SP_1000 Materials for Sour Service.pdf

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INDEX

1.

SCOPE

3

2.

COVERAGE

3

3.

SERVICE CONDITIONS 3.1 Sour Service 3.2 Associated Service Conditions

3 3 4

4.

MATERIALS 4.1 General 4.2 Carbon, Carbon Manganese and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure Vessels 4.3 Carbon, Carbon Manganese and Low Alloy Steel Heat-Exchanger Tube Bundles 4.4 Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steel Process Pipework 4.5 Hydrogen Induced "Step" Cracking (HIC) Tests 4.6 Steel Pipes for Major Pipeline Construction 4.7 Stainlesss Steel Pipework Stainles 4.8 Pipe Flanges and Fittings (Forged or Fabricated) in Carbon Steel 4.9 Downhole Tubulars, Wellheads, Christmas Trees and Completion Equipment 4.10 Valves 4.11 4.1 1 Rotating Machinery 4.12 Instrumentation 4.13 Internal Bolting 4.14 External Bolting 4.15 Bellows 4.16 Metallic Overlays

4 4

5.

6.

1

PAGE

10-92 10 -92

7 7 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 13 16 17 17 18 18

WELDING AND FABRICATION 5.1 Approval of Heat-Treatment Procedure 5.2 Small Bore Carbon Steel Pipework [Less than DN 75 mm (3 inch) NPS] 5.3 Possible Avoidance of Post Weld Heat Treatment 5.4 Welding Procedure Qualifica Qualification tion Tests

18 18

IDENTIFICATION, STAMPING AND MARKING 6.1 Hard Stamps 6.2 Marking

21 21 21

GENERAL REVISION

19 19 20















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7.

INSPECTION

21

8.

EXTERNAL PROTECTION - STAINLESS STEELS

22

APPENDIX A Prevention of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Sour Service with Chlorides Requirements for Austentic Stainless Steels

23

APPENDIX B Prevention of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Sour Service with Caustic or other Alkaline Process Fluids

24

APPENDIX C Specification for Steel Plate (Z Quality)

26

APPENDIX D Abbreviations

31

APPENDIX E List of Reference Standards

32

GENERAL NOTE Portions of this Specification have been changed from the previous edition. The locations of changes have been marked with a bar in the margin, as shown to the right of this paragraph. In some cases the changes are significant, while in other cases the changes reflect minor editorial adjustments.

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GENERAL REVISION















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1.

SCOPE 1.1

2.

This Specification states ADMA-OPCO general requirements on materials of construction for equipment handling fluids containing water and hydrogen sulphide (sour environments). All materials shall meet the requirements of NACE Standard MR0175, (subsequently referred to in this document as the NACE Standard), except as amplified and modified herein.

COVERAGE 2.1

The NACE Standard defines sour service and recommends materials which will not fail by sulphide stress cracking (SSC) in sour environments. However, it does not cover certain sour duties nor associated failure mechanisms in sour service. This Specification modifies and extends, where necessary, the requirements of the NACE Standard, providing additional guidance for materials on sour service in the presence of hydrogen, chlorides, alkalis and amines.

3.

SERVICE CONDITIONS 3.1

Sour Service 3.1.1 3.1.1

The definitions for sour services by NACE Standard MR0175 are accepted by ADMA-OPCO for systems with less than 10 mol% H2S. All systems with 10 mol % or more more of H2S are regarded as sour in this Specification irrespective of the operating pressure and temperature. NB Where the NACE Standard refers to total pressure, this shall be taken to mean total design pressure in the context of this Specification.

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GENERAL REVISION















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3.2

Associated Service Conditions 3.2.1 3.2.1

4.

This Specification states as listed below, certain additional requirements that apply for sour service in the presence of hydrogen, chlorides, alkalis and amines. ADMA-OPCO will specify when these service conditions are applicable:applicable:a.

Where the presence of hydrogen resulting from sour service could lead, not only to SSC, but also al so hydrogen blistering or 'step' cracking. Consideration shall be given to employing "Z" quality grades of steel materials and these shall conform to the requirements of the Appendix C o C off this specification.

b.

Where chlorides are present in sour service, but but where the chloride chloride level and PH PH etc. permit the use of austenitic stainless steels, Appendix A o A off this Specification shall apply.

c.

