Shashwat Dubey. Sem 5. Sec a. Labour Law 2.

A PROJECT ON  INTER STA STATE LABOUR LABOUR MIGRATION MIGRATION : THEIR  RIGHTS, VIOLATION VIOLATIONS S AND AND LAW LAWS GOVERNING  THEM  SUBMITTED TO Mr. Rana Navneet Roy  (FACULTY –Labor La!"

SUBMITTED BY S#a$#!at Dbey SEMESTER% & (POLITICAL SCIENCE% MAJOR" ROLL NO% ') (B.A.* L.L.B."

DATE OF SUBMISSION +%,)%+,'-

IDAYATULLA NATIONAL LA/ UNI&ERSITY* AIPUR (C.0." R AIPUR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I, S#a$#!at Dbey , feel myself highly elated, as it gives me tremend!s "leas!re t #me !t $ith $r% n the t"i# 1Inter State Labor 234rat3on 5 t#e3r r34#t$* v3oa6at3on$ an7 6a!$ 4overn3n4 t#e28. I started this "r&e#t a mnth ag and n its #m"letin I feel that I have nt nly s!##essf!lly #m"leted it '!t als earned an inval!a'le learning e("erien#e) *irst f all I e("ress my sin#ere gratit!de t my tea#hers $h enlightened me $ith s!#h a $nderf!l and el!#idating resear#h t"i#) With!t him, I thin% I $!ld have a##m"lished nly a fra#tin f $hat I event!ally did) I than% him fr "!tting her tr!st in me and giving me a "r&e#t t"i# s!#h as this and fr having the faith in me t deliver) +is sin#ere and hnest a""ra#h has al$ays ins"ired me and "!lled me 'a#% n tra#% $henever I $ent ff tra#%) Sir , than% y! fr an ""rt!nity t hel" me gr$) I als e("ress my heartfelt gratit!de t staff and administratin f +NL in li'rary and IT la' that $as a s!r#e f great hel" fr the #m"letin f this "r&e#t)  Ne(t I e("ress my h!m'le gratit!de t my "arents fr their #nstant mtivatin and selfless s!""rt) I $!ld than% my 'rther fr g!iding me) I als e("ress my gratit!de t all the #lass mates fr hel"ing me as and $hen re-!ired and m!st say that $r%ing n this "r&e#t $as a great e("erien#e) I '$ my head t the almighty fr 'eing ever gra#ef!l t me)

S#a$#!at Dbey .SEMESTE/ 012 /OLL NO)345

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TA6LE O* CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ii

/ESEA/C+ MET+ODOLOG7

iv

INT/ODCTION

3

C#a9ter '

Cnstit!tinal and Legal 8rvisins

9

C#a9ter +

A#t!al Im"lementatin

5

C#a9ter 

S!ggestins

3:

CONCLSION

33

6I6LIOG/A8+7

3;

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/ESEA/C+ MET+ODOLOG7 The resear#her has fll$ed the nn d#trinal methd fr resear#h design) The resear#h is 'ased n 'th "rimary and se#ndary s!r#es) Literat!re revie$ has 'een dne e(tensively in rder t ma%e a #m"rehensive "resentatin) 6%s frm the !niversity
O'&e#tives= •

T st!dy the #n#e"t f inter>state la'!r migratin)

•

T st!dy vari!s "rvisins and la$s relating t that)

•

T st!dy the effe#t and #nse-!en#es n their rights)

