Sitio Arqueológico Las Mercedes

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V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

6

GO]VEMSBBGÒO Mco}ve mca beo}cx}e ~sc bek|c}c na bsvre mc Hgr}evgn No}g`sn mc Nkçvgbn! mc an Sogzcvrgmnm mc Ber}n Vgbn! }gcoc nrgmcve cr}c }vnfnde ca bsna }gcoc beke coje~sc bco}vna aczno}nv son efvn keoe`vîjgbn bn|nt mc mcrbvgfgv an |cv}gocobgn w ac`nme mca Rg}ge Nv~sceaò`gbe Anr Kcvbcmcr! sfgbnme co ca mgr}vg}e mca kgrke oekfvc! co ca bno}òo mc @sîbgke! Agkòo/ An |vcrco}c keoe`vnjën }vn}nvî mc vc}vn}nv aer mgzcvrer nr|cb}er ~sc |cvkg}no an mcrkg}gjgbnbgòo mc aer nr|cb}er nfevë`cocr co oscr}ve |nër! mc}cvkgonome nrë! mc knocvn banvn w co an kcmgmn mc aer |ergfac anr }vnmgbgeocr bsa}svnacr w ca bek|ev}nkgco}e rebgna! kcmgno}c an beo}cx}snagtnbgòo mc aer cr}smger vcnagtnmer refvc aer `vs|er nfevë`cocr hnfg}no}cr mc Anr Kcvbcmcr w rs ag`ntòo beo rebgcmnmcr gomë`conr! aacznome an hcvvnkgco}n mc an rs|cv|ergbgòo! fnde ca vg`ev ~sc cr}n vc~sgcvc! n so ogzca knbve |nvn }vn}nv nrë mc bek|vcomcv an berkezgrgòo gk|cvno}c/ Acder mc rcv son nrg`onbgòo! cr so n|ev}c n an beor}vsbbgòo mc an hgr}evgn hgr}e vgn mca rg}ge co bscr}gòo/ Cr}c }vnfnde }gcoc beke oev}c jsomnkco}na nwsmnv co ca |vebcre mc beorsa}n w mebskco}nbgòo mc nr|cb}er bsa}svnacr w mc ev`nogtnbgòo ~sc vemcno n cr}c9 crc rcvî ca acg}ke}gz  fnde ca bsna rc beobgfc ca |vcrco}c }vnfnde! ca bsna fsrbn rcv rcv so kn}cvgna ~sc |scmn rcv ô}ga |nvn an cx|agbnbgòo mc an bscr}gòo nfevg`co co cr}c }cvvg}evge co cr|cbëjgbe }cogcome co kco}c! |ev mckîr! ca vcrbn}c mc an bscr}gòo nfevg`co co ca N}aîo}gbe Ber}nvvgbcorc ~sc |cvkg}n mcr}nbnv an gk|ev}nobgn mc cr}c rg}ge }cogcome ca beo}cx}e mc an oezcmnm mca kgrke! oezcmnm ~sc |cvkg}c gojcvgv so |noevnkn nv~sceaò`gbe onbgeona |vekgrevge! `vnbgnr n aer crjscvter mnmer |nvn mcrbsfvgv anr vg~sctnr ~sc |ercco aer rg}ger nv~sceaò`gber n ae anv`e mca |nër/ Cr oscr}ve efdc}gze benmwsznv n an gobg}nbgòo mca go}cvçr |cvreona |ev ca cr}smge mc Anr Kcvbcmcr mcrmc son |cvr|cb}gzn hgr}òvgbn co beo}cx}e! so }vnfnde ocbcrnvge no}c an bgvbsor}nobgn w ocbcrgmnm mc an beo}gosgmnm w mcrnvveaae mc an kckevgn beacb}gzn refvc ca ca ac`nme gomë`con ber}nvvgbcorc/ Zna`n vcbnabnv an vg~sctn mc cr}c |n}vgkeoge ‑vcbgço mcrbsfgcv}e‛! ca bsna rc cobsco}vn aacoe mc czgmcobgnr ô}gacr |nvn ca mgrcþe mc hg|ò}crgr js}svnr w cx|agbnbgòo mc go~sgc}smcr nb}snacr refvc an beksogmnm nfevg`co ber}nvvgbcorc w rsr bco}ver mc osbacnbgòo jgagna/

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

2

B NVNB]CVGTNBGÒO @COCVNA MCA RG]GE Ca rg}ge nv~sceaò`gbe Anr Kcvbcmcr rc cobsco}vn n crbnrer 7< kc}ver refvc ca ogzca mca knv co an |vezgobgn mc Agkòo! bno}òo mc @sîbgke! mgr}vg}e mc Kcvbcmcr na oevecr}c oevecr}c mc an bn|g}na dercjgon co an vc`gòo Bnvgfc mc Ber}n Vgbn an an bsna cr son mc anr teonr kîr hôkcmnr mca |nër/ Cr}c rg}ge mcfc rs oekfvc n an jgobn |vemsb}gzn mc >>< hcb}îvcnr mc cx}corgòo ~sc jsc |ve|gcmnm mca ck|vcrnvge Kgoev Icg}h ca bsna }sze n bnv`e an beor}vsbbgòo mca jcvvebnvvga w ca srsjvsb}e mca fnonoe co cr}c rcb}ev mca |nër! ae ~sc ae aaczn n mcrbsfvgv cr}c }cvvg}evge co >88
JG@SVN >/ SFGBNBGÒO @CE@VÎJGBN MCA RG]GE NV^SCEAÒ@GBE ANR KCVBCMCR

