierto
comiendo
dicho
viviendo
escrito hecho ido puesto sido visto vuelto
-The pluperfect or past perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto) uses the imperfect tense of haber. It's used to refer to an action in the past which happened before another action in the past: cuando llegué a la casa, mi familia ya había dormido (when I got home, my family was already sleeping). había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + (one of the examples in the table) Past Participle regular
Past participle irregular
hablando
abierto
comiendo
dicho
viviendo
escrito
hecho ido puesto sido visto vuelto Examples: había comido (I had eaten). habíamos dicho (we had said). habían visto (they had seen) -The preterit perfect or past interior (pretérito anterior) is formed with the preterit of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is usually used only after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until). apenas (scarcely) or luego que (as soon as), so it's strictly a literary tense; in conversation: Después que hube escrito la tarjeta, salí por la oficina de correos. (After I had written the letter, I went out to the post office). The preterit of haber (hube, hubiste, hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, hubieron) + (one of the examples in the table) Past Participle regular Past participle irregular abierto hablando dicho
comiendo
escrito
viviendo
hecho ido puesto sido visto vuelto Examples: hube comido (I had eaten), hubiste dicho (you had said), hubieron puesto (they had put). -The perfect infinitive (infinitivo compuesto) is composed of the infinitive of haber and the past participle of the verb: haber comido (to have eaten). haber visto (to have seen), haber comido (to have eaten). It indicates interiority to a given moment:de haber sabido, lo habría hecho (having known, I would have done it). -The perfect participle (gerundio compuesto) is composed of the present participle of haber and the past participle of the verb: habiendo comido (having eaten). It refers to an action, which ended before the one of the principal verb: Habiendo visto eso, salió llorando (Having said that, she left crying). Hopefully you learned something about Spanish tenses, like the present tense, past tense in Spanish, future tense, Spanish imperfect, present perfect tense. If you have any question, my e-mail is below. Good luck!! Spanish ConditionalMood The conditional mood (modo potencial) is used to expresses afuture uncertainty; usually a “but” or “if”expressing the reason for the uncertainty; it also expresses the idea of would, and it is one of the simplest Spanish moods. It’s formed by combining theInfinitive+ …-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían. This set of endings is compatible with all kind of verbs (-ar, -er, -ir). Note that like the future tense, some verbs may take an irregular stem before the endings, like the verb (decir which becomes dir + the endings above). Spanish Conditional Conditional: Regular verbs hablaría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían comería,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían viviría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían Conditional: Irregular verbs diría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían encontría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían haría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían podría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían pondría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían querría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían sabría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
saldría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían tendría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían vendría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían Some examples of the Spanish conditional: Lo haría esta noche, pero no tendré tiempo. (I would do it tonight, but I won't have time.) Lo habría hecho anoche, pero no tenía tiempo. (I would have done it last night, but I didn't have time.) Te dije que vendría. (I told you I would come.) -It’s commonly used to refer to what one expects or says will happen: past tense + conditional: Te dije que vendría (I told you he would come). Yo pensaba que vendría (I thought he would come). -It can also be used to express doubt in the past: Sería las diez (It was probably 10 o'clock). -Also note that the verb querer is used in the conditional to express a polite request:Quería saber (I would like to know) -The verb gustarse is used to express a polite desire or wish: Me gustaría salir contigo (I would like to go out with you). me gustaría salir, pero estoy resfriado (I wish I can go out, but I have a cold). -Also used with si (if) clauses. Si tuviera una galleta, la comería (if I had a cake, I would eat it) Spanish Conditional Perfect The conditional perfect (potencial perfecto) is a compound tense using the conditional of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb: habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían + (past participle, examples on the table below) Spanish Conditional Perfect Past Participle (regular) hablando comiendo viviendo Past participle (irregular) abierto dicho escrito hecho ido puesto sido visto vuelto habrías comido (you would have eaten), habría dicho (he/she would have said), habríanpuesto (they would have put). The conditional perfect refers to events which would have been completed had the situation been different, Note that this tense is generally used with the forms "hubieras/hubiese": - Si no hubiera nevado habríamos terminado de decorar la casa (If it hadn’t snowed, wewould have finished decorating the house). - Si no hubiera estado tan enfermo , habría terminado el trabajo (If I had not been so sick, I would have finished the job). Note: The conditional is often treated as though it was a tense rather than a mood; strictly conversational, however, the conditional is a mood which has two tenses: a simple tense used when referring to present possibilities and a compound tense used when referring topossibilities in the past. Spanish Imperative The imperative or positive familiar Cammands (mandatos) are used when you are telling (not just asking!) somebody to do something or giving him an order. They’re expressed by means of the imperative mood. The Spanish imperative exists for 5 different grammatical persons: tú, Ud., nosotros, vosotros, and Uds. Most often we find the formal form Ud. (You polite) Ud: ¡hable usted más despacio! por favor.(speak slowly, please!). Tú: ¡espera a tu madre! (wait for your mother). nosotros: ¡Hablemos de otras cosas! (Let’s talk about other things!). vosotros (only in Spain): ¡dormid vosotros! (Go to sleep, you all!). Uds: ¡hablen ustedes más despacio! por favor. (you poeple) speak slowly, please!) Now we will see how to form an imperative sentence with these five grammatical persons: -To use the imperative for Ud, add an a to the stem of verbs ending with (-er, and -ir), and an e to the stem of verbs ending with (-ar). examples ¡hable usted! (talk!), ¡viva usted! (live!) ¡coma usted¡ (eat!), but remember there are some irregularities, you will see them in the table below. -The second person singular (tú) forms are identical to the third person singular of the present tense: El profesor habla. (The professor is talking.) ¡Habla tú! (Talk!)
-The first person plural (nosotros) is formed, by changing the letter before -mos to either eor a depending on if the original verb is ending with (-ar, -er, or -ir): -ar: e ¡hablemos¡ ! estudiemos. -er: a like in (¡comamos!) -ir: a like in (¡abramos!) -The second person plural (vosotros) forms are based on the infinitive, with a -d substituted for the final -r: ¡Dormid vosotros! (Go to sleep, all of you!) -The third person plural (ustedes) for -ar: e ¡hablen ustedes! For –er, -ir: a ¡vivan ustedes! ¡coman ustedes! In general these are the variations, which occur to the ending of verbs including theNegative familiar commands, both singular and plural, are expressed by the present subjunctive: Regular -ar ending verbs: Take the present tense of the verb and change the (a) at the beginning of the suffix to (e).(for all the 5 grammatical persons) Regular -er ending verbs: Change the (e) at the beginning of the suffix after the stem to (a).( for all the 5 grammatical persons) Regular -ir ending verbs: For tú, Ud., and Uds., change the (e) at the beginning of the suffix after the stem to (a). Nosotros: Change the (i) at the beginning of the suffix to (a). Vosotros: Change (í) to (ái). -The present subjunctive is used for formal commands, both positive and negative: Duerma Ud. (Please go to sleep). It is also used for indirect commands (introduced by the conjunction que): Está cansado; que se acueste. (He's tired; let him go to bed.) -For impersonal commands given in a general sense (directions on a bottle or an examination paper, for instance) the impersonal pronoun se is attached to the subjunctive: Agítese antes de usar. (Shake before using.). Escríbase en español. (Write in Spanish.) Hortatory commands can be expressed either with the subjunctive or with the phrasevamos a and an infinitive: Durmamos. (Let's go to sleep.). Vamos a dormir. (Let's go to sleep.) Object pronouns are attached to affirmative commands, but they precede negative and indirect commands: Tráigamelo Ud.. (Bring it to me.) No me lo traiga Ud. (Don't bring it to me.) Que lo traiga Juan. (Let Juan bring it.) This table shows how commands change, note the negative form:
Commands (Mandatos): hablar: -a,-ad,-e,-en No –es,-éis,-e,-en comer: -e, -ed, -a, -an No –as,-áis,-a,-an vivir: -e, -ed, -a, -an No –as,-áis,-a,-an
tú
Spanish Imperative Vosotros/as
¡Habla! ¡No hables! ¡Come! ¡No comas! ¡Vive ¡No vivas!
¡Hablad! ¡No habléis! ¡Comed! ¡No comáis! ¡Vivid! ¡No viváis!
usted
ustedes
¡Hable! ¡No hable! ¡Coma! ¡No coma! ¡Viva! ¡No viva!
¡Hablen! ¡No hablen! ¡Coman! ¡No coman! ¡Vivan! ¡No vivan!