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INTRODUCTION

CONCE8T O* MIG/ATION => Migratin is a s#ial, e#nmi# and !niversal "henmenn in mdern times, thr!gh $hi#h h!man 'eing mve frm ne "la#e t anther in "!rs!it f #ertain #herished '&e#tives li%e aven!es f 'etter em"lyment, 'etter $ages, 'etter $r%ing and living #nditins, 'etter -!ality f life and 'etter livelihd) 3 S!#h mvement 'eing a nrmal and nat!ral "r#ess) There is nthing $rng r '&e#tina'le that);Migratin 'e#mes '&e#tina'le nly $hen the element f  freedm in mvement is re"la#ed 'y #er#in and all the nrmal h"es4 and e("e#tatins ass#iated $ith migratin are 'elieved and the migrant $r%ers are s!'&e#ted t e("litatin #!lminating in a lt f misery and #la''ering and de"rivatin f the irred!#i'le 'arest minim!m t $hi#h every la'!r $r%ers as a h!man 'eing and a #iti?en is entitled)9 It 'e#mes '&e#tina'le $hen h!man greed, ra"a#ity and aggressively selfish and a#-!isitive instin#ts ta%ever the finer as"e#ts f h!man #hara#ter s!#h as %indness, #m"assin and #mmiseratin and $here h!man 'eing are driven t a sit!atin #hara#teri?ed 'y the denial f  h!man dignity, de#en#y, &!sti#e, e-!ity, se#!rity) S!#h denial 'e#mes all the mre a matter f  grave an(iety and #n#ern $hen the "ersn @ affe#ted #me frm the l$est strata f the s#iety and are in need f s#ial "rte#tin) Causes Mst Migratin ta%e "la#e d!e t reginal differen#e in the ""!latin, "ress!re n land, ine-!ality f infrastr!#t!re, la#% f ind!strial devel"ment, l$ "rd!#tivity and a#!te s#ar#ity #nditins, s they leave their hmes fr the f!lfillment f their need f fd, health, ed!#atin, e("endit!re and an as"iratin fr 'etter life, any "ersn leaves his native state t ther states in 1 Ka!shi% 6as!, Gary S) *ields, and Sh!' De'g!"ta) B/etren#hment, La'r La$s and Gvernment 8li#y= An Analysis $ith S"e#ial /eferen#e t IndiaB) Wrld 6an%)

2 htt"=$$$)fairla'r)rg'lgentryfair>la'r>ass#iatin>se#!res>#mmitment>limit>$r%ers>h!rs>  "rte#t>"ay>a""les>largest /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34

3 htt"=$$$)thehind!)#mne$snatinalminim!m>$age>hi%ed>'y>rs3arti#le3:5;)e#e /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34)

4 htt"="i')ni#)inne$site8rint/elease)as"(Frelid344) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34) 5 BA s"e#ial re"rt n India= An ele"hant, nt a tigerB ) The E#nmist) 33 De#em'er ;::H)

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India in sear#h f em"lyment and livelihd and #mes 'a#% t his native state r hme after  #m"letin f re-!irement) That is #alled inter state migratin) The main #a!ses f migratin frm native "la#e are give 'el$=> i)

6etter em"lyment @ higher $ages)

ii)

S%ill in 'ri#% ma%ing)

iii)

En#!raged 'y a "ersn frm their native state)

iv)

Nt "ayment f ntified minim!m $ages)

v)

All!red 'y middle men r #ntra#trs)

vi)

L$ earnings, "r livelihd and "r -!ality f life)

vii)

Need fr re#verage t lan De't)Advan#e fr dis#harge f #eremnial 'ligatins)H

8/O6LEMS O* MIG/ANT WO/KMEN= >  Main 8r'lems f migrant $r%ers are given 'el$=> i)

Im"r"er re#r!itment "r#ess = >

Migrant $r%men are e("lited 'y their agents .Dalal2 'e#a!se the re#r!itment "r#ess des nt 'e#me a##rding t inter>state migrant $r%men A#t 355) ii)

Misera'le &!rney #nditin= >

The migrant $r%men are re#r!ited @ sent t $r% "la#es 'y trains @ '!ses $ith!t "r"er  reservatins '!t they are trans"rted li%e gds @ #attle)

iii)

Im"r"er Wages and Servi#e Cnditin=>

6 6as!, Ka!shi% .; !ne ;::2) BWhy India needs la'!r la$ refrmB) 66C)

7 ) C) Datta  Milly Sil) BCntem"rary Iss!es n La'!r La$ /efrm in IndiaB 8 Grdn, Li, J! .A!g!st 3; ;:3:2) BLa'r reg!latin, e#nmi# #m"le(ity, and the China>India ga"B) +amiltn niversity)

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 N 8r"er a##mmdatin fa#ility is "rvided t migrant $r%men in $r%ing "la#e) Neither  f!ll $ages, 'etter $ages nr medi#al fa#ility is "rvided t migrant $r%men in $r%ing "la#e a##rding t "rvisins f inter state migrant $r%man a#t 355) Em"lyers #m"el t inter state $r%man t $r% !nder their terms @ #nditins)5

C#a9ter +. CONSTITUTIONAL AND LE0AL PRO&ISIONS

*reedm f mvement in any "art f territry f India and freedm t "!rs!e any av#atin f  nes #hi#e is a f!ndamental right g!aranteed 'y arti#le 35 f the #nstit!tin f India) Every #iti?en f India has gt #nstit!tinal f!ndamental right that he #an live any "art f India and #an d any legal $r% fr his livelihd that means any "ersn #an leaves his native state t ther  state in India fr sear#hing f em"lyment '!t the system f em"lyment f Inter state migrant la'!r $as an e("litative system "revalen#e mre r less in all India)3:  Inception from Orissa 9 B8light f interstate migrant $r%ersB) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34))