For sour service service in association with association with alkalis or amines, the requirements of of Appendix B shall apply as appropriate.

MATERIALS All materials for sour service as defined in this Specification shall comply fully with the NACE Standard except as modified or extended below. 4.1

General Materials shall be selected se lected from those permitted in the NACE Standard. 4.1.1 4.1.1

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10-92 10 -92

All castings shall be suitably heat treated after welding welding operations have been performed. This requirement also applies to the weld repair of defects, irrespective of size. The practice of leaving ‘as welded' areas in castings to be used for sour service is unacceptable to ADMA-OPCO.

GENERAL REVISION















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All repair welds shall be heat treated as indicated in the following table:-

MATERIAL MATERIA L

HEAT TREATMENT REQUIREMENT

a.

Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steels

Stress Relieve

b.

Martensitic Stainless Stainless Steels e.g. 11-13% 11-13% Chromium Steel

Reheat treat completely or double temper to the NACE requirements.

c.

Austenitic Stainless Steel

Stress Relieve or Solution Anneal

4.1.2

Cast irons and ferritic ductile (nodular) iron e.g. ASTM A 395 are unacceptable for pressure-retaining pre ssure-retaining parts. The use of these materials for non-pressure low stressed components shall be subject to approval by ADMA-OPCO/QAD. Austenitic irons are also unacceptable for pressure-retaining parts except as permitted by by para. 4.11.2 4.11.2.. (b) none of these materials shall be weld repaired.

4.1.3 4.1.3

The selection of materials for a particular sour duty duty shall take into account not only any requirements arising from fro m para. 3.2.1 3.2.1 of of this this Specification, Specification, but also resistance to general corrosion. The pH value of the process stream and the presence or absence of corrodents such as Oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorides etc. are of particular importance.

4.1.4 4.1.4

1

10-92 10 -92

When the chloride content and the corrosive corros ive conditions are such that such that they cannot be handled by austenitic steels stee ls (refer to para. 3.2.1) more highly alloyed materials such as Incoloy 825, Inconel 625, Hastelloy C etc. shall be selected according to the process conditions.

GENERAL REVISION

















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4.1.5 4.1.5

Where the process duty is such that a wet gas environment exists in one part of the vessel and multiphase (oil, gas, water) system exists in another part of the same vessel, the material of construction for the entire vessel shall be suitable for the more severe sour gas conditions.

4.1.6 4.1.6

High strength steels at high levels of stress such as internal internal boltings, boltings, springs, bellows and parts of some rotating machinery require specific attention. Experience has shown that they are susceptible to SSC in lower concentrations of wet hydrogen sulphide than indicated by the NACE Standard definition. These These components shall therefore comply with the NACE Standard when in contact with any concentration of wet hydrogen sulphide.

4.1.7 4.1.7

Where hydrogen blistering or step cracking may occur, steel grades grades with additional chemical composition limits and guaranteed through thickness mechanical mechanical properties such such as "Z30" quality steel grades to the requirements of Appendix C of C of this this specification should be considered. Inhibiting the process stream or applying a protective lining to t he steel surface can also be considered.

4.1.8 4.1.8

Nitrile rubbers are unacceptable, but fluorelastomers e.g. 'Viton' and PTFE may be proposed for approval by ADMA-OPCO/QAD. All nonmetallic materials proposed for 'O' rings, seals, seal rings etc. shall be tested and proved suitable for the environment before use.















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4.2

Carbon, Carbon Manganese and Low Alloy Steel Pressure Vessel 4.2.1 4.2.1

Unless otherwise approved by AMDA-OPCO/ QAD, pressure vessels, including heat exchanger shells, channels and floating heads, shall be stress relieved. Where hydrogen sulphide contents in excess of 10 MOL% are encountered, stress relief is mandatory in all cases.

4.2.2 4.2.2

Stress-relieving and heat-treatment heat-treatment procedures shall be as required by the appropriate design code and ADMA-OPCO Specification SP-1035. SP-1035.

4.2.3 4.2.3

4.3

Steel grades with additional chemical composition limits and guaranteed guaranteed through thickness thickness mechanical properties (i.e. "Z30" grades, Appendix C) or HIC tested plate in accordance with with 4.5 of this Specification Specification shall shall be used for all pressure vessels on sour service.