These are irregular verbs in the imperative form, which can be used in commands in Spanish: Spanish Commands Verb
Imperative tú / él
abrir
abre,abra
poder
puede,pueda
andar
anda,andad
poner
pon,poned
caer
cae,caiga
quedar
queda,quede
cerrar
cierra,cierre
querer
quiere,quered
conocer
conoce,zca
saber
sabe,sabed
creer
cree,crea
sacar
saca,saque
dar
da,dad
salir
sal,salga
decir
di,decid
seguir
sigue,siga
dormir
duerme,dormid
sentir
siente,sienta
empezar
empieza,ce
ser
sé, sed
escoger
escoge,escoja
tener
ten,tened
encontrar
encuentra,e
traer
trae,traed
escribir
escribe,escriba
valer
vale /val,valga
estoy
esta,estad
venir
ven,venga
hacer
haz,haced
ver
ve,vea
ir
ve,id
jugar
juega,juegue
llegar
llega,llegue
leer
lee,lea
mirar
mira,mire
pensar
piensa,piense
oír
oye,oíd
perder
pierde,pierda
olvidar
olvida,olvide
pedir
pide,pida
pagar
paga, pague
volver
vuelve,vuelva
One of the most confusing aspects of Spanish for beginners is the subjunctivemood. You might already be familiar with the most common verb mood "the indicative" mood which is considered a normal verb form, indicating both action and state of being. You also might know "the imperative" mood used to give commands. Now you're going to learn about the subjunctive mood, which is very essential to Spanish, and even many simple types of statements cannot be made properly without it. In general, the subjunctive is a verb mood that is used to express an action or state of beingin the context of the speaker's reaction to it. Mostly (although not always), the subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses introduced by que (which, that, who) when the main clause expresses a wish, a strong emotional attitude, or an uncertainty. Frequently, the sentences that contain a subjunctive verb are used to express doubt, uncertainty, denial,desire/wish, commands, reactions or a strong emotional attitude to the clause containing the subjunctive verb. Compare the following two sentences: Indicative: María duerme. (María is sleeping) Subjunctive: wish= Espero que María duerma. (I hope that María is sleeping), desire= Te ruego que duermas (I beg you to go to bed). Doubt= Dudo que duerma (I doubt that she is sleeping). Another example: Indicative (statement of fact): María duerme. (Maria is sleeping)Indicative (statement of fact): Sé que María duerme. (I know that Maria is sleeping)Subjunctive (doubt): No es cierto que María duerma. (It is uncertain that María is sleeping.) Subjunctive (denial): No es verdad que María duerma. (It is not true that Maria is sleeping) Subjunctive (reaction): Estoy feliz que María duerma. (I am happy that María is sleeping) Subjunctive (wish): Espero que María duerma (I hope that Maria is sleeping)Subjunctive (desire/wish): Prefiero que María duerma (I prefer that Maria is sleeping). The subjunctive is also used for formal commands: ¡Tenga Ud eso! (Have this!) For thenegative of informal commands: ¡No duermas! (don´t sleep) For hortatory commands: ¡Durmamos! (Let's sleep!). And after impressional expressions: es necesario que/ insisto que María duerma... (I insist that Maria is sleeping). The subjunctive has four tenses: present subjunctive, present perfect subjunctive, imperfect subjunctive, and past perfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive. So, which form to use depends on two factors: the tense of the verb in the main clause & the time relationship between the verb in the dependent clause and the subjunctive verb. The Present subjunctive is regularly formed by adding one set of personal endings to thestem of -ar verbs and a second set of endings to verbs of the -er and -ir conjugations, and is used to indicate an action viewed as occurring at the same time or in the future when the governing verb is in the present. Spanish Subjunctive (Present Tense) Regular
verb ending with –ar= e
verb ending with –er= a
verb ending with -ir =iera
yo tú él, Ud nosotros ellos, Uds
hable hables hable hablemos hablen
venda vendas venda vendamos vendan
escriba escribas escriba escribamos escriban
Irregular
Estar / jugar
yo tú él, Ud nosotros ellos, Uds
esté - juegue estés - juegues esté - juegue estemos - juguemos estén - jueguen
–ar =e
Ser / saber
–er =a
sea - sepa seas - sepas sea - sepa seamos - sepamos sean - sepan
Ir / mentir
-ir =iera
vaya - mienta vayas - mientas vaya – mienta vayamos - mintamos vayan - mientan
Note that some other irregular verbs have different irregularities not listed in the table above. The Imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding a set of endings terminating in either -ra or -se (with no difference in usage or meaning) to the verb stem, with one set of endings for first conjugation (-ar) verbs and another set of endings for second (-er) and third (-ir) conjugation verbs, and is used in the same type of situations in which the present subjunctive is used, except that the governing verb is typically in a past tense (e.g., the preterit, imperfect, past perfect, conditional, conditional perfect, or one of the past subjunctives): Esperaba que él dormiera (or dormiese) pronto (I was expecting him to sleep soon).
Regular
verb ending with –ar =ara
Spanish Imperfect Subjunctive verb ending with –er =iera
verb ending with -ir =iera
yo tú él, Ud nosotros ellos, Uds
hablara hablaras hablara habláramos hablaran
vendiera vendieras vendiera vendiéramos vendieran
escribiera escribieras escribiera escribiéramos escribiera
The perfect subjunctive is a compound tense formed by the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. And is normally used to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms. Examples: Me alegro de que él haya llegado (I’m glad he has arrived): Spanish Perfect Subjunctive Regular
All verb (-ar, -er, -ir)
yo tú él, Ud nosotros ellos, Uds
haya hayas haya hayamos hayan
hablado + comido
He has spoken/eaten/lived
vivido
The Pluperfect subjunctive is a compound tense formed by the imperfect subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similar to the past perfect indicative, this tense is may be used to indicate an action or state that occurred prior to something in the past (usually expressed by the imperfect or preterit indicative, or by the past subjunctive): Dudábamos que hubieran dormido (We doubted that they had slept). Spanish Pluperfect Subjunctive yo tú él/ella/usted nosotros/vosotras vosotros/vosotras ellos/ellas/ustedes
hubiera hubieras hubiera hubiéramos hubierais hubieran
hablado comido vivido
I had spoken/eaten/lived
The following is a list of clauses commonly associated with the use of the Spanish subjunctive (about 80 expressions): Subjunctive in Spanish a menos que (unless)
gustar que (to like that)
aconsejar(le) que (to advise that)
gustaría que (would like that)
alegrarse de que (to be happy that)
hace falta que (to be necessary that)
antes (de) que (before)
hasta que (until)
con tal (de) que (so that)
importar(le) que (to matter)
conviene que (it is advisable that)
insistir en que (to insist that)
cuando (when)
mandar que (to order that)
dar(le) miedo de que (to be afraid that)
más vale que (it's better that)
decir(le) que (to tell someone to do something!)
mientras que (while)
dejar que (to allow someone to do something)
molestar(le) que (to bother)
después (de) que (after)
negar que (to deny that)
dudar que (to doubt that)
no creer que (not to believe that)
en caso de que (in case)
no es cierto que (it's not certain that)
en cuanto (as soon as)
no es verdad que (it's not true that)
es (una) lástima que (it's a pity that)
no estar convencido de que (not be convinced that)
es aconsejable que (it's advisable that)
no estar de acuerdo con (to not agree with)
es bueno que (it's good that)
no estar seguro de que (to not be sure that)
es difícil que (it's difficult for)
no imaginarse que (to not imagine that)
es dudoso que (it is doubtful that)
no parecer que (to not seem that)
es fácil que (it's easy for)
no pensar que (to not think that)
es fantástico que (it's fantastic that)
no suponer que (to not suppose that)
es importante que (it's important that)
ojalá que (if only he would)
es improbable que (it's unlikely that)
para que (in order that)
es incierto que (it's uncertain that)
parecer(le) bien/mal que (to seem right/wrong that)
es increíble que (it's incredible that)
pedir(le) que (to ask someone to do something!)
