Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan to Various Public Functionaries

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

AT LOS ANGELES

B H.

DLACKWELL DO
48 to 51

I

BkuAD 8TKK

SELECT LETTERS

TIPPOO SULTAN TO

VARIOUS

PUBLIC

FUNCTIONARIES.

SELECT LETTERS OF

TIPPOO SULTAN TO

VARIOUS PUBLIC FUNCTIONARIES: INCLUDING HIS

PRINCIPAL

MILITARY COMMANDERS; GOVERNORS OF FORTS AND PROVINCES; DIPLOMATIC AND COMMERCIAL AGENTS; 8^0. 8^0.

8^c.

TOGETHER WITH SOME ADDRESSED TO THE

TRIBUTARY CHIEFTAINS OF SHANOOR, KURNOOL, AND CANNANORE, AND

SUNDRY OTHER PERSONS.

ARRANGED

AND

TRANSLATED

BY

WILLIAM KIRKPATRICK, Colonel in the Service of the Honorable East-India

With

NOTES

and

OBSERVATIONS,

Compani/.

and an

APPENDIX, COKTAININe SEVERAI. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED.

JLonDon for Black, Parry, and Kingsbury, Booksellers to the Honorable East-Indi/^ Company, Leadenhall Street; and fur Sown Booth, Duke Street, Portland Place.

Printed

181L

London

:

P/iated by Cox, Son, and Baylis, Great Lincoln't-Itin-Fields.

Queeo

St teef,

T~uA3 > 0=

TO THE MOST NOBLE

RICHARD, MARaUIS WELLESLEY, KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER; ONE OF HIS MAJESTY'S PRINCIPAL SECRETARIES OF STATE; FORMERLY

,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS,

a>

AND

»o o

CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF THE BRITISH FORCES, IN INDIA, Sfc. Sfc. Sfc. Sfc.

My

Lord; It

gracing the front of giving

it

the

is

my book

neither for the ostentatious

with an

apparent stamp of

illustrious

name, nor, by thus

your approbation, to

favourable reception with the public, that the present to your Lordship. offer

it

It

is

equally remote from

my

as a tribute of gratitude for former, or to

to future obligations.

The

first

of these objects

answered, and the latter could not, inadequate means.

It is

which has prompted me

in

it

promote

work

is

dedicated

intention, either to

employ

it

would

as a passport

be

but

feebly

justice,

and of

justice alone,

to your Lordship. I

6^

its

any degree, be advanced, by such

a principle of

to address

purpose of

am

DEDICATION.

ii

am

I

from the vanity or presumption of imagining, that the

far

name, on

this

occasion,

No, my Lord;

your Lordship.

to

flattering

your

of

introduction

I

can be in the

am

only anxious

avoid the manifest impropriety of which I should be guilty, to dedicate to any but your its

least

if

to

I were

Lordship, a Avork, which, in truth, owes,

existence to you.

This

who

is

no compliment,

my

know

it

does not

that

Lord, but a mere

historical fact

was your Lordship's

the

defeated,

Dominions which

in

hostile

India?

designs of

Who

is

Tippoo Sultan

ignorant, that

led to the rapid annihilation of the

whom we

its

measures which

against

the British

was those measures

most formidable power with

ever had to cope in that quarter

substituted in

it

of the globe, and which

place an order of things, redounding no less to the

glory, than conducing to the solid interests, of your country

To

for

sagacity

political

which penetrated, and your prompt and energetic

:

?

the complete success which, under Divine Providence, crowned

and vigorous conduct of your Lordship,

the wise

arduous

contest,

is

the

public

among

indebted,

in this

other

short but inestimable

advantages of the most important and durable nature, for the possession of

the archives

of Seringapatam.

To whom,

work, compiled from those archives, be so as to tain

him who procured us

therefore, can a

appropriately

addressed,

access to whatever information they con-

?

Having

thus, I presume,

satisfactorily

pubUc claim to the present humble

established

tribute,

it

your Lordship's

only remains for

me

to

shew.

DED shew, that you possess private nature,

following sheets

is

:

still

r C

AT

another

equally imperative for

if

I

title

anticipated

me

lU

to

that tribute would

as the compiler of

have been

who might have

documents composing

in the publication

which though of a

it,

upon me,

Lordship from any person whatsoever, tained possession of the

O N.

of them,

this

due

your

to

casually ob-

work, and have

how much more

your

is

Lordship entitled to receive such an acknowledgement from one, is,

the

in fact, indebted for his materials to the official situations in

who

which

he had the honor of being employed under your Lordship's administration in India

?

I have the

With

honor to be, the highest respect,

My lord. Your Lordship's most ohedient and most

faithful servant,

WILLIAM KIRKPATRICK.

Exeter, \st

February, 1811.

ADVERTISEMENT.

It

.

is

alreadi/ generally

known, that upon the reduction of Serhgapatam, in

the year 1/99, «^^ t^^ public records

of

the then existing

passed into the possession of the captors. that

many of

destroyed, assault

of

in

the fort

:

nor

It is also, however, but too certain,

were accidentally bumf, or otherwise

these precious documents

the confusion

Government of Mysore

and disorder which

improbable, that some portion

is it

ensued upon the

tinavoidably

of them has

disap-

peared, in consequence of falling, on the same occasion, into the liands of private persons, ignorant

Mut

tvhatever loss

tlieless,

owing

of the

may

value,

and

indifferent to the preservation

have arisen frorn the

to the active care,

and

several of the most important of the

rescuedfrom oblivion

from which

;

and,

among

mentioned cause,

intelligent research,

of an

if

is,

never-

individual, 'that

Mysore papers, now remaining, have been

the rest, the very Register

of public Letters,

the correspondence, contained in the present volume, has been extracted.

The gentleman here alluded Compafiy's

last

their prize.

of

to

is

Madras Establishment,*

Lieutenant-Colonel Ogg, of the East-India to wliose

Mndness the Translator

is

indebted

for the chief part of the interestijig ynaterials relative to Tippoo Sultan, of which

he

Of

is in possession.

h • Lieutenant-Colonel (then Captain) situation

under Viscount Wellington,

Ogg

at that

held, at

time

the period in question, an

Commandant

of Seringapatam.

official

ADVERTISEMENT.

vi

Of

the state papers discovered at Seringapat am,

immediately after the capture

of that place, many have been already communicated official

to

the Public,

through

Those, in particular, which served to develope the

and other channels.*

more recent intrigues of Tippoo Sultan with the enemies of Great-Britain, were jmblished, soon after his overthrow, by authority

India, and subsequently in this country.

documents was draivn

Marquis

lated,

at

report of the general nature

an early period, in pursuance of

of

directions

by the present writer, who had been employed

PVellesley,

them, and

tip,

A

of the Supreme Government of

to

these

from

examine

suggested, at the time, the expediency of having the whole trans^

who

preparatory

of the public-^

to

a proper selection being made from them, for the information

The great pressure of

business in

the

Persian Department,

prevented, however, the adoption of this recommendation, whenfirst submitted to

and the same cause has probably continued

the Governor General; the disappointment

on the occasion.

of

By

the expectation which

may

presumed

to

Imve been excited

none can this disappointment be more severely felt or regret-

than by the compiler of these sheets, who

ted,

be

to operate, to

is too ivell

acquainted with the

eminent talents of the gentleman% then at the head of the Persian Office in Bengal, not to appreciate duly the heavy loss sustained by the literary world at large, but

more

especially by such as are

fond of enquiries

into the

Modern History of India,

in consequence of his having been precluded, by his official avocations,

tahing the task alluded

But

it

may

to.

perhaps, be permitted us to hope,

still,

absolutely relinquished

;

from under-

ami that some portion, at

tliat this object

least,

has not been

of the extensive and valuable

* Vide Asiatic Register for 1799, and Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson's "

' and Conduct

of the

War

t Tiic substance of

witli

the report, here referred to,

Beatson's publication. X

N. B. Edmondstone, Esq.

View

of the Origin

Tippoo Sultan."

may

he seen at page 179 of Colonel

ADVERTISEMENT.

Vll

valuable docu)nents, enumerated in the report just referred period, be submitted to the public eye, which, in the

with indulgence, the present specimen of the

mean

materials, (or, rather, such

of other docuynents

The remaining

view

of that report.

Cf those

of Tippoo Sultan,

letters

in the writer's possession, would, after due

furnish abundant matter for another volume

selection,

may possibly

while,

of them as have reached the Translator's hands) the

fbllotving sheets constitute only a part. to say nothing

at no distant

hut equally curious and

less copious,

interesting materials, discoiêred subsequently to the date

may

to,

but enough, probably,

:

here done, for the immediate gratification of the public curiosity. the reception given to the present work,

and on the

state

whether he shall hereafter attempt a continuation of

It 7nust rest on

of the Translator's

However

it.

is

this

health,

may

be,

as

the other materials, alluded to, have no necessary dependence, either upon those

employed in the ensuing pages, or upon one another, the reader or purchaser

The Translator a period

probably have reaso7i to

mate7'ials

7'esuli to

their separate publication.

to intci'venc, betwee/i the publicatio7i

of the

sition

icill

from

inconvenience ca7i

7io

7'egref,

of the prcse/if vohane

which principally compose

excited a stro77ger interest than

it

that he has allowed so lo7ig

If would,

it.

can now be hoped

to do,

if

it

a7id his acquis

7io

doubt, have

had appeared,

while the public curiosity, tvith regard to whatever related to Tippoo Sultan, was still

eager,

recent.

and

But

ivhile the

various coxunistances, with ivhich

Reader, coynbl/ied

from

niemory of the events connected with his name was yet

to preve7it the

Translator,

it

fill

is

unnecessary to trouble the

ivithin

the last twelve7no7ith,

tmdei-fahing to arrange the documents in his possession for the press.

only 7nention one

that during the ivhole

He

of the intermediate

time,

he ivas constantly in expectation that the work in his contemplation (for he

co)i'

loill

;

fesses to have always had

ivhich

it

in

is,

view) would be a7iticipatedfro7n sonie other quarter.

Not withstanding.

ADVERTISEMENT,

Vlll

Noticithstandhig, however, the unfavourable effect, hut too likely to be produced

by the delay which has occurred, the Translator

is

willing to flatter himself, that,

even at this late period, the attempt to illustrate a character, so conspicuous in

modern days as that of Tippoo Sultan, and closely connected, as those

in India, is in little

or utility.

In

this

of his reign

to

throw light on transactions, so

are, with the history

danger of being deemed entirely

of the British Empire

destitute, either

of

interest

humble confidence are the following sheets noiv presented

to the

Public, whose Judgmejit concerning them will be aivaited by the Translator with no inconsiderable anxiety.

PREFACE. The

Register from which the following letters have been taken, and

which has been cursorily noticed only, of

a record, which,

if it

had reached us

probably have exhibited copies of of

in the Advertisement,

all

in

the public or

is

the fragment,

a perfect official

Tippoo Sultan, from the commencement to the

would

state,

correspondence

close of his reign.

Unfortunately, however, the portion of these highiy interesting docu-

ments which has been preserved,

or, at least, hitherto discovered, is not

so extensive as could have been wished; the correspondence, in question,

not beginning

February 1785, and ending with November 1793.

till

even in this period, considerable chasms occur; 1799, of

is

little

In short, we are, at present,

an absolute blank.

more than a

while, from

third part of the correspondence,

But,

1794

to

in possession

which may

rea-^

sonably be supposed to have taken place within the time spoken of: in

which account, however,

I

do not include such detached

Sultan as have come to us through other channels, and

all

letters

of the

of which are

of a subsequent date to the latest of those recorded in the Register.

But whatever cause we may have present materials,

we ought

our

to regret the actual deficiency of

not, perhaps,

absolutely to despair of

being yet supplied by the successful diligence of future enquirers.

its

Ad-

verting to the extreme regularity observed by the Sultan in the registry

of his

official

tence of the

correspondence,

now

little

missing" part of

it,

doubt can be entertained of the exisat the time of his death.

Supposing.

PREFACE.

X

was stated

therefore, to have escaped the destruction, which, as

it,

the Advertisement, swept away but too

vernment,

possible, that

it is still

hands into which

has probably

it

the portion actually preserved,

by the

it

may be

fallen. is

many of

the archives of his go-

recovered, out of the private

In the mean while, the value of

not, perhaps,

essentially diminished,

Enough

appears to have been sustained.

loss that

in

remains,

if

not

to elucidate every transaction of the Sulia7is reign, at least to develope his singular character in the

of these

most satisfactory manner.

indeed, does not consist so

letters,

much

The importance which they

in the light

are calculated to shed on several material occurrences of the period they

found a useful

relate to (though, in this respect, they will certainly be

guide to the future historian of 3ft/sore) as in the vivid illustration which they afford of the genius, talents, and disposition of their extraordinary author, his

own

who

is

here successively and repeatedly delineated, in colors from

pencil, as the cruel

;

the sanguinary tyrant

and capricious Innovator trader

;

relentless

enemy

;

the intolerant bigot or

the oppressive and unjust ruler;

furious fanatic;

master

and

and even the

the

;

retail

;

Is

his

the perfidious negociator

shop-keeper. traits

The

the frivolous

;

mean and minute economist

of overcharging the unfavorable that that picture

the harsh and rigid

the peddling

;

painter will not be suspected

of the picture,

when

it Is

considered

own.

In making the present selection from about a thousand

have

letters,* I

confined myself, almost entirely, to such as either appeared to exhibit the

Sullan in some

new

light

;

to unfold

some of

his political,

connncrcial views; or to elucidate some historical fact.

merely related to the details of ordinary business, without

financial, or

Those which eliciting

thing peculiarly characteristic of the writer, have been passed over.

have also judged

it

any I

unnecessary to insert any part of the Sultans cor-

respondence * Tlic Rcgibtcr comprises altogether about two thousand letters

not yet arrainged above

halt'.

;

of wliieh

number

I

have

PREFACB.

Xi

respondence with the several British Governors of India, as most ot these

documents are aheady I will

now

proceed to give some account of the rules, by which I have,

been guided in the course of the present translation.

in general,

My

PubHc.

in the possession of the

principal object,

in this

work,

likeness of Tippoo, as the nature of

being to present as striking a

my

materials,

and the extent of

employ them advantageously, would admit,

ability to

tial to this

end, to render his sentiments, on

all

thought

I

my

essen-

it

occasions, as closely as

the different idioms of the two languages would allow, without involving

In short, what I wished, but cannot

the sense in difficulty or obscurity.

have attained,

liope to

is,

that the reader, losing sight entirely of the

translator, should fancy himself in presence of the Suliun, listening to the

w hile

latter,

dictating to one or other of the different secretaries by

whom

he was usually attended. Proceeding on

this principle, I have, for the

to the phraseology or diction of

strictly

deemed necessary, or expedient, and

I

am ready

to admit, that

my

in translations

my

most part, adhered more original,

than

is

usually

from a foreign language

unwillingness to relinquish the slightest

turn of expression, appearing particularly to denote the feeling which suggested

it,

translation

is

may have sometimes

led

me

not absolutely a verbal one

;

too far.

Still,

however,

my

since I have not scrupled to

exercise a certain license, as often as either our language could not be easily bent to the

from the attempt.

form of the Persian, or ambiguity was

There

are, indeed,

two

points, in

likely to result

which

I

acknow-

ledge to have uniformly deviated from the strict letter of the original, and

on which

it

may

not be improper, in this place, to submit a few obser-

vations to the notice of the Reader.

One letters

of the points alluded to consists almost constantly use the

himself

:

but though

it is

first

my making

the writer of these

person plural,

when speaking of

in

true, that the precise words, corresponding to

b

2

we.

PREFACE.

Jill

wcj our, and

us,

are not employed by the Sultan, yet are the

which nothing

entirely agreeable to the genius of the language, in

more common than the it

In these

however,

letters,

is

of the plural for the singular

substitution

be that of the third for both the

pronouns, unless

latter

the pronoun of the

first

whether

person,

first

singular or plural, scarcely ever occurs,f the words

and second.*

Hiizoor (Pre-

j^.^^-

sence), and jly. Sircar (state or government), being eveiy where used instead of them.

As, therefoie, the perpetual recurrence of such terms

would have had a very awkward appearance

in English, if

would

it

not,

have sometimes embarrassed the sense, I did not hesitate at con-

also,

verting them generally into pronouns. justification of the liberty I

may be

It

with the usage of the East,

in perfect conformity

is

also the best suited to the

is

it

nature of the chief part of the

letters,

and

to the actual

mandatory

rank of the

In a few instances, Avhere the persons addressed are of a

writer.

in

have taken, that while, on the one hand, the

of majesty, thus assigned to the Sullan,

style

further urged,

differ-

ent description from the generality of his correspondents, I have judged right to

it

make

more or

the Sultan descend (as, indeed, he

less

does

himself in the original) to the customary style of equality.

The second

point, in

which

I

have ventured to depart pretty constantly

from the manuscript, respects the Instead of the perfect,

person. letters

preceding one does the

tense, as the

or preterpluperfect tense, in which the

of his correspondents are always spoken of by the Sultan, I have adopted,

* Thus the third person verb accordingly) A3l
I..

(i.e.

1)

t_-0UrT'3 tliird

t

^^L IS

or

letters.

fj^,ji^

very commonly put for both the

phrases as the following

Ji

^j)>ijj\

'.-UjZJ

or

sciUed in expectation of their,

^J^\

:

i.e.

,

,\_ v ,

"

-^

Vi.-

•-

this

or that friend'' s

and second (governing

first

^

.1

v-

-

-

side,

(i. e.

-j

^

,

tlie

or j^,Asc* or k_.jUi^'/

or

your)

person, arrival."

or friend,

Where,

&c. standing for the pronoun of the third person, takes the verb accordingly

person v.^-. I

in sucli

is

in tlie

'"i

bave not met with more than two or three instances in the course of the follouing

Xm

PREFACE.

adopted, as more agreeable to the idiom of our language, the use of the present and

compound

preterite

thus, for

:

you), ov you wrote, I have put, you

rendered

passed

t::.^j^^j\

under

teas

ivritten

In the same manner

ivrite.

vieiv,

it

Jjj izJ:>y

has

by,

I

under

passed

(by

have

CowJ

view;* and so in other similar cases.

With other,

the exceptions which have been stated, and scarcely with any

my

general rule has been, to retain, as nearly as possible, every

word and thought, that seemed

mark, in any prominent degree, the

to

peculiar cast of the writer's mind.

