1st Cutting Edge Upper-Intermediate (MODULE 2)
NOUNS - VERBS - ADJECTIVES ADVERBS 1. COMMON SUFIXES FOR NOUNS Suffix -ance / -ence
Use Often used to form abstract nouns from adjectives ending in –ant or –ent
-ee
Used to describe a person on whom an action is performed.
-er / -ian / -or
Often used for people or things that do a particular job.
-hood
-ism
-ist
-ity/ -iety / -y -tion / -(s)sion
Example Patient – patience Tolerant - tolerance Employee (a person who is employed) Trainee (a person who is being trained) Act – actor Football – footballer Music – musician
Used to form abstract nouns, especially those concerned with periods of life or relationships between people.
Child – childhood Mother - motherhood
Often used to describe particular religions or ideologies, and with some abstract nouns.
Buddhism Liberalism Criticism Cynicism
Used to describe people’s beliefs and sometimes their occupation. Used to form adjectives.
nouns
from
Often used to form nouns from verbs.
Communist Journalist Pianist Anxious – anxiety Immune – immunity Imagine – imagination Admit – admission
-ment
Often used to form abstract nouns from verbs.
Enjoy – enjoyment Move - movement
-ness
Often used to form abstract nouns from adjectives.
Happy – happiness Nervous - nervousness
-ship
Important Note
Used to form abstract nouns, usually about relationships. Many other nouns are exactly the same as the verb form.
Friend- friendship Member - membership To comment – a comment To decrease – a decrease To drive – a drive There are more suffixes. It is more difficult to try and find rules to
tell you which suffix to use than simply memorize which word takes each suffix.
Class Work No. 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
WRITE THE FORM OF THESE WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE THE PERSON "DOING IT" BY ADDING A SUFFIX: 9. swim teach 10. edit write 11. piano electric 12. politics journal 13. manage travel 14. science sail 15. survive economy
8. terror
COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT NOUN FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS:
1. My _______________________ has a lovely park. (NEIGHBOR) 2. My _______________ was full of happy times. (CHILD) 3. The _____________ of that lady was unforgettable. (KIND) 4. We organized a number of fun _____________for the children. (ACT) 5. The _______________ of mobile phone networks in poor countries has benefitted their economies. (DEVELOP) 6. ____________ of the club is open to all residents. (MEMBER) 7. The charity aims to reduce _______________ after natural disasters by providing food and medicine. (SUFFER) 8. Continuing ________________ in the south of the country has slowed ______________ (VIOLENT / DEVELOP) 9. Male elephants might show ___________ towards human beings. (AGGRESSIVE) 10.
The __________ claimed he was suffering from _____________ at the time of the attack.
(DEFEND / DEPRESS) 11.
The _____________ of snow is important to _____________ (ARRIVE / SKI)
12.
Please, put the correct ___________________ on the envelope. (POST)
13.
The _______________ paints beautiful pictures of nature. (ART)
14.
The _____________ will be sent by the end of the week. (SHIP)
15.
Your ____________ means a lot to me. (FRIEND)
16.
You must keep completely still as even the slightest ____________ will frighten the
animals away. (MOVE) 17.
The ____________________ date of the new dictionary is not yet known. (PUBLISH)
18.
There is absolutely no _____________that my government has been involved in the
sale of guns to _________ (EVIDENT / TERROR) 19.