es malo que (it's bad that)
perdonar que (to ask forgiveness for)
es mejor que (it's better that)
preferir que (to prefer that)
es menester que (it's necessary that)
prohibir que (to prohibit that)
es necesario que (it's necessary that)
puede ser que (it may be that)
es posible que (it's possible that)
querer que (imperative: to want that)
es preciso que (it's necessary that)
recomendar(le) que (to recommend that)
es preferible que (it's preferable that)
rogar que (to plead/ beg that)
es probable que (it's probable that)
sentir que (to regret that)
es raro que (it's rare that)
sin que (without)
es ridículo que (it's ridiculous that)
sugerir que (to suggest that)
es terrible que (it's terrible that)
tan pronto como (as soon as)
esperar que (to hope/hope that)
temer que (to fear that)
estar contento que…(to be happy that)
tener miedo de que (to be afraid that)
estar en contra de que (to be against)
vale/merece la pena que (to be worthwhile to)
This time we are going to learn the comparative in Spanish, which is composed basically of:equality, inferiority, superiority, superlative, irregular comparatives and finally the diminutive. In general comparative clauses are used simply to compare things. They tell us how one thing is in quality or quantity related to another thing. They can be superior, inferior or equal. A comparison can be done with adjectives and adverbs or nouns. Spanish Equality (Igualdad): To form equality in Spanish we use tan…como (as...as) especially when comparingadjectives and adverbs, tan never changes in the comparison or contrast of qualities. Español es tan importante como El Inglés. (Spanish is as important as English) Juan es tan alto como Eduardo.( John is as tall as Edward). Ella corre tan rápida como mi hermana. (She runs as fast as my sister). When comparing nouns, tanto…como (as much as, as many as) is used. Note that tantochanges to tanta, tantas, tantos to agree with the noun's gender and number. Maria tiene tanto dinero como su hermana. (Mary has as much money as her sister) No tengo tantos amigos como tú (I don't have as many friends as you do). Spanish Inferiority (Inferioridad) and Spanish Superiority (Superioridad) When comparing adjectives, adverbs and nouns, we normally use menos…que(less...than) for inferiority and más...que (more...than) for superiority. Note that menosand más don’t change with gender or number. El jardín de mi vecino es menos atractivo que el mio. (The garden of my neighbor is less attractive than mine). El habla más idiomas que su padre (he speaks more languages than his father). Note: when dealing with expressions of quantity or amount we use de instead of que: Tengo que ahorrar más de 100 dollares para comprarme una enciclopedia. (I have to save more than 100 dollars to buy an encyclopedia) Esperé menos de 20 minutos para el autobús. (I waited less than 20 min for the bus). Tengo más de 50 euros. (I have more than 50 euros). Mi hija tiene menos de 18 años. (My daughter is less than 18 years old). Spanish Superlative (superlativo): The superlative indicates the quantitative or qualitative superiority of one object in comparison to a certain group. In other words, Superlatives express the highest or lowestdegree of comparison when comparing two or more things. The difference between superlative and comparative is that the superlative goes one step further. It compares one fact not to only one other fact but to all other facts. There are 2 main ways to express a superlative idea. Its construction is similar to that of the comparative form. Spanish superlatives are formed by placing the definite article before the noun being compared, and note that the words más and menos do not change with gender or number. In these instances, only the article determines the gender and the number of the subject. The table below shows how the superlative is formed:
Superiority
Gender Masculine Feminine
Spanish Superlative Singular el más (the most) la más/ (the most)
Plural los más (the most) las más (the most)
Inferiority
Masculine Feminine
el menos (the least) la menos (the least)
los menos (the least) las menos (the least)
Es la chica más guapa de todos. (She is the cutest girl of all). Este edificio es el más grande de la cuidad. (this building is the biggest in town). Estos árboles son los más antiguos del aldea. (These trees are the oldest in the village). Nadia es la más delgada en la casa. (Nadia is the skinniest in the house) Las Islas Canarias son las más atractivas en España. (Canary Islands are the most attractive in Spain). Superlatives are also formed by simply adding the suffix -ísimo (-a, -os, -as) to an adjective or an adverb after taking the adjective ending -o/-a away:
Gender Masculine Feminine
Spanish Superlatives Singular -ísimo altísimo (very tall) -ísima viejísima (very old)
Plural -ísimos -ísimas
Note that the (o) of alto and viejo is omitted because of the í of ísimo since the í has priority. And also note that this kind of superlatives agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Maria es guapísima. (Mary is extremely cute). Mario es altísimo. (Mario is very tall). Gloria y Mona son inteligentísimas. (Gloria and Mona are extremely intelligent) Spanish Irregular Comparatives: In English we say good- better- the best. gooder or the goodest are not correct, same thing in Spanish, there are some irregularities. The following are adjectives and adverbs with irregular comparative and superlative forms:
Adjective/Adverb good bueno bad malo great grande small pequeño well bien badly mal much mucho little poco young joven
Spanish Irregular Comparative Comparative Superlative better mejor the best el mejor worse peor the worst el peor greater mayor the greatest el mayor less menor the least el menor better mejor best el mejor worse peor worst el peor more más most el más less menos least el menos younger menor the youngest el menor
Spanish Diminutive There are only a few diminutives in English like kitty, doggy... while in Spanish most of nouns and adjectives have diminutive form. In English to avoid this gap we add the word "little”. The most common Spanish diminutive suffixes are -ito and -cito (-ita and -citafor feminine) mi plantita (my little plant). The rules aren't hard and the tendency is that words ending in -a, -o or -te form the diminutive by dropping the final vowel and adding -ito or -ita, while -cito or -ecito are added to other words ending in e. We find also the diminutive suffix -illo and -cillo (-illa, -cilla for the feminine), -ico, -cico, -uelo, -zuela, -ete, -cete, -ín and iño (-ica, -cica, -uela, -zuela, -ete, -cete, -ína and iña for the feminine). In Spanish the diminutive suffixes such as -ito is used not only to indicate size but also to indicate affection. In English little friend doesn’t necessary mean small, often indicate more about the speaker's feelings toward the person or object than to its size. Note that the diminutive suffixes tend to be used in spoken Spanish more than in the written one. So in general Diminutives are used to express smallness or affection. Spanish Diminutive This is a list of the most common ways the diminutive suffixes are used in Spanish: miabuelita (my dear grandmother), casita (little house, cottage), perrito (puppy, little dog), rosita (little rose), papito (daddy), ahorita (right now), un cochecito (a cute little car), cerquita (right next to), gordito (chubby), Un momentito, por favor. (Just a moment, please), camisita (shirt), tontito (silly), vaquita (cowie), dolorito (tiny ache). Also in Spanish there is a way to form a new word not necessarily a diminutive of the original word, nor an affectionate way to talk about something like: mantequilla (butter), panecillo (bread roll), martillo (hammer), bolsillo (pocket), cajetilla (packet), bolsillo (pocket), ventanilla (ticket office), carbonilla (cinder), cabellitos (merry-go-round), cabecilla (ringleader), vaquilla (heifer), silla (chair). And even these words ending with illo/illa ito/ita …. Still can have a diminutive form: martillo/ hammer ---> martillito
bolsillo/ pocket ---> bolsillito silla/ chair ---> sillita Note: The diminutive -ito ending should not be confused with the -ito ending in some past participles such as frito (fried) and maldito (cursed). Summery of Spanish Comparative: Comparison forms are equality, inferiority, superiority, and the superlative. They’re simply used to compare things, either in quantity or quality, they can be superior, inferior or equal, and a comparison can be done with adjectives and adverbs or nouns. The diminutive form is used to express size or affection. This table will show you all kind of Spanish comparatives & some forms of Spanish diminutive: Spanish Comparative El más... The most… or the ~est. más...(que) more...than or ~er than tan...como as...as (for adjectives & adverbs) tanto...como as much/many as ( for nouns) menos...(que) less/fewer...than Bueno/mejor (good,better). Malo/peor (bad, worse) Viejo/mayor (old, older). Joven/menor (young, younger) Ito/ita, itos/itas. (dedo/dedito, little finger). illo/illa, illos/illas.(bolso/bolsillo, pocket)
Superlative Superiority Equality Inferiority Irregular Diminutive Spanish Contraction
There are only twocontractions(contracciones) in Spanish: al and del: alis a contraction of the preposition a + el (ameans: to, for, at, by), and the masculine singular definite articleel: voy al rio. (I'm going to the river). Soal means to the, but also means upon: alsalir de la casa, abro mis paraguas. (Upon leaving the house, I open my umbrella.) Del is a contraction of the preposition de+ el: de (of, from, with) plus the masculine singular definite article el: el palacio del rey (the place of the king) Don't confuse between contracting a+ el (definite article) and a+ él (personal pronoun ‘he”) because a and él cannot be contracted, hablo a él (I talk to him). So in short, the contractions in Spanish are two:
a + el de + el
Spanish Contraction al del
Spanish Conjunctions Conjunctions (conjunciones) join words, phrases and clauses together. In other words,conjunctions provide a link between similar words or groups of words, such as nouns, verbs, people, etc. The most commonly used conjunction in Spanish is “y” (and): salgo con Mario y José (I go out with Mario and José). Other commonly used conjunctions are: o (or), ni (nor), pero (but), entonces (then): Mi amigo es alto, pero es muy delgado.(my friend is tall, but very skinny). ¿sale ella a las nueve o las diez? (is she going out at 9 or 10). Ni a favor ni en contra , Sino todo lo contrario!!! (Not for, nor against, but quite the opposite). So in short this are some conjunctions in Spanish:
y pero
Spanish Conjunctions o ni…ni
Spanish Personal "a" When the direct object of a verb is a person or a domestic animal, it is preceded by the personal “a” (la preposición personal “a”) which has no English equivalent, therefore many English natives forget adding it when they talk about a person, which is considered a serious mistake from the point of view of Spanish natives: Ví el accidente (I saw the accident), but ví a la hermana de Juan (I saw Juan’s sitster). la policía busca a la niña perdida (the police are looking for the missing girl). The personal "a" is not used, however, with the verb tener (to have), or with collective nouns, and with nouns referring to unspecified people: Tengo un hermano (I have a brother), and not tengo a un hermano. necesito médico (I need a doctor, it doesn’t matter who). Saber vs Conocer At a first glance, saber and conocer both mean the same thing, and that is "to know". So choosing the right verb depends on the context in which it is used. We use saber to express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something or
to know how to do something. It is often followed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. ¿Sabes Alemán? (do you know German?) él sabe donde está su perro (he knows where his dog is). Also used to say that you know something by heart, el sabe las capitales de todo el mundo (heknows the capitals of the world “by hear”t). Also used For skills: Ella sabe cocinar (sheknows how to cook). sabes nadar ¿verdad? (you know how to swim, right?) We use conocer to say that one is familiar with a person, a place, or an object. It can only be followed by a direct object, never by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. Remember that if the direct object is a person, the preposition "a" must be used. noconozco a nadie en la escuela (I don't know anyone at school). Jose conoce Marruecos (José knows Morocco). You can also use both in some cases, for examples use saber or conocer to express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning discipline: pienso que él no sabe nada de ruso. (I think he doesn’t know a thing about Russian), no conoce/ sabe nada de la geografia (he doesn’t know anything about geography). So in short these are some reasons which help you decide which to choose:
Saber to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart).