Tippoo Sultan, indeed, rarely took up

some

recess or other of his various

and

his pen, without

irreg;ular

its

He

mind.

laying open

seldom issues

an order, that does not bespeak, either the general tone of his nature, or the particular

iui pulse

of the moment.

He

seems to have

tation in avowing, in the course of the letters flagitious sentiments

;

and

this

may

or on both, of these principles.

which

no

hesi-

follow, the

most

felt

be accounted for on one or other,

The

letters being, in

the

first

place,

addressed, with few exceptions, to persons in absolute dependence on

him, he consequently would be wholly free from that sort of reserve,

which world.

arises

from the fear of incurring the censure or reproach of the

He knew

his will to be a

law, the propriety of which, as

it

might concern others, would never be canvassed or doubted bv any of his slaves. ([uestion,

In the next place, he probably measured the sentiments in

by a different standard from that with which we estimate them.

Thus, the various murders and acts of treachery, which we see him directing to be carried into execution, were not criminal, but, on the

contrary,

most

just,

and even meritorious,

likely did, in

cruel

liavc

To

and sanguinary

avoid tiring

his

eyes.

They might, and

a great degree, proceed from a disposition naturally :

but,

perhaps, an intolerant religious zeal and

c *

in

tlic

eye or

sometimes substituted,

tlie

car,

by

in its place, tlic

bigotry

the perpetual recurrence of this mctapiior, I simple phrase, /las been rcecixed.

PREFACE.

xlv

bigotry were not less active motives to them. that

was not necessary

it

to keep faith with infidels, or the enemies of

the true religion, in which class

himself that co-operate

Avas right to

it

in, his

words, for his

include

his

own

warranted, religion,

who

all

Hence

aggrandisement. less

With regard

him

for

opposed,

faith,

it

to persuade

or refused to ;

or, in other

was, that our

Musulman

obnoxious to his hatred and ven-

to the secret

dreadful slaughter of the

forcible conversion of so

Mahonuuedan

difficult

views, for the extension of that religion

geance than ouiselves. prisoners,

was not

it

and subjects were scarcely

allies

The Kormi taught him,

murder of

his

English

Koorgs and Nairs, and

many thousands of

his

the two latter tribes to the

he most probably thought such enormities no

less

both by the example and precepts of the founder of his

than the infraction of oaths and engagements in transactions

with unbelievers. It

be thought, that admitting the propriety of a close adherence,

may

a work of the peculiar nature of the

in general,

to the original of

present,

there was no necessity for retaining, so scrupulously as I

still

may seem

to

have done,

matter and expression.

its

numerous pleonasms and

With

respect, however, to the

defects, (namely, the perpetual reiteration of the

tion) I confess I did not

tautologies, both in

deem

former of these

same opinion or

right to retrench superfluities,

it

did not appear as such to their author

;

direc-

which

who, though he undoubtedly

too often wearies us with a repetition of the same thing, might, nevertheless, in so doing,

have had

zeal of his servants

and where the

from

this cause,

it

:

at least

it

in

view to stimulate the diligence and

fault

may

marks an earnest

not seem to have proceeded solicitude of

mind, for the

accomplishment of the objects so incessantly impressed on the attention of the persons addressed.

more

These observations

will

especially apphcable to the letters written to

to Biirhanuddecn,

and

to the diplomatic agents at

be found, perhaps,

Kumriiddeen Khan,

Poonah.

With

PREFACE. With regard

to the

mere verbal

XV

tautologies, 1

am

ready to admit that

they might have been considerably abridged, without any injury to the

general sense of the original, and certainly with advantage to the

As, however, they appeared to me, in racteristic of the genius

occasions, thought

somewhat

at the

it

many

and temper of the

them

right to preserve

expence of good

taste

and

style.

instances, strongly cha-

writer,

on such

have,

I

though

in the translation,

On

brevity.

the other hand,

where the perpetual recurrence of an unmeaning form of

would

sj)eech

have become grating to the ear, or tiresome to the eye, I have not scrupled to vary

occasionally.

it

I shall be found to have exercised this

Hberty most frequently in the introductory part of these instead of " your humble address has passed under view,

letters,

and the circum-

stances set forth therein are manifest, or dull/ comprehended,

which, or similar words, they usually begin,

I

and then, only, for the sake of

cuitous phraseology of the original.

variety, I

On

more

spirit into

deviated intentionally from

my

with

letter referred to.

have retained the

the whole, however,

where, for the mere sake of improving the general tion, or of infusing

§"
have generally contented

myself with a simple notification of the receipt of the

Now

where,

cir-

I have

no

style of the transla-

any particular passage or expression,

manuscript, of which

my

endeavour has

been to give as faithful a version as was compatible with a due regard to perspicuity.

If I have not always succeeded in this object,

that the failure should, for the most part, be attributed to

At the same

time, I

will believe, that

it

owe

it

to myself to observe,

and

I

am

willing

my incompetency. trust

my

readers

has sometimes proceeded entirely from the obscurity

of the original, occasioned either by the carelessness of

my

author, or by

the errors of transcribers.

Notwithstanding the few redundancies of as pervading the following letters, tainly brevity,

style

which have been noticed

their general characteristic

is

cer-

which, perhaps, might proceed, in some degree, from a c 2

notion

PREFACE.

XVI

notion of the writer, that the laconic

manner was the one

best suited to

the authoritative nature of his dispatches, as well as to the relative situation of the persons to

whom they were chiefly addressed.

It

was

certainly,

too, well adapted, if not absolutely necessary, to the purpose of

had

one who

pen for ever in his hand, and who himself (whether from inclina-

his

tion, or

from an universal distrust of

whom

all

he employed, or from a

passion to be thought, not only the jjrincipal, but the sole originator, of

every thing) directed, either by writing or orally, the most minute details

of his government.

Such a one could not have had

leisure to

letters,

had they been necessary; which, however, would

But be

this as

it

compose long

rarely be the case.

might, the Sultan does not appear to have possessed a

sufficient stretch of

thought upon any subject (even those that he most

deliohted in or affected) to enable

him

to discuss

it,

A consecutive train of argument

force or precision.

he no where seems to have had an idea

:

yet

either with logical

was a thing of which

some of the occasions, on

which he wrote or dictated, certainly afforded ample scope for the display His writings, however, furnish as

of the reasoning faculty.

little

Even

of his having possessed this faculty, as his actions in general did. in his

own Memoirs, which he

forty,

we meet with nothing

not even write with

dums no

facility.

did not begin to compose

abound

in

relating to the question,

accompany the hostage unintelligible, in

he was past

indicating capacity of any kind.

This

in his hand-writing, Avhich,

difficulty,

till

is

clearly

proof

He

did

shewn, by various memoran-

though very

short,

erasures and corrections.

and on subjects of

One,

in particular,

whether Major Doveton should be allowed to princes,

on

their return

from Madras

?

is

nearly

consequence of the interlineations which disfigure, and

the general confusion of ideas and dates which pervades

it.

As

this cu-

rious document, besides serving to establish the truth of the position just

advanced,

is,

in

some other

respects, extremely interesting, the Persian

reader

PREFACE. may

reader

not be displeased to see a fac simile of

engraved for

this

which has been

it,

work, and forms Appendix A.

Ahhougli the authenticity of these by the most

XVIl

sceptical, yet the reader

letters will hardly

may

be disputed, even

hesitate to believe, that, with

the exception, perhaps, of those addressed to the

Emperor of Hindostan

(the late

Shah Allum), and a few others of the more elaborate or

kind,

any of them may be so considered, they were either dictated by

if

the Sultan, or actually proceeded from his pen.

Nor, indeed, does

notion admit, at present, of any direct or positive proof. only can be contended for

;

and

finished

Its probability

and abrupt

style, their

Their

commanding' and peremptory tone, and

the asperity of language which distinguishes so dantly indicate their origin.

from

that, I think, sufficiently deducible

the internal evidence aftbrded by these documents themselves. laconic

this

No

many of them,

Mitnshy, or secretary,

be reasonably supposed to have drafted such letters; labour attending the composition or dictation of so

sometimes appear under the same date,

it

all

aijun-

in short,

can

while, as to the

many

dispatches, as

will scarcely be

thought to

constitute any objection to the present hypothesis, in the case of one so

addicted to writing, and so indefatigable in business, aS the Sultaji was.

To

return from this digression, to the account I proposed giving of the

The

plan of the following translation. are of two kinils

:

notes which I have annexed to

those merely explanatory of a single word,

or referring to other letters, or relating to dates,

the page.

When, on

suggested to

me any

the other hand,

reflections, to

attention, I have, instead of

a[)j)ear at

a particular

which

I

it

or phrase,

the bottom of

letter or

passage has

wished to draw the reader's

encumbering the page with

then), placed

them

of " Observations," at the end of the letter giving rise

under the

title

to them.

Upon

this

conmientary,

have taken occasion to engraft,

if I

may

so call those observations, I

besides other original matter, a con-

siderable portion of a highly interesting manuscript, purporting to be a

Memoir

PREFACE.

XVlll

Memoir of Tippoo

Sultan, written by himself.

This curious document

was among the numerous papers discovered by Colonel Ogg. with which that gentleman favored i. e.

me was

entitled

the Khodddddi/ Annals, or History of the

work was, from the beginning,

down

being brought

rattah war, or the

rendered

to

no

Tareekhe Kliodddddtf

Khoddddd

an imperfect

later a period

state

The

Sircar.

the

;

narrative

Mah-

than the termination of the

month of February 1787- JMy copy, however, has been

occasioned the destruction of several leaves of evidently formed, as far as

it

which

by an unfortunate accident,

more incomplete,

still

in

The copy

it.

The

original

Memoir

went, the ground- work of the more diffuse

and elaborate history of Zynul Aabideen Shoostry, mentioned by Colonel Wilks, and called by

its

" Sultan of History."

author, in allusion to his master's name, " the I

am

not enabled to say, whether the copy of

Ogg was

the fragment found by Colonel

maybe,

the Sultan: but, however this

doubt can be entertained of

its

in the actual hand-writing

I venture to think, that

of

no just

genuineness. It was discovered in the palace

of the Sultan, and along with other documents of unquestioned authen-

The

ticity.

style

It is written

claim to credit. it

states

some

and matter of

facts

it,

moreover, abundantly support

throughout in the

spirit,

who may wish to judge on so,

and while

;

with the original of the following

letters,

in question

will

;

distin-

scholar,

this point for himself, will

by inspecting the manuscript

every

it

which so strongly

The Persian

guishes almost every production of his pen.

power to do

person

which could be known only to the Sultan,

where breathes the same over-weening

ever,

fii-st

its

have

it

howin his

which, together

be deposited in the East-

India Company's Library.*

Such *

Thouo-h the

Sidtari's

own account

of his operations against General Matthews, in Bid-

nore, and of the subsequent siege of Mangidorc, belongs to a period antecedent to tlie commencement of the following correspondence, and could not conveniently be incorporated

manner that great part of too curious andinteresting a document lo be omitted

witli the it

Observations, in

fore given a translation of

tlic

it

in article B. of the

his in

Memoirs has been,

I

have tiiought

the present woii;, and iiave there-

Appendix.

PREFACE. Such technical terms (and ments) as fidelity

names of

my interpretation,

have retained

I

in the original,

by the way of notes, the best explanation of them I

may add

offices

and employ-

could not render into English, with perfect reliance on the

I

of

especially the

XIX

here, that

whenever

in

and subjoined,

my power

have been in any doubt, with respect to

I

the sense of a particular word or phrase, I have usually noticed ing, at the

same time, the

to give.

interpretation that seemed to

me

it,

offer-

to be nearest

the truth, and not unfrequently putting the original Persian at the bottom

Where

of the page.

the meaning, on the other hand, owing to some

error in the manuscript,

my

or to

inexplicable, I have thought

it

insufficiency,

has a])pcared utterly

best to pass over the unintelligible part

altogether, but never without announcing the omission.

This seems the proper place for apprizing the reader, that the words enclosed in hooks, or crotchets, are not strictly warranted by the original, but

have been supplied,

in order to

complete the sense, and prevent

the obscurity which their omission would have been liable to produce for,

may

however

diffuse or

exuberant the usual style of Persian composition

that language abounds in phrases and

be,

which, owing to their concise structure, leave

and which can be rendered

intelligible

in

modes of expression,

much

to be understood,

English, only by such means

as I have occasionally adopted. I could

have wished

it

had been

geography of the present work, been done.

In

fact, I

in

in

my power

a more satisfactory manner than has

have been enabled to afford the reader

additional information on this subject, in aid of

from the

latest

to have elucidated the

maps of Mysore, of which

what

is

my

difficulty,

on

this occasion,

I consider the one,

is,

that the

or no

to be obtained

Colonel Wilks's valuable History of that state, as the best. increased

little

given in

What

has

names of many

places, occurring in the Persian manuscript, are written so indistinctly,

that I could only guess at

them

;

which, however,

I

have never done, without

PREFACE.

XX

Besides

without noticing the circumstance.

and towns mentioned in vain in

there are several forts

this,

in the following pages,

which would he sought for

any map or gazetteer, hitherto published

for innovation,

because, in the rage

he was

led,

of a similar nature, to change their ancient and

still

which never ceased

among other reforms

;

generally prevalent names.

to actuate the Sultan,

Thus, to Chiltlcdoorg he gave the name of

Some

Furrukh-1/dh Hisdr ; to Gooty, that of Fyze-Hisdr^ &c. innovations are It

officially

announced,

of these

in the course of the present

work.

appears somewhat singular, that in his childish eagerness to give

new

denominations to every thing, he should have suffered Seringapatam and

Bangalore

to retain their old

names

;

on that account, be supposed

havino- been derived from an idol, might,

to have been particularly offensive to a bigotted therefore, improbable, that

him

in these instances,

some

former appellation,

especially as the

Musulman.

superstitious notion

and saved those ancient

may have

cities

not,

It is

restrained

from the transfor-

mation experienced by so many others.

On

the subject of the oriental orthography of the present work,

it is

the more necessary to submit a few remarks to the reader's consideration, as these letters

Hindivi Avords. respect, that

able to is

all.

it

abound so greatly

Such a

in

diversity of opinion

would not be possible

That which

proper names, and other Persian or

to adopt

I have, for the

and practice prevails

any scheme entirely accept-

most part, endeavoured to follow,

the one introduced at the College of Fort William, on the

bhshment of that admirable

in this

institution,

which appears

to

esta-

first

me

better

adapted than any other, to convey to the English reader an accurate notion of the pronunciation of the Persian language, as spoken in India. I have not, however, rigidly adhered to the scheme in question, having, for instance, rarely followed

it,

in opposition to

any very prevalent or

general practice, however incorrect the latter might be. always, in compliance with the

common

usage, written

Thus

I

have

Mahommed,

in-

stead

PREFACE. Muhummed ;

stead of

principle,

mode of

though I observe that the

j

however, as the short, or quick sound, of the

Still,

composing

syllables

it,

last

The

following

posing the proper names, &c. which occur in I

have usually expressed

jjresent

tiie

work.

I

letters,

in

com-

say usually, because, aS

have, in some cases, purposely deviated from the rule here exhibited,

in deference to long established usage

or oversight.

I

and Hindoostany sounds, or

characters, the different Persian, Arabic,

already acknowledged,

it

Before

a brief exposition of the plan on whicii

is

of the

which best expresses that sound.* d

Koman

latter

almost in universal use, I have thought

is

right to preserve the spelling

*

the

Major Stewart and

writing the word Sultan has been adopted by

others.

On

&c.

have preferred Tippoo Sultan to the more correct

I

of Tipoo Sdltaun or Siiltdn

.spelling

two

Mysore, instead of Mysoor ; Bangalore, instead

Seringapatam, instead of Sri-rung-putn,

of Bungloor ;

same

XXl

while, in others,

;

I

have done so throun-h inadvertency

hoped, however, that the instances of the latter kind

It is

will not be found numerous, no pains having been spared by the reviser to correct such as had escaped the

writer.

There being no such sound our a,

in hat,

&c.

cat,

fining the use of

it

to

I

in Persian or Arabic,

or

(I

believe) in Hindoostany, as that of

have, in consecjuence, rarely employed plain or unaccented a, con-

such words as

the most familiar to Englisli readers,

Ahmed and Mahommed I

which orthography,

;

as beino-

have preferred to the more correct one of Uhmiid and

Muhummud.

A with a circumflex sounded

like a, in the

which

in t_j\j tab,

Double

I

I

as in

words

differs

ball,

call,

&c.

JU ili

or alif viumdoodeh, and

|

represents the alif long

It also

nothing in sound from the alif mumdoodch

a, or aa, represents c medial, as

as inJjkiMjfc written

by

(a) invariably stands for

baad for

^

;

Jumaaddr, and ^,«^ written juma a.

always to be

by

position, as

in <_>1 db.

ending a syllable or word,

also c It

is

likewise expresses c followed

which written correctly should be, according

to

my

scheme, ShahAalum.

have, nevertheless, followed the more usual orthography of Shah Allum. I

in a

no where use c to express

j

general practice.

Nagry

letter

"With these exceptions, both

^ corresponding

Ch, which represents the doostany, 1

or li/or the corresponding Hindoostany letter; excepting

few instances, as Calicut, Sircar, &c. where

is to

e, in

have preserved the

j

and

c/as

r,

in

conformity with

well as the Hindoostany or

to the latter, are expressed l)y k.

of the Persian, and the corresponding sound in the Hin-

be constantly sounded as

think the sound of our

I

in

church.

pen, hen, &c.

as that of our a, in hat, cat, &c.:

is

equally

when, therefore,

I

unknown employ a

to the Persian

single e,

it

and Arabic, is

either in

compliance

A

P REr

xxn

C E.

Before I conclude these introductory remarks

my

that

in adjusting the

subject I have found

this

necessary to enter into a distinct discussion,

it

that though I

On

Kalendar introduced by the Sultan.

which, accordingly, immediately follows the Preface. to say,

to state,

chief trouble, in the present work, has arisen from the difficulty

have had

I

may be proper

it

It

may here

suffice

am, by no means, confident of having completely succeeded

compliance with established custom, or because I am uncertain whether the short vowel of The former I have generally the Persian and Arabic, which it represents, is a kusr or futha. expressed by

M

Double ino-

The

gun).

in

(having the sound of

2

c,

in hen,

e,

is

in 5/«^;

2

the latter

a sound between the

^

or ee, denotes the long

by u

be uniformly sounded as

(to

t'vo.

of the Persian and Arabic (as well as the correspond-

Hindoostany indtra, or vowel) whether so by position, or by having kusr or

^

The

at the end of a word, as in ^Juja-1,

%aii\

i^^Jy*- &c. having nearly the same short

sound as our j/, in needy, haity, &c. 1 have, for the most part, expressed it by that letter, which, at the end of a word, is accordingly to be always pronounced as the y in needy.