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*irst f all it $as 'served in Orissa and in sme ther states) In Orissa dadan la'!r is re#gni?ed frm vari!s "arts f the state thr!gh #ntra#trs r agents, Sardars  Khatedars, fr  $r% !tside the state in large #nstr!#tin "r&e#ts) This system lends itself t vari!s a'!ses)33 Sardar "rmised at the time f re#r!itment that $ages $!ld 'e #al#!lated n "ie#e rate 'asis $!ld 'e settled every mnth that $as nt !s!ally %e"t) On#e the $r%er #ame !nder #l!t#hes f  the #ntra#tr he t% him t a far ff "la#e n "ayment f rail$ays fare nly) N $r%ing h!rs $ere fi(ed fr inter state migrant $r%ers and they had t $r% n all the days in a $ea% !nder  e(tremely 'ad $r%ing #nditins) The "rvisins f the vari!s la'!r la$s $ere nt 'eing 'served in their #ase and they $ere s!'&e#ted t vari!s mal"ra#ti#es)3; Central Legislation *r the "rte#tin and $elfare f Dadan La'!r, T$enty Eight Sessin f the La'!r Ministers #nferen#e .;3>3:>352 re#mmended the setting !" f a small #m"a#t #mmittee t g int the $hle -!esitns and t s!ggest meas!re fr eliminating the a'!ses "revalent in this system) The inter state migrant $r%men are generally illiterate, !nrgani?ed and nrmally t $r% !nder  e(tremely adverse #nditins and in the vie$ f this hardshi"s, sme administrative and legislatin arrangements 'th in the state frm $here they are re#r!ited and als in the state $here they are engaged fr $r% are ne#essary t se#!re effe#tive "rte#tin against their  e("litatin) The #m"a#t #mmittee $hi#h $as #nstit!ted in *e' 35 therefre re#mmended the ena#tment f a se"arate #entre legislatin t reg!late the em"lyment f inter state migrant $r%er as it $as felt the "rvisins f the Cntra#t La'!r ./eg!latin and a'litin2 A#t 35:, even after ne#essary amendments $!ld nt ade-!ately ta%en #are f the variety f mal"ra#ti#es ind!lged in 'y the #ntra#trs Sardars  Khaledars et# and the fa#ilities re#r!ited t 'e "rvided t these $r%men) The re#mmendatins f #m"a#t #mmittee have 'een e(amined in #ns!ltatin $ith the state gvernment and the ministers f the Gvernment f India had "assed the Inter State Migrant 10 Adhvary!, Chari and Sharma .De#em'er ;::52) B*iring #sts and fle(i'ility=eviden#e frm firms em"lyment res"nses t e#nmi# sh#%sB ) 7ale niversity)

11 8ar!l Sharma .*e'r!ary ;::2) BS"lit Legal /egime in Indias La'!r La$sB) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34) 12 BE#nmi# s!rvey f India ;::= 8li#y 6riefB) Organisatin fr E#nmi# C>"eratin and Devel"ment)

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$r%men ./eg!latin f Em"lyment and Cnditins f Servi#e2 A#t 355 'y 'th h!ses and  "resident f India had given his assent n> 33>:>355)34 Ma3n 9rov3$3on$ o: t#e A;t5%

i)

The "rvisin f shrt title, e(tent, #mmen#ement and a""li#atin has 'een given !nder Se#tin 3)

ii)

The "rvisin f definitin f a""r"riate gvernment, esta'lishment, "rin#i"al em"lyment, $age, #ntra#tr @ $r%men has 'een given !nder Se#tin ;)

iii)

The "rvisin f registratin f esta'lishment has 'een given !nder Se#tin 9)

iv)

The "rvisin f #m"!lsry li#ense fr #ntra#tr migrating : r mre than : $r%ers has 'een given !nder Se#tin H)

v)

The "rvisin f #ntra#tr is lia'le t f!rnish "arti#!lars f $r%men in 'th states,  "ass'%, "htgra"hs, name and "la#e f esta'lishment "erid f em"lyment, rates and mde f "ayments, ther "aya'le all$an#e if any has 'een given !nder Se#tin 3;)

vi)

