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P.R. Patil College of Engineering & Management, Amravati Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Subject-SIMULATION LAB SEM: VII
Branch: ExTC Experiment No. 1
Aim: To get conversant with CADENCE&ORCAD Products. Explore the ORCAD Products&get introduce with it. Facilities Required: PC installed with CADENCE 16.6_OrCAD_Lite_All_Products. Theory: OrCAD Capture can be used by designers to create schematics and produce connectivity and simulation information for printed circuit boards and programmable logic designs. You can use OrCAD Capture to create designs for other EDA applications by choosing to set up a PSpice project, PCB project, or programmable logic project when you start a new project. You can set your user preferences for the appearance of all designs on your system, and set up design options for each particular project or design you create.Capture provides standard libraries that can be used to design schematics. You can also create your own library.
In Capture, you can drag and drop schematic folders and pages in the project manager in the session window. You can place parts and pins in Capture schematic editor, and then connect the parts with buses, wires, off-page connectors, and more. Use a multitude of Capture tools to edit the design, including the part editor, the Edit menu, and the pop-up menu. Create your own parts and part packages, or use the standard libraries provided with Capture.The property editor of Capture shows you properties of all or selected parts in your schematic design; one page at a time. You can use the property editor to add, change, or delete user properties andpropertyvaluesinyourowncu andpropertyvaluesinyourowncustomfilterforanydesign.Capture stomfilterforanydesign.Capture also includes verification and reporting, printing, and netlisting features for a schematic page, a folder, or an entire design. About the Capture Workspace: OrCAD Capture is a graphical user interface based application used for schematic design. The tool provides you with a large set of user-friendly tools to easily capture your schematic design. Figure shows the graphical user interface of the ORCAD Capture CIS-Lite.
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The Project Manager: The project manager appears in the Capture session frame whenever you open or create aProject.Use the project manager to collect and organize all the resources you need for your project throughout the design flow. These resources include schematic design files, part libraries,netlists, VHDL or Verilog models, simulation models, timing files, stimulus files, and any other related information.The project manager provides two views of a project.
File View Hierarchy View
The Session Log: The OrCAD Capture session log contains a record of events that occur during the current session of Capture. This window has has a ruler with adjustable tabs, so you can formatthe way the Informationin the session log appears. appears. This formatting only applies to the session log. It does does not affect the way reports are formatted in other applications. applicati ons.
Working with Projects:
A project in Capture refers to the collection of design file, partlibraries, report files, and otherassociated materials that exist, as a set, within the Capture environment.
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The Project Manager: The project manager appears in the Capture session frame whenever you open or create aProject.Use the project manager to collect and organize all the resources you need for your project throughout the design flow. These resources include schematic design files, part libraries,netlists, VHDL or Verilog models, simulation models, timing files, stimulus files, and any other related information.The project manager provides two views of a project.
File View Hierarchy View
The Session Log: The OrCAD Capture session log contains a record of events that occur during the current session of Capture. This window has has a ruler with adjustable tabs, so you can formatthe way the Informationin the session log appears. appears. This formatting only applies to the session log. It does does not affect the way reports are formatted in other applications. applicati ons.
Working with Projects:
A project in Capture refers to the collection of design file, partlibraries, report files, and otherassociated materials that exist, as a set, within the Capture environment.
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In this section:
Creating a Project Setting Project Preferences Setting up the Design Template Dragging and dropping Folders, Pages and Parts Capture Directory Map Opening a project Saving a project ,design or library Closing a Project Working with Designs: Capture provides the means to create electronic designs designs in two media: as schematics or as VHDL models.Schematic designs can include VHDL or Verilog models (one or or the other, not both) as lower level hierarchical modules, but these models can only instantiate other models (of the same type) at lower levels in the hierarchy.