The

^

proper name

When y,

&.c. as, in

(as representing the

^Ls

Double

have, nevertheless, written Ali,

in

conformity with general usage.

on the other hand, occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable,

Wkc y'm yore, yes,

months

I

o,

and

^

such cases,

it

preceded by futha)

4j?jJu>-

^

represents initial is

to

In

be pronounced as

to be

sounded

other situations, j/

all

y

it is

dying

in

:

thus the

are written Bydzi/ and Ilydury.

or oo, constantly represents j preceded

by zum, or paiih, which has always

the sound of oo, in doom, room, &c.

l/with a circumllex to

be sounded

like

or ûbr,

and

is

(a pearl)

dur

;

u

in

(Ci)

invariably stands for the short vowel

ruby.

U

zum

or paish,

and

is

always

without the circumflex, or plain u, constantly denotes futha

invariably to be sounded like

u

in

fun.

Thus jô

(far)

is

written door;

jj

and jj (in) dur.

Ow, sounded

as in

gown, expresses ^ with futha or

ztibr before

it.

Thus u^jj

is

written

Dorclut.

AVi uniformly denotes the ^ of the Persian and Arabic; and Arabic lLj as as an

G

s.

The

is

Some

and the j; the

daily

;

1

write

Othman, though the

clj

is

2~/i

denotes the

usually pronounced in India

always hard.

remaining

English.

It is

Uit which

in

i

^Â the

letters require

no particular remark, as they are to be always sounded as in

writers distinguish between the

j

and the CS; the

only requisite lo add, that

I

nnd the ^ mighool by open

^

^^ and

the

^

;

the L and the

and the *j but I have not thought

express the o or 6,

it

cy ;

the

ô

the

j

necessary to do so.

^ mujhool by our diphthong ai, as sounded in

sounded as in opeiu

PREFACE. my

succeeded in

my

none of

XXni

endeavors on this occasion,

I nevertheless trust,

dates will be found materially wi'ong.

deem

I also

it

that requi-

that notwithstanding the pains which I have taken to

site to observe,

am

apprehensive

that some of them will be found out of their proper place.

The reason

arrange these

of

letters

this is, that

the work,

several transcribers

;

and

the different portions of the copy, instead of being carefully

Owing

ously together.

came

for

on the completion of

that,

disposed, according to their respective dates,

I

I

with a view to dispatch, the original was distributed,

among

copying,

in the regular order of time,

were bound up promiscu-

to this inadvertency,

I constantly found,

examine them in a collected form,

to

agreeal)ly to their dates,

with

some order

and

;

my

if I

my

:

consequently,

letters

which,

weie separated,

before I could

proceed

I was obliged to reduce this chaos to

translation,

have not been entirely successful

the indulgent reader will

irksomeness of

two

should have stood together,

perhaps, by a hundred pages satisfactorily

that

when

make due allowance

in the attempt,

for the difficulty

and

task.

Besides the extensive obligations which I have declared myself to be

under to the to

liberal kindness

of Colonel Ogg,

acknowledge, on the present occasion,

derived,

in

several instances,

it

is

incumbent upon

me

the great assistance I have

from another source.

I

here allude to

various valuable communications with which I have, at different times

been favoured,

M'Kenzie,

of

by the

my

very able

Lieutenant Colonel Colin

friend,

Madras Engineers

;

to

whose indefatioable and

laudable researches, respecting the History and Antiquities of the South

of India, such just and honorable testimony has been borne by Colonel

Wilks, in the valuable work which that accomplished writer has lately presented to the public.

The

list

of those, however, to

whom

J ^

I

owe the humble

tribute of

my

thanks

PREFACE.

XXIV

thanks on the present occasion the

it

name

my

indebted.

I

not yet closed.

I

am

proud to add t»

of Dr. Wilkins, the learned and ingenious Librarian of the

East India Company, outset of

is

friendly assistance and

whose

to

am

also eager to

myself

I consider

undertaking in particular,

my

acknowledge

at the

advice, to be

much,

to Charles

obligations

Stewart, Esq. the learned Professor of Arabic, Persian, and Hindostany, at the East-India

Warre Malet,

Company's College at Hertford

who

Bart.,

filled

and

;

to Sir Charles

with distinguished reputation,

during a

period of ten years, the important station of Resident at the Court of

The nature of

Poonah.

the communications with whicli I have been

favored by the two latter gentlemen, will appear more fully in the sequel.

But

to

none of

aid afforded

me

my in

Shakespear, Esq. Institution at

literary friends

do I

the conduct of

;

even been induced, relinquish this place,

my

it

by the

my

difficulties arising

design altogether.

I

on the advantages which

my

in its

upon

had not

progress through the

unavoidable absence from

publication to an indefinite period,

indefatigable care bestowed

indulging

than to John

for if that able OrientaUst

press, I must, of necessity, on account of its

its

for

East-India Company's Military

most kindly undertaken to superintend

town, have postponed

more deeply indebted,

the present work,

of the Honorable

Croydon, in Surry

feel

would

from

fain,

my book revision

inclination, in this respect,

;

if I

had not

this circumstance, to

therefore, enlarge, la

has derived, but I

am

from the

restrained from

by knowing that I

shall best

consult the satisfaction of the gentleman in question, by abstaining, on

the present

occasion,

from any more particular acknowledgement of

jny obligations to him.

To

the names of the persons already announced,

as

having contri-

buted, by their communications, to whatever value the present work l»e

thought to possess,

I

am bound

may

to add those of Lieutenant Colonel

Thomas

PREFACE. Thomas Munro and Lieutenant Colonel establishment.

should

not

I

have

XXV Mariott,

must, at the same time, admitted of

my

both of the Madras

lament,

profiting by

that circumstances

their extensive infor-

mation, in the degree which an earlier application to them might have enabled

me

to do.

REMARKS EXPLANATORY OF THE KALENDAR OF

TIPPOO SULTAN.

Before

I could proceed in the translation of the following letters,

was necessary that

it

some insight into the construction by Tippoo Sultan, and always employed by

I should acquire

of the Kalendar instituted him, excepting in his correspondence with persons not subjected to his authority,

when he condescended

reckoning.

Till I could attain this

me

for

use the

to

would neither be possible the arrangement of the manuscript,

knowledge,

to rectify the confusion in

common Mahommedan

it

occasioned by the accident noticed in the Preface, nor to convert the

Sultans dates into the corresponding English the

first

dates.

of these operations, or the classing of the

Of

the necessity of

letters in the

order of

no doubt, since this was absolutely necessary to the while the utility of others, in an rio-ht understanding of many of them historical view, depended, in some measure, on the degree of accuracy time, there could be

;

with which the dates of the original might be reduced to our chronology.

Wlien, however, I came to examine the means I possessed for purpose, I found that they were

them

to be

nor have

:

such enquiries as

it

I

much more

this

scanty than I had supposed

been so fortunate as to supply the deficiency, by

has been in

my power

to

make

in

No

this country.

doubt, the requisite information might have been obtained from India

but the fact of any.

is,

As

it

that is,

it

was not

until very lately that I discovered the

I trust that I have, at least,

imation to the truth (if I have not sufficiently

I

answer the main ends

;

want

made such an approx-

actually arrived at it),

as

will

in view.

have no means of ascertaining with precision, at what period of

reign Tippoo Sultan introduced his

first

his

innovation in the Kalendar

;

good reason to believe, that it was about a year after his but there The earliest document in my possession, accession to the Musnud. dated according to his new Kalendar, is an edict, or regulation, of the is

]5th

REMARKS ON THE KALENDAR.

XXVll

15th Jmifury of the year Vzl (or thirty-eighth of the cycle hereafter as I reckon,

corresponding,

exphiined),

to the

10th of June 1^84

:

hut another, issued about six months anterior to this, or in January

1784, shows that the reformed Kalendar was not in use at the latter period, since the edict in question bears

medan one of Zilhijjeh, A.H. that the new Kalendar was June 1781. There

is

common To years.

in

no doubt, that use in

Jifi/sore,

no other date than the

From these

1197.^'^

established

data

it

may

Mahom-

be inferred,

some time between January and

Kalendar was founded on the reckoning which was that of the Malabar cycle of sixty this

new names But though he took the Hindoo

the years composing this cycle, the Sultan gave

as he did to

the months of the year.

;

computation for his ground-work, he would not appear to have adhered

two reckonings sometimes occur. Thus the 14th TUlooey (or 9th month of Tippoo Sultan's year), which was the Sulian's birth-day, did not coincide with the 14th, but

strictly to

it,

since disagreements between the

with the 17th of Mdrgaiser or

The cause of

this

discrepancy

Ughun

may

division of the year, according to the

(9th

year).

probably be traced in the following

Sultans

Order of the

month of the Hindoo first

regulation of

it.

Corresponding with the

Month.

Hindoo Month,

and ....

.

.

Zodiacal Sign.

Choiter,

Aries.

Bysdk,

Taurus.

Juister (\TaitJ,

Gemini.

ylsdr,

Cancer.

Sdwun or Srdwun,

Leo.

Bhddon

A

sin,

Kdrtic,

or JBhdder,

.

.

Tlrgo.

Libra. Scorpio.

XXVIU

Though

the foregoing names are not absolutely unmeaning, yet they

have had any appropriate signification attached to with the exception of the first, called by one of the names of

would not appear

them

REMARKS ON

.

;

Mahommed, and

to

of the eighth, or Hydery, which might possibly have

been so denominated in honor of the Sultans father, as Tiilooey might its

Saltan himself arose, or was born. to the spring, in which season

whole of these months of each denotes

letter

known power

notation called

it

its Jcs*^

is,

being the month in

which the Whether Behdry had any reference

likewise have been, in allusion to

always occurred,

it

uncertain.

however, to be observed, that the

Of

the

initial

place in the Kalendar, according to the wellor Ulrjud, which assigns a certain numerical

to every letter in the alphabet.*-^

to express

is

either 11, or 12, the

two

first

There being no single letter letters of Eezkly and Bydzy,

added together, denote the place of each, 11. 2 10 1 of months, viz.

=

+

respectively,

+

10

=

in

the order

12.

whether or not these months invariably consisted of the same number of days ; but, as far as the documents in my possession enable me to judge, it would not appear that any I

cannot state positively,

fluctuation took

It is here,

place in this respect.

notice, that in the

Appendix

however, pioper to

memorandum

to Colonel Beatson's book, a

of the Sultan's appears (respecting the battle of Suddasir), according to which the month of Bdzy would seem to have consisted of thirty,

whereas

my

table assigns to

it

only twenty-nine days.

I

have not the

means, at present, of consulting the original document but it occurs Sulkh, to me as being possible, that the Sultan may have written or, " the last day," and that the translator may have supposed the If this should not be the case, it will not be easy thirtieth to be meant. ;

^

to reconcile the disagreement in question.

The names

given to the years of the cycle were formed also on the

principle of the

Ubj'ud notation,

with the exception of the two

yihd (one or unity),

which were denominated jc-\ Ahmed (Mahommed), in honor of God and the Prophet years,

;

first

and û^\

and implying that

(2)

The

nonsense verse (after the

numerical power assigned severally to dictionary, under the

word

j»^'

word of wliich this notation is called) as well as the the letters composing it, may be seen in Richardson's

first

THE KALENDAR.

Xxix

was the second, as the Ahnighty was the Jirst object of The rest of tlie names, though hke those of the months,

that the hitter

veneration.

not entirely destitute of njeaning-, had no specific import.

They merely

denoted the order of each year in the cycle, which was found by addinotogether the numerical powers of the several letters composing the name, the amount being the

number of the

Thus

Uzl (the name of the year with which the following correspondence commences) is equivalent to 38 (1 -j- 7 30), and denotes that the year, so called, is the year.

Jjl

+

tliirty-eighth of the cycle (corresponding to

But

this

arrangement was,

the Sultan having, as there

of the Kalendar,

The

latter

is

some time, superseded by another

after

made a second reform

reason to believe,

the forty-first year of the cycle (or

in

would not appear to

however,

alteration,

further than to the substitution of the place of those

in

A.D. 1784-5.)

first

new names

AD.

1787-8).

have extended

months and years, These new names pos-

to the

assigned to them.

same property as the old namely, that of severally indicatinothe number of the year, and the order of the month, by virtue of tlieir

sessed the

;

The

numerical power.

notation, however,

now

used was different from

the Uhjud, and Jias been called by some JJhtus (an unmeaning word,

formed by a combination of the

first

four letters of the alphabet

(^>);

but

by the Sultan himself, in one of the letters of the present collection,

is,

denominated

there be

no error

manuscript)

the

and derived by him, but I do not distinctly understand how, from the Koran. The difference between the two schemes consists in this in the Ufjjud, (if

in

j\

Zur,

:

tlie

numerical powers of the letters depend on the order of the latter in

the arbitrary verse already referred to

;

whereas, in the Uljtus,

they depend on the order of the letters of the alphabet — oooo oooo oovooo OOOVO OOOO OOOC oooo cow oooo ^jO\t^*».

/^ If,

as there

sliow, the

new

is

a^mîwJ

r^'

:

OCÔlCfl JlÔtO tXsr

LJ^JJ^

or Zur,

as —

*

reason to tliink, and as I shall presently endeavour to

era invented by the Sultan, and which he sometimes called e

(i)

Ubjud.

The

the

Persian letter <_> fpcj being excluded from

The

Persian letters,

omitted in both.

^^

(S"JJi

r

('^l'<^'J}

tiiis

*"''

J

scheme, (-l^^'Jt

as well

arc, in

as

from the

like

manner,

REMARKS ON

XXX

the era of Mahommed, and sometimes the Moivloody, or era of the birth (i. e. of Mahommed), was introduced at the same time with the change

names of the years and months, just described his motive for the entirely capricious, but may be latter innovation was not, perhaps, safely referred, in some measure, to his zeal for the glory of his religion. As the new epoch was, no doubt, designed to do honor to the Prophet,

in the

;

whom in

he seems to have thought degraded by the designation given to that

common

probably, were the

use,^^) so,

which,

practice,

were now constituted upon a

of

seem, by the word of the law.

good grounds

for believing,

lation respecting the

Be

It

as

principle, sanctified,

this,

however, as

new

that the

it

would

it

may, there are

and the second regu-

era,

names of the years and months, took place together,

and that the use of both commenced with the

Malabar

the years and

being formed upon a vulgar or profane

months,

instead

new names of

forty-first

year of the

cycle.

happens unfortunately,

that one of the chasms in the following

correspondence occurs at that very period; there not being a single letter of the

forty-first

that date, this

among

means,

year in the collection, nor an) document whatever, of the papers in

my

possession.

But though we

1st.

sufficient

In a

by

deprived of any direct or positive proof on the subject, yet

there are not wanting circumstances that afford,

deemed a

are,

letter

what

will

presumption in favor of the opinion I have to

his

diplomatic

agents at Dehli,

probably be offered.

dated in

Hy-

month) of the fortieth year (Dullo), the Sultan enumerated the names of the years and months, according to the second or new arrangement, which he had then probably determined on, but which he certainly did not carry into effect during the remainder of the fortieth year, as abundantly appears from existing documents. The otherwise we might have letter here referred to is manifestly imperfect learnt from it, why the arrangement in question was announced so long dery

(or eighth

;

before the period of

its

actual adoption.

Possibly the great distance of

Dehli may have suggested the expediency of an anticipated communication.

2d. It (4) Iligera s\^n\?\cs flight.

See the

5«//a7!'i letter, referred to in the

subsetpcnt page.

THE KAM;NDAR. 2d. It

is

XXXI

nomenclature and the new era uere in use

new

that both the

established by a variety of documents,

in the forty-second

year of

tlie

which was accordingly called Sdrd; whereas, under the preceding arrangement, it would have been named Kuhlc. 3d. It is improbable, that the Julian, after announcing the new nocycle,

menclature, so early as Hijdery of the fortieth year, should have delayed the introduction of

it till

the forty-second year, or pdrd

commenced with

:

it is,

the forty-first year, which, in this

most

likely,

case,

would be called Shd, while, according to the form,er

that

it

therefore,

rule,

it

would

be Md.

Eezidy (eleventh month) of Dullo, or year, the Sul/an directs an enquiry to be instituted among

4th. In a letter, dated the 29tli

the fortieth

men

the learned

of

different parts

in

dominions,

his

for

the

])ur-

pose of ascertaining, with exactness, the respective dates of the birth,

and

mission,

the Higeru, or

An

of the Prophet.

flight

fligbt,

is

explanation of the cause of

This investigation

also required by this letter.

seems to have been preparatory to the establishment of the epoch under consideration.

But the most unequivocal proof of the Mowloody era having been

5th.

established in the forty-first year,

of the year

lid.sikh,

is

furnished by a decree, or regulation,

or forty-eighth of the cycle (corresponding to the

1209th year of the Higera), to which a

Now

1215.("')

necessity,

as this date could not be

seal

meant

that the Moivloody era

the cycle (or Dullo),

engraved 1 will

Higera,

in the Jirst

it

was not

must, of

of the cycle

forty-first

The :

and

in use during the fortieth of

necessarily follows, that the seal in question

was

year of the institution of that epoch.

add here the few remaining observations that

the subject of the

it

Mahommed.

have been intended to denote the year of

we know

bearing the date

affixed,

for the

1215th year of Mahommed co-incided with the as

is

Mowloody

era,

have to make on

I

and then return to the consideration of

the KcJendar. e

(5) It

is

2

usual in India to insert in the seal the year in which

As it

is

engraved.