Ca rg}ge nv~sceaò`gbe nv~sceaò`gbe beor}n mc na kcoer >3 |an}njevknr co 63 hcb}îvcnr mc cx}corgòo! bno}gmnm ~sc |scmc znvgnv beorgmcvnfackco}c mcfgme n anr anfevcr mc gozcr}g`nbgòo ~sc rc mcrnvveaano co an nb}snagmnm co ca rg}ge/ Anr |an}njevknr rc cobsco}vno sogmnr co}vc rë |ev bnatnmnr ~sc |nvcbco gomgbnv an cxgr}cobgn mc so bek|acde hnfg}nbgeona nk|agnkco}c mcrnvveaanme! w rg nrë rc ~sgcvc! ejvcbc gomgbger mc so bnbgbnt`e knwev co an teon/ Nb}snakco}c aer nv~scòae`er bco}vno rsr crjscvter co ca bek|acde Anr Kcvbcmcr > ~sc bevvcr|eomc na 6<# mca }cvvg}evge }e}na (n|vexgknmnkco}c kîr mc >> hn'! ca bsna cr ca |vgobg|na mc so }e}na mc }vcr rg}ger mc cr}smge gmco}gjgbnmer |ev anr rg`anr AK+>! AK+6 w AK+ 2/

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

=

BNVNB]CVËR]GBNR ON]SVNACR Beo vcr|cb}e n rsr bnvnb}cvër}gbnr `ce`vîjgbnr w bagkî}gbnr cr |ergfac njgvknv ~sc cr}c rc cobsco}vn co son fnomn }e|e`vîjgbn co meomc onbc (|gcmckeo}c' ca Zeabîo ]svvgnafn w co son aanosvn naszgna beo}cogmn co ca beodso}e mc aanosvnr mca Bnvgfc anr bsnacr }gcoco rs |cvgeme mc kîxgkn jevknbgòo co ca Heaebcoe (>6 <<< n/B' >! }cogcome rs evg`co `vnbgnr n an kcvkn mc an nb}gzgmnm zeabîogbn w ca nskco}e mc anr |vcbg|g}nbgeocr ae bsna ebnrgeoò son nfsomno}c cvergòo mc anr keo}nþnr/ Ca beodso}e mc anr aanosvnr mca Bnvgfc }gcoco beke bnvnb}cvër}gbn `cocvna an onzc`nfgagmnm mc rsr vëer w rs vnr`e naszgna 6! ae bsna rcvî so jnb}ev na ~sc vcr|eomcvî ca mcrnvveaae mca rg}ge efdc}e mca |vcrco}c }vnfnde/ Ca rg}ge rc cobsco}vn vemcnme mc aer vëer Oezgaaer w ca \nvgrkgon! aer bsnacr rc beojg`svno na rsvcr}c w oevecr}c! vcr|cb}gznkco}c! rgcome cr}er aer ~sc os}vco n ~scfvnmnr w vgnbhscaer ~sc |vezcco na îvcn osbacnv mca rg}ge mc jsco}cr mc n`sn gokcmgn}nr! ae ~sc |vezebn! beke zcvcker kîr nmcano}c son beojg`svnbgòo ‑nv~sg}cb}òogbn‛ }cogcome co bsco}n cr}c gk|ev}no}c jnb}ev/ Ca }g|e mc fer~sc |vcrco}c co cr}c as`nv cr so fer~sc ksw hôkcme }ve|gbna beo }vnorgbgòo na fer~sc |vc keo}noe! mcfgme n rs beojg`svnbgòo mc |gcmckeo}c/ Ca rscae mc cr}c rg}ge rc bnvnb}cvgtn |ev rcv vgbe co os}vgco}cr! mc crbnrn |vejsomgmnm ae ~sc jnbgag}ò ca hsn~scvgrke co `vno knocvn! mcfgme n an rs|cvjgbgnagmnm mc anr beor}vsbbgeocr/ \ev ca bagkn |vcrco}c co an vc`gòo w na ogzca cacznme mc |H co aer rscaer mc cr}c rg}ge! cr mgjëbga cobeo}vnv vcr}er mc kn}cvgnacr }cx}gacr s òrcer! |cvzgzgcome! co rs knwevën! czgmcobgnr bcvîkgbnr w aë}gbnr beke hnbhnr! crbsa}svnr w cmgjgbnbgeocr anr bsnacr nvvedno ~sc cr}c rg}ge |sme rcv hnfg}nme mcrmc ca nþe >3<< no}cr mc oscr}vn cvn2/

NO]CBCMCO]CR HGR]ÒVGBER W \VEBCRER MC GOZCR]G@NBGÒO Ca mcrbsfvgkgco}e mc Anr Kcvbcmcr }gcoc son bewso}svn ~sc oe |scmc rcv efzgnmn9 cr}n }gcoc nrgmcve n jgonacr mca rg`ae XGX bsnome co Ber}n Vgbn rc `cr}nfno son rcvgc mc bnkfger nbnvvcnmer |ev aer agfcvnacr co mgzcvrer bnk|er beke ca rebgna w ca cbeoòkgbe/ Co ca |nv}gbsanv bnre mc an gojvncr}vsb}svn! aer agfcvnacr rer}coëno an }crgr mc son ocbcrnvgn kemcvogtnbgòo |nvn nrë `cocvnv go`vcrer! n vnët mca keoebsa}gze bnjc}nacve w an gk|cvno}c ocbcrgmnm mc kcdevnv anr beomgbgeocr |nvn ca }vnor|ev}c na N}aîo}gbe jnzevcbgcome an cx|ev}nbgòo ber}nvvgbcorc hnbgn ca kcvbnme csve|ce! nrë co cr}n bewso}svn w fnde ca knomn}e mca @cocvna ]ekîr @snvmgn rc gogbgn an beor}vsbbgòo mc so jcvvebnvvga n }vnzçr mc so ck|vçrg}e rer}cogme beo Go`an}cvvn w nso~sc ca |vçr}nke jsc e}ev`nme oe jsc |ergfac > Jaevcr! Csrcfge (6<<>'/

ev  er}   cm// Rno erc er}n Vgbn 

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mc Nv~sceae`ën c Hgr}evgn! Ber}n Vgbn/ Vgbn/ Keo}vcna/ V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