Saber vs Conocer Conocer to know (to be familiar with a person, places, things)
Note that the preterit of saber means to find out: Supe la realidad la semana pasada. (I found out the reality last week). Pedir vs Preguntar The two Spanish verbs pedir and preguntar both mean "to ask", but saber & conocer are not interchangeable, their rules are easy to learn however:
Pedir to ask for something, or request an object, service or favor (followed by a noun): mepidió dinero (he asked me for mone “ to give him”).
Pedir vs Preguntar Preguntar to ask a question, or request information (followed by si, donde, cuando, de quien, a quéhora, etc.) Pregunté a qué hora llega el tren (I asked what time does the train arrive). Mepreguntó por el dinero (he asked me about the money “what have I done with it”).
In short: pedir: to ask (for an object or a service), preguntar: to ask (a question, request information). Verb Gustar Spanish sometimes places the subject after the verb, which is the case with the verb gustar: Me gusta la playa (I like the beach). Nos gustan los pescados (we like fish) Le gustan las verduras (he likes salad). Note: Nos gusta el fútbol (we like soccer) and not: nos gustan el fútbol, which is a common mistake Spanish learners make. In other words, gustar follows what comes after it, and not what comes before, same thing when using the pronoun le or les: A Juánle gusta el carne (John like meat). A Miguel le gustan las verduras (Miguel likes salad). Note that it’s incorrect to say: A Miguel les gustan las verduras. the -an of gustan refers to the plural verduras. Summery: Contractions: There are only two contractions (contracciones) in Spanish: al and del, al is a contraction of the preposition a + el, and del is the one of: de+ el. Conjunctions: they provide a link between similar words or groups of words, such as nouns, verbs, people, etc. The most common are y (and).o (or) ni (nor) pero (but)entonces (then) Personal "a": used when the direct object of a verb is a person or a domestic animal: no conozco a nadie aquí (I don’t know anyone here) except with tener, the “a” shouldn’t be used in that case: Tengo un hermano (I have a brother) Saber vs Conocer: saber: to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart). conocer: to know (to be familiar with a person, places, things) Pedir vs Conocer: pedir: to ask (for an object or a service), preguntar: to ask (a question, request information) The verb Gustar: gustar is one of the exceptions where the subject is placed after the vebs, Me gusta la playa (I like the beach) me gustan las frutas (I like fruits). Spanish Phrases A He is very able
Tiene mucho talento
I'm able to do this work
soy capaz de hacer este trabajo
Round about
En los contornos
What’s it all about?
¿De qué se trata?
to dream about something
soñar con algo
I'm about to
estoy en camino de
Absence of mind
Distracción
In accordance with
De acuerdo con
According to
Según
He is accused of...
El es acusado de....
she lives across the street
vive al otro lado de la calle
To act the fool
Hacer el tonto
In addition to
Fuera de, además
two adjoining rooms
dos habitaciones contiguas
To adjourn the meeting
Suspender la sesión
A piece of advice
Un buen consejo
give someone an advice
dar un consejo a alguien
take someone's advice
seguir el consejo de alguien
I advice you to leave
te aconsejo que te vayas
take advantage of ...
Aprovecharse de.../ sacar ventaja
I'm afraid of (things /to do things)
tengo miedo a/de
I'm afraid of cats
tengo miedo a los gatos
he's afraid of the dark
Le da miedo la oscuridad
I´m afraid she won´t come
Me temo que no venga
Not your affair (business)
No es cosa tuya
Your affectionate niece
Su afectuoso sobrina
I cannot afford it
Es superior a mis recursos
after passing the bridge
después de pasar el puente
after...turn to...keep straight on
Después de…gire a...siga todo recto...
The day after.
el día siguiente
After all
Después de todo
The after life
La vida futura
Never again
Nunca jamás
I never saw him again
no lo volví a ver
What do you have against her?
¿Qué tienes contra de ella?
At the age of ten...
A los diez años...
10 minutes ago
hace 10 minutos
long time ago
hace mucho tiempo
I agree with you
estoy de acuerdo
in the open air
al aire libre
all at once
A la vez
All but
menos
All the better
Tanto mejor
he is allergic to
el es alérgico a
it's not allowed
no está permitido
Talking not allowed
No se permite hablar
Almighty God
El todopoderoso
it will be alright
saldrá bien
Is it alright to leave now?
¿Puedo irme ahora?
What do you do for amusement?
¿Qué haces para entretenerte?
to be angry with someone
estar enojado con alguien
Why don't you answer?
¿Por qué no contestas?
Do you have any idea at all?
¿Tienes alguna idea?
Anyone wants to chat with me?
¿Alguien que quiera hablar conmigo?
if I can help you anyhow, let me know
si puedo ayudarte de alguna manera, dímelo
make an appointment with the Dr
pedir hora con el doctor
I would like to make an appointment
me gustaría hacer un apunte
he is as tall as John
el es tan alto como Juan
I work full time as a ...
trabajo a tiempo completo como manager
to be ashamed of
estar apenado de, estar avergonzado de
I asked him for money
le pedí dinero
I asked him where he lives
le pregunté dónde vivía
Can I ask you something?
¿Puedo hacerte una pregunta?
she is an asset to our company
es un gran valor para la compañía
be good/bad at something
ser bueno/malo haciendo algo
I don't like dogs at all
no me gustan nada los perros
be aware of something
ser consiente de algo
Do you have rooms available?
¿Tienes habitaciones disponibles?
B she will be back tomorrow
volverá mañana
I'll be right back
regreso en un momentito
When are you coming back?
¿cuándo volverás?
they wrote back (letters)
contestaron a la carta/la llamada
I'm bad at math
se me dan mal las matemáticas
he is going bald
se está quedando calvo
go bankrupt
ir a la quiebra
language barrier
barrera lingüística
Don’t be sad!
¡No estés triste!
to beat someone up
dar una paliza a alguien
go to bed
ir a la cama
I've never been to Spain
no he estado en España
I've been studying Spanish for...
tengo tres años estudiando Español
I don't believe you
No te creo. Me crees ¿verdad?
you will have to do without
te las tendrás que arreglar
do one's best
hacer todo lo posible
All the best!
¡buena suerte! Que te vaya bien!
I bet he doesn't come
apuesto a que no viene
I'm getting better
estoy haciendo progresos
you had better ask for permission
sería mejor que pidieras permiso
The bill please!
la cuenta por favor
The land of my birth...
Mi tierra natal...
Date of birth?
¿Fecha de nacimiento?
Happy birthday!
¡Feliz cumpleaños!
let's chat for a bit
platicamos un rato/ ratito
I'll be there in a bit
estaré allí dentro de un rato
blame someone for something
culpar a alguien de algo
Bless you!
¡Jesús! qué ¡Dios te bendiga!
in cold blood
a sangre fría
Bon appétit!
¡Qué aproveche! ¡Buen provecho!
I booked a room
tengo una habitación reservada
I'm bored
me aburro, estoy aburrido
Where were you born?
¿Dónde naciste?
I was born in 1979
nací en mil novecientos setenta y nueve
I was born in Italy, but go often to Mex
yo nací en Italia pero voy muy seguido a Méx
I was born in France but live in the US
yo nací en Francia pero vivo en los EU
Does it bother you if I smoke?
¿Te molesta si fumo/ si mi siento aquí?
at the bottom of the screen
en la parte inferior de la pantalla
Please, bring us..!
¡Nos trae (más pan)!
I'm just browsing
sólo estoy mirando
be on a budget
tener un presupuesto limitado
I'm here for business
estoy aquí por razón de trabajo
it's none of your business
no es asunto/cosa tuyo/a
buy a ticket
sacar una entrada
Where can I buy...?
¿dónde venden tarjetas telefónicas?
I did it by myself
lo hice yo solito
by the way
a propósito
C long distance call
una llamada interurbana
What’s that called?
¿Cómo se llama a esto en español?
we must call for an ambulance
debemos telefonear a una ambulancia
I will call back later/tomorrow
le volveré a llamar más tarde/mañana
there is a call for u
tienes una llamada, te llaman
I'll give you a call tomorrow
te llamaré mañana
he called him a liar
le llamó mentiroso
they called you gay
te dijeron maricón de mierda
this stupid calls me bitch
ese estúpido me llama perra
but they call me John
pero me llaman Juan
And who's calling?
¿De parte de quién?
Calm down!
¡Cálmate!
I came from work
estoy llegando del trabajo
Can you call again later?
¿Puede volver a llamar más tarde?
Can you hear me?
¿Me oyes?
that can't be right
debe haber un error
Can I...?
¿Puedo...?
Take care!
¡Cuídate! ¡Cuidados!
Be careful!
¡Ten Cuidado!
in that case
en ese caso
pay in cash
pagar en efectivo
catch up on one's sleep
recuperar sueño
I'm not taking any chances
no voy a correr ningún riesgo
for a change
para variar
Will that be cash or charge?
¿Pagará en efectivo o con tarjeta?
Cheer up!
¡Anímate!
Cheers!
¡Salud!
it's chilly today
hace fresquito hoy
I had no choice
no tuve alternativa
Merry Christmas!
¡Feliz navidad!
Is it close?
¡está cerca?
no clue
no tengo ni idea
I'm cold
tengo frío
I have a cold
estoy resfriado, tengo un resfriado
Come here!