HEM ARKS ON

XXXll

As

this era

which the

letters in

was not absolutely necessary to

my imme-

was not adopted

the present volume reach,

it

till

diate purpose, to have offered

after the time to

any explanation of

subject of the Sultaiis Kalendar, I thought

respecting so prominent an article of

wherein

pretty constantly occurs,

it

it

is

of

date of any letter, regulation, or transaction invariably,

accompanied by the year of the

:

but being upon the

right to state

it

Even

it.

it

or no use in fixing the

since

cycle.

knew,

I

documents,

in the later

little

;

what

it is

The

generally, if not first

time that I

meet with it is in an edict of the year Sdrd, or forty-second of the cycle (and 1216 of Mahommed). It is continually employed, however, in the Sultans Memoir of his own reign, where it is applied even to events which took place many vears before its actual introduction. Thus, among other instances, Hydcr Ali Khan is said to have died on SaturBut of these day, the 3d of Zdkmj " of the year of Mahommed 120.9."

Memoirs

it is

to be observed, that they bear internal evidence of

having

been composed subsequently to the peace of Seringapatam, in 1792.

The term Mowloody,

strictly considered,

is

according to which there would appear to have been

the era in question

;

no more than an

interval of thirteen years

of

Mahommed.

It

certainly not applicable to

between the birth and

has been conjectured, that, instead of the birth, this

Mahommed, or messenger of God

era was, in fact, reckoned from the mission of

when he

first

flight

announced himself

as the

the period :

and

this

notion receives some countenance, from the tenor of the enquiry spoken

of above, which strongly implies a dislike of the term Higera, and an intention to sink the event dignified is diflicult

it

alludes to, in a reference to one of a

and memorable kind. to account for the

Nuhoowet ;

unless

it

new

But, even in

this

view of the matter,

it

era being called Moioloodij, rather than

be supposed, that the Z>/rM was put as a

for the regeneration of the Prophet,

metonymy

which might be reckoned from the

commencement of his mission. I now resume my account of the Kalendar, which was this digression concerning the Mowhodij era.

The names of

more

interrupted by

the months, according to the second and latest arrange-

ment, became as follows

:

1st

month

THE KALENDAR. 1st

month

XXXIU

REMARKS ON

XXXIV Name

Year of the

according

lo ihe First

Name according

J, Wdhj k^.
47 48 49 50

.

u-^l/

51

l»y

52

j^,«c^

53

j^
^L

.

Second

Sdhir

A.D.

1793-4.

.

1794-5.

oU Shdd wj^ Hirdset Sdz

1795-6.

J\^^

Shdddh.

1798-9.

^_^\j

Bdrish

.

Yum ....

.

1796-7.

p

Duivdm Huind Hdmid.

Corresponding with

^\j Rdsikh

.

Kuwdkib

^^

to the

Scheme.

Scheme.

Cycle.

.

1797-8.

1799.

worthy of remark, that the name of the last of these years, or Bdrish, signifying rain, was changed by the Sultan, only a short time before his death, to Bdshir ;(^> which meaning joyful, or auspicious, he It is

But it did not prove such to him for on the last day of Ahmedy (first month) of that very year, he lost his life, and the sovereignty of Mysore passed away from the Khoddddd Sircar,^^'^ to the hands of those, towards whom he ever thought a word of better omen than the other. ;

cherished the most deep and irreconcileable hatred

;

paralleled, perhaps,

only by that borne, in ancient times, by Hannibal against the Romans.

by the table of months inserted at page xxvii, that the Sidtan's year, though considered by him as solar, consisted of no more than three hundred and fifty-four days. In order, therefore, to It will be seen,

correct this reckoning,

and

to

occasionally added a thirteenth

because

any

I

approximate

month

it

to the true solar time,

to the year.

have not been able to discover

(if,

as

is

he

I say, occasionally

;

probable, there existed)

fixed rule for determining either the return of the leap year, or the

period of such year,

was

at

to be introduced.

Seringapatam,

tliat

which the intercalary or supplementary month It is stated in some of my notes, collected at

every third year was considered as embolismal, and

that the supplementary

month was always

inserted,

according to one

account, after the tenth, and, according to another, after the eleventh

month. (7.)

Bdshir consisting of the same

letters as Bdrish, has the

same numerical power, both

words standing for fifty-three. * the State or Government bestowed by God," which was one of the tcrmsby (8) i. e. which the Sultan designated his government. The Ahmcdi/ Sircar was another. In some places he calls

might

it

refer to his

Hydeiy Sircar, and in others father's name but it miglit, also, the

:

one of whose appellations was H^yder.

the Usud-Ilhye; the former of wliich like that of

Usud-Ilhye, allude lo Jli,

THE KALENDAR. But each of these statements

month.

is

XXXV

clearly proved to be

wrong by

a variety of authentic documents, showing that the thirty-ninth, fortyfourth, forty-seventh, forty-ninth

On what

years. is

and

fifty-second of the cycle were leap

year, between thirty-nine

and

forty-four, leap year fell

not known, owing to the want of documents for that period

whether we suppose will

to

it

have been the

be equally manifest,

:

but

or forty-second year,

it

that the embolismal year did not uniformly

The same

occur every third year.

forty-first

thing

is

shown by the

fact of the

forty-seventh and forty-ninth years having both been leap years.

known

a

It is

that to

rule,

make

the solar and lunar years accord,

seven returns of the intercalary, or supplementary month, are required in

the course of nineteen years,

Now

from the

thirty-fifth to the fifty-third

year of the cycle (both inclusive)

is a period of nineteen years, in the which seven leap years occui-, (viz. five which are clearly ascercourse of tained, and two which have been assumed). But, notwithstanding this

apparent conformity, the two reckonings do not co-incide, when, according to this rule, they might be expected to do

agreement, no doubt,

is,

that though the

The reason

so.

of this dis-

months established by Tippoo

were ordinarily called lunar, they were not strictly so six of the twelve months of the year having consisted of thirty, and the other six of the common year, therefore, comprizing three twenty-nine days each hundred and fifty-four days, was, in fact, neither limar nor solar. ;

:

The documents abundantly tary month, called

Belidnj,

&fc.

prove, that the intercalary, or supplemen-

Zdid (as zdid Ahnedy ; zdid the month before^^> which it was inserted) was

by the Sultan

according to

s:\j

not added at any fixed or regulated period of the year, but, apparently,

according to his fancy

:

at least I

principle (if principle there

certain

is,

have not met with any clue to the

was) on which

it

was arranged.

All that

is

that in the thirty-ninth year the Zdid, or adscititious month,

was Ahmedy ; year, Bekdnj ; year, Jaafm-y

in

the forty-fourth year, Suynry

in the forty-ninth year, :

Hydery

by which unquestionable

facts

;

in

the forty-seventh

and

in the fifty-second

;

it

appears, that in no

one (9) The extra, or supplementary moiitli, always preceded tlie regular nioiitli of the same name, for what reason does not appear. Its natural place one would suppose to iiavc been after, and not before, the month whose name it took.

REMARKS ON

XXXVl

one instance, in so many years, did

it

happen to

fall

either

on the tenth

or eleventh month.

But although

we

apprized, as

much

so

uncertainty prevails on this article, yet being

day of the

are, that the first

fifty-third year co-incided

and knowing, also, both the names of the leap-years, and of the supplementary months which occurred between that time and the forty-fourth year, inclusive, we are fortunately enabled

with the 6th April

I7i^9,

to convert the Sultan's dates, during that period, with sufficient accuracy, into our own.

It is after passing, in

a retrogade pi'ogression, the forty-

commences since there are, at present, no means of ascertaining in what year, between that and the thirty-ninth, the leap-year occurred, or at what period of such year the intercalary month was added. fourth year, that the principal difficulty

In

this

difficulty

;

I could only arrive at the fortieth

and thirty-ninth

my

immediate purpose, on account of the principal portion of the following letters belonging to those years) by assuming, at a venture, one of the intervening years, between forty-four and thirty-nine, years (so essential to

upon Sdrd, or the forty-second year, by which means something like system and regularity is made to appear in which, by this distribution, would seem the recurrence of the embolism to have returned (as far as our materials enable us to judge) alternately, as the leap-year.

I therefore fixed

;

every

tliird

and every second year

:

that

is

to say, in the thirty-ninth,

forty-ninth,

forty-second, forty-fourth, forty-seventh,

and

fifty-second.

"With regard to the supplementary month of the assxmied leap-year, I was obliged to resort to the same expedient ; and, accordingly, fixed on the third month, or

Tiiki/.

By

this

means, each of the

first

six inonths

of the year (though not in regular succession) will appear to have served as the intercalary months, three of them being months of thirty days, and the three others months of twenty-nine days. Hence the leap years, thirty-nine, forty-four,

and

fifty-two, are

made

to

contain each three

hundred and eighty-three days and the leap years, forty-two, fortyseven, and forty-nine, each three hundred and eighty-four days.C"^ Having ;

(10) According to this arrangement,

general eleven days shorter than the

it is

common

evident

year

in

tii;it,

tliougli tlic

use with us, yet,

Sultan's year

owing

was

in

to the frequent

recurrence of his intercalary month (making his leap-year three hundred and eighty-three, in a series of years, have gained or three hundred and tiglity-four days) liis reckoning must, considerably upon ours

;

apparently no

less

than at the rate of three days in

five years.

THE KALIJNDAR. Having constructed my

XXXvil

table of corresponding dates in the best

I could, with the imperfect materials in

my possession,

manner

I was, fortunately,

enabled to verify or correct the same, by means of a practice occasionally observed by the Sulfaii, of giving the day of the week along with the

day of the month.

which

An

instance of this kind occurs in Letter

led to the discovery of an error I

had committed,

the 18th of Jaafury of the year Dullo into our reckoning. it

agree with the 20th June, which

Jaafury being expressly stated

to

on a Tuesday

fell

;

CCCIV,

converting

in

I

had made

while the 18th of

have been a Wednesday, must, of course,

have co-incided with the 21st June 1/86.

The

detection of this mistake

an alteration of the whole series of my dates for the two years comprized in the present volume, every one of which it became requisite to advance one day. This correction leaves scarcely any doubt of necessarily led

to

now

the perfect accuracy of the dates as

which any mistake can have occurred, to extra

Ahmedy of

the yedcv Julio

is

The number of

adjusted.

in the

though

only point in

days assigned

known, that regular Ahmedy consisted of twenty-nine days, it is not certain, (however probable) that the extra, or supplementary month, always had the same number of days as the regular month of the like name. This is all that it has been in my power to do, with a view to the attainment of the accuracy so desirable on the present occasion. I trust I have not fallen into any material error.

of the reader.

:

for

For the

it is

rest, I rely

on the indulgence

CONTENTS. spelling adopted here,

^Vhere the

and

may be

of the work, the former

in the Index, differs

considered as the most

from that used in the body systematical and correct.

Page.

Letter. 1

To Mirza

Mahommed

Ali, Superintendant

of

the Elephant Stables at

7

— Meet Kdz\m, Commercial Consul, or 6 Muscat of — Mahommed Ghyas, Envoi/ Court of Poonah 7 — Turbiyut Khan at Rajah Ram Chundur, -11 Bangalore — Governor Pondicherry -13 — Mahommed Ushruf, Ddrogha of Dewdny Kuchurry at Gooty 14 — Shah Noorullah 15

8

—

2 3

4

to the

Ali

6

9

1 1

13

14 15

16 17

18

19

20 21 2'i

23 24

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

the

Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Court of Poonah

10

-

-

o/"

//i
-

public Officers

arid

-

5

the Factori/ at

Chief,

-

-

-

-

Klian, -

-

Envoys at the -

-l6 -21

-

-

-

-

-24

-

-

-

-

26

-

-

-

-

27

-

— same — Burhanilddeen — Meer Kumriidden Ah Khan — Turbiyut Ah Khan -— Mahommed Ghyas — Meer Kumruddeen Khan — Mahommed Ghyiis Noor Mahommed Khan the

-

-

-

----------22 .--------25 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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23

— Abdul Hukcem Khan, Nabob of Sdnoor, or Sdnore 29 — Biirhanuddecn -31 — Sipahddrs, Dilecr Khan, Syed Humeed, and Syed Ghuffar 32 — Rajah Ram Chundur 32 -34 — Meer Kumruddeen — — Governor Pondicherry — Meer Kumruddeen 36 38 — Rajah Rum Chundur — Meer Kumruddeen — Burhanuddeen ~." -

-

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xl Letter

26 27 28

29

30 31

32 33

34 S5

36 37 38

39 40 41

42 43

44 45

46 47 48

49 50 51

52 53

54 55

56 57 58

59

60 61

62 63

To Meer Kumruddeen

-

--

-

Page.

»

.

— Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan — Burhanuddeen — Meer Kumruddeen — Burhanuddeen — same — Meer Kumruddeen — Burhanuddeen _. — Meer Kumruddeen — Rajah Ram Chundur — Meer Kumruddeen and Burhanuddeen — Mahommed Ghyas — same — Noor Mahommed Khan — Burhanuddeen — same — Ghulam Ahmed, Kdzy of Nugr — Meer Kumruddeen — Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan — Kumruddeen -— same — Mahommed Ushruf — Meer Kumruddeen — Burhanuddeen — Mahommed Kazim — Zynul Aabideen — Burhanuddeen — Mahommed Ghyas — Chishty Yar Khan — Meer Kumruddeen — Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan — Rajah Rflm Chundur — Mohyuddeen AH Khan — Meer Kumruddeen — Burhanuddeen — same — Rajah Ram Chundur — Chishty Yar Khin -

the

the

.

-40

»---_. ...41 -------..42 --„._-... ------.-.43 -.---.-..44 ----_-.. -----...47 -----___ ---__-. -..53 ---_-. --54 ---...... -------...56 ------ ..-60 ---..---..(Js --.-.._.. ._.-___.66 --------_ — --___-.. ---___-__ — --_.-___ -----___ ..----_ ---79— ----.-_. .---__--. --.---_-__ .-.--_.. — -

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83

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter.

64 65 66 Gj 68

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70 ~1

72 73

74 75

76 77 78

79 80 81

82 83

84 85

^6 87 88

89

90 91

92 93

94 95

^6 97 98

99

xli

------.-85 ---------86 ---------

To Mohyuddcen Ali Khan, Deicdn of Kurpak Mahommcd Ushruf

-

-

-

-

84

— — Mahommed Ghyas — Mahommed Ghous 8/ — Meer Kumruddeen 88 — same ..gg — same go — Badshah Emperor, Shah Allum) 91 — Munzoor Ah Khan, Eunuch and principal Minister of Shdh Allum 95 — yiodX and Su]kn Agents Dehli 100 — Meer Kumruddeen -102 — Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan joS — Shaikh Ahmed, a foreign Merchant — — Buihanuddeen io5 — Nabob of Sanore 106 — Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khdn 107 — Meer Moaala Khan, Kilaaddr of Mudgul 108 — Biirhanuddeen 109 — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed Khan 110 — Burhanuddeen -- -111 — same -112 — same -114 — Meer Kumruddeen -115 — Sipahddr, Mahommed AH -II7 — Meer Kumrudeen — — Sipahddr, Mahommed Ah -118 — Burhanuddeen -II9 — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed Khan 121 — Burhanuddeen -122 — Meer Kumruddeen -124 — Burhanuddeen -125 — Jusaretuddowlah -126 — Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan — — Meer Moaayenuddeen Khan 128 — Rfim Chundur -I29 — Meer Kumruddeen -131

--------_-.--_-_ -------------------

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CONTENTS.

Xlii

Page.

Letter.

100 101

102 103

104 10.5

106 107

108

109

110 111

112 113

114 115

116 117

118

119 120 121

122 123

124 125

126 127 128

129 130 131

132 133

134 135

136

____-_-,-— ___.-__---_-..---________ — ________ --______-._..-__--- — _-____-

To Meer KumrOddeen

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

— same — Nabob of Kurnool — Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan — same — Meer Kumruddeen — Rajah Ram Chundur — Mohyuddeen Ah Khan — Governor of Pondicherry — Meer Kumruddeen — same — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed Khan — same — Meer Kumruddeen -— Meer Mahommed — Syed Mahommed Khan, Kilaaddr of Seringapatam — Noor Mahommed Khan Mahommed Ghyas — Meer Zynul Aabideen, Sipahddr of a Kushoon — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed Khan — Mah MirzA Khan — Biirhanuddeen — Mohyuddeen Ah Khan — Meer Kumruddeen — Budeea uz ZumAn, Taahlkddr of Hdscofah — AW Beehy of Cannanore — Burhanuddeen — Mahommed GhySs Noor Mahommed Khan — Sipahddr, Sycd Ghuffar — Zynul Aabideen Shoostry — Meer Kumruddeen — Zynul Aabideen, Chittledoorg of Ehshdm — Zynul Aabideen Shoostry — same — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed KhAn — Ghuiam Hyder — Burhanuddeen tke

the

-

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133

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142

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146

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148

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150

Zynul Aabideen Shoostry

15/

158

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-

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159

161

-

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160

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152

153

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162

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167

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__-._----___-_--.---_--..-.__-- — .-_--_ _____---_ — ___-_-_ ---------- — -._------ — cf««?

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143

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138

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-

-

170

CONTENTS.

----_.» ---.... ---.-._ ------.._ ._177 ---_-_. ------_.

Letter.

137

138 139

140 141

142 143

144 145

146 147 148

149

150 151

152 ]

53

154 155

Page.

To Zynul Aabidcen Shoostry

— Meer Kumruddeen — Zynul Aabideen Shoostry — Mahommed Ghyis Noor Mahommed KhAn — Burhanuddeen — MSh Mirza Khan — Ehsanullah Khan — R^jah Ram Chundur — Governor of Fondicherry — Meer Zynul Aabideen, and Sipahddr, Ahmed Baig — Burhanuddeen — maum Muscat — Mahommed Ghy^s Noor Mahommed Kh^n — Me Nabob Sanore — same — Turbiyut Khan — Rajah Ram Chundur — Meer K^zim, Commercial Consul, or Agent, Muscat — same OKt?

the

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162 163

164 165

166 167 168

169

170 171

172

173

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I76

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-

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.

-180

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same

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183

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-183 -184

-

.

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-

—

.

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-

185

-

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----_.... .--. ... -__]8S -

-

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-

-

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— same — Meer KAzim — same — Budruz ZumAn KhAn — same — Khiljeh Seth, and other Armenian Merchants — RAjah RSm Chundur — Maiiommcd Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Klian — Budruz ZumAn Khan — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed KhAn — Budruz Zuman Kh^n — Burhanuddeen — Sipahddrs, Syed Humeed Syed Ghuffar — Urshud Baig KhAn, Foiydar of Calicut — Meer KAzim — Shah Mahommed Khyrulhlh the

179

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the

175

-

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.