3

}cvkgonv an efvn beo cr}er jeomer! kîr oe efr}no}c so dezco ck|vcrnvge go`açr aanknme Kgoev Icg}h |ve|eoc nvvc`anv an mcsmn w }cvkgonv an beor}vsbbgòo =/ Msvno}c ca |vebcre mc beor}vsbbgòo mc anr aëocnr jcvvezgnvgnr cr gooc`nfac ~sc rc }co`no ~sc mcr}vsgv teonr mc zc`c}nbgòo! nrë beke vcnagtnv cxbnznbgeocr anr bsnacr czgmcobgnveo co mgzcvrer }vnb}er mc an vs}n }vntnmn! `vno bno}gmnm mc vcr}er kn}cvgnacr beke bcvîkgbn! hcvvnkgco}nr mc |gcmvn w crbsa}svnr beo jscv}cr }comcobgnr n an rs|ergbgòo mca cr}nfacbgkgco}e co crn teon mc rebgcmnmcr gomë`conr bnbgbnacr ~sc hnfëno |nv}gme nþer no}cr mc ~sc Icg}h w rsr hekfvcr nfvgcvno bnkgoe/ An n|nvgbgòo beor}no}c mc cr}c }g|e mc ac`nmer kn}cvgnacr ae`vò ~sc ca go}cvçr mc Icg}h nskco}nvn! nrë beke nskco}nfn rs nbcvze |cvreona mc efdc}er w nv}c |vcbeaekfgoe na nznotnv an beor}vsbbgòo/ Na jgonagtnv an beor}vsbbgòo mca jcvvebnvvga co >88
JG@SVN 6/ CR]N]SN CX]VNËMN \EV  H NV]KNO CXHGFGMN CO CA KSRCE C]OE@VÎJGBE MC RSCBGN / KSRCE O NBGEONA

Asc`e mc so |cvgeme anv`e co ca ~sc rc mge so `vno hsn~scvgrke w son go}corn mcr}vsbbgòo |ev bnsrn mc cr}c! rc mn ca go}cvçr mc vcnagtnv so cr}smge jevkna refvc Anr Kcvbcmcr ca bsna jsc aacznme n bnfe |ev ca fe}îogbe w no}ve|òae`e rscbe! Bnva/ Z Hnv}kno co >87:! ca bsna cr n}vnëme |ev an bno}gmnm mc zcr}g`ger kn}cvgnacr cx|scr}er |ev Icg}h/ Hnv}kno mebskco}ò refvc n~scaanr czgmcobgnr zgrgfacr n ogzcacr rs|cvgevcr mc aer rscaer beke |ev cdck|ae keo}ëbsaer! }skfnr mc bndòo! na}nvcr mca rg}ge nv~sceaò`gbe bek|ganome }emer aer vcrsa}nmer mc crn gozcr}g`nbgòo co rs agfve |sfagbnme co >7<> aanknme   Nvbhnceae`gbna vcrcnvbhcr go Ber}n Vgbn/ \vcbgrnkco}c! Hnv}kno cx}vnc mca rg}ge! mer cr}n}snr mc `scvvcver! ~sc kcmëno n|vexgknmnkco}c so kc}ve ebhco}n bco}ëkc}ver! ae ~sc hnbc rs|eocv! nbek|nþnme beo anr czgmcobgnr vcbeacb}nmnr! ~sc ca rg}ge cvn so as`nv = Keagon! G/ (6<<8'/

Mca ac`nme Beaeogna na kemcae n`ve cx|ev}nmev/ Rno Derç4 Cmg}evgna Sogzcvrgmnm mc Ber}n Vgbn Hgr}evgn w |eaë}gbnr onbgeonacr mc beorcvznbgòo/ beorcvznbgòo/ CSOCM/ : Knreo! D/ Namco (>7=3'/ Ber}n Vgbno R}eocpevi4 ]hc Kgoev B/ Icg}h Beaacb}geo/ Beaacb}geo / Ocp Wevi! OW4 Nkcvgbno Ksrcsk/ |/>77 3 Bhnbòo! Knvge (6<<3'/

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

:

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|>=8 V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

0

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V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

 /

8

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JG@SVN =/ KEO]ËBSAE MC \GCMVN CO ANR KCVBCMCR

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V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

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V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

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JG@SVN :/ GOJE@VNJËN VCRSKCO MC AER ZCR]G@GER KN]CVGNACR HNAANMER CO A NR KCVBCMCR/ Zîr~sct! V/! * Bhn|mcangoc! B/ (6<<8'/ Nv~sg}cb}svn! bnkgoer ck|vcmvnmer w bveoeae`ën mca rcb}ev |vgobg|na mca Rg}ge Anr Kcvbcmcr+>! Bnvgfc Bco}vna mc Ber}n Vgbn/ Vczgr}n No}ve|òae`gbn mca Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Vgbn! 2>(6'! 2>(6'! 60+07

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

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V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

>2

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V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