The "rvisin f $age rate, hlidays, $r%ing h!r and ther $r%ing #nditins sh!ld 'e as similar as $r% "la#e state has 'een given !nder Se#tin 34)

vii)

The "rvisin f dis"la#ement all$an#e has 'een given !nder Se#tin 39)

viii)

The "rvisin f &!rney all$an#e has 'een given !nder Se#tin 3)

i()

The "rvisin f d!ty f ins"e#tr has 'een given !nder Se#tin ;:)

()

The "rvisin f "r#ed!re f ffen#e, #ntraventin f "rvisins @ "!nishment has  'een given !nder Se#tin ;9 t 49)

Pr9o$e o: t#e A;t

This A#t "rte#ts the dignity f life and the interests f the $r%ers $hse servi#es are re-!isitined !tside their native states in India) Whenever an em"lyer fa#es shrtage f s%ills amng the l#ally availa'le $r%ers, the a#t #reates "rvisin t em"ly 'etter s%illed $r%ers 13 BNe$ la'!r la$s needed, says ManmhanB) The Hindu .Chennai, India2) 3: De#em'er ;::

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availa'le !tside the state) While em"lying the interstate $r%ers, the "rin#i"al em"lyers shall  "ay e-!al r 'etter $ages t interstate migrant $r%men "erfrming similar nat!re f $r% 'y the l#al $r%men r sti"!lated minim!m $ages !nder the Minim!m Wages A#t, 359H $hi#hever is mre) In additin, the interstate $r%ers shall 'e "aid dis"la#ement all$an#e, hme &!rney all$an#e in#l!ding "ayment f $ages d!ring the "erid f &!rney) They shall 'e "rvided $ith s!ita'le residential a##mmdatin and medi#al fa#ilities free f #harge n mandatry 'asis) This A#t ma%es "rvisin fr availing $ith the nsite servi#es f interstate $r%ers 'y the #ntra#trs  esta'lishments t ver#me nly the tem"rary shrtage f re-!ired s%illed $r%ers in a state) The "!r"se f this a#t is nt t en#!rage interstate migratin f $r%ers against the interests f l#al $r%ers as the "rin#i"al em"lyers $!ld have t in#!r mre #st in de"lying interstate $r%ers)39 R34#t$ o: Inter$tate /or
In additin t the general la'r la$s a""li#a'le t all $r%ers, the interstate $r%ers are entitled $ith •

e-!al r 'etter $ages fr the similar nat!re @ d!ratin f $r% a""li#a'le fr the l#al $r%men r sti"!lated minim!m $ages !nder the Minim!m Wages A#t, 359H $hi#hever is mre,

•

dis"la#ement all$an#e .Se#tin 392,

•

hme &!rney all$an#e .Se#tin 32 in#l!ding "ayment f $ages d!ring the "erid f   &!rney,

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s!ita'le residential a##mmdatin and medi#al fa#ilities free f #harge n mandatry  'asis)

14htt"=$$$)thehind!)#mne$s#itiesMad!raiarti#le;54H9)e#e) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34)

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Terminatin f em"lyment after the #ntra#t "erid $ith!t any lia'ility) /ight t ldge #m"liant $ith the a!thrities $ithin three mnths f any in#ident, a##ident, et#)

Ro6e o: Contra;tor$ •

*!rnish the details f $r%men "eridi#ally in s!#h frms as "res#ri'ed 'y state gvernment)

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Maintain the registers indi#ating the details f interstate $r%ers and ma%e availa'le fr  s#r!tiny 'y the stat!try a!thrities)

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Iss!e f "ass'% affi(ed $ith a "ass"rt>si?ed "htgra"h f the $r%man indi#ating the name and the "la#e f the esta'lishment $here the $r%er is em"lyed, the "erid f  em"lyment, rates f $ages, et#) t every inter>state migrant $r%man)

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/e"rting 'y the #ntra#tr the in#iden#e f fatal a##ident r seri!s in&!ry f s!#h $r%man t the s"e#ified a!thrities f 'th the States and als the ne(t f %in f the $r%man)

•

Lia'le fr the "res#ri'ed "!nishments fr vilatins #mmitted !nder this A#t)

Ro6e o: Pr3n;39a6 E296oyer$ •

Maintain the registers indi#ating the details f interstate $r%ers and ma%e availa'le fr  s#r!tiny 'y the stat!try a!thrities)