4.2.4 4.2.4

Internal bolting e.g. floating head bolts bolts and nuts of heat heat exchangers subject to sour environments shall be selected to be resistant to SSC (see sub-section 4.13 of this Specification).

4.2.5 4.2.5

Pressure vessels on sour service in materials other than carbon, carbon manganese and low-alloy steels e.g. e.g. austenitic stainless stainless steels, clad plate, etc. shall be subject to ADMA-OPCO/QAD specification and/or and/or approval.

Carbon, Carbon Manganese and Low-Alloy Steel Heat Exchanger Tube Bundles 4.3.1 4.3.1

Where tube end welding is specified, specified, special special fabrication procedure are necessary.















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In order to avoid high hardnesses in the weld and heat affected zones, either PWHT shall be applied or the tube sheet shall be faced with low carbon weld metal and stress relieved r elieved prior to tube end welding. Irrespective of the fabrication technique adopted, the welding procedure qualification tests shall be in accordance with sub-section 5.4 of 5.4 of this Specification and to TEMA Standard, EEMUA-143, EEMUA-143, and any other additional requirements recommended by ADMA-OPCO/QAD depending on the project concerned. 4.3.2 4.3.2

4.4

Tube bundles made from materials other than carbon, carbon manganese and low-alloy l ow-alloy steels shall be specified by ADMA-OPCO ADMA-OPCO / QAD.

Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steel Process Pipework 4.4.1 4.4.1

Carbon steel pipework shall conform to ANSI ANSI B31.3 B31.3 and shall be manufactured by the seamless route to API 5L GrB unless otherwise approved by ADMA-OPCO/QAD. A DMA-OPCO/QAD. The material shall have a carbon content of 0.23% maximum and the CE by check analysis shall not exceed 0.42% based on the formula: CE = C + Mn + Cr+Mo+V + Ni+Cu 6 5 15

4.4.2 4.4.2

Where the use of welded pipe is necessary, due to the large diameter involved, these shall be made from steel grades with additional chemical composition limits and guaranteed through thickness mechanical properties (i.e. "Z 30" "Z 30" gr ades, ades, Appendix C) C ) or HIC tested plate in accordance with with 4.5 4.5 o off this Specification.

4.4.3 4.4.3

Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipes are not acceptable.















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4.5

4.4.4 4.4.4

Unless approved otherwise by ADMA-OPCO/QAD, welds in carbon steel pipework for fabrication shall be made to a procedure which will ensure that the requirements of the the NACE Standar d are met without the necessity for PWHT, as outlined in in sub-section 5.3 of this Specification.

4.4.5 4.4.5

In some cases however, PWHT may be the preferred method for achieving the required properties. Unless approved otherwise by ADMA -OPCO / QAD all pipework exceeding 19 mm (0.750 in) wall thickness for sour duties, irrespective of location, shall receive a PWHT.

4.4.6 4.4.6

Certificates shall shall be submitted for approval by ADMA-OPCO/QAD. These shall include material manufacturer's test certificates, PWHT charts where applicable and welding procedure qualification test results incorporating hardness survey results on etched macro sections. The hardness surveys shall follow the procedure outlined in para. 5.4.4 and 5.4.5 of this Specification.

Hydrogen Induced "Step" Cracking (HIC) Tests Where proposed as an alternative to "Z 30" grades of steel or where requested by ADMA-OPCO in the purchase purchase order, HIC tests in accordance with the method and a nd procedure procedur e described desc ribed in NACE Standard Standard TM 02 84 84 shall be carried out. The test solution employed for these tests shall be in accordance with NACE Standard TM 01 77. Acceptance criteria shall be:-

Crack Sensitivity Ratio Crack Length Ratio Crack Thickness Ratio

(CSR) (CLR) (CRR)

= = =

3% 10% 3%















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4.6

Steel Pipes for Major Pipeline Construction Pipeline materials shall conform to ADMA-OPCO Specification SP-1011 parts 1, 2 & 3 unless 3 unless otherwise specified by ADMA-OPCO/QAD.

4.7

4.8

Stainless Stainles s Steel Pipework 4.7.1 4.7.1

Irrespective of pipe size and wall wall thickness, thickness, welds in such such materials materials shall be subjected to PWHT.