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~sc |cv}cocbëno |vefnfackco}c na cr}vn}e fnrc mc an dcvnv~sën rebgna/ Cr}er efdc}er czebnfno vc|vcrco}nbgeocr rgkfòagbnr |nv}gbsanvcr }no}e nkevjnr beke mc nogknacr mco}ve mc an berkezgrgòo |anrknmn! nrë cvn bekôo cobeo}vnv jg`svnr mc dn`snvcr! vc|}gacr! co}vc e}ver6=/ Aer dn`snvcr knogjcr}nfno son mgzgogmnm bekôo cobeo}vnmn co }emn an zcv}gco}c N}aîo}gbn czgmcobgnme |ev ae cobeo}vnme co anr mgjcvco}cr gozcr}g`nbgeocr vcnagtnmnr na |n}vgkeoge nv~sceaò`gbe/ Co bsno}e n an beor}vsbbgòo mc anr }skfnr! cr}nr }coëno son beor}vsbbgòo rgkganv co}vc caanr! rsr jevknr kîr beksocr cvno vcb}no`sanvcr s eznanmnr w anr |gcmvnr ~sc rc srnfno }no}e |nvn ca |gre beke |nvn anr |nvcmcr cvno beaebnmnr mc son knocvn ksw bsgmnmern/ Co na`soer bnrer rc hnaanveo }skfnr mco}ve mc aer as`nvcr hnfg}nbgeonacr! cr}nr jevknr mc co}gcvve cvno ksw beksocr co na`sonr vc`geocr mca îvcn co kcobgòo! nrgkgrke rc hno hnaanme bckco}cvger beo n`vs|nbgeocr mc znvgnr }skfnr/ Mco}ve mc aer efdc}er ~sc rc beaebnfno mco}ve mc anr }skfnr |emcker bg}nv nv}cjnb}er mc bcvîkgbn! s}corgager mc |gcmvn }nacr beke hnbhnr! bsco}nr mc zgmvge! rgcome cr}nr ôa}gknr |ve|gnr mc aer csve|cer anr bsnacr mn}no mca rg`ae XZG/ So nr|cb}e ~sc cr |ergfac mc beodc}svnv n vnët mc son zgrgòo knbve rebgna cr ~sc aer gomë`conr hnfg}no}cr mca N}aîo}gbe |ergfackco}c nber}skfvnfno n ckfnarnknv n rsr kscv}er! refvc }eme aer mc kîr na}e vno`e! beke aer bnbg~scr |vgobg|nacr w aer bnbg~scr rcbsomnvger! aer ~sc nmckîr cvno co}cvvnmer co }skfnr kîr nk|agnr w anfvnmnr! nmckîr acr beaebnfno dewnr w e}ver nv}ëbsaer znagerer/ Mcfgme n anr beomgbgeocr bagkî}gbnr mc cr}n teon! oe rc hno cobeo}vnme zcr}g`ger mc cr}er vg}snacr! |cve |ev aer hnaant`er co an ber}n meomc rc |vcrcvzno kcdev cr}nr }skfnr |emcker nrskgv ~sc cr}e rc |vnb}gbnfn |vnb}gbnfn co anr teonr nacmnþnr/ Beo vcr|cb}e n cr}e |emcker cobeo}vnv vcjcvcobgn }cr}gkeogna co ca Mgnvge mc Bvgr}òfna Beaòo bsnome nvvgfò |ev zct |vgkcvn | vgkcvn n an ber}n n}aîo}gbn! co ca bsna rc mgbc ~sc ‑Ca akvo} evoò ~s rs hvkoe! a efvoev! sv  }vv eo asoer

mc an }vg|sanbgòo |nvn zcv an namcn w efrcvznv anr ber}skfvcr mc an |efanbgòo mca  as`nv/ Beo}nveo ~sc! mco}ve mc anr bnrnr! ~sc cvno mc knmcvn bsfc}nr mc bnþn! hnfën rc|sa}svnr co anr bsnacr aer bnmîzcvcr cr}nfno rcber! beo aer eder mgan}nmer! rgo kna eaev cozsca}er co kno}nr mc na`emòo/ Na anme mc aer bnmîzcvcr cr}nfno beaebnmnr nahndnr mc eve! bevmeocr mc bsco}nr w e}ver efdc}er |vcbgerer! eorver |ev aaer kîr zaerer‛  63 