Working with Part Libraries: A library is a file that stores parts, symbols, title blocks, schematic foldersor schematic pages.Capture provides more than80 libraries; in addition, you can create custom libraries. If you edit aLibrary provided provided by Capture, you shouldgive it a customname so that you do not not copy over your your changeswhen you receiveupdated libraries. You can, for example, create a library to hold all yourProgrammable logic devices, orhold schematic folders thatyou use often. There is no need to createa library for a particular project, because thedesign cache holds all the parts and symbols used in theproject.In this section we can work with the following options:
Adding a Library to your Project Creating a Library Opening a Library Editing a Library Renaming a Library Conclusion: From the above discussion, we can conclude that the ORCAD environment is very helpful for analysis of the electronics circuit.
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P.R. Patil College of Engineering & Management, Amravati Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Subject-SIMULATION LAB SEM:VII
Branch: EXTC Experiment No.2
Aim: Tofindthe BIAS POINT Voltage, Current & Power of the given Network.
Facilities Required: -PC installed with CADENCE 16.6_OrCAD_Lite_All_Products. Theory: Biasing in electronics is the method of establishing predetermined voltages or currents at various points of an electronic circuit for the purpose of establishing proper operating conditions in electronic components. Many electronic devices whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals also require a steady (DC) current or voltage to operate correctly. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage. Other types of devices, for example magnetic recording heads, require a timevarying (AC) signal as bias. The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, quiescent point, or Q point, is the steady-state voltage or current at a specified terminal of an active device (a transistor or vacuum tube) with no input signal applied Procedure: 1) Open ORCAD Capture CIS Lite Software. 2) Go to File>New>Project> 3) Write the name of the project> Select the required .Lib file> 4) Click on projectname.dcn file> Schematic1> Page1 Double click on that >> 5) A new window will appear Go to place>pSpice Component> And place the required component> 6) Connect all the component> 7) Go to Pspice> New Simulation Profile> 8) Give the name to profile and new window of Simulation Setting will appear> 9) Make the changes with analysis type to use the bias point > 10) Go to Pspice > RUN> 11) Find the values of the VOLTAGE, CURREN & POWER.. 12) Save and Run and generate the net list.
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Circuit diagram in Pspice:
Values of Voltage, current & Power
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Net list of the circuit shown by the black colored lines
Conclusion:
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P.R. Pote College of Engineering & Management, Amravati Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Subject-SIMULATION LAB SEM: VII
Branch: ExTC Experiment No.3
Aim:To Observe the TIME DOMAIN (TRANSIENT) analysis of the simple RC Network. Facilities Required: PC installed with CADENCE 16.6_OrCAD_Lite_All_Products. Theory: A change in the circuit operating conditions is the cause of a transient before reaching the steady state operation which can be studied in the time domain by means of the set of the equations of the circuit analysis. On‐off or off ‐on mode changes of switches or sudden changes of the excitation (voltage or current source modeled as step functions) are the cause of transients followed by a steady state operation that is the response of the circuit to the changed condition. The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response that will die out with time. This is the temporary part of the response. The transient response operation, which will precede the establishment of the steady‐state operation, is due to the time required by the storage elements to build the new conditions under which they will operate at the final steady ‐state regime. The storage elements may change their operation state with fulfilling the energy conservation principle. As a consequence of it storage elements prevent instantaneous variation of energy in the transit from t = 0 to t = 0+. Procedure: 1) Open ORCAD Capture CIS Lite Software> 2) Go to File>New>Project> 3) Write the name of the project> Select the required .Lib file> 4) Click on projectname.dcn file> Schematic1> Page1 Double click on that >> 5) A new window will appear Go to place>pSpice Component> And place the required component> 6) Connect all the component> 7) Go to Pspice> New Simulation Profile> 8) Give the name to profile and new window of Simulation Setting will appear> 9) Make the changes with analysis type to use the bias point > 10) Go to Pspice > RUN> 11) Find the values of the VOLTAGE, CURREN & POWER.. 12) Save and Run and generate the net list.