¡venga aquí! ¡ven acá!
How come?
¿Cómo es eso? ¿Por qué? ¿y eso?
Come in!
¡entre! ¡adelante!
come on, you're exaggerating
¡vamos, hombre! estás exagerando
Come on! tell me
¡anda! Dime.
have something in common
tener algo en común con alguien
Compared with...
comparado con
we're not compatible
no somos compatibles
Concerning...
Por lo que toca....
I have a confession to make
tengo algo que confesar
congratulations on
felicidades por
It’s considered to be...
Se considera que es.........
take something into consideration
tomar algo en consideración
I'm a good cook
soy un buen cocinero
Is it correct to say...?
¿Es correcto decir....?
you're correct
tienes razón
it costs too much
cuesta demasiado
I'd like to visit your country one day
Me gustaría visitar algún día tu país
Of course!
¡Claro! ¡Claro que si! ¡Por supuesto!
Do you accept credit card?
¿Aceptas tarjetas de crédito?
I was cut off
se me ha cortado la comunicación
I had my hair cut
me he cortado el pelo/dedo
we were cut off
se ha cortado
it looks really cute on u
eso te queda muy mono Spanish Phrases D-E
D you're damaging your health
estás perjudicando tu salud
I don't give a damn!
¡Me importa un pimiento!
damn it
¡Maldita sea!
How dare you!
¡Cómo te atreves!
Yes my darling!
sí cariño
out of date
pasado de moda (ropa), caducado (passport)
What’s today's date?
¿Qué fecha/día es hoy?
day after day
Día tras día....
it's a good deal
es una ocasión
dear Rosa
querida rosa
there will be a 5 min delay
habrá una demora de 5 minutos
the meal was delicious
la comida estuvo deliciosa
you're deluding yourself
te estás engañando a ti mismo
I don't deny it, I'm proud of being ...
no lo niego, soy muy orgulloso de ser latino
that depends
depende
it depends on the weather
depende del tiempo
deprive someone of something
privar a alguien de algo
Dial the number ....for...
Marque el numero...para...
it doesn't make any difference
no cambia nada
with difficulty
con dificultades
a four digit number
un número de 4 dígitos
Is there any discount on...
Haces descuento a...
I find it disgusting
me da asco
do not disturb
no molestar
I don't know what to do
no sé qué hacer
That will do!
¡Ya vale!
Well done!
¡bien hecho!
with double bed
con dos camas
I'm going downtown
voy al centro
it's drafty here
hace mucha corriente aquí
she is a good drawer
dibuja muy bien
I dreamt about you last night
anoche soñé contigo
I don't drink
no bebo
You’re driving me crazy
Me vuelves loco
he is driving me mad
Él me está volviendo loco.
10 minutes driving
diez minutos en carro
E we love each other
nos queremos
take it easy
¡Tranquilízate!
I can't eat food that have pork
no consumo alimentos que contienen jamón
effective May 1
a partir del 1 de mayo
you speak in an elegant way
hablas con cierta elegancia
Anything else?
¿algo más? no eso es todo, gracias
I was embarrassed to ask
me daba vergüenza preguntar
to encourage someone
dar ánimo a alguien
When does it end?
¿a que hora termina?
at the end of July
a finales de julio
Do you enjoy it?
¿te gusta?
Enjoy the meal!
¡Comer con gusto!
goodbye and enjoy your time
adiós y que disfruten su tiempo
hope you enjoy the meal
espero que disfruten la comida
I don't have enough money
no tengo suficiente dinero
Enough talk! That's enough!
Esto es. Basta ya
I've had enough!
¡estoy harto!
envy someone something
envidiar a alguien por algo
you envy Cubans
tú lo que tienes envidia de los cubanos
the word escapes me
no consigo recordar la palabra
even if he begged me
aunque me suplicara
in the evening
por la tarde
Have you ever been to NY?
¿Has estado alguna vez en Nueva York?
take an exam
hacer un examen
with the exception of
a excepción de
excuse me (to pass by)
¡disculpe! ¡Oiga! ¡perdone! (for attention)
take exercise
hacer ejercicio, ejercitar
at the company's expense
a cargo de la empresa
could you explain that please
puedes explicarlo, por favor
to a certain extent
hasta cierto punto
keep an eye on
esta pendiente de Spanish Expressions F-G
F Face to face
Frente a frente. Cara a cara
yours faithfully
le saluda atentamente
be faithful to one's partner
ser fiel a la pareja
I fell of the wall
me caí del muro
I have fallen
me he caído
be falsely accused of something
ser acusado falsamente de algo
that looks familiar
eso me resulta familiar
be famous for
ser famoso por
Is it far?
¿está lejos?
How far is...?
¿a qué distancia está...?
as far as I know
que yo sepa
you've gone too far (in behavior)
te has pasado
so far so good
por ahora muy bien
fast food restaurant
restaurante de comidas rápidas
it's your fault
es culpa tuya
it wasn't my fault
No tuve la culpa. no tengo la culpa (pres)
do me a favor
¡haga me un favor!
I'm fed up with my job
estoy harto de mi trabajo
I don't feel well
no me siento bien
I don't feel like it
no me da la gana
I feel sick/tired
estoy mareado/cansado
How’re you feeling today?
¿Cómo te encuentras hoy?
I don't feel like it
no me apetece
fill it up please
lleno , por favor, llena esta hoja
Where can I find a good restaurant?
dónde puedo encontrar un buen restaurante
that's fine, I will take it (room)
esta bien, la tomo
have a fight (argue)
pelearse
How did you find the hotel?
¿Qué te pareció el hotel?
Fire!
¡Fuego!
it fits you perfectly
te queda perfectamente
meet/see s.o in the flesh
conocer/ver a alguien en persona
he speaks Spanish fluently
habla español con soltura
sorry, I'm not free
lo siento mucho, pero no estoy libre
It’s foggy!
hay niebla
follow this road
siga esta calle/carretera
follow me
sígueme
I'm fond of....
soy un gran aficionado al ajedrez
I'm very fond of him
le tengo mucho cariño
I've been on my feet all day
llevo todo el día de pie
on foot/by car
a pie/en carro
this is for you
esto es para ti
What is this for?
¿para qué sirve esto?
please get it done for Monday
por favor tenlo listo (para) el lunes
let me do it for you
déjame que te lo haga
I bought it for $15
lo compré por 25 dólares
How much did you sell it for?
¿por cuanto lo vendiste?
I'm here for 6 months
voy a estar aquí 6 meses
happy for you
me alegro por ti
I worked for 3 years in.....
Trabajé durante tres años para....
I forgot his name
se me olvidó su nombre
to forget to do something
olvidarse de hacer algo
to be on form/shape
estar en forma
it's 15 degrees below freezing
diez grados bajo cero
don't be frightened
¡No te asustes! ¡No tengas miedo!
from today on
a partir de hoy
from here to there
desde aquí hasta allí
I work from...to...
trabajo de nueve a cinco
Where are you from?
¿de dónde eres tu?
Anyone from Maryland?
¿alguna persona de Maryland?
I'm frozen
estoy helado
Fuck off!
¡Que se joda! vete a la mierda!
sorry, we're full
lo siento pero estamos completos
Bye. Have fun!
Adiós ¡que los paséis bien!
make fun of
burlarse de
we're having a lot of fun
nos estamos divirtiendo mucho
that's not funny
eso no tiene gracia
G gain 20 pounds
engordar 20 libras
she gave me a lift to my house
ella me llevó a mi casa
I'm getting old
me estoy haciendo mayor
Excuse me, can I get by?
¿perdóname, puedo pasar?
I get along very well with him
el me cae muy bien
get on the bus/my bike
montarse en el autobús/mi bici
How are you getting along at school?
¿Cómo te van las cosas en el colegio?
give her my love
dale recuerdos de mi parte
give a present to someone
hacer un regalo a alguien
I'm glad to see you
me alegro de verte
Where would you like to go?
¿adónde quieres ir?
it's to go (food)
es para llevar
I have to go, goodbye
me tengo que ir, adiós
How is it going?
como te encuentras?
Where are you going?
¿adónde vas?
be all gone (finished)
haberse acabado
Can I? Sure, go ahead!
¿puedo? por supuesto , adelante
ok little friend, I've got to go
bueno, mi amiguito me retiro
thank God (goodness)
gracias a Dios
good morning, evening, night
¿Buenos días! buenas tardes!..noches!
good night and sweet dreams
¿Buenas noches y dulces sueños!
he is good at chess
se le da muy bien el ajedrez
Oh! That's good!
Oh, qué bien!
I'll graduate in two weeks
en dos semanas me graduó
I'm grateful to him
le estoy agradecido
How was it? Great!
¿cómo fue? Estupendo. genial
That would be great!
¡lo iría grande!
I guess so
me imagino que sí
Hey, you guys!
¡Eh, gente! Spanish Expressions
H have short/long hair
tener el pelo corto/largo
half bottle
media botella
half a pound
media libra
at half price
a mitad precio
half way
a mitad de camino
on one hand...on the other hand
por una parte....por otra parte
Hands up!
¡arriba las manos!
on your right hand
a mano derecha
let me handle this
deja me que me ocupe yo de esto
Do you have (in restaurant)?