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63

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

>3

Co anr cx|aevnbgeocr nv~sceaò`gbnr cr |ergfac nmckîr cobeo}vnv vcr}er mc anrbnr w jg`svnr rgo }cvkgonv! co mòomc cr beodc}svnv ~sc rc }coën son cr|cbgc mc }naacv meomc canfevnfno jg`svnr mc mgercr meomc rc ck|acnfn an anzn fnrîa}gbn |evern! kn}cvgna ~sc |cvkg}ën mc jîbga knocde/ Co anr cxbnznbgeocr }nkfgço rc hno cobeo}vnme efdc}er mc jevkn bgaëomvgbn w nmevonmer co rs |nv}c rs|cvgev beo jg`svnr mc nvknmgaaer! dn`snvcr! an|nr w bewe}cr! nrë beke sonr kcrnr |c~scþnr |c~scþnr hcbhnr mc |gcmvn w mcbevnmer }nkfgço beo bnfctnr mc nogknacr n rs navcmcmev ae ~sc gomgbn ~sc }szgcveo so sre vcag`gere |scr}e ~sc cr}er cackco}er |ergfackco}c rcvzëno |nvn hnbcv bcvckeognacr e vg}snacr nmckîr mc mcdnv mc co}vczcv ca bnvîb}cv nogkgr}n mc aer |efanmevcr mc Anr Kcvbcmcr/ So nr|cb}e ~sc oe |emcker mcdnv mc anme cr an |vcrcobgn co ca }cvvcoe mc bnatnmnr |veaeo`nmnr ~sc rc cx}gcomco co an aanosvn beoebgmn beke Aëocn Zgcdn an bsna rc mcrnvveaan co}vc An Dso}n w @sî|gacr 6:! oekfvc ~sc rc mcfc n so }vnke rgo rnagmn mc an aëocn jçvvcn beor}vsgmn |ev Icg}h! }cogcome cr}c rcb}ev an |vcrcobgn mc son bnatnmn beo bno}er vemnmer co an bsna rc vcnagtnfno nb}gzgmnmcr bekcvbgnacr! bekcvbgnacr! gobasrgzc an nv~scòae`n nv~scòae`n Mevgr R}eoc ae banrgjgbn beke son ‑cr|cbgc mc fntnv‛ 60 ! co ca bsna Anr Kcvbcmcr rc cobeo}vnfn gokcvrn/ Co ca bnre |nv}gbsanv mc Anr Kcvbcmcr rc hno |emgme mcrbsfvgv mer bnatnmnr |vgobg|nacr anr bsnacr erbgano co}vc aer 3 w 8 kc}ver mc nobhe! cr}nr bnatnmnr ck|cmvnmnr ~sc hno rgme fns}gtnmnr beo ca oekfvc mc Gve~segr w \ebevn! }cogcome nkfnr! son cx}corgòo gomcjgogmn |ev ca kekco}e/ Kîr ae ~sc rg rc knogjgcr}n cr ~sc cr}nr bnatnmnr cr rs beojg`svnbgòo na vemcnv ca vge Mer Oezgaaer w }vcr mcrn`ñcr mc cr}c! ae ~sc kscr}vn son gk|ev}nobgn mc aer vëer co an beojg`svnbgòo nv~sg}cb}òogbn |cvgjçvgbn mc Anr Kcvbcmcr/ Bnfc mcr}nbnv nmckîr ~sc co an bnatnmn \ebevn! co rs cx}vcke rsvcr}c rc cobeo}vnveo vcr}er mc crbnagon}nr ck|e}vnmnr co ca mcbagzc ~sc beomsbc na |nvndc mc an ~scfvnmn Rno}n Ckgagn! oer hnbc rs|eocv ~sc cvn so as`nv |nvn vcnagtnv son cr|cbgc mc fnþe vg}sna no}cr mc beo}gosnv na cobsco}ve beo ca kîxgke bnbg~sc co na`son jcr}gzgmnm bcvckeogna |scr}e ~sc nmckîr rc mn so mcrnvveaae mcrnvveaae mc go}cvbnkfge bekcvbgna n anv`n anv`n mgr}nobgn wn ~sc rc cobeo}vò so }g|e mc bcvîkgbn bcvîkgbn ~sc cr bnvnb}cvër}gbn mc an teon mc Ogbewn! co @snonbnr}c! w mca gr}ke mc Vgznr! co Ogbnvn`sn! |ev ae ~sc |emcker beobasgv an `vno bn|nbgmnm ~sc }coëno cr}n rebgcmnm |vchgr|îogbn co }cknr vcanbgeonmer beo cbeoekën! |eaë}gbn! vcag`gòo! co}vc e}ver! knogjcr}nome nmckîr mc son dcjn}svn bnbgbna rs|cvgev! son on}svnactn cxbasrgzn w bcvckeogna mca rg}ge Anr Kcvbcmcr+>/ Mgzcvrnr beodc}svnr rc hno vcnagtnme beo vcr|cb}e na |ev~sç mc an ev`nogtnbgòo mc anr beor}vsbbgeocr navcmcmev mca vge! ca cr|cbgnagr}n w nv~scòae`e Vgbnvme Zîr~sct |ve|eoc 6: 60

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son hg|ò}crgr rsknkco}c go}cvcrno}c co bsno}e n cr}e na knogjcr}nv ~sc cr}n mgr}vgfsbgòo |scmc vcr|eomcv n bòmg`er rgkfòagber w bcvckeognacr/ Nmckîr beodc}svn ~sc ca mgrcþe nv~sg}cb}òogbe knogjgcr}n so rgkfeagrke msna no}c ca rcxe knrbsagoe w jckcogoe! co ca bsna rc |vcrco}n |ev kg}nmcr mc anr |an}njevknr! nrë an knwev cr jckcogon w an rsvcr}c cr knrbsagon! e}ve cdck|ae ~sc knogjgcr}n Zîr~sct cr an ‑jckgocgmnm ‑ jckgocgmnm‛‛ mc an bnatnmn Gve~segr an bsna vc|vcrco}no son zsazn w zn`gon! w co}vc an bsna |nrn ca jasde mca nvvewe 68/ Zîr~sct knogjgcr}n cr}n cx|agbnbgòo n|ewîomerc co an czgmcobgn kn}cvgna nonagtnmn mcrmc an beo}ck|evnocgmnm! knogjcr}nome mcrmc rs ò|}gbn son }comcobgn n |anrknv |ev |nv}c mc aer gomë`conr ke}gzer rcxsnacr co anr crbsa}svnr e |c}ve`agjer hnaanmer ke}gznmer |ev rs berkezgrgòo |nv}gbsanv/ Co an }ck|evnmn mc gozcr}g`nbgòo vcnagtnmn co 6<<7 rc cobeo}vò! nmckîr mc son }comcobgn mc beo}cobgòo mc aer vëer na nksvnaanvaer beo bno}er vemnmer! son |antn ck|cmvnmn! refvc an bsna Zîr~sct knogjgcr}n ~sc |scmc rcv so cr|cde mc n`sn n an bsna aer |efanmevcr nb}snacr aanknveo ‑an |grbgon mc aer gomger‛ rgcome cr}n mvconmn kcmgno}c son tnodn |ev ca ôa}gke |cvgeme fnonocve/

\CVZGZCOBGN MC A NR KCVBCMCR Ca Rg}ge Anr Kcvbcmcr cr beorgmcvnme |ev na`soer cr|cbgnagr}nr beke ca rc`some rg}ge mc vcacznobgn nv~sceaò`gbn co Ber}n Vgbn! reae rs|cvnme |ev ca Keoskco}e mc @snwnfe! w n |crnv mc rs gk|ev}nobgn nv~sceaò`gbn! cr}c hn rgme fvczckco}c cr}smgnme/

