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Sanskrit, and related languages, can be written in a wide variety of o f scripts - including Brāhm ī, Karoṣṭh ī, Gupta, Tibetan, and with some modifications Roman (the one we use to write English). Letters that use diacritics (the various dots, dashes and squiggles) when Sanskrit is transliterated are not as similar as their Roman equivalents might suggest - ta and ṭa are not the same! This is partly why diacritics are important. The Sanskrit 'alphabet' is not strickly strickly speaking either an alphabet or a syllabary, but is what is known as an abugida or abugida or alpha-syllabary. It is made up of a mixture of single letter (eg the vowels) and the single consonants combined with the short a. A full syllabary would include all possible combinations of con sonants and vowels, including conjunct consonants and would includes thousands of items. Siddhaṃ was the script used to write the Buddhist scriptures that were transmitted to China. The
practice of writing in the Siddhāṃ script was preserved in Japan by the Shingon school founded by Kūkai.
The Siddhaṃ Alphabet Āli - the vowels
a अ
ā
आ
ai ऐ
o ओ
i इ
au औ
ई
u उ
aṃ अ ं
aḥ अः
anusvāra (nasalised)
visarga (aspirated)
ī
ū
ऊ
e ए
ṛ ऋ
Extra Vowels
ṝ ॠ
ḷ ऌ
ḹ ॡ
Each consonant is assumed to be combined with the short a vowel. To indicate other vowels modifying 'diacritic' marks are added. In the table below the vowels are combined with k . The set of marks includes the virama which indicates no vowel. This is typically used at the end of words in Sanskrit, for example the word samyak, meaning 'perfect'.
Vowels combined with k Main consonant-vowel combinations
kक
kā का
ki िक
ko को
kau कौ
k ī
की
ु ु ku क
क ू kū ू
virama (no vowel)
kai कै
kaṃ क ं
Alternate vowel marks
ū
ū
u used with ra
kaḥ
कः
kṛ कृ
क ke े
K āli - the consonants * indicates there is an alternative way to write the syllable - see below unvoiced
voiced
nasal
plain
aspirated
plain
aspirated
ka क
kha ख
ga ग
gha घ
ṅa ङ
ca च
cha
* ja ज
jha झ
ña ञ
ṭa ट
ṭha ठ
ḍa ड
ḍha ढ
* ṇa ण
ta त
tha थ
da द
dha ध
na न
pa प
pha फ
ba ब
bha भ
ma म
ya य
ra र
la ल
va व
श
ṣa ष
sa स
ha ह
Velar
palatal
छ
retroflex
dental
labial
semivowels
spirants
śa
conjuncts
kṣa
Alternative forms ja ज
ṇa ण
Mastering the basic alphabet is not enough to be able to read and write Siddhaṃ, because there is a special way of writing two adjacent ad jacent consonants - such as rma, ttva, or jra. In the case of rma (image left) you write the top half of r with with the bottom half of m. Vowels are indicated as for individual consonants. It's important to get the o rder correct - tna and nta are easy to mix up for instance. It is possible to stack more than two consonants: ttva for instance (see below). The table below, is based on one in John Stevens' "Sacred "Sacred Calligraphy of the East". East". It shows how the top and bottom half of the consonants look. There are a few irregular items, such as the bottom of ra or ṇ a. Note that some consonants are only shown with a top or bottom. This is as they appear in Sacred Calligraphy of the East.