¿tienen…?
What happened?
¿qué ha pasado?
What happened to my question?
¿Qué pasó con mi pregunta?
What has happened to you?
¿qué te ha pasado?
this place is haunted
en este lugar hay fantasmas
Can I have a coffee?
¿me da un café?
I had my hair cut
me corté el pelo
Do you have anything on tonight?
¿Tienes algo planeado para esta noche?
you're funny, he is not
tú tienes gracia, él no
Have you heard of Mike?
¿Te has enterado de lo de mike?
know something by heart
saber algo de memoria
turn on the heater
enciende la calefacción
there is heavy traffic
hay mucho tráfico
what the hell you doing/want
qué demonios estas haciendo/quieres
Go to hell!
¡vete a paseo! mejor vete al diablo!
say hello to someone
saludar a alguien
I can't help it
no puedo evitarlo
Help yourself!
¡sírvete!
Can you help me?
¿puede ayudarme?
thank you for your help
gracias por tu ayuda
Can I help you? (shop)
¿podría ayudarse?
I know her
la conozco
this is for her
eso es para ella
here is the key to your room
aquí está la llave,
here you're
¡aquí tienes!
Here you go!
¡aquí tiene!
by herself
sola (alone), ella sola (without any help)
Hi all!
Hola a todos! Saludos a todos
high blood pressure
la tensión alta
highly paid
estar muy bien pagado
hitch a ride
hacer autostop
hold on please
no cuelgue, por favor
Have a good holiday!
¡buenas vacaciones!
take a holiday
tomarse vacaciones
Anybody home?
¿hay alguien en casa?
New York is my home
Nueva york es mi hogar
make yourself at home
ponte cómodo
Everything ok at home?
¿todo bien en casa?
I hope you like it
espero que te guste
I hope so
espero que si
take someone hostage
tomar a alguien como rehén
I'm hot
tengo calor
it's hot
hace calor
How come?
¿Cómo es eso? ¿Por qué?
How are you?
¿cómo estás?
How do you say a cup en Spanish?
¿Cómo dices una taza en Ingles?
How do I get to..?
¿cómo se va a...?
How much is it per night?
¿qué precio tiene por noche?
I give you a hug
te doy un abrazo
sense of humor
sentido del humor
I'm hungry
tengo hambre
I'm in a hurry
tengo prisa
Hurry up! you make yourself late again
date prisa, vas a llegar tarde otra vez
my/his back hurts
me/le duele la espalda
I've hurt my hand
me he hecho daño en la mano
my feet hurt
me duelen los pies Spanish Sentences I-N
I you're crazy I'm not
tú estás loco, yo no
I have no idea
no tengo ni idea
Good idea!
¡buena idea!
if only
ojalá
fall ill
caer enfermo
are you implying I lied
¿Insinúas que mentí?
in a loud voice
en voz alta
be incapable of doing something
ser incapaz de hacer algo
incidental expenses
gastos varios
incite someone to do something
incitar a alguien a que haga algo
it's important
es importante
She speaks 5 languages, impressive!
¡habla 5 idiomas, es impresionante!
In 10 minutes
dentro de 10 minutos
you're not being very informative
no estás dando mucha información
he injured his leg
se lesionó la pierna
inquire into something
investigar algo
please keep it, I insist
por favor insisto en que te lo quedes
for instance
por ejemplo
I'll have milk instead of coffee
tomaré leche en vez de café
I have insurance
tengo seguro, estoy afiliado al seguro
intend to do something
tener la intención de hacer algo
I'm not interested in politics at all
no me interesa la política en absoluto
be interested in something
estar interesado en algo
I don't see anything interesting
no veo nada interesante
on the internet
en Internet
I'm Moroccan
soy marroquí
Is breakfast included?
¿Es con desayuno?
That it!
(That’s right) ¡eso es!, (finished) ¡ya está!
J he is in jail
está en la cárcel
be jealous of
tener celos de
it' s no joke
no tiene ninguna gracia
I'm joking!
estoy bromeando
have a safe journey
¡buen viaje!
judge for yourself
júzgalo por ti mismo
the last judgment
el juicio final (rel)
have just done something
acabar de hacer algo
Just two
solamente dos
I was just about to leave when
estaba a punto de salir cuando
I've just arrived
acabo de llegar
K you can keep it
te lo puedes quedar
keep a promise
cumplir una promesa
keep the change
quédate con la vuelta
Keep straight on until you get to...
Siga todo recto hasta llegar a...
when I was a kid
cuando era pequeño
I was only kidding
estaba bromeando
you're kidding
estás de broma
that's very kind of you
gracias por tu amabilidad
king size bed
cama de matrimonio
there was a knock on the door
llamaron a la puerta
I don't know
no lo sé
I have known him for a long time
le conozco desde hace mucho tiempo
I have a good knowledge of Spanish
tengo una buena base de Español
L he lacks confidence
le falta confianza
Any lady from New York?
¿Alguna dama de Nueva york?
How long does it last?
¿cuánto tiempo dure?
last week
la semana pasada
sorry I'm late
siento llegar tarde
the train is late
el tren viene con retraso
see you later
hasta luego
Come back later ok.
venga un poco más tarde
Do you know the latest?
¿Sabes la última?
When does it leave?
¿a qué hora sale?
Where does it leave from?
¿de dónde sale?
When do we have to leave the room?
a qué hora debemos desocupar el cuarto?
Can we leave out luggage here?
¿Podemos dejar nuestro equipaje aquí?
I'm leaving tomorrow
me voy mañana
Leave me alone!
¡déjame me en paz!
there is nothing left
no queda nada
less than 200$
menos de 200 dólares
let me know ok,
házmelo saber,
That’s life!
¡así es la vida!
like you
como tú
I really like it
me encanta
like I said
como dije
like this
así
I don't like you going out with them
no me gusta que salgas con ellos
stand in line
hacer la cola
she's is a good linguist
se le dan bien los idiomas
Listen to me!
¡escuche a me! ¡Escuche!
a little milk
un poco de leche
a live broadcast
una retransmisión en directo
Where do you live?
¿dónde vives?
What do you do for a living?
¿a qué te dedicas?
Are you local?
¿eres de aquí?
Where is it located?
¿dónde queda....?
I locked myself out
me dejé las llaves dentro
for a long time
por mucho tiempo
don't be long
no tardes mucho
I'm looking for John
estoy buscando a Juan
it looks it's going to rain
parece que va a llover
I look forward to hearing from u
a la espera de sus noticias
I'm just looking
sólo curioso, gracias
I'm lost
me he perdido
we're lost
nos hemos perdido
Get lost!
¡vete a paseo!
I've lost my wallet
he perdido la cartera
lost and found
la oficina de objetos perdidos
a lot of books/butter
muchos libros/mucha mantiquilla
love (letter endings)
un fuerte abrazo (or) besos
be in love with
estar enamorado de
I love swimming/nature
me encanta nadar/la naturaleza
Good luck!
¡que tenga suerte!
bad luck
mala suerte
I'm lucky
tengo suerte
M drive someone mad
volver loco a alguien
make a decision
tomar una decisión
it makes me hungry
me da hambre
it makes me sad/upset
me da pena/lástima
Make yourself home!
¡estás en su casa!
What is it made of?
¿de qué material es la mesa? es de madera
I've made 3 phone calls
hice 3 llamadas telefónicas
I'm male and have 25 years old
soy hombre y tengo 25 años
have no manners
ser un maleducado
be married to
estar casado con
get married
casarse
it doesn't matter
no importa
What’s the matter?
¿que pasa?
it may rain
puede que lleva
What’s in this (meal)?
¿este plato, qué lleva?
he knows me
me conoce
The meal is great!
¿La comida es genial!
What does this mean?
¿Qué quiere decir esto? ¿Qué significa esto?
You know what I mean?
¿Sabes lo que quiero decir?
You mean me?
¿A quién te refieres? ¿A mí?
in the mean time
mientras tanto
taller than me
más alto que yo
What can you do for me?
¿Qué puedes hacer por me?
he is in a meeting
está reunido
Nice to meet you!
¡Tanto gusto! ¡Medio gusto conocerte!
have a good memory
tener buena/mala memoria
don't mention it (you're welcome)
no hay de que
Waiter! The menu please!
¡Mesero! ¡La carta por favor!
What a mess!
¡qué lío!
be a mess
estar desordenado
Would you like to leave a message?
¿quiere dejar algún recado?
Is there any message for me?
¿Hay algún recado/carta para mí?
Have you two met?
¿se conocen?
in the middle of
en medio de (room,floor)
in the middle of the night/winter
en plena noche/invierno
at midnight/midday
a medianoche, al mediodía
Do you mind?
¿te importa?
change one's mind
cambiar de opinión
have something in mind
tener algo en la cabeza
I don't mind
no me molesta
would you mind leaving it till tomorrow
te importaría dejarlo para mañana
it's mine
es el mío
in a minute
en un momento
Just a minute!