All

—~ Burhanuddeen

161

-

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157

160

174

the

—

159

170

-

-

156

158

xliii

-

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— -194 — I96 — ... 208— 209 — -

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192

-

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CONTENTS.

xUv

Page

Letter.

174

To Rajah

Ram Chundur

21O

-212 73 — Shumsuddeen Khan — 176 — Budruz Zuman Kh^n — — Shah Noorullah 213 178 — Rajah Ram Chundur — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed Khan 214 179 Seven Super! ntendants of the Post Seven Capital 180 — Sultanut --215 of — Ah RSjah Beeby 2l6 181 Bukhshy of each of DewSn Seven Kuchurries of 182 — ringapatam -217 --218 183 — Eaatumady Khojeh Firasut — Beeby Ah 219 184 220 185 — Shumsuddeen Khan -221 186 — Burhanuddeen — 222 Budruz Zuman Khan 187 — — Burhanuddeen 188 Noor Mahommed Khan 223 189 — Mahommed Ghy 224 190 — Mohyuddeen Ah Khan flW Urshud-ullah Khan — — GhulAm Khdn 191 Gooty 226 192 — Meer Kazim Ah Khdn, Postmaster — ... 193 — Burhanuddeen — 194 — Budruz Zum^n Khan — Mohyuddeen Ah KhSn 227 195 228 — Kurnool) Nabob, Runmust Khan (of 196 230 197 — Mecr Ahmed Ah, Taahikddr of Nursipoor -- — 198 — Shumsuddeen -231 199 — Ghulam Ah KhAn — — Agent at Muscat Commercial Meer Kazim, 200 Nabob, Runmust Kh^n 236 201 — 236 202 — Meer Moaayeniiddeen Port of Cahcut actual and future Aumils of 203 — 237 — Aumils Ports general actual and future 238 204 of — Port of Mangalore Aumils, actual andfuture, of 205 — 239 Dulldl Muscat 206 — Mao -241 Imaum of Muscat 207 — — -242 Khan Budruz Zuman 208

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COKTENTS. 209 211

212 213

2J4 215

216 217 218

219 220 221

222 223 224 225

22C 227 228

229 230 23

232

_.-_---_ ---------_-------- — --..----_.---..--. —— — ---_ .-«----.— ^. .----. .---.--. ------_. — .-.----.. -«----.. ..---... -_----.. .-.--... Page.

Letter.

210

To Meer Moaala Khan

243

— Mahommed Ushruf

-.

-

— /ê Rajah o^ Pegu — Ehsanullah Khan — Shah Noorullah — GhulamAUKhan — the — the same — Burh-Snuddeen — Sycd Peer, Kilaaddr of Bangalore — Shah Noorullah — Burhanuddeen — Turbiyut Ah Khan — Rajah Ram Chundur — Rajah Ram Chundur fl«c?Turbiyut Ali Kh^n — Budruz Zuman KhAn saine

— —

— — — — — —

Burhanuddeen the

same

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

—

Nuwazish

235

236 237

238 239

240 241

242 243

_

-

.

Budruz ZumAn

-

-

-

-252 -

253

254 255

-

-

-

-

259 260

*o» o/'Shujaa ud Dowlah

-

-

-

-

Kh-^n

—

-

-

.

Em.

263

.-------._ ------.-_. — ---------_ — ...--.._. ----.-._.. ----.-.. ——

Kh5n, Lutf Ali KhAn, &c. Embassadors -

to Constanti-

264

-

267

269

at Gnoti/

Ao.h\dc<:n,

the

(proceeding on an -

— Budruz Zuman Khan — same — Mahommed GhyAs — Budruz Zuman Khan — Zynn\ Buhhshi/ of Ehshdm — BurhAnuddcen — same — RAjah Ram Chundur — Mahommed Wasil, Kilaaddr of Tdrmurry — Meer Mohib Buhhshy of Ehshdm the

26

262

KhSn Kutf Ah Khan and ShAh Noorullah Kh^n Ali

256

257 258

Urshudullali

GhulAm

247

248

Khan

AU KhAn,

244 245

-

Nabob of Sanore

nople, S^c,

234

-

-

-

Chishty Y^r the

-

..

-

-

-

lassy to Constantinople and France)

233

Xlv

at G*)oty

Ali,

to

-

-

-

270

271

-

-

.

.

-

-

-

—

CONTENTS.

xlvi

---«-. _.--...__

Letter.

214 245

246 247 248

249 250 25

1

252 253

254 255 256

257 258

259

260 261

262 263 264 265

To GhulAm Ahmed, Kdzy of Nugr Burhanuddeen

— — same -^— Nabob of Sanore — Burhanuddeen — ISIahommed Ah, Aiimil of Ufzuldbddy Nugr — Mahommed AabduUah, Cidivdl of Army — Darogha of Post at Putii -^, — Shumsuddeen Kh^n — Meer Mohib — Nabob of Sanore the

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

the

the

the

Ali

the

Office

.

— Shumsuddeen Khan — Burhanuddeen — Mirza Mahommed KMn Behadur Sumsrim — Meer Kazim, Muscat — Ghulani Mahommed, Auynil of Mangalore -

-

267

268 259

270 271

272 273 274 275

276 277

278

--

-

-

-

.

-

-

— 274 — —

_

275

.

_

276

— Sipahddr, Syed GhufFar — Burhanuddeen — same — Dileer Khan Behadur Dileer Jung — Burhanuddeen — of the Government

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

277

Mulk

-

-

-

-

-.-

-

-

282

-

_

-

284

-

-

the

285

_-.---

the

.

-

.

the principal Oflficers

286 288

— 289

-

(a circular) accompanied

by a Manifesto or Proclamation addressed to

266

273

278 280

ul

-

general

-

272

_.-.-_.-. .----. — .--_-..«-. --.-_-.._«. -.-..«_^ ----..--. — .

the

Page.

Mahommedans

in

..--_. .--.----- —— .--..- — ..------ —

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

— Commandant, Aabdul Nubby — RAjah Beeby — Ghiilam Munsoor, Aumil of — Fuzl Ah Khan — Sipahddr, Mahommed — Burhanuddeen — Meer Kazim (Muscat) — Meer Moaayenuddeen — Burhanuddeen — M*tev Gh\\\dm'Mo\\yviMccn, Kilaaddr of Kuvjun-good — Mahommed Mehdy, BuhJishy of Ehshdm Putn — GhulAm Husain, Aurungdhdd, and — Burhanuddeen the

Ali

-

Silcotah

.

-

-

-

-

-291

297

-

-

-

298

-

Ali

the

-

.

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

at

at

others (Circular)

299

300

-

-

-

-SOI -302

-

-

303

-

-

304

-

3^^

CONTENTS.

-.---_-.

Letter.

279 2/80

To Meer Moaayenuddeen

—

the

Commanders of

xlvii

the Five BArgeer Kuchurries

282 283

284 285

286

— Commanders Jyshe Kuchurries — Bukhshies of Ehsham Kuchurry — Syed Mahommed Khan, Buhhshj of — Urshud Baig Khan, of — Chishty Yar Khdn and Zynul Aabideen — Mahommed Yoosuf, Cutwdl of Bdxdr, accompanying — Mahommed Hyder, Dewdnof Nugr — Syed Mahommed Khan, Dewdn Nugr — Burhanuddeen — Budruz Zuman KhAn — AH Rajah Becby — Budruz ZumAn Khan — Aabdul Kurecm, Sipahddr of a Jushe Kuchurry — Rajah Ram Chundur — Ghulam Husain Khan, Munshoor of Bangalore — Burhanuddeen — Mahommed Ghyas Noor Mahommed KhAn — Rujub Ah, Kilaaddr of Gujundur Gurrh Âe

q/'

the

the

288 289

290 291

292 293

294 295 296 297

298

-

Calicut

Foitjddr

-

-

-

-

-

-

third

-

.

-

_

-

-

-

-

— —

-

-

309

310

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

at

-

-

-

-311 312

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-314

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-316

-

-

second.

o«rf

-

-

-

-319

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

802

Fro7n the same to the same

-

-

303

From the same to the same From the same to the same To BurhAnuddeen

305

306 307

308 309

310 311

312 313

314

—

-

-

-

-

321

— 322 —

-333 -335

...-.--..--_-. — — — .._.>--

-

-

-

-

-

-

336 337

Ten SipahdArs (Circular)

— Budruz ZumAn KhAn — BurhAnuddeen — MeerTurabAH — Sipuhddr, Mahommed AH — BurhAnuddeen — Zynu\ Aahklccn, Bukhshy of Ehsfulm — BurhAnuddeen -

the

—

-

317

-

-

-

315

318

301

304

313

..._.--. —— ---.-._. —

-

300

—

the Pre-

— Turbiyut AH Khan and Rajah Ram Chundur — MahommedShufeea, Ddrogha of the Artillery — Usud AH Khan, yroTW AH RizA awi Bal Mukn Doss

299

308

-

the

-

-

the Usiid Ilhyes

sence

287

#Ae T/to

307

and Suwar Ku-

churry

281

Page.

RAjah

-

338

-

341

.

342

at Chittkdoorg

-

-

—

343

344

RAm Chundur g 2

CONTENTS,

xlviti

Page.

Letler.

315

To Runinust Khtin, Nabob of Kurnool

-

-

-

-

-

*

-

344

520

— Ram Chundur 346 — — Khajeh Kh^n, andjour (Circular) — Meer Mahommcd SSdik, Deivdn of Hdzocr, or Presence 347 — Burhanuddeen .. — — Shumsiiddeeu Khan and Ghulam Hyuer, Ddroghds of losheh-

521 <>

—

316 317

318 319

R.ijah

Ibiid

-

otliers

the

-

-

-

-

-

Khdnek Rumnust Khan, Nabob of Kurnool

-----..,. — -.--__... -

—

525

526 3'23

328

329

330 331

332

5S5 •SS6

337 338

339

340 341

342

S43

844 •345 34(5

547 348 349 350 351

-

348 -

334

324

-

the

333

323

.

.

-

— Burhanuddeen — Sipahddr, Mahommed — Ghulam Khan, Mtinshoor of Bangalore — Kutbul Miilk — Mahmood AH Khan — Burhanuddeen — Kutbul Mulk — Meer Moaayenuddeen — Runmust Khan, Nabob of Kurnool — Kutbiiddeen Khan — Budruz Zuman Khan — Moal Chund and Sujan Rae, Agents Dehli

322

-

Ali

the

Hiisain

-

-

-

Mahommed

Biiklishy

the

the Hdvo'gUI^^

the

the

the

the

Ali,

rtf

-

-

-

-

-350

-

-

-

S5L

352

-

356 357

-

-

-

-

-

of the Ehshdm at ChUtledoorg

— Rajah of French — Monsieur Cossigny, Governor of Pondicherry — i'msy of — Burhaniiddeen — Shah Aabdullah Saheb — Ehsanullah Khan — Budruz Zuman Khan — Nabob of Sinore ~ Bukhshy of Ehsham Chittlcdoorg — Meer Futah Taahihddr of Chik Balapoor — Meer Jaafur WuffA-KhAny — Burh'Anuddeen — SyedGhuffir — Burhanuddeen — Budruz Zum^n Khan — KilaadSr of Seringapatam the

-

-

-

Humdany

Baig

Zynul Aabideen,

.

---------.--. ------.-.--. at

319

-

-

-

— 358 — 359 351

362 357

-

-

368

.

-

375

3G9

-379

-

-

-

380

—

._.----- — — .._---_....---- — --------at

-

-

381

382

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

383

384 385

386

390 391

CONTENTS.

Xlix

Letter.

352 353

354

To Burhdnuddecn the same

-_-..-____ -------. -----.._

353 357

358 559

360 S61

362 363

364 ^65 Z(i6

367 368

369

370 371

372 373

574 o 75

376 377 378

379

330 381

382 383 584 o 385

the

-

-

.

-

the

-

-

-

.

at

61

-

_

.

-

-

-

.

-

-

-

.

_

__„

.

--._._. -.-.__. ----.-_--... --------

-

-

-

-

-

-

awrf

-

_

.

-

-

-

-

.

-

-

-

the

_

-

-

-

.

-

.

.

-

-

-

.

-

-

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.-----.... -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

_

-

-

-

-

others

-

-

-

-

.-----.. .--._.-. Shiih,

Shilh, arid others

3«G

393

— 39^ — Ghous Mahommed Khan mid Mahommed Aka, Ddroghus of -Jinsy Tosheli-khdneh 395 — Monsieur Cossigny — Miildim Jung& 396 ... — Biirhanuddeen 39^ — Budruz ZuniAn Khan 393 — RAjah Ram Chundur 399 Mahommed Ibraheem, Amn'd of Ndgniungul 40O — Burhanuddeen -401 — Budriiz Zuman Khan -.402 — Kazy of Bangalore -40J — Kilaadar of Seringapatam 405 — Nubby Shah, Bangalore 40s — Musheor Mulk -407 Syed Mohyuddeen, Aumil of Huscotah -4ll — Shumsuddeen KhAn a«£^Ghulam Hyder 412 — Syed Ahmed Saheb 453 — Runmust Khan Bahadur — — Meer Ghiilam HCisain -414 — Burhanuddeen Budr6z Zuman Kh^n 415 — Biirhanuddeen -416 — RAjah RAm Chundur -417 -.— Syed Mahommed 418 — BurhAnilddeen -419 — Meer AH — --.. 420 — Syed Mahommed -Mahommed Ushruf 421 ,— Monsieur Cossigny 422 — Mahommed Baig Khan Humdany, and (Circular) 423 — Meer Ah 432 — Budruz Zuman Kli^n 433 — Monsieur Cossigny 435 — Syed Ahmed Saheb, Boodhun Nubby Sh4h, Kuleemiillah (Peer Zadehs, or Devotees) 435 — Mohyuddeen Ah Khan (Dewdn of Kurpah), Chishty YAr Khftn, -

356

Page.

Rajali

Rdm

Chundur, Nursia, and others (Circular)

-

-

-

-

-

4S6

CONTENTS.

1 Letler,

387

388 389

390 391

392 393

394 395

396 o 97

398 399

400 401

402 403

404 405

406

407 408 409

410 411

412

Page.

To AbdiM Hukeem Khan R^jah Rdm Chundur

437

— 438 — Biikhshy of Ehsh4m Gooty — — Rajah Ram Chundur 439 — MohyiVldeen Ah Khan — — Meer Moaayenuddeen Kh^n 440 — Mahommed Ushruf — — Aabideen 441 — Soqjan Rae and Moal Chund, Agents Dehli 442 — Mahommed Ushruf -. 443 — Rajah Ram Chundur 444 — Boodhun Shah -. — — Monsieur Moneron — Shumsuddeen, and ^ Ghiilam Ah KhH Lutf Ah KhSn, ShSh -447 — Urshud Baig Khan 449 — Mahommed Eesau, Jiimil of Ufzuldbdd Nugr 450 — Dewans of ZuferabSd -451 — Mahommed Durwaish, &c. 452 — Ghulam Ghuzunfur 453 — — Budriiz Zuman Klian — TurbiyutAh Khan 454 — Mahommed Durwaish, and — — Dewan and 455 — Monsieur Lai — Monsieur Cossigny, Governor of Madras Gh£iWra Ah Khan (Circular) 456 the Imam of Muscat, and -458 _ Ghulam Ah Khan — Chishty Yar Khan awi Zynul Aabideen — — MohyCiddccn Ah Khan, Kurpah 459 anrfGh61am Ghuzunfur, 460 — Shumsuddeen KhSn — Monsieur Cossigny 462 — Urshud Baig Khan 463 — Dowans Cahcut 464 — Monsieur Cossigny — Shumsuddeen Kh^n 465 — — Miisheer dlMulk 466 — Ghuiam Hyder the

at

_---...

Zynfil

at

414 415 416 417

418 419

420 421

422 423

-

-

.

-._.-.._ ----------_ --.«...

otJia'S

4.4.Q

---_

««<^

Noorfillah

-

-

-

-

-__--.. _>.,--__-«_-.._.-.-..-..--... -

the

-

-

-

-

-

others

/Ae

0/'

,-_-----.-

Chittlcdoorg,

ly

others

the

-

-

-k—

;

others

413

-

_

-

-

-

----,

jDeit'fi^rt,

^/;e

o/"

-

i

at

.-------.._->--__._.--.__ ..-.----

CONTENTS.

li

-_.. -----

Letter.

424 425 426

To Syed

Mahommed

— YAkoob, ami Armenian Merchants — Mcer Moaayeniiddcen, Mah Mirza Khan Husain — Shumsiiddeen KhAn, &c. — DewAns of ZuferAbad — Rajah Ram Chundur — BudrCiz Zuman Khan — Meerlbraheem — Urshud Baig Khan — Kureem Saheb — Mahommed Dunvaish — Miilk Mahommed Kiitb6ddeen KhAn Behadur other

427

428 429

430 431

432 433

434 435

-..._.. -----_-_ ---_-.._

the

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

------------

Postscript

-

— 459 — 470

-471

-

--..

KCitbul

457 468

Ali

-

466

KhSn, and

BCirhiinuddeen,

-

P.ige.

-

-

—

472 473

474 484

APPENDIX.

_--_---.-_ Memorandum, with Translation

A.

Tippoo

B.

Extract from the Sultan's Memoirs, relative to the Expedition against

Sultan's

Preface

General Matthews

;

referred to in the Preface

C.

Tippoo's Agreement with his Father

D.

Historical Sketch of the

E.

Edicts, or

F.

Regulations resjjecting Spies

-

Commercial Regulations

;

;

;

referred to under Letter

Agreement of Meer Sadik

I,

Extract

;

Futhul

the

Marine Regulations

L,

An

CCLXX.

-

xi xi


XIX.

xxxiii

-

-

xlviii

-

-

xlix

referred to at Letter


XL.

LX VI I.


Miijahideen

;

;


CC.

;

referred to

CXIV.

-

at

Letter

referred

to

... ;

li

Ixiii

Ixvii -

-...-----

Outline of the Sultan's Military Establishment

Letter

][{

XVf.

CXXXVIL K.

.

....-..-

CIL

H.

from

I.

i

at Letter

Historical Sketch of the Patau Principality of Kurnool

under Letter

_

-

Shanoor Afghans; referred to

F.* Explanation of the Cypher

G.