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JG@SVN 8/ MCKER]VNBGÒO MC ANR MGJCVCO]CR BN\NR AEORE ]COEVGE % ONBGEO/BEK MCA RSCAE CO A NR KCVBCMCR/ N AEORE

refvc ca kemsr zgzcomg mc aer hnfg}no}cr w rs beojg`svnbgòo/ Co aer ôa}gker nþer rc hn go}corgjgbnme ca |vebcre mc gozcr}g`nbgòo nv~sceaò`gbn |vgknome nr|cb}er mc bveoeae`ën! cbeoekën e |eaë}gbn w |ebe co gmceae`ën mcfgme n an cx}corgòo mca }cvvcoe! |scr}e ~sc beke knogjcr}nker beo no}cvgevgmnm! aer crjscvter mc Zît~sct! Vgbnvme9 Bhn|mcangoc! Bansmc (6<<3'/ & Mcrnvveaae w nabnobcr mca |emcv bnbgbna nkcvgomge co ca rsv mc Mc|nv}nkco}e mc No}ve|eae`ën c Hgr}evgn (Rno Bco}venkçvgbn4 ca rg}ge Anr Kcvbcmcr+>! Bnvgfc Bco}vna mc Ber}n Vgbn&/ Mc|nv}nkco}e

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>0

gozcr}g`nbgòo rc bco}vnagtno co Anr Kcvbcmcr+>/ Ca crbnre go}cvçr mc aer gozcr}g`nmevcr hnbgn cr}c rg}ge cr |n}co}c! w nrë ae knogjgcr}n ca nv~scòae`e Vgbnvme Zîr~sct! dcjc mc anr cxbnznbgeocr vcnagtnmnr co an nb}snagmnm4 ‑r}c rg}ge cr son dewn |n}vgkeogna w kcvcbc }emn an n}cobgòo mc aer gozcr}g`nmevcr! |cve ankco}nfackco}c cr soe mc aer kcoer cr}smgnmer‛67/ N |crnv mc ~sc aer |eber cr}smger |vcrco}cr hno rgme rsknkco}c mc}naanmer w rgr}ckî}gber! cr vcbgco}ckco}c ~sc so `vs|e mc nv~scòae`er nv~scòae`er mca Ksrce Onbgeona w mc an Sogzcvrgmnm Cr}n}na mc Osczn Wevi co Nafnow (S Nafnow'! agmcvnmer |ev aer nv~scòae`er Vgbnvme Zîr~sct w Vefcv} K/ Vercorpg` vcr|cb}gznkco}c vc}eknveo anr gozcr}g`nbgeocr gogbgnmnr |ev ca rc`some! |vekezgcome an |nrno}ën mc cr}smgno}cr nznotnmer mc nv~sceae`ën n cr}c rg}ge/ Co ca 6<<7 son osczn }ck|evnmn rc beevmgoò beo an S Nafnow }cogcome nrë ~sc kîr mc >0< cr}smgno}cr w 3< `vnmsnmer hno |nv}gbg|nme mc anr gozcr}g`nbgeocr co ca rg}ge2886><0/h}ka >886><0/h}ka 2< Ber}n Vgbn 6<<7 Nvbhnceae`gbna Jgcam Rbheea/ (r/m/'/ / Vcbs|cvnme Dsoge 6:! 6<>
V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

>8

nv~sceaò`gbn/ \ev mckîr an nmkgogr}vnbgòo mc an sogzcvrgmnm CNV]H hn ker}vnme go}cvçr |ev benmwsznv co ca cr}smge bgco}ëjgbe! beke |an}njevkn |nvn rsr}co}nv son |ve|scr}n mc  |scr}n co znaev mca rg}ge! rg}ge! cr mcbgv! son znaevnbgòo mc aer hnaant`er co ca rg}ge! ~sc beo}ck|ac bek|eoco}cr mc vcr}nsvnbgòo w ksrce`vnjën/2>/ Cr rsknkco}c beoebgme ~sc mca as`nv rc hno cx}vnëme son coevkc bno}gmnm mc |gctnr nv~sceaò`gbnr! na`sonr co fsco cr}nme w e}vnr jvn`kco}nmnr |ev anr nb}gzgmnmcr mc hsn~sce w |vemsb}gznr n anr bsnacr jsc rekc}gme ca }cvvcoe! kîr rgo ckfnv`e bnfc vcrbn}nv ~sc an `vno knwevën mc anr ~sc |emcker bn}nae`nv beke crbsa}svnr keoskco}nacr! oe rc cobsco}vno co knoer mca |nër rgoe vc|nv}gmnr co mgzcvrer ksrcer n ogzca go}cvonbgeona! mcfgme n ~sc an beacbbgòo mc Icg}h jsc zcomgmn asc`e mc rs kscv}c |ev rsr hcvcmcver! no}c ae bsna w mcfgme na vcgogbge mc anr anfevcr anfevcr mc gozcr}g`nbgòo! cr cr nhevn so fsco kekco}e |nvn vcnagtnv an `cr}gòo no}c anr ns}evgmnmcr mca Ksrce C}oe`vîjgbe mc Rscbgn! as`nv co meomc rc cobsco}vno anr gk|vcrgeono}cr crbsa}svnr mc `scvvcver beo bnfctnr }vejce (jg`svn 6'! ca cr}nfacbgkgco}e mc so nbscvme ~sc |cvkg}n n aer ber}nvvgbcorcr mgrjvs}nv mc }no nrekfvernr crbsa}svnr/ Hew! ca ôogbe ac`nme cxgr}co}c mc crn rebgcmnm }no bek|acdn! reo aer zcr}g`ger kn}cvgnacr! aer bsnacr rc hno cobeo}vnme! oe reae co ca îvcn |ve}c`gmn |ev acw! rgoe co }cvvg}evger nacmnþer co aer bsnacr rc hn mcrnvveaanme an n`vgbsa}svn w an `nonmcvën! |scr}e ~sc cr so gobgcv}e ca bnsrno}c mca mcbagzc mc cr}n |efanbgòo w aer jnb}evcr ~sc go}cvkcmgnveo co caae! kîr nôo cr}er nr|cb}er |scmc ~sc rc mczcaco `vnbgnr `vnbgnr n aer crjscvter gk|cvno}cr co aer mgzcvrer |vebcrer mc gozcr}g`nbgòo ~sc nôo rc aaczno n bnfe! cr gobasrgzc rnfgme ~sc co 6<>< rc cr}î mcrnvveaanome |vebcrer mc gozcr}g`nbgòo mc anr mckîr teonr rgo cr}smgnv! ae ~sc bcv}cvnkco}c }vnc fscoer ns`svger no}c an |ergfgagmnm mc bnvnb}cvgtnv kîr cr|cbëjgbnkco}c cr}c rg}ge/ Cr gk|ev}no}c ~sc ca mcrnvveaae w rer}cogfgagmnm mc so |vewcb}e n kcmgnoe |ante ~sc |cvkg}n cr}nfacbcv jeomer cbeoòkgber |nvn ca mcrnvveaae mc gozcr}g`nbgòo mc knocvn ~sc nrë rc |scmn ef}cocv kîr beoebgkgco}e refvc ca rg}ge/ Nmckîr mc ocbcrnvgn ca rer}cogkgco}e mc anr acwcr mc |ve}cbbgòo beke rc hn hcbhe hnr}n ca kekco}e |nvn ~sc n rs zct anr `cocvnbgeocr js}svnr }co`no }nkfgço an e|ev}sogmnm mc beoebcv co |vgkcvn |cvreon w n }vnzçr mc son |scr}n ksrce`vîjgbn nbevmc! aer kemer mc zgmn mc aer |vgkcver |efankgco}er ber}nvvgbcorcr co an vc`gòo N}aîo}gbn/

2> Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Vgbn ‒ \vewcb}er Beobasgmer/ (r/m/'/ / Vcbs|cvnme Nfvga 62 ! 6<>
V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

>7

BEOBASRGEOCR N an ast mc an gozcr}g`nbgòo vcnagtnmn bnfc mcr}nbnv mgzcvrer nr|cb}er gk|ev}no}cr |nvn an |cvzgzcobgn mca rg}ge beke }na! aer bsnacr rc bco}vno co an gk|ev}no}c jsobgòo mc mgzsa`nbgòo mc aer hnaant`er n so `vno oôkcve mc an |efanbgòo! nrë bvccker! rgo msmn na`son mc so ocbcrnvge knvgmndc co}vc hgr}evgn w nv~sceae`ën beke gor}vskco}e |nvn anr |sfagbnbgeocr |er}cvgevcr! beorgmcvnome ~sc ca rg}ge nv~sceaò`gbe Anr Kcvbcmcr cr rgo msmn soe mc aer ac`nmer nfevë`cocr mcrbsfgcv}er beo knwevcr |ergfgagmnmcr mc |ver|cbbgòo n js}sve mcfgme n rs on}svnactn dcvîv~sgbn! an bsna hn |cvkg}gme ca go}cvçr mc an gozcr}g`nbgòo mc bnk|e/ No}c ca nr|cb}e ç}ogbe! nôo ~scmno znbëer no}c an fôr~scmn mc son mcjgogbgòo mc gmco}gmnm beacb}gzn rsrbg}nmn mcrmc an beo}ck|evnocgmnm! |scr}e ~sc ca hsc}nvgrke jgagna mc aer |efanmevcr mc Anr Kcvbcmcr cr nôo so }ckn ~sc `cocvn vebcr co}vc mgzcvrer cr|cbgnagr}nr ~sc hno cr}smgnme ca rg}ge! |scr}e ~sc kscr}vno vcrcvznr na beorgmcvnv an kndcr}sergmnm mca as`nv w mc an |vefnfac ns}ejevknbgòo gmceaò`gbn `cr}geonmn beo ca njîo mc bvcnv jscvtnr becvbg}gznr ~sc |cvkg}gcvno an cx|norgòo mca beo}vea mca }cvvg}evge/ Beke cx|cvgcobgn mc gozcr}g`nbgòo! oer hn rgme ksw `vn}e ca knocde mc jsco}cr! |vgknmer |ev aer vc|ev}cr! kîr oer cr |n}co}c an msmn refvc beoebcv an |vemsbbgòo ag}cvnvgn ~sc |scmn `cocvnv cr}c rg}ge co |nërcr bswnr beanfevnbgeocr hno rgme gomsmnfackco}c znagernr! beke co ca bnre mc Bnonmî w Cr}nmer Sogmer/ Rgo msmn oe hnw ~sc |cvmcv |gr}n mc caae/ \ev mckîr cr ocbcrnvge nfe`nv |ev an vcbs|cvnbgòo mca kn}cvgna cx}vnëme9 oe oer bnfc msmn ~sc e}ve hsfgcrc rgme ca mcr}goe mc aer vcrsa}nmer mc oscr}vn gozcr}g`nbgòo mc }cocv }eme crc znagere kn}cvgna co beo}cx}e! |ev cre ca aanknme na vcr|c}e na |n}vgkeoge kn}cvgna! ca bsna cr an ôogbn zën |nvn an vcbeor}vsbbgòo }e}na/ Rcn cx}corgze oscr}ve rgobcve n`vnmcbgkgco}e na nv~scòae`e Vgbnvme Zîr~sct mca Mc|nv}nkco}e mc Nv~sceae`ën mca Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Be r}n Vgbn w dcjc mc anr cx|aevnbgeocr vcnagtnmnr co an nb}snagmnm co ca rg}ge! |ev rs znagern beanfevnbgòo no}c anr mgzcvrnr msmnr ~sc njaevnfno co ca mcrnvveaae mc cr}n gozcr}g`nbgòo hgr}òvgbn/