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Circuit diagram in Pspice:
Charging and discharging across the capacitor:
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Net list of the circuit shown below:
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.4 Aim:To Observe the AC Sweep/Noise analysis (dB Magnitude & Phase plot of the Voltage) of the given RC Network. Facilities Required: PC installed with CADENCE 16.6_OrCAD_Lite_All_Products. Theory: The topological analysis of basic ac electric circuits containing impedances and ideal ac supplies are studied in AC analysis. Maximum power transfer theorems, Norton Theorem etc. are used for AC circuit analysis.It is used for small signal analysis of circuits with sources of varying frequencies. It also calculates all nodal voltages and branch currents (over a range of frequencies) and their magnitudes and phase angles. The AC small-signal portion of Spice computes the AC output variables as a function of frequency. The resultant linear circuit is analyzed over a user-specified range of frequencies. The desired output of an AC small- signal analysis is usually a transfer function (voltage gain, trans-impedance, etc.). If the circuit has only one AC input, it is convenient to set that input to unity and zero phases, so that output variables have the same value as the transfer function of the output variable with respect to the input.
Procedure: 1) Open ORCAD Capture CIS Lite Software> 2) Go to File>New>Project> 3) Write the name of the project> Select the required .Lib file> 4) Click on projectname.dcn file> Schematic1> Page1 Double click on that >> 5) A new window will appear Go to place>pSpice Component> And place the required component> 6) Connect all the component> 7) Go to Pspice> New Simulation Profile> 8) Give the name to profile and new window of Simulation Setting will appear> 9) Make the changes with analysis type to use the bias point > 10) Go to Pspice > RUN> 11) Find the values of the VOLTAGE, CURREN & POWER.. 12) Save and Run and generate the net list.
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Circuit diagram in Pspice
dB Magnitude & Phase of Voltage:
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Net list of the circuit shown below:
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.5 Aim:To Observe the Charging & Discharging properties of series resistor, Capacitor & Inductor circuit with Time Domain (Transient) Analysis that produces the waveform after initial charged values. Facilities Required: PC installed with CADENCE 16.6_OrCAD_Lite_All_Products. Theory: The series RLC circuit above has a single loop with the instantaneous current flowing through the loop being the same for each circuit element. Since the inductive and capacitive reactance's are a function of frequency, the sinusoidal response of a series RLC circuit will vary with the applied frequency, (ƒ). Therefore the individual voltage drops across each circuit element of R, L and C element will be "out-of phase" with each other. The phasor diagram for a series RLC circuit is produced by combining together the three individual phasors above and adding these voltages vectorially. Since the current flowing through the circuit is common to all three circuit elements we can use this as the reference vector with the three voltage vectors drawn relative to this at their corresponding angles. The resulting vector V S is obtained by adding together two of the vectors, V L and VC and then adding this sum to the remaining vector V R . The resulting angle obtained between VS and I will be the circuits phase angle as shown below.