;

referred to in the

;

Ixxvii

referred to at xcii

SELECT LETTERS,

LETTER

I.

Mahommed Alt, Sivperintendant of the Elephant Stables at Nugr;'^^^ dated Putn Cor SeringapatamJ, 2d of JBrJzr, Year Uzl.

To MiRZA

(17th February 1785.)

The

humble address [you] sent [us] has passed under [our] view,

and the circumstances submitted [therein]

You " of •*

are

write, " that the Mittmuddies^^^ attached to

ease and of lounging in

them

to see

is,

comprehended/^)

you have adopted habits that

and confer with the Taalukdai<*^

" quence of which " accounts of

Nugr, pretending

duly

of

it

is

necessary for

Nugr;

the conse-

that fifteen days are consumed in preparing the

one,(^)

and that nothing

is

done excepting at Nugrj

" though ( 1

(2)

i.e. Bidnore.

This may serve as a sample of the manner

in those that follow,

I

in

which most of these

letters

commence

shall cither abridge, or entirely omit, the introductory part.

(;j)

Clerks or Accountants.

(4)

The Manager

(5)

Or the meaning may

of a District. be,

"

neglect their ledger for fifteen days ata time. "

B

Z

SELECT JLETTEKS OP

" tliough a Kiinri/ " part of Nursia<")

Mi'dusuddi/^'''^

(agreeably to our orders) attends on the

to assist in the business."

This [representation] has caused [us] the utmost surprize.

When-

ever the MiltmialdieshfAongingio your department cease to yield you pro-

per obedience, you must.give them a severe flogging;'^) and making them prepare, with the greatest dispatch, the

and other papers required by

lists

our former orders, transmit the same duly to the Presence/^)

OBSERVATIONS. To

understand the foregoing

indeed,

is

it

is

necessary to suppose, what,

most probable, that the Elephant Mews, or Stables, were situated at

some distance from the town This

letter properly,

letter furnishes

not be conversant in the

a

of

Nugr.

proper occasion for cautioning the reader,

historj^,

who may

or acquainted with the genius, or frame, of the

native governments of India, against hastily drawing any general conclusions, with respect to the latter point,

The conduct

Sultan.

from the particular practice, or maxims, of Tippoo

of this prince was too

was too often the mere

commonly governed by

result of individual feelings

and character,

Thus, any one

should be led to infer, from the punishment here directed to be inflicted

on the in

and

to afford a just

criterion of the generality of Asiatic sovereigns, or Asiatic states.

who

caprice,

idle clerks of the elephant department, that

China and Russia) to

flog

is

customary

in

India (as

any but the menial servants of government

neglect of duty, would be greatly mistaken that castration was no

it

uncommon

:

as

he would,

also,

if

for

he supposed

penalty in that country, for corruption, or other

misdemeanors (6)

A Caiiaresc

(7)

The name

(8)

Original ^jjiijXip

(9)

There

" though stood

it

js

Clerk.

of the Manager. ldzianeh'ka)y.

considerable obscurity in

a A'uHry-jl/H^K«
rightly.

tliat

passage of the original, which

&c."

I

I

have rendered,

am, therefore, not certain of having under-

TIPPOOSULTAX. misdemeanors in the administration of public thought proper to threaten is,

that

because the ^'w/âw sometimes

affairs,

The

fact

instructions to the governors of provinces,

and

delinquents with that punishment.

official

Hookm-ndmehs, or

his

all

3

others, conclude with a denunciation of the penalties to

which they

will

be

liable,

in case of disobedience or disregard of the orders contained in them.

Sometimes

these are generally stated, under the vague, but emphatic, term of

" the worst

of punishments or

two

was

instances,

is

" at others,

case,

actually

executed,

Whether I

am

Munro

Colonel

occasion he ordered

him

or not the latter

render the

to

an absolute

is

one

menace but

;

aftirmative

fact that

on one

the male population of a particular village, which

all

the practice of

stating

;

It

is

Hyder

but there

of the father was not

the son.

it

crucifixion, in

had

offence, to be castrated.

What means of

me, that

assures

as

;

not able to determine

nothing in the character of Tippoo Sultan

unlikely.

given

they are specifically named

and emasculation, in others.

any

in

ever,

there

:

is

much

certain,

Ali was on

sufficient

similar occasions, I have not the

reason

to suspect,

that

calculated to restrain the severity,

indeed,

as

learn from

I

the example

or cruelty,

of

Colonel Wilks, that Tippoo

himself was once publicly bambooed (or caned) by order of Hyder, in whose

good graces he would never appear strongly confirmed,

Sen'ngapatam,

in

by a most

to

have stood very high.

which

curious original document,

the year 1/99,

vvhile

employed

in

This opinion I

met

>vith

is

at

examining the mass of

papers discovered more immediately after the capture of the place.

I

found

it

amongst a variety of other papers of the time of Hyder, deposited in a basket or box, where It

is

it

had probably remained undisturbed and forgotten ever since

a narrow

slip,

or " an agreement

square seal,

;"

about twelve inches in length

beneath which words

resembling,

in

all

respects,

Sultan, and bearing, together with the (liigera)^'"

The

instrument

itself is

(10)

The (as

the usual

without date

signet, or ring-seal, of the

;

Sultan, " the date

but

it

" 1184

"

must, of course, have

been

existence of this seal satisfactorily proves

his birth.

top, .uU.IjI

2

cominonly supposed) upon succeeding

given him, probably, at

entitled, at

is

the imjjression, in ink, of a small

name " Tippoo

B Tippoo

is

:

his death.

tliat

Sultan was not a

his father, l)ut

made

title

assumed by

part of the

name

SELECT LETTERS OF

4

been executed some time between the year 1769 (the period when the engraved) and 1782, in which is

a short

say, 1

I

year

last

Hyder

endorsement of two or three words,

died. in

On

the back of this paper

Canarese, which,

I

am

sorry to

cannot explain.

am

equally unable to determine, whether this interesting

hand-writing of the Sultan.

certainly bears but

It

document

in the

is

resemblance to the

little

specimens exhibited in a great variety of notes and memorandums, written by in the latter part of his

change

in a period of

But

life.

which happen

to

be in

my

possession, were written

and of

obtained two or three at Serlngapatam that had belonged to him.

This

an

air of

silver

much

pen, which he was

occasioned his later writing (at least what

and crabbedness, of whirh there

stiffness

besides which, I suspect that most

in the practice of using,

with a gold or I

:

him

might well undergo a material

his hand-writing

twenty or thirty years

of the articles of his writing

which

was

seal

I

is

have seen of

to have

it)

not near so great an appearance in the

document under consideration.

But

not essential to the authenticity of this paper that

it is

written in the Sultans

and

to the seal establishes

its

own hand.

The

place in which

internal evidence furnished

genuineness

;

by

its

it

it

should have been

was discovered, joined

extraordinary tenor, sufficiently

but whether the engagement

it

contains was voluntarily

entered into by the Sultan, or exacted by Hyder, does not appear.

however,

is

latter,

not unlikely to have been the case, notwithstanding what the writer

himself declares in the eighth

After this general account of the document

article.

in question, I proceed to present the reader with a translation of

it

satisfaction of those conversant in the language of the original, a is

The

;

and, for the

fac-similc of

it

given in article C. of the Appendix. "

" 1.""

I will

AGREEMENT.

not do [any] one thing without the pleasure of your blessed

" jesty. Lord of Benefits [or

my

bountiful Lord]

" whatever manner may seem fittmg

to

:

if I

do, let

me

your auspicious mind.

be punished, in

One

article."-'

« (11)

The

articles are not

numbered

in the original, but divided

by

of them. (12) Original

JwiJ/j

which

is

repeated at the end of each

article.

lines

Ma-

2.

If

drawn under each

TIPPOO SULTAN. " 2.

in the affliirs of the

If,

" fraud, great or

"

Sircar,

small, let me, as

"

5

should commit theft, or be guilty of

I

the due punishment thereof, be strangled.""

One article.

"3. ''

be guilty of prevarication, or misrepresentation, or of deceit, the

If I

due punishment thereof " 4.

this

same strangulation.

Without the orders of the Presence,

" Nitzzers, &c. " cibly]

"

:

if I

One "

is

5.

If,

;

One

article.

will not receive

I

neither will I take things from any one [meaning perhaps for-

do, let

my

nose be cut

off,

and

let

me be

driven out from the city.

article.

excepting on the

of

affairs

Sircar,

tlie

I

should hold conversation

" [probably cabal or intrigue] with any person, or be guilty of

" me, "

punishment thereof, be stretched on a

in

Whenever

6.

from any one,

One

cross.

a country shall be committed to

" and an army be placed under

my command,

I will

my

deceit, &c., let

article.

charge by the Sircar,

carry on

all

business regard-

" ing the same, with the advice, and through the medium of such confidential " persons

" such "

as

may be

affairs

appointed [for the purpose] by the Sircar

through any other channel than

this, let

me

;

and

if I

transact

One

be strangled.

article.

"

7.

If there should be

any occasion

for correspondence

by writing, or to buy

" or give [away] any thing, or any letters should arrive from any place, I will do

" nothing [in such matters] without the concurrence and advice of the person

" appointed by the "8.

One

Sircar.

have written and delivered these few

I

" keeping the contents whereof

"

article accordingly.

"

let

me

article,

If

I

my

forget this,

be punished, agreeably

It will not,

in

of

my own

remembrance,

heart's

and act

articles

in

I

any other [or

will

free

will:

act in each

different]

manner,

to the foregoing writing."

perhaps, be wondered

at,

that one, to

whom

the idea of corporal

punishment, even in his own person, would seem, from the preceding instrument, as (13) certain.

death."

Original oljjubj^ of the meaning of It

may

possibly

signify,

'

wliich expression

to extinguisli,"

I

am

far

from being

and hence, figuratively, "

to put

to

SELECT LETTERS OF

6

from Colonel Wilks's report, to

as well as

to the

Musnud, should,

after that event,

liave

been familiar, before

his accession

have applied the practice, with similar

disregard to the rank or station of offenders,

to

those then

subjected to his

authority.

Before

I

dismiss this subject

it

may be

proper to notice, that the style of the

foregoing document (and especially of the seventh article)

and

indistinct

:

but, even at a

is

extremely perplexed

more advanced period of the Sultans

life,

most of

the productions of his pen (as was observed on a former occasion) were characterized

by the same involved structure of sentences, frequently creating considerable

obscurity in the sense.

LETTER

II.

To JMeer Kazim, Commercial Consul, or Chief of the Factort/ at Muscat; ivritte7i in the Night of the 5th of Byazy. (20th Fehruary.') Propose

to the merchants of Muscat, (and get the Imaum^^^ to issue

orders to the same effect,) to bring hither, on the empty Ditigies,^^^ such

horses as they

may have

for sale

;

which being sold to

us, the

owners can

carry back the produce in rice.

OBSERVATIONS. Several letters in this collection, as well as the present one, are dated at ni^ht

a circumstance that does not denote

them

to

be of any urgency or particular importance

(1)

The

A

Prince, or Sovereign, of Muscat.

employed

between the Malabar Coast and the Gulfs of given to a kind of canoe used on the Ganges. By empty Dingies, may be meant cither Dingics of Miucat, proceeding in ballast to the Coast of Malabar ; or A>i;g^J« belonging to the ports of Maiigalore or Calicut, and returning thither (2)

small vessel

Pcrsia&nA Arabia

from Muscat,

:

the same

in the traJe

name

is

alter discharging their cargoes at the latter place

the former are intended.

:

but

it

is

most probable that

TIPPOOSULTAN. importance

one might be led to suppose), but merely shows the diligent

(as

application of the Sultan to business after

midnight. (3)

carries with

it

an

Its insertion in

the word

;

such

a

7iigJit

Muscat;

air of affectation.

not, perhapSj without

that petty state.

here implying some time

dispatch as the preceding one, certainly

Tippoo Sultan was very desirous of establishing

If

7

some

ulterior

a

commercial intercourse with

view to a

The encouragement which he

political

connexion with

held out, for this purpose, to the

merchants of Muscat, as well as his own particular notions of trade, will appear in the sequel.

LETTER To

Mahommek Ghyas;

Your

letter

regulated

demand

money

its

ready.

is

bankers'

it,

dated 6fk of Byazy.

of the 19tli of Eezudy

and the whole of

ceived,

IIL

bills

[5th of February] has been re-

The Jixed or

are comprehended.

contents

Whenever

to the

(2\st February^

the chiefs of that place \Poonih~\

amount

shall be forwarded.

Representations of the contumacious conduct of the Zeminddr oi Ner-

guild were frequently transmitted [by us], in the course of

Noor Mahommed Khun, who, no the chiefs there [Poonah~\.

government, maintained Rasta.^'^

he

is

?

like this,

The

may

;

doubt, communicated the same to

all

If a petty Zeminddr, and a subject of our

not be punished,

justice of this

how

shall

our authority be

argument was admitted, even by Rao

Thus the chastisement of

brought to reason from thence

be well

last year, to

this [/. e.

Zeminddr became

necessary.

by the Mahiattah chiefs]

it

If

will

otherwise he will be exterminated.

Let (3)

For some further account of the manner of

(1)

For an account of

this

ilividing the night, see Letter

personage, see Letter VIH.

CCCLXII.

SELECT LETTERS OF

8 Let the Gumdshteh

(^^

of Apajee

Rao receive a monthly

stipend of four

j)agodas.

You must

not admit the Brahmens^^'^ to a participation in the conduct

You and Noor Mahommed Khun

of any secret negotiation.

[alone] are

jointly to transact [all such affairs].

If the chiefs of that place, forgetting our past favors, should dispatch

an army to the assistance of the Zeminddr of Nergiind, what sio-nify

We

?

will it

have, under the divine blessing, sent a strong force to

reduce Nergund, and are in no fear of

its

any misfortune from

suffering

their armv.

A

N.B. written to

letter,

to

the same effect as the above, and of the same date,

Noor Mahommed Khan

(the colleague of

immaterial addition, respecting some

bills

Mahommed

viâs

Ghyas) with an

of exchange.

OBSERVATIONS. Mahommed Ghyas Khan

and Noor

diplomatic agents of Tippoo Sultan,

Mahommed Khan at

Poonah.

probably, at the head of the mission, since singly to him, and in

all

of

them

his

name

many

stands

were, at this time, the

former of them was,

The

of the letters are addressed

Noor Mahommed Khan,

first.

however, would seem to have resided longest at the Mahrattah court, to >vhich, there

is

The

reason to believe, he had been originally deputed by

present correspondence

commences

just at the period

1785 broke out between the Sultan and the Mahrattahs after

Hyder AH.

;

some time, joined by Nizam Ali Khan, who sent

when

the latter of a

the war of

whom were,

considerable

body of

troops to act with their army.

The (2)

An Agent.

Apajcc Rao was i>robably a Mulirattah Chief,

in

the interest of

Tippoo

Sultan. (3)

i.

e.

the

sec Letters

Brahmens attached

CLXV. andCLXVIL

to the Mission.

For further particulars respecting whom,

TIPPOOSULTAN. The

ostensible, or

on the one hand,

more immediate cause of the present

to the right

macious tributary

;

who

;

which

to the protection

affected to think,

at the

same time, on

and to another mihtary

But

it

different superiors

Malirattah

;

Empire,

to

tliis

Hke

in

in various shapes,

rendering to one Puishaish, or tribute

service.*'

was not merely, or perhaps

principally, for the purpose of supporting the

Zemituldr of Nergdnd, that the Mahrattah Government took up arms

They had

the Sultan.

traced,

which the Mahrattah

manner with many other Zeminddrs and Polygdrs, who depend, and

te

to

is

incumbent on them to extend

it

a feudatory of the

perhaps,

was,

Pupture,

Sultan assumed of chastising a contu-

tlie

and, on the other,

Government thought, or offender

9

claims on

him

for considerable

discharge of which he had hitherto refused or evaded

and

;

a^âinst

arrears of tribute, the it

was, probably, less

with a view of befriending the obnoxious Zeminddr, than of enforcing these claims, that they appealed to the sword. It will

be seen in the sequel, that though the Sultan succeeded in

signal chastisement on

pay the Mahrattahs

his

rebellious tributary,

a considerable

sum

accounts, than forty lachs of rupees."^

of

of the arrears of tribute claimed by them, never met with the

he was, nevertheless,

money

Whether is

inflictino-

;

this

not

less,

a

oblio'ed to

according to some

was the whole, or only part

unknown

to the translator,

who

has

treaty concluded between the belligerent powers, about the

beginning of the year 1787.

The Nlzdm,

during this war,

\oit

Adoni ; which,

however, was restored to him by the peace.

By

the Jixed, or regulated sum, sjjokcn of by the Sultan in the present

he means the Palshcush, or

tribute,

to the Government of Poonah

or designate, certainly

is.

Those who negociated our

Company

in

inferiority, first

v\hich the

word Pahlieush

treaty with the court of

they agreed to pay an annual Palshcush to the

which concession they India

treaties to iiay

but which he does not think proper to recognize,

by any term denotive of

less nice, since

were

;

which he was bound by former

virtually, but,

Hyderabad

Nizam

;

(5)

The

by

the term Paishmsh,

C own Memoirs arc

:

no doubt, unconsciously, placed the East-

the situation of a vassal to that chieftain

(4) Tlie Sultan' s

letter,

entirely

in siioiit

on the subject of Nogund.

Sultan himself, in his Memoirs, states the

sum

at

twelve lads of nipres.

SELECT LETTERS OP

10

as used in India, signifying tribute

and

in its restrained sense,

being applied to presents, excepting to those of a subject to It

inferior to a superior.

might be

lost, in

The

the abuse being extended

this

:

is

consideration throughout India, and

The

and usages. respects,

among

There

shadow of power.

time

is

past,

when

liis

lord, or

from an

may

is,

usurpers of this, and

they have

in proportion as

and marks of preeminence,""

the revolutions of time, the substance,

possession of this

no case

now, and may be deemed needless, to

difficult

obtain the suppression of this degrading appellation. similar vain distinctions

in

and

;

be more safely indulged in the

happily,

equally precluded

no longer any danger of

by our increased

by our improved knowledge of

political

languages

its

the general ignorance that prevailed, in these

the Company's servants, placed the interests and the honor of their

employers and of the nation, but too

much

mercy of native agents and

at the

interpreters.