____________ at the institute now think they have discovered a link between diet and
_____________ (RESEARCH / DEPRESS) 20.
Increasing ____________ between the two countries has led to a _____________ in trade
and ____________. (HOSTIL / REDUCE / TOUR)
2. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES TO FORM ADJECTIVES a) Suffixes.SUFFIXES
EXAMPLES
-able / -ible
Miserable Responsible Physical Psychological Pleasant Violent Efficient Depressed Talented Powerful Successful Enthusiastic Scientific Exciting Interesting Aggressive Intensive ` Hopeless Penniless Anxious Nervous Healthy Wealthy
-al -ant / -ent / -ient -ed -ful -ic -ing -ive -less -ious / -ous -y
(without)
Important Note: There are no certain rules to use suffixes or prefixes to form adjectives. It is better to memorize them. Many adjectives to describe feelings have both –ing and –ed forms. Ex: Annoyed / annoying depressed / depressing excited / exciting The –ed form describes how YOU FEEL. Ex: - I’m very tired this morning. (It describes how I feel) - She feels excited when she sees her baby. (It describes how she feels) - Mary is worried about her brother. (It describes how she feels because of her brother). The –ing form describes what or who makes you feel that way. Ex: - Doing a lot of tasks can be tiring. (Description of the action that makes me feel tired)
-
I think horror films are so exciting. (Description of the thing that makes me feel excited) Mary’s brother’s worrying for her. (He is the cause why she is worried).
b)
Prefixes.PREFIXES dis-
MEANING Opposite
il-
Opposite
im-
Opposite
in-
Opposite
un-
Opposite
anti-
Against
mis-
Badly, in the wrong way
non-
Without, not
over-
Too much
postpreprore-
After Before In favour of Again
self-
Relating to itself
under-
Not enough
EXAMPLE disloyal displeased Illegal illiterate immature impossible inexperienced insecure unhappy unpopular anti-social anti-war misunderstood mismanaged non-stop non-alcoholic overslept overcooked post-war pre-war pro-European re-united re-charged self-confident selfish underpaid undercooked
Class Work No. 2
COMPLETE THE CHART: NOUN Disturbance
ADJECTIVE
NOUN Enjoyment
Intuitive Sympathy Interest Success Annoyance Boredom
Developed Impression Value Essence Politics / politician Committed Argumentative
Organized Satisfaction Imagination
ADJECTIVE
Creation Continuity / continuation
USE THE APPROPRIATE FORM OF THE WORD GIVEN TO FILL IN THE GAPS:
1. Many famous authors were people who seemed to be all the time. (DEPRESSION) 2. It’s a really ________________ movie. You should watch it. (EXCITE) 3. I don’t feel very _______________ about the future of the Earth and global warming. (OPTIMIST) 4. He’s had a very _______________ career in banking. (SUCCESS) 5. Computers are so ______________. I don’t know how people lived before they were invented. (USE) 6. He’s _____________________. He doesn’t like the way the President leads the country. (GOVERNMENT) 7. Soft drinks are ________________________ drinks. (ALCOHOL) 8. I’m not ____________________ in the new economical laws. (INTEREST) 9. It’s so ________________ to see how poor children die in Africa every minute. (FRUSTRATE) 10. My sister was _______________ with all those new things she learnt at the museum. (AMAZE) 11. It’s not too _____________________ to drink beer every weekend. (HEALTH) 12. Helen felt ______________________ of her siblings when her parents died. (RESPONSIBILITY) 13. They’ve been having _________________ problems since Charles lost his job. (FINANCE) 14. He’ll stop at nothing to get his degree at university. He’s _______________ to finish it. (ANXIETY) 15. She got _______________ when she realized that she was late for work and the traffic was heavy. (HOSTILITY)
CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION:
1. Mi-Chan is worried / worrying about her husband’s sickness / sick. 2. Caroline felt so embarrassed / embarrassing because she couldn’t remember the man’s name. 3. It’s annoyed / annoying when people make noise with their mouths while they’re eating. 4. Jeremy was so disappointed / disappointing when he heard his students complaining about him. 5. Richard’s attitude is so annoyed / annoying. He doesn’t want to assume his error. 6. Being on a diet might be frustrated / frustrating for some people, especially if they don’t lose a gram. 7. I thought that Rannia was a success / successful person. I was so disappointed / disappointing when I met her. 8. The students got bored / boring as soon as the teacher started talking. USE ONE WORD FROM THE LIST TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT FORM: immunity annoyance motivation aggression success finance confidence anxiety boredom hostility value security encouragement efficiency satisfaction hooliganism wonderful disappointment begging determination important feel sympathize suspicion friendly 1. _____________ is very important in everyone’s life. We all need people to be there for us. 2. She is
when someone tries to hurt her children.