The amplitude of the source voltage is proportional to the amplitude of the current flowing through the circuit. This proportionality constant is called the Impedance of the circuit which ultimately depends upon the resistance and the inductive and capacitive reactance’s. Then in the series RLC circuit above, it can be seen that the opposition to current flow is made up of three components, XL, XC and R with the reactance, XT of any series RLC circuit being defined as: X T = XL - XC or XT = XC - X L with the total impedance of the circuit being thought of as the voltage source required to drive a current through it. Procedure: 1) Open ORCAD Capture CIS Lite Software> 2) Go to File>New>Project> 3) Write the name of the project> Select the required .Lib file> 4) Click on projectname.dcn file> Schematic1> Page1 Double click on that >> 5) A new window will appear Go to place>pSpice Component> And place the required component> 6) Connect all the component> 7) Go to Pspice> New Simulation Profile> 8) Give the name to profile and new window of Simulation Setting will appear> 9) Make the changes with analysis type to use the bias point >
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Circuit diagram formed:
Waveform generated by C, L at Point out as shown in the figure
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Net list of the circuit shown below:
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.6 Aim:To Design and Simulate D-flip flop and D Latch in Simulink. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: Latches and flip-flops are the basic elements for storing information. One latch or flip-flop can store one bit of information. The main difference between latches and flip-flops is that, for latches their outputs are constantly affected by their inputs as long as the enable signal is asserted. In other words, when they are enabled, their content changes immediately when their inputs change. Flip-flops, on the other hand, have their content change only either at the rising or falling edge of the enable signal. This enable si gnal is usually the controlling clock signal. After the rising or falling edge of the clock, the flip-flop content remains constant even if the input changes. There are basically four main types of latches and flip-flops: SR, D, JK, and T.The major differences in these flip-flop types are the number of inputs they have and how they change state. For each type, there are also different variations that enhance their operations. D Latch: This latch is useful when a device is needed to store (remember) a bit of data.The D stands for "data" or "delay."The term data refers to the fact that the latch stores data.The term delay refers to the fact the output Q is equal to the input D onetime period later. The gated D latch is also called a transparent latch.That is, Q is equal to D delayed by one time period.
D
Q
Q’
0
0
1
1
1
0
D-FLIP FLOP
D
Q
CLK
Q
Latches are often called level-sensitive because their output follows their inputs as long as they are enabled.They are transparent during this entire time when the enable signal is asserted. There are situations when it is more useful to have the output change only at the rising or falling edge of the enable signal. This enable signal is usually the controlling clock signal. Thus, we can have all changes synchronized to the rising or falling edge of the clock.An edge-triggered flip-flop achieves this by combining in series a pair of latches. CLOCK
D
Q
Q’
0
0
1
1
1
0
D
CLK
Q
Q
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Procedure: 1. Open Matlab and then Simulink. 2. Create new model >Ctrl+N 3. Simulink> Sources> Constant. 4. Simulink> Sink> Scope. 5. Simulink Extras> Flip Flop> D Flip flop 6. Simulink Extras> Clock 7. Make connection as per logic diagram. 8. Simulate given circuit and observe output in Scope. Circuit diagram in Simulink
Output:
Fig. Output =1 when input D=1
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.7 Aim:To Design and Simulate MUX and DeMux as subsystem in Simulink. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: Multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit with multiple inputs and a single output.A multiplexer (or mux) is a device that selects one of several analog or digitalinput signals and forwards the selected input into a single line. A multiplexer of 2 n inputs has n select lines, which are used to select which input line to send to the output. Multiplexers are mainly used to increase the amount of data that can be sent over the network within a certain amount of time and bandwidth. A multiplexer is also called a data selector . Where, n=2m. Consider 8 inputs MUX therefore; the select input required will be 2 3=8 where, n=8 and m=3
TRUTH TABLE: INPUT
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
SELECT LINE
OUTPUT
I
S2
S1
S0
Y
I0
0
0
0
D0
I1
0
0
1
D1
I2
0
1
0
D2
I3
0
1
1
D3
I4
1
0
0
D4
I5
1
0
1
D5
I6
1
1
0
D6
I7
1
1
1
D7
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Fig 1. 8:1 MUX using 4:1 MUX
Circuit diagram in Simulink:
Fig. 2 Output=1 for 011 select lines i.e. I3 line is selected
DEMULTIPLEXER:
Demultiplexer performs the reverse operation of a multiplexer. It accepts a single input and distributes it over several outputs. The select input lines determine to which output line the data will be transmitted. The number of output lines is n and the number of select lines is m, where n=2m. The enable input will enable the demultiplexer. Here 1:8 demux using 1:4 dmux is designed. Two 1:4 demuxis required to design 1:8 dmux. Select line required for 1:8 demux are 3. Here one of the select lines used as enable line for two 1:4 dmux.