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Every "rin#i"al em"lyer shall nminate a re"resentative d!ly a!thri?ed 'y him t 'e  "resent at the time f dis'!rsement f $ages 'y the #ntra#tr and it shall 'e the d!ty f s!#h re"resentative t #ertify the am!nts "aid as $ages in s!#h manner and may 'e "res#ri'ed)

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8rin#i"al em"lyer shall 'e lia'le t 'ear the $ages and ther 'enefits t interstate $r%ers in #ase f fail!re 'y the #ntra#tr t effe#t the same)

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Lia'le fr the "res#ri'ed "!nishments fr vilatins #mmitted !nder this A#t)

Ro6e o: State 0overn2ent$ •

A""intment f ins"e#trs t versee im"lementatin f this a#t)

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A""intment f registratin ffi#ers t grant and rev%e registratin f #ntra#trs   "rin#i"al em"lyers  esta'lishments)

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A""intment f li#ensing ffi#ers t grant, s!s"end and rev%e li#enses t #ntra#trs   "rin#i"al em"lyers  esta'lishments

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Ma%ing r!les fr #arrying !t the "!r"ses f this A#t s!'&e#t t the #nditin f "revi!s  "!'li#atin

•

Entertaining a""eals frm the aggrieved "arties and dis"sal f the same as "er this A#t

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C#a9ter . ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION

As "er the #ens!s f the year 3553, nearly ;: millin "e"le migrated t ther states see%ing livelihd) Within a de#ade, the n!m'er f interstate migrants d!'led t 93,3,; "ersns as  "er the #ens!s fig!res f ;::3) It is estimated that there are at "resent ar!nd H: millin migrants f $hi#h, 9: millin are in the #nstr!#tin ind!stry, ;: millin are dmesti# $r%ers, 3; millin $r%ing in illegal mines ther$ise #alled small s#ale -!arries, et#) 3 Sin#e the sti"!latins f  this a#t are nt im"lemented in tr!e s"irit 'y the state gvernments, mre and mre interstate $r%ers are de"lyed in misera'le $r%ing #nditins at $ages far 'el$ the "revailing l#al $ages)3 The vested interest f la'r de"artments in #ll!sin $ith the "rin#i"al em"lyers #ntra#trs is the main st!m'ling 'l#% t im"lement this a#t $hi#h is h!rting the interests f  the l#al $r%men and the im"rvement in their living standards)3 Pro9o$e7 A2en72ent$

The Interstate Migrant Wr%ers ./eg!latin f Em"lyment and Cnditins f Servi#e2 Amendment 6ill, ;:33 is "r"sed t ma%e this A#t gender ne!tral 'y amending its title and re"la#ing the $rd $r%man and $r%men< 'y the $rds $r%er and $r%ers< res"e#tively)3H So;3a6 Prob6e2$

Interstate $r%ers 'eing !nder the hld f their em"lyers are s#ared f ass#iating $ith l#al $r%ers) Many times interstate $r%ers are rel!#tant t learn l#al lang!age and l#al #!stms) Sme times in the g!ise f interstate $r%ers, interstate thieves  r''ers  da#its #mmit theft, m!rders, et# #reating la$ and rder "r'lems) 35

15 BMagnit!de f interstate migratin f $r%menB) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34) 16 BEm"lying Wr%ers > ;:33 data .'ased n in"!t frm ILO, OECD, l#al gvernments and "rivate em"lyers2B) The Wrld 6an%) ;:3;)

17 B8rse#!tins !nder the A#t in year ;::9 >:, GIB) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34) 18 BIndia C!ntry Overvie$ ;::HB) Wrld 6an%) ;::H) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34) 19 Aditya G!"ta) B+$ $rng has the Indian Left 'een a'!t e#nmi# refrmsFB )

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C#a9ter -. SU00ESTIONS 5

i)

All migrant $r%ers sh!ld 'e registered in Gram 8an#hayat Cm"!lsry)

ii)

All re#r!iting agents, $h are re#r!iting migrant $r%ers $ith!t li#en#e !nder  se#tin H f

ISMW A#t 355, they sh!ld 'e "!nished severely) All "rin#i"al

em"lyers at the destinatin "int, $h are em"lying Inter state migrant $r%ers $ith!t a registratin #ertifi#ate !nder se#tin 9 f ISMW A#t 355, m!st 'e  "!nished) iii)

All advan#es $hi#h are 'eing "aid 'y the re#r!iting agent m!st 'e f!lly a##!nted fr  a #"y f the d#!ment in s!""rt f the advan#e, m!st 'e shared $ith the inter state migrant La'!r 

iv)