3. I was so __________________________ when I found out that you had failed the final exam. 4. Fernanda is very _____________________. She likes listening and helping people in troubles. 5. Tommy is very ______________ to finish his driving course. He can’t stand his instructor. 6. I have a ___________________ that something good is going to happen to us. 7. My sister
my mom to let her go to the party but she didn’t allow her.
8. People don’t feel ______________ when they go to the park because all the muggers lurking in the shadows. 9. I always get sleepy in my physics class because my teacher ______________ me. 10.
Donald was arrested for _________________. He hit a man in a bar while they were
drinking beer. 11.
Gloria is ______________ to get the job.
She is practicing for the job interview in
Spanish and English. 12.
______________ destroyed the windows of the shop on Brighton St. after the game had
finished. 13.
It really _______________ me when people talk while they are eating.
14.
The police _____________ of that strange-looking man. He disguised as a janitor to
commit the crime. 15.
Her _______________ system is not working properly. She needs to take some vitamins
for her problem. 16.
Harry is not ________________ in his life. He lost his job, his car and even, his wife.
17.
Parents should ________________ their children to do their best at school.
18.
Ms. Johnson is an ___________________ woman. She can finish a project in only two
days. 19.
I sometimes ________________ if I’m ever going to meet someone who is right for me.
20.
They’ve had some ________________ problems since Peter lost his job.
21.
You don’t realize the ______________ of having a good health.
You eat, drink and
smoke a lot. 22.
Jackson doesn’t want to make the speech because he isn’t very ________________ that
he’ll do it well. 23.
Robert says his boss _________________ him. He never listens to what he thinks and
doesn’t care about his new ideas. 24.
You should never _______________ a child to do bad things because they end up
thinking that there’s anything wrong with what they’re doing. 25.
She’s really generous but I think she should stop trying to _________________
everybody and think about her personal problems.
3. SUFFIXES TO FORM ADVERBS a) Definition Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs (here: drive), adjectives or other adverbs. Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns (here: girl) or pronouns (here: she). adjective
adverb
Mandy is a careful girl.
Mandy drives carefully.
She is very careful. Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective. Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.
b) Form Adjective + -ly
adjective
adverb
dangerous
dangerously
careful
carefully
nice
nicely
horrible
horribly
easy
easily
electronic
electronically
irregular forms
good
well
fast
fast
hard
hard
If the adjective ends in -y, change -y to -i. Then add -ly. happy - happily but: shy - shyly If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly. Example: terrible - terribly If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly. Example: safe - safely
Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply Important: There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.
c) Use of adverbs
to modify verbs: The soccer team played badly last Saturday. to modify adjectives: It was an extemely bad match. to modify adverbs: The soccer team played extremely badly last Wednesday. to modify quantities: There are quite a lot of people here. to modify sentences: Unfortunately, the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.
d) Types of adverbs 1) Adverbs of manner: quickly - kindly
2) 3) 4) 5)
Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs
of of of of
degree: very - rather frequency: often - sometimes time: now - today place: here - nowhere
e) How do know whether to use an adjective or an adverb? John is a careful driver. -> In this sentences we say how John is - careful. If we want to say that the careful John did not drive the usual way yesterday - we have to use the adverb: John did not drive carefully yesterday. Here is another example: I am a slow walker. (How am I? -> slow -> adjective) I walk slowly. (How do I walk? -> slowly -> adverb)
f) Adjective or Adverb after special verbs Both adjectives and adverbs may be used after look, smell and taste. Mind the change in meaning. Here are two examples: adjective
adverb
The pizza tastes good. (How is the pizza?)
Pizza Hut can taste well. (How can Pizza Hut taste?)
Peter's feet smell bad. (How are his feet?)
Peter can smell badly. (How can Peter smell?)