4.7.2 4.7.2

All heat heat treatment of stainless steel pipework shall be be subject subject to approval by ADMA-OPCO/QAD.

Pipe Flanges and Fittings (Forged or Fabricated in Carbon Steel) Flanges and fittings material, shall comply with the appropriate design code requirements unless otherwise otherwis e specified by ADMA-OPCO/QAD. ADMA-OPCO/QAD. All flanges and fittings shall also als o comply with the following mandatory requirements: 4.8.1 4.8.1

Process of Manufacture:a.

Irrespective of the requirements of the relevant design code all flanges and seamless fittings shall be supplied in the fully normalised condition or alternatively quenched and tempered.

b.

Fabricated carbon steel fittings shall be manufactured manufactured from plate meeting the the "Z30" grade grade requirements requirements (Appendix C) o C) orr HIC tested material in accordance with with 4.5 of this Specification. Post weld heat treatment in the stress relieving range of temperatu temperature re i.e. 580 580 C - 620 C for 1 hr. per 25 mm mm of thickness shall be carried out.

















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4.8.2 4.8.2

4.8.3

c.

Fabricated fittings shall be welded by the manual metal arc process or the submerged-arc submer ged-arc process.

d.

A detailed welding procedure including electrical parameters, electrode type, wire and flux chemical composition shall be submitted to ADMA-OPCO/QAD A DMA-OPCO/QAD for approval.

Chemical Composition a.

All materials shall conform to a maximum carbon content of 0.25% 0.25% and a maximum sulphur content of of 0.025% by check analysis.

b.

The manufacturer manufacturer shall shall provide provide a mill mill certificate showing the composition of each heat of steel supplied.

Hardness The supplier shall demonstrate that the hardness does not exceed 248 HV 10 kg. on any of the fittings, fittings, and in particular on fabricated fittings, a parent, HAZ, weld, HAZ, parent metal survey shall be carried out at 1.0 to 1.5 mm below outer and inner surface.

4.9

Downhole Tubulars, Wellheads, Christmas Trees and Completion Equipment The materials requirements for these items are specified in the relevant ADMA-OPCO Standards STD-122, STD-123, STD-124 and STD-125 respectively.















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4.10.2 4.10.2 Valves for sour service shall be ordered ordered from fully fully approved manufacturers / suppliers i.e. have undergone the approval procedure currently applicable in ADMA-OPCO/QAD. ADMA-OPCO/QAD. 4.10.3 4.10.3 Valve types involving involving full welded body body construction are not acceptable unless otherwise approved by ADMA-OPCO for special applications (i.e. sub-sea). 4.10. 4.10.

Carbon content of socket welding or or butt-welding butt-welding carbon steel bodies bodies shall be limited to 0.25% max. max. Carbon equivalent (CE) (CE) by check analysis shall not exceed 0.42% based on the following formula: CE = C + Mn + Cr+Mo+V + Ni+Cu 6 5 15

4.10.5 4.10.5 All valve parts which can be be contacted by the sour environment shall conform to this Specification and this requirement extends to all internals as well as the pressure-containing components.

Highly stressed items which are not freely vented to atmosphere as in the case of insulated and buried valves, and bolts inside flange protectors etc., where leakage of the process stream could subject the items to a sour environment, shall conform fully to this Specification. 4.10.6 4.10.6 Where plated components are employed, the material on which the plating is deposited deposited shall conform with this Specification. Specification. The plating employed shall be resistant to the environment. Cadmium and zinc















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4.10.7 4.10.7 Where a cast ball is employed, weld repair of the ball is not acceptable. 4.10.8 4.10.8 All valve springs springs shall be made from from nickel base materials materials resistant to SSC. Acceptable spring materials are Inconel Inconel X750, Nimonic 90 and Monel K500. 4.10.9 In bellows-sealed bellows-sealed relief valves, the springs shall be in accordance accordance with para 4.9.8 4.9.8 above. The bellows shall also comply with clause clau se 4.15 and para. 4.1.6 4.1.6 of of this this Specification. 4.10.10 4.10.10 Internal bolting bolting in valves shall be in accordance with clause 4.13 and para. 4.1.6 4.1.6 of of S pecification. 4.10.11 The packing selected shall be compatible with stem material. Uninhibited graphite or carbon-type packing is unacceptable particularly when in contact with stainless steel. 4.11 4.11 Rotating Machinery 4.11.1 General a.