¡un momento!
my son is missing
se ha perdido mi hijo
I missed you (lost contact)
te saco
make a mistake
cometer un error, equivocarse
by mistake
por error
there's been a misunderstanding
ha habido una equivocación
To be mixed up (emotionally)
tener problemas emocionales
To be mixed up (confused)
estar confundido
just a moment
un momento
one moment please
un momento por favor
how much do you pay a month
¿cuántos pagas al mes?
be in a good/bad mood
estar de buen/mal humor
more than 5
más de 5
more or less
mas o menos
he earns more than I do
gana más que yo
more than me
más que yo
the more I study, the more I learn
cuanto más estudio, más aprendo
I don't live there any more
ya no vivo allí
in the morning
por la mañana
She is the most hardworking...
ella es la mujer más laboriosa de la tierra
I've read most of her novels
he leído la mayoría de sus novelas
at the most
como mucho
move house
mudarse de casa
go to a movie
ir al cine
It’s not moving!
no se mueve
I'm moving to a new house
voy a mudarme de casa
as much as
tanto ......como
I must be on time
debo llegar a la hora
N What’s your name?
¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Cual es tu nombre?
My name is.....
Me llamo.......
Under what name?
¿A nombre de quién, por favor?
to have a nap
dar/echar una cabezada
in the near future
en un futuro próximo
it's necessary to
es necesario, hay que
It’s not necessary to...
No hace falta que...
You live in Spain, don't you?
¿Vives en España, no? or ¿verdad?
Did you need anything? (store)
¿qué deseas?
If you need anything just let me know?
si necesita algo, dígamelo
there is no need to be rude/upset
no hace falta ser grosero/que te enfades
I need to talk to you
tengo que hablar contigo
I need money
me falta dinero
it means we're neighbors
pues somos vecinos
get on someone's nerves
sacar de quicio a alguien
What’s new?
¿qué hay de nuevo?
I never drunk wine
nunca bebo vino
Who’s next?
¿quién es el siguiente?
be nice to your sister
¿trata bien a tu hermana!
that's nice of you
es muy amable de tu parte
P.r is a very nice island
puerto rico es una isla muy linda
but I wouldn't live there, only to visit
pero no viviría ahí, sólo para visitar
To work nights
trabajar de noche
don't talk nonsense
no digas disparates/tonterías
you're talking nonsense
estas hablando basura
to the north
al norte de
not now
ahora no
it's not ready
no está listo
I noticed that...
Me he fijado que...
from now on
de ahora en adelante
just now (a little while ago)
hace un momento
just now
en este momento Spanish Phrases O-Z
O be obsessed by/with
estar obsesionado con/por
take a day off
tomarse un día de fiesta/un día libre
off line
estar desconectado
he is ok (good guy)
es buena persona
How old are you?
¿Cuántos años tienes?
he is getting old
está haciéndose mayor
I'm ... years old
Tengo... Años
she is older than me
tiene más años que yo
my oldest brother
mi hermano mayor
and so on
etcétera
all at once
al mismo tiempo
Once you have finished...
una vez que hayas acabado
Which one?
¿cuál?
not only... but also
no sólo ... sino también
At what time does... Open?
¿a qué hora abre el museo?
in the open air
al aire libre
have an operation
ser operado
in my opinion
en mi opinión
in order to
para
quite the opposite
al contrario
You ready to order?
¿deseas ordenar?
originally from Connecticut
originalmente de connecticut
the other day
el otro día
Have you any others?
¿tienes otros?
every other day
cada dos días
the others
los otros
he is out
ha Salido
stay overnight
quedarse a pasar la noche
room overlooking the lake
una habitación que dé al lago
work overtime
hacer horas extras
be overweight
estar demasiado gordo
owe s.o 100$
deber a alguien 100 dólares
How much do I owe you?
¿cuánto te debo?
I owe you
te debo
my own house
mi propio casa
P a pain in the neck
una lata/ un tostón
Don’t panic!
que no cunda el pánico!
a piece of paper
un trozo de papel
Pardon!
¿cómo?
Where can I park?
¿dónde puedo aparcar el carro?
pass an exam
aprobar un examen
the past few days
los últimos días
Just be patient!
¿ten paciencia!
How would you like to pay?
¿cómo deseas pagar?
pay attention
prestar atención
be pending
estar pendiente
I don't want to, period!
¡no me da la gana y punto!
perhaps we could go next week
quizá podemos ir la semana próxima
ask someone permission to
pedir permiso a alguien para
permit someone to do something
permitir a alguien que haga algo
in person
en persona
don't take it personally
no te lo tomes como algo personal
be on the phone
estar hablando por teléfono
I want to make a phone call
Quiero hacer una llamada telefónica
pick one's noise
meterse el dedo en la nariz
What a pity!
¡qué pena!
It’s a pity that...
Es una pena que...
place an order
hacer un pedido
pleased to meet you
encantado de conocerte
at 6.00 pm
las 6.00 de la tarde
at 11.00 pm
las 11.00 de la noche
get to the point
ir al grano
There’s no point in waiting...
no vale la pena esperar
poke one's nose into
meter las narices en
be positive
estar seguro
in power
en el poder
practice makes perfect
base de práctica se aprende
long time I haven't practiced my Spanish Do you practice any sport?
hace mucho tiempo que no tengo la oportunidad De hablar español ¿Haces deporte?
as a precaution
como precaución
I'd prefer to play tennis
prefiero jugar al tenis
it's for a present
está cómo regalo
he pretends to know everything
pretende saberlo todo
to pretend to be someone
hacerse pasar por alguien
prevent s.o from doing something
impedir que alguien haga algo
Let’s go to a private room! (chat)
¡vamos al privado!
no problem
¡no fue nada!
make progress
hacer progresos
Do you promise?
¿lo prometes?
How is it pronounced?
¿cómo se pronuncia?
it's not proper
no está bien
be proud of
estar orgulloso de
Are you proud of yourself?
¿Estás orgulloso de ti mismo?
I'm not psychic
no soy vidente
in public
en público
on purpose
a propósito
Q That was quick!
¡qué rápido!
speak quietly
hablar en voz baja
it's quite good
es bastante bueno
it's quite Expensive
bastante caro
R I will race you
te echo una carrera
it's raining
está lloviendo
get ready
prepararse
I realized that
me di cuenta de que
I didn't realize something
no me di cuenta de algo
Really!
¡verdad!
I'm really sorry
lo siento en el alma
Can you give me a receipt?
¿me podría dar un recibo?
Can you recommend a good restaurant?
puede recomendarnos algún buen (restau)
give s.o a refund
devolver el dinero a alguien
refuse to do something
negarse a hacer algo
best regards
un abrazo
give my regards to Juan
dale saludos/recuerdos a Juan de mi parte
regardless of
sin tener en cuenta
Relax! Don't get angry
¡tranquilízate! No te enfades
What’s your religion?
¿qué religión tienes?
be reluctant to do something
ser reacio a hacer algo
rely on s.o to do something
contar con alguien para hacer algo
Do you remember John?
¿recuerdas a Juan?
I don't remember
no recuerdo/no me acuerdo
you remind me of James
me recuerdas a Jaime
feel renewed
sentir como nuevo
for rent
se alquila
can you repeat that please
puedes repetirlo, por favor
have a good/bad reputation
tener una buena/mala reputación
he needs a rest
necesita descansar
the rest
el resto
he is retired/married/single
está jubilado/casado/soltero
take one's revenge
vengarse
get rid of
deshacerse de
I like riding
me gusta montar a caballo
do you want a ride to town
quieres que te lleve al centro
I'm right
estoy correcto
I'm in Bogotá right now
estoy en Bogota en este momento
turn to the right
gira a la derecha
I've been robbed
me han robado
There’s no room for...
no hay sitio para
5 days in a row
5 días seguidos
I didn't mean to be rude
no pretendía faltar al respeto
It is rumored that....
se rumorea que
time has run out
se ha acabado el tiempo
do something in a rush
hacer algo con prisas
my Spanish is pretty rusty
tengo el Español muy abandonado
S for sale (sign)
se vende
be on sale
estar de rebajas
the same
lo mismo, igual
same here
yo también
I hope you're satisfied!
¡Estarás contento!
I have to work and save to buy it
tengo que trabajar y ahorrar para comprármela
be scared of
tener miedo de
be on schedule (work as planned)
ir según lo previsto
What’s the score? (match)
¿cómo van?
start from scratch
empezar desde cero
Screw you!
¡Chinga tu madre!
by the sea
junto al mar
I see
ya veo
you should see a doctor
deberías ir a que te viera un médico
See you!
¡hasta la vista! ¡chao!
it seems that (none wants to chat)
parece que (nadie quiere platicar)
it seems to me
me parece
I'm serious
lo digo en serio
Seriously?
¿en serio?
Is service included?
¿está incluido el servicio?
have sex with
acostarse con
in the shade
a la sombra
That’s a shame!
¡qué lástima!
Shame on you!
debería darte vergüenza
I need a shit
tengo que cagar
do one's shopping
hacer la compra
in short
en resumen
What should I do?
¿qué debería hacer?
take a shower
ducharse
Shut up!
¡cállate la boca! ¡cállate!
I'm on your side
estoy de parte tuya
be similar to
ser parecido a
since last week
desde la semana pasada
Since when?
¿desde cuándo?
yours sincerely
saludos cordiales
excuse me, sir
perdone, caballero
Sit down!
¡siéntate!
What size is it?
¿qué talla está?
sleep late
dormir hasta tarde
have a sleepless night
pasar la noche en blanco
I'm sleepy
¡qué sueño tengo ahora!
Sleep well!