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

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FGFAGE@VNJËN Bnrnr! Fnv}eaekç mc anr! * Znvcan! Beorscae/ (>787'/ Mgnvge mca |vgkcv w }cvbcv zgndc mc Bvgr}òfna Beaòo/ Beaòo/ Nagnotn/ Knmvgm Bhnbòo! Knvge (6<<3'/ Hgr}evgn w |eaë}gbnr onbgeonacr mc beorcvznbgòo/ beorcvznbgòo/ CSOCM/ CNV]H  (6<<3'/ Vc|ev}c mca noîagrgr mc rscaer mc an }ck|evnmn 6<<3 mc cxbnznbgeocr nv~sceaò`gbnr co ca rg}ge Anr Kcvbcmcr+>/ Kcvbcmcr+> / @sîbgke! Agkòo! Ber}n Vgbn4 Anfevn}evge mc Rscaer! Crbscan mc N`vgbsa}svn mc an Vc`gòo ]ve|gbna Hôkcmn/ Jcvoîomct! Vgbnvme (6<<3'/ Hgr}evgn mc Ber}n Vgbn4 ca mcrbsfvgkgco}e w an beo~sgr}n / CSOCM/ Jaevcr! Csrcfge (6<<>'/ ev  er}   cm// Rno erc er}n Vgbn  @s}gçvvct @eotîact! Knvg}tn (>783'/ &Gor|cbbgòo nv~sceaò`gbn co an Jgobn Anr Kcvbcmcr! \ebevn! Zcv}gco}c N}aîo}gbn&/ Mc|nv}nkco}e mc No}ve|eae`ën c Hgr}evgn (Rno Derç! Ber}n Vgbn4 Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Vgbn'/

Hnv}kno! B/ Z/ (>77>'/   Nv~sceae`ën ber}nvvgbcorc4 }cx}er |sfagbnmer w mgnvger goçmg}er/ goçmg}er/ Cmg}evgna mc an Sogzcvrgmnm mc Ber}n Vgbn/

Igis}! Knvën Cacon \ve}cbbgòo Dsvëmgbn na \n}vgkeoge nv~sceaò`gbe ber}nvvgbcorc ]crgr |nvn  /

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nabnotnv ca vno`e mc agbcobgn}svn co Mcvcbhe/ Sogzcvrgmnm mc Ber}n Vgbn/>786 An Onbgòo/ (6: mc dsage mc 6<<<'/ Oscr}ver |vgkcver |efanmevcr/ An Onbgòo! Onbgòo! |î`r/ =B+3B/ Knreo! D/ Namco (>7=3'/ Ber}n Vgbno R}eocpevi4 ]hc Kgoev B/ Icg}h Beaacb}geo / Ocp Wevi! OW4 Nkcvgbno Ksrcsk/ Keagon! G/ (6<<8'/ Mca ac`nme Beaeogna na kemcae n`ve cx|ev}nmev/ Rno Derç4 Cmg}evgna Sogzcvrgmnm mc Ber}n Vgbn Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Vgbn ‒\vewcb}er Beobasgmer/ Beobasgmer/ (r/m/'/ / Vcbs|cvnme Nfvga 62! 6<> ^scrnmn! Kg`sca/ Î/ (>778'/ ]vnmgbgeocr hsc}nvcr/ hsc}nvcr/ Sogzcvrgmnm Onbgeona Ber}n Vgbn/

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

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Rigoocv! Nanoreo (>76<'/ &No Gkn`c nom no Nksac} ej Oc|hvg}c jvek Ber}n Vgbn&/ Gomgno Oe}cr nom Keoe`vn|hr (Ocp Wevi! OW4 Ksrcsk ej }hc Nkcvgbno Gomgno Hcwc Jesomn}geo' : (='4 >>> ‒ >>2/ h}}|4%%ppp/nvbhgzc/ev`%mc}ngar%gkn`cnomnksac}ej<
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h}}|4%%pzp/onbgeo/bek%aoUcc%6<<7%jcfvcve%66%namcn>886><0/h}ka Reanoe! Nomvcn/ ‑R}e ar Kvr Kvr s |}a  k|ev}o} a oo / An Onbgòo ‛  

Mg`g}na! 2 mc knwe mca 6<<7/ Zîr~sct! V/ (6<<8'/ Anr Kcvbcmcr4 go}cv|vc}nbgòo w beorcvznbgòo/ Co Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Vgbn + Ksrce mc Nv~sceae`ën c Hgr}evgn! Ber}n Vgbn/ Vgbn/ Keo}vcna/ Zîr~sct! V/! * Bhn|mcangoc! B/ (6<<8'/ Nv~sg}cb}svn! bnkgoer ck|vcmvnmer w bveoeae`ën mca rcb}ev |vgobg|na mca Rg}ge Anr Kcvbcmcr+>! Bnvgfc Bco}vna mc Ber}n Vgbn/ Vczgr}n No}ve|òae`gbn mca  Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Vgbn! 2>(6'! 2> (6'! 60+0! Bnvgfc Bco}vna mc Ber}n Vgbn&/ Mc|nv}nkco}e mc No}ve|eae`ën c Hgr}evgn (Rno Derç! Ber}n Vgbn4 Ksrce Onbgeona mc Ber}n Vgbn'/

V^SCEAÒ@GBE A NR KCVBCMCR RG]GE N V^SCEAÒ@GBE

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