Except as stated in para. in para. 4.10.1 4.10.1(c), (c), sour service for rotating machinery shall be taken as defined in para in para 3.1 o 3.1 off this specification.

b.

The materials materials selection selection and fabrication procedures employed shall comply with this specification as appropriate.















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d.

All fabrication welds and repair welds shall be heat treated as listed below unless otherwise specified by ADMA-OPCO/QAD.

MATERIAL MATERIA L

HEAT TREATMENT REQUIREMENT

d.l.

Carbon and carbon manganese steels

PWHT at 580/620 580/620 C (1076/1 (1076/1148 148 F)

d.2.

Low alloy steels

PWHT shall be in accordance with the appropriate design code

d.3.

Martensitic stainless steel (11-13% (11-13% chromium steel)

Re- heat completely including double temper. For certain welds complete heat treatment is not possible and double tempering treatment only will be acceptable

d.4

Austenitic stainless steel

Requires PWHT at 950 C (1740 (1740 F) in accordance with SP-1035.

e.

All components such as internal bolting, springs, etc. shall comply with the relevant parts of this Specification.

f.

Shafts and piston rods in plain carbon, low and medium alloy and 11-13% chromium steel shall be heat treated to minimise















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h.

The straightening of shafts after completion of machining shall not be commenced without prior approval from ADMA-OPCO / QAD.

i.

Before any attempt is made to rectify machining errors by the application of metal coatings, approval shall be obtained from ADMA-OPCO/QAD. ADMA-OPCO/QAD. However, in any case, metal coating of the journal area under proximity vibration probes and under impeller mounting is not acceptable.

j.

All associated equipment equipment e.g. pressure vessels, vessels, pipework etc. shall comply with this Specification.

k.

All components in 11-13% chromium steel shall be double tempered after either normalising or quenching, and unless stated otherwise in this Specification, the hardness shall be 248 HV10 Kg (HRC22) maximum in conformity with the NACE Standard.

4.11.2 4.11.2 Centrifugal Pumps a.

Centrifugal pumps shall conform to API STD 610 and any other additional requirements specified by ADMA-OPCO in the Purchase Order.

b.

Austenitic nodular nodular iron to BS 3468 Grade S2 or equivalent is acceptable in certain cases, subject to approval by ADMAOPCO/QAD. Welding of this material, including repair welding,

















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c.

Shafts in plain carbon and low alloy steels shall be totally protected form the process proce ss stream by corrosion-resistant corrosi on-resistant sleeves, cap nuts (where applicable) etc., integrity of such protection shall be checked/approved by ADMA-OPCO/QAD. ADMA-OPCO/QAD. Unprotected 11-13% chromium steel may be used only where it has adequate corrosion resistance to the process fluid.

4.11.3 4.11.3 Centrifugal Compressors a.

Centrifugal compressors shall conform to API STD 617 and any other additional requirements specified by ADMA-OPCO in the Purchase Order.

b.

Fabrication processes which results in cold-worked cold-worked material, material, e.g. riveting of impellers, shall not be employed unless prior approval has been obtained obta ined from ADMA-OPCO/QAD. However, riveted impellers are not acceptable for high speed and high discharge pressure gas compressors.















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4.13

Internal Bolting 4.13.1 4.13.1 Internal bolting shall comply with the NACE Standard Standard requirements when in contact with any concentration of wet H2S (see also para. 4.1.5 of this Specification Specification). ). 4.13.2 4.13.2 Where austenitic stainless steel bolts and nuts are required, these items shall be free from cold work; they shall be solution treated after thread rolling etc. as outlined below:-

4.14

a.

Bolts shall be Class lA of ASTM A 193e.g. B8MA (Type 316) bolts solution solution treated after all cold work including thread thread rolling. rolling.

b.

Nuts shall be the 'A' suffix variety of ASTM A 194 e.g. Grade Grade 8MA (Type 316) solution treated after all hot or cold working.