Do not get confused with good/well. 1. Linda looks good. (What type of person is she?) 2. Linda looks well. (How is Linda? -> She may have been ill, but now she is fit again.) 3. How are you? - I'm well, thank you. One can assume that in the second/third sentence the adverb well is used, but this is wrong. well can be an adjective (meaning fit/healthy), or an adverb of the adjective good.
Conclusion: Use the adjective when you say something about the person itself. Use the adverb, when you want to say about the action.
Class Work No. 3
COMPLETE THE CHART:
NOUN Annoyance Aggression Begging / beggary
Creation Depression
Essence
PERSON --------
VERB
----------
To bore / to get
-----------
bored Confide To concentrate To commit
ADJECTIVE -----
----Employer / employee -------------
To encourage ----To enjoy
Education Entertaining / entertained Enthusiastic Friend
-----
---------------Manager
Misery
--------To interest -----
Promotion Psychology
Hostile Homely / homeless
----Researcher Scientist ------
Success Suspicion Sympathy Training
-----
---------
Tolerant
USE A WORD FROM THE BOX IN THE CORRECT FORM TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
sympathy concentrate suspicion feel kind commitment
motivation reduce happiness boredom
immune aggression friend reliable
hostility satisfy criticize cruelty
1. It breaks my ____________________ when I’m doing a test and people are making a lot of noise. 2. She felt more than _____________ to see that her son had bought her a new house. 3. I have a ______________ that something bad is going to happen. 4. Kevin was _______________ with the guests. He didn’t say hello when he got into the room and didn’t talk to anyone. 5. Because of the high unemployment rate, there are more ____________ people in the streets. 6. I can’t wait to see the __________ of the documentary on Global Warming that didn’t finish last night. 7. What she did was really ____________! She took his last dollar and left him in the street. 8. John’s wife wants a divorce because she feels that he is too _____________ with her when they argue. 9. Janeth started acting ____________ towards me when she found out I had cheated on her. 10. It is said that chocolate and vitamins might increase your _________________. 11. You don’t realize the ________________ of having a good salary. You can have a comfortable life. 12. They say that he’s a momma’s boy because he ______________ on his mom for everything. 13. I felt so _____________ at the party last night that I fell asleep on the sofa. 14. Ronald is very _________________ with his studies. He doesn’t mind studying in the dawns. 15. I think that people that have money but not love aren’t really ________________ in life. 16. Helping old people cross the street is a sign of ______________.
17.
A lot of people were at the supermarket because there was a ______________ on all
dairy products. 18. After the police left the crime scene, they went directly to a building where they believed that one of the _______________ lived. 19. They stopped assisting ballet classes because they felt that their instructor didn’t ___________ them enough. 20. Don’t be late to class because the teacher locks the door after the bell. He doesn’t _____________ people who come late.
CIRCLE THE CORRECT CHOICE:
1. I wanted to major in psychological / psychology when I went to university but I chose Law instead. 2. The new project that the police department is starting will definitely reduce / reduction crime. 3. He had to go through a lot of pain and suffering / suffer in order to achieve his goals. 4. His member / membership was cancelled when they found out that he had AIDS. 5. My sister dreams of living in a world full of happy / happiness and harmony. 6. AH1N1 is a virus that if not treated carefully can develop into a deadly illness / ill. 7. The students didn’t understand the last active / activity. Well I’ll do another one similar to it. 8. The develop / development of the cure for the flu might be ready in about 50 years. 9. There was an outbreak of violent / violence at the soccer match last night. 10. It is evident / evidence that people in this country need a change. 11. I didn’t really want to behave / behavior that way but his attitude really made me angry / anger. 12. People that criticism / criticize the government will be punished / punishment severely. 13. The doctor says that his neck pains are due to stress / stressful. 14. His latest achieve / achievement has made him very famous. 15. The group of people that are very rich in this country is a minor / minority. 16. His commitment / committed with his job is very impressing / impressive. 17. She got very desperation / desperate when her son didn’t arrive home on time. 18. Rodrigo is not organized / organize in his life. His attitude is very disappointed / disappointing. 19. The interesting / interest I have in this project is not your business! 20. Helen is very success / successful in her life. She’s got a good job and a happy family.