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1:8 demux having only 1 input and 8 output lines. There is common data connected to both demux. Select lines are ‘a’, ’b’, ’c’. Select line ‘a’ is connected directly to enable second 1:4 demux whereas inverted ‘a’ is connected to enable first 1:4 demux.
TRUTH TABLE: INPUT
D
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
SELECT LINE
OUTPUT
S2
S1
S0
Y
0
0
0
D0
0
0
1
D1
0
1
0
D2
0
1
1
D3
1
0
0
D4
1
0
1
D5
1
1
0
D6
1
1
1
D7
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1:8 DeMux using 4:1 DeMUX
Fig. 1:8 demux using 1:4 demux
Circuit diagram in Simulink:
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.8 Aim:To Design and Simulate Full Adder and Full Subtractor using Half Adder and Half Subtractor as subsystem in Simulink. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory : In electronics, an adder or summer is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. In many computers and other kinds of processors, adders are used not only in the arithmetic logic unit(s), but also in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses, table indices, and similar operations. Although adders can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as binary-coded decimal or excess-3, the most common adders operate on binary numbers. Half adder:
The half adder adds two single binary digits A and B. It has two outputs, sum (S ) and carry (C ). The carry signal represents an overflow into the next digit of a multi-digit addition. The value of the sum is 2C + S . The simplest half-adder design, pictured on the right, incorporates an XOR gate for S and an AND gate for C . With the addition of an OR gate to combine their carry outputs, two half adders can be combined to make a full adder.The half-adder adds two input bits and generate carry and sum which are the two outputs of half-adder. Truth table for Half Adder: Input
Output
A
B
Sum
Carry
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
Logic diagram:
Fig. Half adder Full adder:
A full adder adds binary numbers and accounts for values carried in as well as out. A one-bit full adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as A, B, and C i; A and B are the operands, and C in is a bit carried in from the next less significant stage. The full-adder is usually a component in a cascade of
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adders, which add 8, 16, 32, etc. bit wide binary numbers. The circuit produces a two-bit output, output carry and sum typically represented by C out and S where sum = 2x Cout+ S. Truth table for Full Adder:
A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Inputs B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Output
Ci 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Sum 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Logic diagram:
Fig. Full Adder
Circuit diagram for Full adder using Half adder:
Fig. full adder using half adder
Conclusion:
Carry 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
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Experiment No.9 Aim: To Design and Simulate Full Binary to Gray code converter in Simulink. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: The reflected binary code, also known as Gray code where two successive values differs in only one bit. The reflected binary code was originally designed to prevent spurious output from electromechanical switches. Today, Gray codes are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications. Binary to Gray Code Conversion:
Consider b1, b2, b3, b4 and b5 is the Binary Number and it is need be converted into Grey Code. 1. Write Most Significant Bit (MSB) is same as the MSB in Binary Number. 2. The second bit of the Grey code can be found by performing the Exclusive-OR (EX-OR) operation between the First and second bits of the Binary Number. 3. The Third bit of the Grey code can be found by performing the Exclusive-OR (EX-OR) operation between the Third and Second bits of the given Binary Number; and so on EX-OR LOGIC Operation: 1. Both the bits are 0 or 1 then the output of EX-OR gate will be 0. 2. Any one of the bit in two bits is 1 then the output of EX-OR gate will be 1. b (1)
b (2)
b (3)
b (4)
b (5)
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
g (1)
g (2)
g (4)
g (5)
Logic
g (3)
diagram:
BINARY
GRAY
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Fig Binary to Grey converter using logic gates Circuit diagram in Simulink:
Fig. subsystem of binary to grey converter Conclusion:
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Experiment No.10 Aim: To Design and Simulate sequence generator to generate a given sequence as 1,3,4,7. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: The circuit which generates the desired sequence of bits is known as sequence generator. Sequence generator is categorized into two types as follows: 1. Synchronous sequence generator. 2. Asynchronous sequence generator.