There

is

only one more remark suggested by the preceding for sincerity,

be allowed credit

due by him

to the Mahrattahs,

when he

declares himself ready to

immediately on demand,

it

Sultan

If the

letter.

pay the arrears

will necessarily follow,

that the question of tribute was not the principal one with that state, any

than with

its

ally the

Nizdm, whom, indeed,

possibly, thought to oppose

Both governments,

it

more

could only remotely concern.

some check

to the rising

power

of the Sultan, whose ambitious views had begun to develope themselves, in a

manner In

that might well

this case,

with

the

will

it

Sultans

awaken the jealousy, and

be easy to account professed

readiness

excite the fears of his neighbours.

for the

Mahrattahs not being

discharge

to

their

satisfied

pecuniary demands

(however sincere they might think him in that respect), but insisting on his designs against Nergiind.

relinquishing his

On

the whole,

it

seems highly

probable, that he would have avoided a war at this time, if he could have

done so

(6)

Amongst

these, the

India, in writing even to the

under the as

British

modes of address empIoyeJ by many of the Pseudo-princes of Enghsh governors, and otlier persons in high official situations

Government, deserve

would not now be tolerated,

if

to be particularly noticed

attempted to be introduced

advantage was taken of our inexperience to

many

entitle J.

of wiiich,

I

am

in other

inclined to think,

;

some of them being such The same

for the first time.

matters of a ceremonial kind

wc do not occupy

;

with regard

the station to which

we

are

TirPOOSUJLTAN. SO consistently with the

" maintenance of

11

his authority" (as

he himself expresses

or without submitting to the disgrace of being prescribed to

it),

power.

His

possible

moment,

favorite object, hostilities

and most ardent

desire,

against the English

was

by

a forei^-n

to resume, at the earliest

and though he might think

;

himself equal, without the help of the INIahrattahs and Nizdm, to the successful prosecution of that design, yet he would, at

powers during

its

With

progress.

least,

wish

for the neutrality of those

a view to the undertaking alluded to, he had

already resolved upon reverting to his former alliance with the French

cherished the hope of being soon enabled, by the renewal of

;

and he

connexion with

his

that nation, to give vent to his always ill-concealed hatred of their rivals. this ever-predominating bias of his

period,

him

when the

mind, and to his eager anticipation of the

successful termination of his negociations with

in a condition to execute his projects against the English,

great measure, be ascribed the advantageous peace

of

Poonah and Hyderabad,

at the

contest.

The

which he granted

his enemies very

wilHng

proved alike fallacious

his neighbours,

end, he was compelled, prematurely and single-handed, to

an unequal struggle with the combined forces of

LETTER To TuRBiYUT Ali

Khan

and Rajah

of Byazy.

*'

may, perhaps,

in a

to the courts

to retire

from the

reader already knows, that his expectations from France, and his

hopes of conciliating

Your

France would put

end of a war, in which he certainly gave such

made

proofs of military superiority, as

To

letter

all

;

and

commit

that, in the

his fortunes in

the })Owers of the Peninsula.

IV.

Ram Chundur

j<:')

dated \2th

(2'Jth Fehruary.^

has been received.

You

write,

*'

that

the European

[formerly] taken prisoner in the Pdi/en-ghaiU,^'^^ and whose original

C (1)

These were

Turbiyut

Ali

officers at

KhTin (wlio,

I

Bangalore. believe,

tioiied in Oiinc's History) ajjiiears to

(2)

The

country below the Chants.

Ram Chundur

was a

" allowance

2 was the Deudn of

grjuidôii of tlie

tlic

Kuchuny

;

MCirtuza Ali of yinuf, nisn-

have been the Chief Collector of

tiie

District.

SELECT LETTERS OF

12

of two fanams^^^ a day had been,

consequence of his

in

'*

allovA-ance

*'

misbehaviour, reduced to one, being skilled in the mortar practicCj^*)

*'

you proposed converting him to the

**

on the subject."

known

It is

faith,

for our orders

and wished

(or understood).

Admittino- the aforesaid to the honor of Islamism, you will continue

iwofanams a

to pay him, as before,

the

firino- at

We

flag.^^^

day.

Let him

also be

employed in

have ourselves, however, brought the mortar

practice to that degree of perfection, that children, of ten

and eleven

years of age, are taught to hit the point of a spear. as you propose, engage a sweeper, at the

You may,

ten or twelve /owo?/?5, and employ

in

sweeping out the jRung-nmhl,^^l

Deivdny and EhshdmS'^

halls of the

and the public

him

monthly wages of

OBSERVATIONS. The European soldiers

who had

numbers of

the misfortune to

whom

of Mangalore.

It is

The

into the

fall

he forcibly detained,

was to be compelled to do so.

spoken of was, no doubt, one of those unhappy British

licre

hands of

this cruel

enemy

;

and

in spite of the stipulations of the treaty

not quite clear, whether the subject of the present letter to

latter,

embrace Mabommedanism, or had expressed a readiness

however,

is

not so likely as the former

;

though there

is

reason to believe, that some few of our wretched countrymen were induced to npostatize, with the view of alleviating the intolerable hardships of their situation.

The (3)

A favam

is

equal to about eighupence.

(4) Original JjJ^j\S)\iJ\LJ

^

i. e.

The

art of firing at a flag [with]

mortar shells (or

bombs). (5) It is not

but

this

distinctly said that

he was to be employed

in /eac/uV?^" the mortar-practice,

was probably meant.

(6)

A

(7)

DeuHiny

painted apartment. is

Most palaces,

the revenue department.

state retinue, as the term implies.

as well as that at Bangalore, contain one.

The Ehshdm were

a description of guards, or

TIPPOOSULTAN. The

amused by the

reader will be

13

ostentatious boast

made by the

the perfection to which he had brought the practice of gunnery

probably, some exaggeration in his statement,

is,

had accomplished much

The

particularly in matters of

letters

It

but a

still

may seem

thought

number

much

less

faith so,

Mahommedan, :

will appear in

Hindoo

in a

(as

commission

objects,

the course of tliess

Rajah

Ram Chundur

was)

for converting a Christian

but this proceeding, however strange,

will

probably be

than another of a somewhat similar nature, noticed under

CCCXXXI II.

LETTER To

what low and minute

to

are omitted.

rather extraordinary, that a

Mussulman

to the

cannot be denied, that he

it

economy, the mind of the Sultan was accustomed to

greater

should be joined with a

Letter

show

Other instances, of the same kind, ;

but though there

in this respect.

directions, relative to the sweeper,

stoop.

:

Sultan, of

the

We

Governor of Pokdicherry,

V.

dated I9th Byazy.

have had the pleasure to receive your agreeable

(6th 3Iarch.')

letter,

informing

us that peace has lately been concluded in Europe, between the King of

France and the English,

in

consequence of which the port of Pondichcny

has been restored to the French. satisfaction.

You must

let

us

This information has afforded us

know [what you

[expected] arrival of ships belonging to you as

how

far

Monsieur Suffrein

is

[_i.

learnj]

e.

much

respecting the

your nation], as well

advanced in his voyage.

OBSERVATIONS. 1

believe this letter contains

almost the only instance in which the

of

bestowed upon any European sovereign by Tippoo Sultan,

Bddshdh, or King,

is

who appears, on

other occasions, to have thought as

all

title

if this

designation would

be

SELECT LETTERS OF

14

be degradedj by being applied to any but a prince professing the faith

he, therefore, generally affected to call, not only the

:

own

but his

friend

and

the

ally,

King

of France,

Rdjah

Mahommedan

King of England, intending,

;

by

this

ingenious contrivance, to intimate (though, of course, not to those so addressed) that he considered

and,

fact,

in

as

them

as

nothing superior to the petty Hindoo Rdjahs of India,

What

Idolaters.

rendered this appellation the more insulting

was, that though originally, and strictly, signifying a King,

extremely common, the in the service

least,

it

had now become

being borne, as has been seen, by one Hindoo, at

title

of the Sultan himself, and being frequently bestowed on

by the

their subjects of that religion,

different upstart rulers of the

dismembered

empire of Hindostan.

For

a

more

distinct

view of the sentiments entertained by Tippoo Sultan, with

respect to Christians in general, the reader

is

referred to the Preface to Colonel

Wilks's History of Mysore, where they are exhibited in the most undisguised

manner,

in

The same

an extraordinary letter

in the Sultans

letter

from the Sultan to the

occurs, with very little variation

General Macleod,

from Zynul Aabideen's copy,

own Memoirs.

LETTER Mahommed Ushruf,

To

late

GooTY

;

VI.

DaroghJ^^^ of the Deivaxy Kuchujiry of

(Idled

16lh of Byazy.

(3d March.')

Your letter has been received, and its contents are duly understood. You write, " that the JBdzdr price of Kiirg pagodas was thirteen " faiunns and three-quarters, but that you had advanced the same one " fanam and four annas, and issued them, at this rate, to the Piddehs " of the Ehshdmr
It

is

known.

You

will fix the value

of the

pagoda (

1

(2)

A

superintendant or overseer.

See Note 7 of Letter IV.

Pidcleh

means a

foot soldier

;

but the term

is

almost

exclusively applied to infantry, or foot soldiers formed on the irregular plan of the natives.

TIPPOO SULTAN. pagoda

at

one fanam above the market

raising

the exchange

exchange, and issue

price, or

There

at that rate, to the servants of the State.

it,

15

higher than this standard

is

and,

;

has been heretofore repeatedly signified to you.

this

no necessity for accordingly,

It surprises us

extremely, that you should nevertheless pursue the suggestions of your

own

fancy.

OBSERVATIOXS. No

prospect of advantage could tempt the Sultan to wink at any contravention

of his

positive

The

orders.

uncommon one

in India.

operation,

financial

The Sultans

To Shah Noorullah is

a

letter

JBu.ssorah,

The Governor of Su^sorah has

to our letter to him, saying that he [i. e.

Such being the expedition,

will learn

to

our

(1)1 suppose the Grand Signior ^Îjjti-vwi^jl

former it

[further]

likewise written an

from

answer

Court of the King.

case, that eminent person^->

FukhurUhnUbdruk, and giving

(2) Originul

(9th March.')

had sent forward the aforesaid Khdn

his colleagues]] to the

agreeably

guilty.

and subsequent departure from

You

thence for the presence of the King.(')

and the others

by the

which has been received from Othnian Khan,

&c. reporting their arrival at

perusal.

not an

Vir.

dated 22d of JByJzv.

;

is

displeasure was not occasioned

LETTER

its

of,

by the disobedience, of which the Darogha had been

oppression, hut

Enclosed

here spoken

must use the utmost

orders,

such repairs as

to be Iiere

meant.

meaniijg Sliah Noordlliili.

in

docking the ship

may

be required.

SELECT LtTTERS OF

16

OBSERVATIONS. The

embassv, here alluded

stantinople,

At the head of

in the year 1784.

some time

Othman Khan, who had at

was that which the Sultan dispatched to Con-

to,

formerly

the station of

filled

Madras, and was afterwards associated with

the other ambassadors, sent in the year

1

object of his mission to Constantinople,

I

no documents regarding

On

it.

Khan, together with Shah

Ali

place; but, in

fact,

Hyder

Mahommed

it

was

Ali Khan's f^'aheel

Durwaish Khan, and

What

787, by sea, to France.

am

not able to

the return, or recall, of

Mahommed

state,

was the

having met with

Othman Khan, Ghulam

Nooriillah, was dispatched ostensibly to supply his

with instructions to proceed from Constantinople to France.

This design, however, was subsequently relinquished by the Sultan, who substituted, in

its

more

stead, the

direct mission

by

sea,

noticed above.'"

LETTER Vm. To

Mahommed Ghyas

and

Noor Mahommed Khan

Extra Ahmedy, Year Jvllo.

;

dated 1st of

(\%lh March?)

In consequence of the chiefs of that place [PoonaJi] forgetting their obligations to us, Ave have

come

to the positive determination of taking

possession of the territory situated on the banks of the KishnaS^^

therefore written,

that if your ncgociation

heart's desire,

well

leave of

Rao

it is

Riista,

:

if not,

proceeds according to our

you and Noor

must repair

It is

Mahommed Khan,

taking

to tiie Presence.

The on tiie authority of a French writer, that Othman Khan, and were put to death by the Sultan on their return from France. A great part, if not the whole of the correspondence of Othman Khan, during his rcsiden( e at Madras, was found at Seriiigapatam, amongst tlie records of ilyder Ali's time. These letters (3)

one of

Major Stuart

relates,

his coliia;:;ues,

would throw considerable (1)

That

is,

all

liglit

on many of the

the country as

far

political transactions of that period.

as the Kishna.

TIPPOOSULTAN. The 14th

of Ahmcdi/'-'>

of ungraciousness'')

on for our marchnig

fixed

is

[on their part], you

17

^

in case, therefore,

;

proceed with

will

haste to

all

our Presence.

You

write, that Peer

Mahomnied

the Mahrattah minister in the

JMiinshy (who,

when he accompanied

received sixty rupees)

field

being

now

reduced to forty rupees a month, and having the incumbrance of a large

known.

If the

to the Presence, let

him be

family, finds his salary inadequate to their support.

accompany you

aforesaid should intend to

paid sLxty rupees a month

;

It is

but, otherwise, forty rupees

is sufficient.<^^>

OBSERVATIONS. The Sultans

Poonah

instructions to his envoys at

will

be found to be marked

In speaking of the Mahrattah Govern-

throughout with considerable indecision.

ment, he assumes, in general, a very lofty and menacing tone standing, pretty evident, that he

is

not averse to reconciliation.

;

it

is,

He

notwith-

frequently

betrays the irritation of his mind, and, in these moods, issues the most peremptory

They,

orders to his agents to quit Poonah.

where they appear

to have continued

till

the

nevertheless, remain at their post,

month of May

(1786), or during the greatest part of the war.

The

the conduct of the Sultan, would, no doubt, be

more

of the following year

reason of this fluctuation in intelligible

than

it is,

if

we

were in possession of the dispatches of the envoys, as well as those of their master. It

is

true, that the substance,

former,

is

(agreeably to the

and perhaps the

common

India) recited in the answers to

them

entire contents of

up

i. e.

Of

of the

practice in the epistolary correspondence of ;

but

still it

D (2)

many

the second, or ensuing Ahmcdjj.

is

reasonable to suppose, that

many Yet he would not appear to have followed

this resolution.

(3)

Original i^JLâSa also incivility, unkindncss, &c.

(4)

Tlu; Sultan was at

his court

;

all

times desirous of drawing Mussulmans, of every description, to

but not equally liberal of pecuniary aid to such adventurers, as will be seen, on

more occasions than one,

in the

course of these

letters.

SELECT LETTERS OF

8

J

many

particulars are unnoticed in these

or summaries,

brief capitulations,

knowledge of which would materially elucidate the transactions

The

the

in question.

Rastas are a family of considerable eminence and weight in the Mahrattah

(Unpire, being nearly allied to the

They

Paiskwa.

have, generally, been distin-

guished for their favourable disposition towards the Mysore ruler, in consequence of which, of

it

Poonah

The

was usual

for

most negociations between the

latter

to be conducted through them.

obligations of the Mahrattah state to

Hyder

Ali

Khan and They

are often alluded to in the course of the following letters. larly stated in his letter to the

on the

subject, in his

" Previously

King

of France

making war

to the resolution of

particu-

against the Nazarenes

Hyder

(i. e.

Ali

before

Khan) the

and defeated by the English, had

to great straits,

[actually] filled their houses with straw,

and prepared

to

burn the city of Poonah.

they dispatched four of their principal and confidential people

this situation

" to our

more

are

and he thus expresses himself,

the English by

hostilities against

" Mahrattahs being reduced

" In

^'

;

his successor,

Memoirs.

" the commencement of

"

and the government

late father,

with

letters,

accompanied by oaths and deceitfid engagements,

"

soliciting the grant of a fort within

*•

their chief (more worthless, in truth, than a horse keeper).^"*^

"

trusty persons (who, in fact, were not to be trusted) arriving in the presence of

" our deceased

father (whose place

is

our dominions, wherein they might lodge

Accordingly these

in Paradise) represented, that being

broken

" down [or discomfited] by the English, they were on the point of abandoning their

" country, within eight "

that, in these circumstances,

" ness;

which the Nazarenes were arrived

coss of [the capital of]

:

they could look for help to no one but his High-

that their master was a child,

the preservation of whose

" country, and wealth, by the Ussiid Ilhye

"'

state,

life,

honor,

would confer an obligation,

" which (5)

See Letter

CCCXXXVI.

(6) la the original

Syie (or horsc-keepcr) or

j») is

^_^,Ujl jJJj i^-juto- j^^ i^

^^ ^j^'j

introduced for the sake of a jingle

^jj}':^ji Iw witli tlie

where the word

word

Btjsc (a chief

leader). (7)

The

Sultan gave various denominations to

as in this place, the

ddddd Sircar.

Ussud Ilhyc Sircar

:

liis

at otliers,

government or the

state.

It

was sometimes,

Hydcry, the Ahmedy, and

tiie

Klio-

TIPPOO SULTAN. " which would continue " existed

be acknowledged, as long

any of the

as

Madho Raos

and, finally, imploring his Highness to consider their chief in the light

;

" of a son.

"

to

19

These representations were seconded,

whose country had

Khan,'*'

also

on the part of Nizam Ali

whom

been threatened by the English, and

" the Mahrattahs had prevailed on, by promises and engagements, to espouse

"

and

their cause,

to interest himself in their favour (with

our

late father)

;

in

" consequence of which he, accordingly (through the Mahrattah Vukeeh), made " certain proposals,

ratified

" our father (who reposes

on the Koran,

to his Highness, our father.

in Paradise) agreed

to their propositions,

Hereupon

and resolved

" on war with the English, notwithstanding the opposition made to the measure

" by the

" and

chiefs of the state,

tedious;

that there

who

represented that the war would prove arduous

was no necessity

for his

"

another's house

*'

and Nizam Ali) were both of spurious

origin,

"

entitled to the least credit or faith.

Our

"

'

"

'

"

'

upon himself; that these two impure ones (namely Madho Rao

a traditionary saying of the Prophet

" thoughts, have any

[shall

ye judge]."

"

It

We

:

and neither

them under

lay

Almighty

" desiring that "

still

and the Hydery

on

his

his progress

at every stage.

that

this obligation:

will requite

state, that

it

was

if

they

them with

evil:'

this occasion]

between

no peace should be entered into all

three.

way, we wrote to the chiefs

Accordingly,

while

who accompanied him,

might be retarded, by amusements and entertainments

In the interim,

" the chief of the Mahrattahs, " ago, and during the

'

for war.