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT WORD:
misery under-value survey hostile immunity fancy 1. They will ____________ the students to find out if teachers are doing awaistline good job. strenuous bad-tempered work-out vegetation 2. I didn’t have a good ______________ at the gym yesterday. I felt really tired. 3. I felt really tired after the gym because I had a _____________ routine.
4. They say that poor people are usually __________, but I disagree with that because I’m poor and happy! 5. There was a lot of ____________ towards tourist after those two visitors had tried to steal the diamond. 6. George’s parents _______ him during his childhood – that’s why he doesn’t think much of himself. 7. There are many professionals that can’t cope with_________.
They hate when people
point out their failures. 8. The majority of Ecuadorians _________________ watching soccer with friends on Sundays. 9. My grandfather doesn’t have many friends because he is a ________________ person. 10. After he lost his job, he didn’t want to do anything. He just wanted to ___________ in front of the TV. REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING. DO NOT USE MORE THAN FIVE (5) WORDS: 1. He wasn’t happy as a child. (childhood) He didn’t 2. The teacher doesn’t motivate his students enough. (motivation) The teacher doesn’t to his students. 3. Eating hamburgers isn’t good for your health. (healthy) It isn’t hamburgers. 4. Romina and I are very good friends. (friendship) Romina and I 5. As a teacher, you must have a lot of patience. (be) As a teacher, 6. Being home alone on a weekend depresses me. (is) I think that being home alone 7. I think they pay the employee too much. (over-paid) I think that 8. There was a lot of excitement during the game. (very) The 9. The president showed aggression during his last interview. (aggressive) The president was interview. 10. My little daughter is very creative. (has) My little daughter 11. I got bored with the interview. (was) The interview 12. The same routine bores me. (get) I_ routine. 13. She is interested in dancing and singing. (for) Dancing and singing 14. My neighbors were arguing during the meeting. (an) My neighbors had meeting. 15. My friend’s boss does not value him. He never listens to his opinions. (by) My friend is_ 16. Eating vegetables and fruits is good for your health. (to) It is_ fruits. 17. I think you really should buy those sandals. (better)
You’d _ 18. Laws aren’t harsh, so people don’t follow them. (would) If_ follow them. 19. There was a lot of excitement during the movie. (very) The movie_ 20. It annoys me when there is too much noise in my bedroom. (for) Too much noise in _ me. 21. I was very responsible with my homework when I was a child. (used to) I_ ______ with my homework when I was a child. 22. Smoking and drinking is very unhealthy. (to) It _ and drink. 23. You need to have qualifications to work in that industry. (be) You _ to work in that industry. 24. I feel depressed when I watch the news. (is) It _ watch the news. 25. It can be difficult to move into a new neighborhood. (moving) _ can be difficult. 26. I can’t stand people that swear in public. (swearing) I_ in public. 27. They were so annoyed with her attitude. (them) Her attitude_ 28. To work as a doctor you need to be very committed. (a lot of) You need _ work as a doctor. 29. They are paying too much to the actor for that movie. (being) The actor _ movie. 30. I find burping in public very disgusting. (stand) I_ in public.
MAKE COMPLETE AND ELABORATED QUESTIONS FOR THESE ANSWERS:
1. Because he is misbehaved. _
?
2. Loneliness makes me feel totally depressed. ? 3. One thing that makes me feel embarrassed is I say the wrong thing at the wrong time. _ 4. It just puts me in a really great mood. _
? ?
5. He was given a life sentence for the murder of two young women. _
?
6. Since Ronald’s company closed down, he has lived a life of misery in this city. _
?
7. How annoying! _
?
8. I think you must be really worried. _
?