In synchronous mode same clock is applied to all flip-flop is known as synchronous sequence generator. We have to generate a sequence 1,3,4,7 using synchronous clock mode. Truth table for sequence generator: PRESENT STATE QB QC
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
QD
QB
NEXT STATE QC
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
K – Map Equations:
JB = K B = QCQD JC = QD + QB K C = QD JD = 1 K D = QBQC Circuit diagram in Simulink:
FLIP FLOP INPUTS QD
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
JB 0 1 X X 0 0 X X
K B X X 0 1 X X 0 0
JC 1 X 1 X 0 X 1 X
K C X 1 X 1 X 0 X 0
JD X X 1 X 1 1 X 1
K D 0 1 X 0 X X 0 X
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Output:
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.11 Aim: To Design and Simulate Up-down counter. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: The UP/DOWN counter in increasing or decreasing direction as per the control inputs .Whenever the circuit is designed to operate for more than one operation, the control input are provided to control the operation . Let’s consider UP/DOWN is a control inputs, which controls the direction of the counter . When UP/DOWN input is 0,the direction of the counter is in decreasing direction and counter is said to be Down Counter, When UP/DOWN input is 1, then the direction of counter is in increasing direction and counter is said to be an Up Counter. Here we design counter using J-K flip flop with the help of MATLAB 7.10 software. Circuit diagram in Simulink:
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Output:
Fig output for up counter
Fig output for down counter Conclusion:
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Experiment No.12 Aim: To Design and simulate mod-5 counter. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: Counter is used to perform counting operations. Counter are of two types 1) Synchronous Counter 2) Asynchronous Counter
Mod-n counters can be implemented by both methods. S ynchronous counter is defined as same clock at a time allotted to all devices or logical flip-flops. Hence at a time all devices change their output, due to synchronous clock. Asynchronous counter is defined as output signal is given to the clock signal of next device or logical flip-flop. Hence flip flop change their output, due to asynchronous clock. Again mod-n counter is defined as the counter in which the counter counts the value till ‘n-1’ states. Mod-5 synchronous counter using simulink :
Mod-5 asynchronous counter using simulink :
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Output: For synchronous counter:
For asynchronous counter:
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.13 Aim: To Design and simulate 4 bit Johnson Counter. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: In Johnson counter, the Q output of each stage of flip flop is connected to the J input of next stage. The single exception is that the output of last flip flop is cross coupled with the input of first flip flop. There is a feedback from rightmost flip flop compliment output to the leftmost flip flop J input. This arrangement produces a unique sequence of states. Initially, the register (all flip flops) is cleared. So all the outputs, Q a, Q b, Q c, Q d are zero. The output of last stage, Qd is zero. Therefore compliment output of last stage, Qd is one. This is connected back to J input of first stage, and the output which is Qd is zero is connected to input K of first flip flop. Truth Table:
CLOCK PULSE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Qa
Qb
Qc
Qd
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Circuit diagram in simulink:
J
Q
CLK K
J
Q
CLK !Q
J-K Flip -Flop
K
J
Q
CLK !Q
J-K Flip-Flop 1
K
J
Q
CLK !Q
J-K Flip-Flop 2
K
!Q
J-K Flip-Flop 3
Clock
Scope
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Output:
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.14 Aim: To Design and simulate ring counter. Facilities Required: PC installed with MATLAB and SIMULINK. Theory: A ring counter is a type of counter composed of a type circular shift register. The output of the last shift register is fed to the input of the first register. A straight ring counter or Overbeck counter connects the output of the last shift register to the first shift register input and circulates a single one (or zero) bit around the ring. For example, in a 4-register one-hot counter, with initial register values of 1000, the repeating pattern is: 1000, 0100, 0010, 0001, 1000... . Note that one of the registers must be pre-loaded with a 1 (or 0) in order to operate properly. Truth table:
Straight Ring Counter Or Overbeck Counter State 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
Circuit diagram in simulink:
Q0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Q1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Q2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Q3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
