SF2 Text Book

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Kerry Whalley Carol Neville Peter Roberson Greg Rickard Geoff Phillips Faye Jeffery Karin Johnstone

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and associated companies around the world

Pearson Education Australia A division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd Level 9, 5 Queens Road Melbourne 3004 Australia www.pearsoned.com.au/schools Offices in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth, and associated companies throughout the world. Copyright © Pearson Education Australia 2005 First published 2005 All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Designed by Polar Design Edited by Writers Reign Illustrated by Wendy Gorton and Bruce Rankin Prepress work by The Type Factory Set in Melior 10 pt Produced by Pearson Education Australia Printed in Hong Kong National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Science Focus 2. Includes index. For secondary school students. ISBN 0 1236 0445 1. 1. Science - Textbooks. I. Whalley, Kerry.

500

ii

Acknowledgements Introduction Curriculum grids Verbs  1

Science skills

1.1 What, why and how?     T     I1.2 Scientific research Science focus: Scientific method: the path to     N     U greater understanding 1.3 1.4

Better measurements Scientific conventions Chapter review 2

 Atoms

    T2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures     I2.2 Physical and chemical change 2.3 Inside atoms     N Science focus: Atomic models     U Chapter review 3

Microbes

iv v viii 1 2

3 7 12 15 22 28

30 38 46 50 53 55

56 64 70 76

Body systems

78

4.1     T     I4.2     N 4.3 4.4     U

Food Digestion Blood and circulation Excretion: getting rid of wastes 4.5 Respiratory systems Science focus: Spare parts Chapter review

79 89 98 108 111 118 122

Electricity

125

Chapter review

126 133 141 147 150

Ecology

152

5.1 Static electricity     T     I5.2 Moving electricity     N 5.3 Using electricity Science focus: Solar challenge     U

6

6.1     T     I6.2   6.3     N     U

29

    T3.1 What is a microbe?     I3.2 Reproduction in microbes     N 3.3 Friend or foe? Chapter review     U 4

5

7

Ecosystems Physical attributes of an ecosystem Food chains and food webs: interactions of life 6.4 Effects of human civilisation on the ecosystem balance— Science focus: The right balance— a human problem Chapter review

179 184

Plant systems

185

7.1 Plant transport systems     T     I7.2 Photosynthesis and respiration 7.3 Leaves     N Chapter review     U 8

 Astronomy

8.1     T     I8.2     N 8.3 8.4     U

Space rocks The night sky The Milky Way and other galaxies Satellites and remote sensing Chapter review

9

Team research project

153 159 165 171

186 191 201 206 208

209 214 220 225 231 232

9.1 Teamwork and topics     T     I9.2 Planning your investigation 9.3 Testing and evaluation     N Chapter review     U

233 237 243 247

Index

249

iii