At the $r% site at the destinatin "ints a 'an% a##!nt may 'e "ened in the name f the inter state migrant $r%men) Stri#tly enfr#ed this $ill eliminate the "ssi'ility f ral  infrmal #redit $hi#h the rt #a!ses f 'ndage and $ill ens!re ttal "enness and trans"aren#y any in all transa#tins)

v)

All re#rds and registers !nder "ayment f $ages A#t and inter state migrant A#t 355 m!st 'e maintained in the "res#ri'ed frm and m!st 'e ens!red 'y the ffi#ers f la'!r la$ enfr#ement ma#hinery f the destinatin state)

vi)

All interstate $r%ers shall 'e "rvided $ith the 'enefits f 8!'li# Distri'!tin System .8DS2 Cards t avid '!ying fd grains and %ersene at higher "ri#es)

vii)

Every state gvernment shall mandatrily "erate an internet "rtal indi#ating the registered em"lyers#ntra#trs, esta'lishments and interstate $r%men details)

viii)

The nging finan#e #mmissin shall give $eight age in devl!tin f #entral gvernment f!nds t the states $hi#h are giving mre em"lyment t interstate $r%ers as they are ahead in demgra"hi# transitin) Demgra"hi# transitin f a state is a real inde( @ stat!s f all r!nd h!man and e#nmi#al devel"ment);:

20 htt"=$$$)hind!)#m;:::434stries;:::434:;;:4::)htm) /etrieved 3 O#t'er ;:34)

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CONCLUSION Migratin f $r%ers is a h!man "henmenn $hi#h has histri#al rts and $ider im"li#atins) The sear#h fr the s!r#e f s!rvival r -!est fr Eldrad, the 'lissf!l life, has ever remained the ins"iring) In e#nmi# "arlan#e, migratin is "er#eived as $hen a "ersn is engaged r li%ely t engage in a rem!nerative a#tivity in a "la#e f $hi#h he is nt a native r natinal) Migratin in India has e(isted histri#ally, '!t, in the #nte(t f gl'ali?atin and "ening !" f  the $rld e#nmy it has ass!med s"e#ial signifi#an#e fr the #!ntry and the s#iety) As a #nse-!en#e f histri#al and e#nmi# fa#trs, there are seri!s in#me dis"arities, agrarian distress, inade-!ate em"lyment generatin, vast gr$th f infrmal e#nmy and the res!ltant migratin frm r!ral areas t !r'an, !r'an t !r'an and 'a#%$ard t #m"aratively advan#ed regins in the mst a""alling #nditins) Migratin in India is mstly infl!en#ed 'y s#ial str!#t!res and "atterns f devel"ment) The devel"ment "li#ies 'y all the gvernments sin#e Inde"enden#e have a##elerated the "r#ess f  migratin) neven devel"ment is the main #a!se f migratin) Added t it, are the dis"arities, inter reginal and amngst different s#i>e#nmi# #lasses) The landless "r $h mstly  'elng t l$er #astes, indigen!s #mm!nities and e#nmi#ally 'a#%$ard regins #nstit!te the ma&r "rtin f migrants) In the very large tri'al regins f India intr!sin f !tsiders, settlements 'y the !tsiders dis"la#ing the l#al tri'al "e"le and defrestatin als "layed a ma&r rle in migratin)  Nn>e#nmi# demands li%e #ivi# amenities, ##!"atinal health and safety .O+S2 and s#ial  "r'lems $ere ta%en !") The 'eginning $as t "rvide safe drin%ing $ater at the $r%"la#e) The "r'lem f migrant la'!r is h!ge and re-!ires #"eratin and #rdinatin 'et$een the gvernment and ther s#ial a#trs in#l!ding the trade !nins) NGO
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BIBLIO0RAPY 3) Chellad!rai A) Ca!ses f r!ral !r'an migratin .;::52) K!r!%shetra) ;) Li"tin M) L) Migratin frm r!ral area) .352 O(frd niversity "ress, Ne$ Delhi) 4) +ann D)  Livelihd @ 8verty= The rle f migratin) .35552, &!rnal f  devel"ment st!dies vl!me 4 N)>;) 9) G!"ta S) K) /!ral !r'an migratin .!ne ;::52 K!r!%shretra) ) 8tdar 6) /) La'!r and ind!strial la$ in Madhya 8radesh  Chhattisgarh .;::H2) Wadh$a @ Cm"any, La$ 6% sellers @ "!'lisher, ; M)G) /ad, Indre .M)8)2)

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