External Bolting 4.14.1 4.14.1 Carbon or low alloy steel bolting bolting shall be phosphate treated and PTFE P TFE















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4.15

Bellows 4.15.1 4.15.1 Bellows units shall comply with the NACE S tandard requirement when when in contact with any concentration of wet H2S H2 S (see also para 4.1.5) o 4.1.5) off this specification. 4.15.2 4.15.2 Austentic stainless steels shall not be used for bellows, but but material selection may be made according to the process conditions from the following:-

Incoloy 825 Inconel 625 Monel 400

Other materials may be proposed for approval by ADMA-OPCO/QAD. The production procedure shall comply with the requirements of the NACE Standard. 4.16

Metallic Overlays















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5.2

5.1.1 5.1.1

Details of the method of heating, e.g. furnace, electric resistance, induction, etc.

5.1.2 5.1.2

Details of the position of thermocouples.

5.1.3 5.1.3

Special requirements for heat-treatment, e.g. if it were proposed to post-weld heat treat a heat-exchanger tube bundle incorporating tube end welding.

5.1.4 5.1.4

Copies of relevant heat treatment charts on completion.

Small Bore Carbon Steel Pipework r less than DN75 mm (3 inch) NPS] The TIG welding welding process shall be used for the butt welding wel ding of small bore carbon steel pipework unless otherwise specified by ADMA-OPCO/QAD.

5.3

Possible Avoidance of Post-Weld Heat Treatment To avoid the need for PWHT on the major part of a piping system, the















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5.4

5.3.3 5.3.3

Avoidance of PWHT PWHT will will not not be permitted on pipework with wall thicknesses greater than 19 mm (0.750 in) without the required dispensation by ADMA-OPCO/QAD.

5.3.4 5.3.4

Repair to root runs are not permitted after subsequent runs have been made unless the joint is subjected to PWHT or a simulated weld repair procedure has been qualified.

Welding Procedure Qualification Qualifica tion Tests 5.4.1 5.4.1

Prior to the commencement of work, the fabricator or supplier shall submit to ADMA-OPCO/QAD his proposals for evaluating the welding procedures, as per ADMA-OPCO STD-101 STD-101 and in particular those related to the control of hardness.

5.4.2 5.4.2

In the case of equipment which is to be post-weld heat treated, the welding procedure tests shall incorporate a hardness survey as specified in para. in para. 5.4.5 5.4.5,, of this Specification.

















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The hardness traverse shall include the parent metals, weld, weld heat affected zones on both sides of the joints, and the positions of the indentations shall be selected sele cted to establish peak hardness values. The maximum permitted hardness shall be 248 HV10 Kg (HRC22). 5.4.6 5.4.6

6.

The results of the tests shall be submitted to ADMA-OPCO/QAD or an approved independent inspectorate for acceptance.

IDENTIFICATION STAMPING AND MARKING 6.1

Hard Stamps















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7.2

The Manufacturer shall conduct hardness tests to ensure that the hardness requirements of this Specification Specification are met are met and these should be certified/ approved as indicated in in para 5.4.6. 5.4.6. Where hardness values in excess of the requirements of this Specification and the NACE Standard are obtained, the part shall be rejected.

7.3

Except in the case of austenitic stainless steels, for small items, e.g. small springs, pins etc. which can not be hardness tested individually, the manufacturer shall conduct tests on a random basis by selecting components from production runs or stores batches to ensure that the product complies fully with this Specification.















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APPENDIX A PREVENTION OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN SOUR SERVICE WITH CHLORIDES REQUIREMENTS FOR AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS A.l

Austenitic stainless steels shall be in the solution annealed condition.

A.2

Bends in pipework and tubing and other cold formed items shall be solution annealed at 1050 1050 C (192 (1920 0 F) or stress stress reliev relieved ed at 950 950 + 20 C (1740 (1740 + 68 F) after after forming. forming.















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APPENDIX B

PREVENTION OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN SOUR SERVICE WITH CAUSTIC OR OTHER ALKALINE PROCESS FLUIDS B.l B.l

General Requirements for Carbon Steel Equipment B.1.1 B.1.1 Carbon steel is generally generally an acceptable acceptable material material for handling certain caustic caustic soda and other alkaline solutions. However, it has limitations in that stress corrosion cracking can occur unless the equipment is stress r elieved, also















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APPENDIX C















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a.

Process of Manufacture















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C.4.2 Through-Thickness Tensile Test















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C.5.1 The Extent of Defects that may be Repaired















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SP_1000 Materials for Sour Service.pdf

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