9. Because it is a profession in which people are underpaid. _
?
10. _
It really drives me mad! ?
11. _
Never mind! ?
12. _
Being positive has one very important side-effect: its catching.
13.
The wax models are so lifelike that you almost feel you could talk to them!
?
_ 14.
? He is someone whose job is to save people from drowning in the beaches.
_ 15. _
? It can give a more optimistic outlook to those who see only darkness. ?
16. _
Most people succeed because they are determined.
17. _
As long as you are enthusiastic and persistent.
18. _
Don’t worry. It doesn’t matter.
19. _
It is a non-smoking public place.
20. _
Because they had an awful row.
21. _ 22. _
? ? ? ? ? Those programs provide viewers with an imaginary set of friends. ? It is caused by low self-esteem. ?
23. _
Come on! Pull yourself together!
24. _
His illness made him to behave that way.
25. _
That baby is underfed because his parents don’t have enough money.
26. _
I absolutely detest them.
27. _
On the other hand, it’s very useful.
28. _
Unless Tom begs, his parents will never let him go alone.
? ? ? ? ? ?
REAL CAMBRIDGE FCE EXAM EXERCISES Exercise No. 1
Exercise No. 2
Exercise No. 3 For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS. Example: S
0
T
E
A
D
I
L
Y
The Warrumbungle National Park The Warrumbungle National Park is (0) .........................
STEADY
increasing in
POPULAR
(25) .................. with visitors to Australia.
Walking,
OCCUPY
camping and rock climbing are the favourite leisure-time
EXTRAORDINARY
(26) ................. in this area, but the landscape and
PHOTOGRAPH
wildlife, which are (27) ............. varied, also attract (28) .......... and naturalists throughout the different seasons of the year. Visitors share the park with hundreds of native animals, such as kangaroos and koalas.
SCENE POWER
The wonderful (29) ........................ in Warrumbungle
SPECTACLE
National Park is the result of (30) ............... volcanic activity over a massive area.
This produced the many
(31) ............ rock formations and numerous lakes visible today, and also the rich soil which enables the abundant COURAGE
vegetation to grow and flourish.
SUIT Walking tracks in the park are clearly marked, and visitors are
(32) ..................... to keep to these. Many of the
walks can be done by children and some are (33) .......... for pushchairs and wheelchairs.
A relatively easy, but
highly rewarding, walk is the 5-kilometre trek up to Belougery Spilt Rock, where visitors may be lucky enough to see eagles flying overhead. More (34) ............. walkers can try the more demanding 15-kilometre walk to Camp Pincham. The view there is unforgettable, but it will take
ENERGY
Exercise No. 4
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS. Example: 0
C
E
N
T
R
A
L
City centre traffic problems vegetation to grow The amount five hours to of gettraffic there.in the crowded (0) ............ districts Part 3 of some of our largest cities is a major problem these
CENTRE
days. Over the years,
VARY STEADY
(25) .............. schemes of traffic
management have been tried, none of which can be said
SUCCESS POPULAR
to have been entirely (26) ..............
COURAGE OCCUPY
In order to
(27) ............. people to leave their cars at home,
EXTRAORDINARY
especially on shorter trips, it is becoming increasingly
PHOTOGRAPH
common for cities to impose a fee on those drivers who choose to come into the city centre. PAY Some schemes take advantage of the latest technology -
AUTOMATIC SCENE
for example, in one city (28) ........... is made by a card on
ADVANTAGE POWER
the car's windscreen which is scanned (29) .......... This is
SPECTACLE
meant to speed up the flow of traffic, but the scheme has
USUAL
a major (30) ........... as the amount that drivers have to
OPERATE
pay changes during the day and, as a result, it is not
POPULAR
(31) ........... for long queues to build up just before a
SOLVE
cheaper charging period comes into
COURAGE
(32)
..............
However, the system is gradually gaining in (33) .......... with motorists, although it has to be admitted it may not provide a total (34) .............. to the problem of traffic congestion.
SUIT