¡que duermes tranquilo!
get smart with
hacer el listillo con
she had smelly feet
le olían los pies
I miss you so
te echo tanto de menos
I hope/think so
eso espero/ creo
So what?
¿y qué?
he sobered up
se le pasó la borrachera
some countries
algunos países
Would you like some?
¿quieres?
Is something wrong?
¿pasa algo?
let's have lunch sometimes
quedemos para comer un día de éstos
as soon as
tan pronto como
as soon as possible
lo antes posible
the sooner the better
cuando antes mejor
I feel sorry for her
siento pena por ella
I'm sorry ,I'm bit late
lo siento, llego un poco tarde
I'm sorry but...
lo siento pero...
Sorry!
¡disculpe!
could you speak slowly
puedes hablar más despacio
Do you speak a foreign language?
¿hablas alguna lengua extranjera?
we're not speaking (quarreled)
no nos hablamos
Can I speak to...?
¿puedo hablar con...?
I was left speechless
me quedé sin habla
Is it spelt this way?
¿se deletrea así?
How is it spelt?
¿cómo se escribe?
my head is spinning
me da vueltas la cabeza
it smells bad
¡huele mal!
Smoking or non-smoking?
¿fumadores o no fumadores?
it's snowing
está nevando
What sort of car?
¿qué clase de coche?
we're sold out
esta agotado, esta todo ocupado
in spite of
a pesar de
I can't stand John
no soporto a Juan
I can't stand onions
le dan asco las cebollas
Stand still!
¡no te muevas!
stare at
mirar fijamente
I'm starving
me muero de hambre
I'm staying at hotel
me quedo en el hotel
We want to stay from... till ...
Quisiéramos quedarnos del..,al...
Stop making that face!
¡Deja de poner esa cara!
Stop the music!
¡Pare la música!
Go straight! When you reach...
vaya Ud derecho, hasta que llega a
straight ahead
todo recto
I'm hardly struggling with Spanish
yo apenas estoy batallando con Español
I'm still studying
todavía estoy estudiando
I still don't understand
sigo sin entenderlo
Do you still want it?
¿todavía lo quieres?
stop doing something
dejar hacer algo
be under stress
estar estresado
be on strike
estar en huelga
struggle to do something
luchar para hacer algo
it's stuck
esta atascado
Ok...any subject (to talk about)?
Bueno..... ¿Algún tema?
What’s the subject?
¿cuál es el tema?
succeed in doing something
conseguir hacer algo
it sucks
es una mierda
Can you suggest a place to eat?
¿Puedes sugerir mi sitios para comer/visitar?
it doesn't suit me
no me queda bien, no me sienta bien
I'm not sure
no sé exactamente/no estoy seguro
make sure that
asegurarse de que
surf the Net
navegar por Internet
surrounded by
rodeado de
I swear
lo juro
covered in sweat
empapado de sudor
T How long does it take?
¿Cuánto tiempo se tarda? cuánto tiempo lleva?
Ok take care, and have a nice day!
¡Adiós cuídate y qué tengas un lindo día!
he took her out to dinner
la llevó a cenar
he is very talented
tiene mucho talento
Which whom I'm talking?
¿con quién hablo?
I will take it/them
lo/los tomaré
this seat is taken
esta plaza es ocupada
get a tan
ponerse moreno
Can I taste it?
¿puedo probarlo?
he has no taste
tiene mal gusto
Can you call a taxi for us?
¿Podría pedirnos un taxi, por favor?
I'm a teacher/doctor
soy profesor
You must be telepathic!
¡debes tener telepatía!
I will tell him
se lo diré
Tell me!
¡dime!
thanks to
gracias a
thank you for the info
le agradezco su información
in theory
en teoría
Is there a hotel here?
¿Hay algún hotel por aquí?
I think that...
Creo que...
this one
éste
then you'll see...at the end of this street
Entonces vería...al extremo de este camino
I (don't) think so
creo que si/no
I'm thirsty
tengo sed
this is Mario speaking
Soy Mario al habla
this is my father
quiero presentarle a mi padre
round trip ticket
boleto de ida y vuelta
for the first time
por primera vez
this time
esta vez
all the time
todo el rato
take your time
tomate tu tiempo
Is this seat taken?
¿está ocupado este asiento?
on time
puntual
What time is it?
¿qué hora es?
be tired of something
estar cansado de algo
to be honest with you
para ser sincero
I won't tolerate it!
no lo toleraré
go to the toilet
ir al baño
be in training
estar entrenándose (sp)
it's my treat (I'm paying)
yo invito
True.
es Verdad
How can I trust you?
¿Cómo puedo confiar en ti?
I've tried it, it works
lo he intentado, se puede hacer!
Can I try it on?
¿podría probarme?
turn left/right
gire a la izquierda/derecha
it's my turn it's your turn
me toca a mí ***
te toca
Then turn to the left...
pues tuerza Ud por la derecha
What type of....?
¿qué tipo/clase de..?
U the ultimate car
lo último en coches
I feel uncomfortable with him
me siento incómodo con él
that's unfair
eso no es justo
he is at university
está en la universidad
What are you up to these days?
¿Qué es de tu vida?
it's up to you
tú eliges/ tú decides
What’s up?
¿qué onda?
get upset about something
disgustarse por algo
turn something upside down
poner algo al revés
It’s urgent!
¿es urgente!
it's of no use to me
no me sirve
it's no use
no sirve de nada
be not used to something
no estar acostumbrado a algo
I don't know how to use this
no se como se usa éste
be useless (person)
ser un inútil
I used to like him
antes me gustaba
as usual
como de costumbre
V be/go on vacation
estar/ir de vacaciones
do you have any vacancies
¿tiene alguna habitación libre?
I'm here on vacation
estoy aquí de vacaciones
he was very vague about it
no fue muy preciso
in vain
en vano
Do you have a vegetarian meal?
¿tienes una comida vegetariana?
I'm vegetarian
soy vegetariano
What’s your verdict?
¿Qué te parece? ¿Qué opinas?
with a view to (hotel)
con vistas a
What can we visit in the area?
¿Qué podemos visitar en esta zona?
W Have you been waiting long?
¿llevan mucho rato esperando?
Wait for me!
¡espérame!
Can you wake me up at...?
¿podría despertarme a las...?
Can we walk there?
¿se puede ir andando?
Do you want to go for a walk?
¿quieres dar un paseo?
go for a walk
salir a dar un paseo
it's within walking distance
se puede ir caminando
walking is one of the best exercise
caminar es uno de los mejores ejercicios
be at war
estar en guerra
it's a waste of money/ time
es una pérdida de dinero/tiempo
By the way, what's your name?
por cierto cómo te llamas, a propósito
No way!
¡ni hablar!
way of life
modo de vida
Watch out!
¡ten cuidado!
do a wee-wee
hacer pipí
How much do you weigh?
¿cuánto pesas?
it's weird
es raro
you're welcome
de nada
Get well soon!
¡Ponte bueno! ¡que te mejores!
welcome to New York
bienvenido a nueva york
What is it?
¿qué es?
What’s the capital of..?
¿Cual es la capital de...?
what's it to you : (
¿A ti qué te importa?
What is it about?
¿de qué se trata?
What part of New York are you from?
¿De qué parte de Nueva york eres?
I'll do whatever you want
haré lo que quieras
Which day?
¿qué día?
when I was a child
cuando era niño
call me whenever you want
llámame cuando quieras
Where are you from?
¿de dónde venís?
Where are you chatting from?
¿De dónde chateas? -- yo desde Ohio
I lived in Moscow for a while
viví en mosco una temporada
I will wait a while longer
esperaré un rato más
Whose is it?
¿de quién es?
it's windy
hace viento
No wonder!
No me extraña. No me sorprende
it doesn't work
no funciona , esta roto/rota
go around the world
dar la vuelta al mundo
Don’t worry!
no te preocupes! todo saldrá bien
What’s wrong?
¿qué pasa?
you have a wrong number
se ha equivocado de número
Who can I talk to?
¿con quien puedo hablar?
Who I'm talking to?
¿Con quien tengo el gusto?
Who does it belong to?
¿de quien es esto?
Whose is this?
¿de quién es esto?
The girl I live with.
la chica con quien vivo
Are you with me?
¿me sigues?
he is a womanizer
él es mujeriego
I wonder if you could help
¿Le importaría ayudar me?
you have my word
tienes mi palabra
How does it work?
¿cómo funciona?
the sound doesn't work here
no sirve el audio aquí
don't worry, I will get it (door)
no te molestes, ya respondo yo
the worst
lo peor
be worth it
valer la pena
I'd like to book a room
quería reservar una habitación
We’d like to go to...
Nos gustaría ir a...
I'd like to confirm/change/cancel...
Quisiera confirmar/cambiar/cancelar...
I would like to be a doctor
quiero ser médico
I would like coffee with milk
quisiera un café con leche
What work do you do?
¿En qué trabajas?
Would you write that down?
puedes escribirlo, por favor
Write it down please!
¡Escríbalo, por favor!
be wrong
estar equivocado
Y I've known him for years
la conozco desde hace años
my youngest sister
mi hermana menor
Happy new year!
¡feliz año nuevo!
Have you finished yet?
¿has acabado ya?
not yet
todavía no
he hasn't arrived yet