" with the English, except with the knowledge of " Sadlier was

words nor actions

Verily only by deeds, and not by

was further stipulated by the treaty concluded [on

these two bastards

their

illustrious father replied,

—"

evil designs in their hearts, the

" and, so saying, he prepared

"

drawing the misfortunes of

we

wrote ten or twelve letters to Miidho Rao,

though he had, upwards of a year

that

stating,

life-time of our illustrious

father

(who reposes

in Paradise)

" secretly, and without our knowledge, concluded a separate peace with the Eng-

"

lish,

"

to us.

yet he had not, to that moment, '

It

is

well

[we proceeded]

:

D (S)

made any communication on our pleasure

yours.

The

confidential

«

2

Called, iatlic original, Hiijj^m Nully Kiiaii

CCCl.I.

is

the subject

:

for

an explanation of

'

Avliich see

agents Letter

20

SELECT LETTERS OF

'

agents of the English are on the

'

to sohcit peace

'

letter,

'

If,

we may

that

their

own country

to our Presence,

such be your pleasure, signify your demands to us

if

:

way from

you

treat for

at the

same time that we

treat for ourselves.

on the other hand, you should have actually concluded a separate peace

we may

'^>dthe«t our knowledge, let us be informed thereof, in order that *

about a peace for the Hydery

sent

" In

word

theirs

manner did we,

this

of the English ambassador VaTieel at our court to this

'

we have

'

master.

'

given.

'

to be

You,

Now done

also,

fifteen

letters,

different

in

;

at

is

To this

relatives [of the

Paishwa], replied by

whose words and actions no reliance was

'

had already passed, in expectation [of hearing from thence].

'

longer

[continued he]

'

English

;

*

fellows,'"' in order that I

and,

'by reproaches

'

some

jierson,

dismissing

may be

who

shall

your

who

letter

:

that his ministers, &c. were whoresons,""' on

to

wait

let

me

to

?

be placed

;

and that

six '

months

How much

Conclude your peace w ith the

proceed to those good-for-nothing

enabled to deal with them personally, either

or a sound bastinade;

shameful conduct.'

prevent,

'''

and, by this means, bring forward

for the

future,

the

recurrence of

snch

"

" After

this,

months

longer, during

we

me,

to

the Mahrattah Pâheel,

'

you

which period

hand, what would you advise

that his master

are

arrival

but to neither has any answer been

'

;

with us,

means, managed

on the subject of peace,

Let us know your opinion.'

was an infant

by

months on the road;

that the English ambassador

?

f'akeel, residing

contrive to put off the

have,

have repeatedly written

was among the nearest of [the]

'

We

*

:

to detain the English ambassador six

about

was any answer

of the PaisJnvas].'-^^

months,

'

written

own

letters

set

end of which we wrote to the Mahrattah

at the effect

no one of our

to their

[i. e.

for six

;

To

Sircar.'

neither did they write a

:

though he was a kinsman of

'

by

protracted the negociations for peace with the English for

two

which time we again wrote [to Poonali], but without any " better

(9)

(10)

This Vakeel was probably one of the Rasta family. Original

..V..".

>^,ag^^,jj

(11) Original

JJLJi

(12) Original

j>»Uii

^ ^^yU

and

^J^'

jJj

TIPPOO SULTAN. " better success than before

:

whereupon

21

proceeded to conclude the treaty with

\vc

" the English, &c." according to his

Such,

own

were the grounds of Tippoo Sultan's

account,

complaints against the Mahrattah Government, at the period of

Mangahre, and

it

would not appear that any attempts were subsequently made,

by the court of Poonah, or by

either

rate, it

would be

difficult to acquit these courts,

misrepresented

:

not, perhaps, so

much

to

be wondered

at,

be,

it

and

this

;

is

this

pretty clear, that

being the case,

manner he

should have so long repressed the resentment he appears to have

up the

did, as that

felt at

it

he

the conduct

allies.

I abstain

just given

At

hastily, give credit

not, too

that he should have taken

question concerning the Zeminddr of Nergiind in the

of his late

him.

especially the former, of the

may

the Sultan really thought himself the aggrieved party is

to appease

of these are manifestly exaggerated, and

but however this

:

and

we must

but

Some

to the Sultans statement of facts.

may be

Hyderabad,

that of

charge of bad faith towards their ally

others

the treaty of

from many other

from the Sultans own Memoirs

the present

may

by the curious

reflections, naturally suggested ;

both because a

hereafter ofler for them, and because

it

is

fitter

extract

opportunity than

time to proceed with

the correspondence.

LETTER To

the satne

;

IX.

dated 6(h of Extra

Ahmeby, Year Jvllo.

(2^d March.)

Two

letters

from you

liave passed

under our \\ew.

The

note containing

sundry propositions, which you addressed to Rao Rasta, and of which you transmitted a copy [for our information], was highly proper, and is

much approved by

and

us.

Both of you arc experienced

in the paths [of politics]

point,

however minute, that

;

in tlie business,

and we are persuaded that there

will he neglected

by you.

is

no

SELECT LETTERS OP

22

LETTER

X.

2b BiRHANUDDEEN, dulcd

FAfter some immaterial

<'^

Exfru Ahmedy.

directions, the letter proceeds as follows :]

If you should receive inteliig'ence of the approach of any considerable force of the enemy, you must raise the siege of the fort, and taking

your heavy ordnance with you, proceed and encamp near Dhdnvdr.

With

God

the will of

the helper,

Ahmedy, and soon anive Nobody away

:

is

going to

lift

where

it is.

it is

of

hill

[/. e.

also shall

march on the 14th of

when what may be proper

there,

the

we

it

Nergund

will

to

head and carry

[his]

remain where

shall be done. it

it is.]*^^)

OBSERVATIONS. Burhanuddeen was the brother-in-law of Tippoo SuUan, who had married a

He

sister of his.

Sultan,

who

appears to have possessed a great share of the confidence of the

frequently intrusted

without placing him

He

at this period) in a

(at least

lost his life in the battle of

him with important

military

commands, but not

certain

degree of tutelage.

Sattimimgalam, in the year

1

790.

Of

that battle

the Sultan has given a partial and exaggerated account in one or two letters; in

which

it

is

remarkable, that he speaks of the death of this gallant

commander

without a single expression of regard or regret.

The

fort,

the siege of which

is

here provisionally directed to be relinquished,

was no doubt Nergiiiid.

(1)

The day

of the

(2) Original c:

month

— u— fc

is

uncertain.

i -^ûS^

^j:^
^^ I'-^jJ

-^

TIPPOO SULTAN.

23

LETTER XL To Meer Kumruddeen Ali

Khan

Ahmedy,

dated 11th Extra

;

(28fh Murch.^

Your

letter, inforiuing- us

of your arrival at CheJcry,^^^ and

for a supply of gun-flints, powder,

Send

contents arc duly understood.

powder, and whatever Ali, has

else

The

its

gun-flints,

for

S'lpahddr^-^

and

Mahonnned

time with the troops under his

this

orders for this purpose having been repeatedly dispatched to

That part of your forces which was

him.

received,

Burhanuddeen

to

you may want.

no doubt joined you by

command,

has been

&c.,

applying

from thence, and

will

Knrpah

at

(^^

has also marched

What more ?

soon join your army.

OBSERVATIONS. Meer Kumruddeen

Ali

called

Meer Saheb, who

Hyder

Ali

is

Khan was fell

at the

Khan, who was married

battle of

his brother-in-law

at the

upon

his son,

same time, committed

favor of his cousin,

have had much confidence in him

at

direction of

British

some more experienced person.

Government,

in conjunction

manner

178I.

army

a

whom

he,

especial care

and

young man,

to

the

however, would not appear to

latter,

any period of

indeed, ostensibly placed at the head of an

year

the honors and appointments enjoyed

public

The

in the

commonly

mother of Tippoo Sultan),

Kumruddeen, then

in a very

Tippoo Sultan.

all

Ali Riza Saheb,

Porto Novo,

to his sister (the

reported to have immediately conferred

by

Meer

the son of

his reign.

;

He

was sometimes,

but he was always under the

Upon

the death of the Sultan, the

with the Nizdin, provided for Kumruddeen

Khan (1)

Name

(2)

The commander

(3)

A

the

uncertain.

town and

of a Kuslwon, or brigaiJe.

district bortlciing

Kizdm, and by

on the C'a/«a/u-, ceded

the latter to the East-India

Company,

in

1792, by

in ISOO.

Tippoo Sultan,

to

SELECT LETTERS OF

24 Khan

in the

most

liberal

He

manner.

and master, dying very soon

after

did not, however, long svirvive his cousin

he had taken possession of the Jagire bestowed

upon him.

LETTER Khan

To TuRBiYUT Ali

dnled

;

It has been represented to of the Kurhndth Pass,

Xir.

lUh Extra Ahmedy.

us, that

Tumana

receiving bribes

people to proceed to the Pdyen- Ghaut

you

station

will

worthy Pidde/is/^^

two respectable and in

one of the

forts

:

Naikwary,^')

the warden

[for his connivance],

we

suffers

therefore write, to desire

sensible

men, with some

[commanding the

the proper care and regulation of the same.

(28ih March?)

trust-

said pass] for

This guard must be relieved

every three months.

OBSERVATIONS. This dislike,

letter furnishes

with which the Sultan viewed any sort of communication between his

territories

He

one among numerous proofs, of the unceasing jealousy and

and those of the British Government, or of the Nabob of the Carnatic.

anxiously laboured to keep

all his

neighbours (but particularly the English) in

as complete ignorance as possible of every thing that passed in Mi/sore

:

and to

this

object he unreluctantly sacrificed whatever advantages, either his subjects or himself

might have derived, from a

(1)

Those

(2)

A sort of

at the

free

commercial intercourse between the countries.

head of the Kundachdr, or militia, were'called Ndikwdrics.

irregular foot soldiers,

armed usually with a matclilock and Tulwar, or

sabre.

TIPPOOSULTAN.

LETTER Mahommed Ghyas

To

You

XIII.

Ahmedy.

dated 18th Extra

;

" that Rao Rasta had

wrote stating,

25

said,

"

'

against Nergihid were relinquished, the Vakeel

*'

'

of

"

'

"

'

tliat

place

was empowered

to

mode of adjustment we should

that

'

be

only

fine

the

say, in

answer

to

Rao

R;Vta, that what

by which

;

but

gainer,

appearances would likewise be saved with the world.' "

You must

the design

if

of the Zemhiddr

^""^

pay us a certain not

(4th April.')

It

we demand

is

is,

known.

that not

only the Paishcush due by the said Zemhiddr be discharged, but that he shall also

make due compensation

within our dominions

;

and

that,

for the ravages

on

this condition,

he has committed

we

will

wave our

purpose of reducing the place. further write, " that Riio Rasta

You

had

told you,

'

that you

must

"

'

apply to have the amount of the arrears due for past years remitted

"

'

in specie,

is

understood.

as bills

would not be accepted by the bankers

may be

from him

is

well acquainted with

dispatched to the Presence.

will best enable us to

and the rectitude of of the

"

It

AVc wrote before, and We now write again, to desire that

Noor Mahommed Khan, who quarter,

there.'

all

matters in that

A Verbal

communication

judge of the truth of their professions,

their' proceedings, as well as to ascertain

Durhdr charges ;

after

which we can consider what

is

the extent to be done.

What more? •ifjjiiiiia

OBSERVATIONS. By

"

DurMr

ministers

charges "

is

here meant the douceur to be paid to the MaUrattuh

upon the conclusion of

a settlement.

E (1)

Ambassador or Envoy

:

diplomatic agent.

This

is a

matter of course in the nesociation ^£3^

SELECT LETTERS OP

26 iiegociation of all treaties,

powers of India.

and

in the

Sometimes the

are, to a certain degree, reciprocal

adjustment of differences between the native

presents, or largesses, ;

but

party of the two, that the chief burthen

it is

Khan

Your two

been received.

XIV.

dated I9th Extra

Sipahddr,

i\\e

generally on the weaker, or yielding

Ahmedy.

(5fh ApriL)

dated the 14th and 16th instant, informing us of

letters,

the junction of

;

these occasions,

falls.

LETTER To KuMRUDDEEN

made on

Mahommed AH,

with his

Kmhoon, have

Wliat you write, respecting the audacity and contuma-

cious conduct of the

Zeminddr of

Surhnlfi/,

and your receipt of

from Ghuliim Hiisain and Ghidam Mohyiiddeen, the KUladdr maiscr, on the subject of chastising the said Zeminddr,

Notwithstanding the said

fort

is

you were to attack

it,

encamp

striking it.

We his

write,

tlierefore,

army near the

you have

to be apprehended, that

you might be detained before

prevented from advancing. Son(') will merely

it is

Zukh-

comprehended.

situated in your road, yet as

no heavy [or battering] ordnance with you, if

is

o{'

letters

fort,

it,

and thereby

to desire our dear

and endeavour, by

an awe into the garrison, or by stratagem, to get possession of

If this should not

straight forward, without

(1) In the original,

appear to be practicable,

making any

jÛjJUl

" or containing signs of own children or younger

Ukbdl-nishdn,

you must proceed

delay.

'*

of liappy or fortunate mark," " giving

prosperity:" a term of endearment, exclusively applied to one's relatives.

TIPPOOSULTAN.

2/

LETTER XV. To INIahomjied Ghyas and Noor Maho3imed

Ahmedy.

E.itni

Your of

its

letter

of the

contents are understood.

which that

own

friend/-^ of his

The

dated 2\st

;

April?)

(jtli

was received

instant

9tli

Khan

and the whole

this day,

translation of our Persian letter/')

made and

suggestion,

Rao

sent to

Riista,

and a copy of which was enclosed for our information, was a highly judicious and

commendable proceeding.

What you

say in so

much

respecting the comnumicatioos of Riio Rasta on the subject of

and [particularly] of accept, in the

way of

proposal

his

we

that

should,

detail,

Nergund,

for the

present,

mulct, and as an adjustment [of the past], eighty

thousand rupees, with an assurance of being paid hereafter, year by year, the established Paishcush of former times,

is

understood

and,

;

together with your account of his importunate instances for our raising the siege of the place, has been duly considered.

The

friendship

we

Rao Rasta makes

bear

posed mulct on the aforesaid Zeminddr

;

us but

willing- to let

remit the pro-

the latter

make due

compensation for the ravages he has committed within our dominions,

and

let

him pay up the

arrears of Paishcush due to us

:

we

will

then

send the necessary order to our commanders for raising the siege of

Nergund, reduced.

which,

by the divine

favour,

is

on the point of

^-^^

You must not communicate in writing to Rao Riista every you may have to make to him, or transmit to him copies patches to you.

On

such occasions you are to send for

E (1)

(2)

i. c.

its

translation into the

Original

fJ^jit.^J^

t)"

tl'is

2

Mahraltah or Ilindivy

Yet

it

was uol reduced

till

July following.

proposition

of our dis-

Rao

Rasta's

Miitusuddi/, dialect.

passage sec the second para^-raph of

vations. (3)

being-

tlie

foliowin-j obser-

SELECT LETTERS OP

28

may

Mutusuddi/, and make blin commit to paper whatever

be written

own

by

:

will avoid

pledging yourself under your

hand/^)

You judged Rao

means you

this

be proper to

right, in keeping

back the

which we enclosed

letter

We now send

Rasta, and which you must return to us.

that letter] one framed agreeably to your suggestion,

for

[instead of

which you

will

deliver to him.

What you

have stated so much at length, by desire of Rao Rasta, on

the subject of our remitting specie [and not hills], in discharge of the

yearly money, ^^^ and for the Durhdr charges,

Mahommed Khan quarter,

is

well acquainted with all the circumstances of that

well as with whatever relates

as

charges, he must be dispatched to us

him

the true state of things,

necessary.

We

As Noor

understood.

is

to

the

subject of

Durhdr

in order that, ascertaining

;

we may pursue such measures

from

as shall be

^''^

hear that eight or ten thousand of their horse have crossed the

Kishna, with hostile intentions against our army. standin«y their forgetting

what they owe

Hitherto, notwith-

to our kindness,

we have

not in

a single article broken the treaty [subsisting between the two govern-

ments]

;

but

if,

in spite of the

upon them, and contrary

numberless favours

to their solemn engagements, they

aggressors, and proceed to improper lengths, repel such aggression.

we have bestowed

it

will then

become the

behove us to

After repulse and chastisement, there will no

longer remain any appearances of good-will or amity.("> (4)

Or,

"

to the

Original AiUJ (5)

This

(6)

Or, "

Original (7)

is

^JJit ^jl.'^Si

money spoken

that, after understanding all matters

^J'J^ ^\.j^ '-r^lr*

after repulse

" and amicable

may

remain

in their possession."

^^jr< u^Jj^ o,->j\j

the same as the JiJ^cd or regulated

jjl J,«jc

Or, "

end that nothing under ^-our hand

III.

from him, we may provide accordingly."

^^*^

and chastisement, there

intercourse."

of in Letter

Original oJU JUjLe?

will

be an end to

\^^

all

relations of courtesy

-js
TIPPOOSULTAN.

iJ9

OBSERVATIONS. not very clear what translation of the envoy's

It is

of the present dispatch (whether a

Rao

Rasta)

It

nor

;

is

it

letter to

worth while to

offer

is

alluded to in the beginning

themselves, or of one to the address of

any conjectures on

this subject.

friend, upon any of his servants, however high in his confidence applied It

it,

no

less

than three times, in the present

knew

probable, that the envoy

is

uncommon mark

of favour

suffered to enjoy the

The

Mehrbun,

rarely that the Sultan condescends to bestow the title of

is

;

but

if

much

his master too well to exult

he was weak enough to do

dream of honour

yet he has

;

Mahommed

letter, to

or

Ghyas. in this

so,

he was not

in

which they

long.-*'

directions here given to the envoys, respecting the

were to communicate with Rao Rasta,

mode

will prepare the reader for the

developement of the Sultans crooked and unjirinciplcd

still

politics in his

further

subsequent

correspondence, as well with his agents at Poonah, as with others of his servants,'^'

The Mahrattah government and Tippoo of Nergdnd,

subject

Of

them. of

them

place,

is

this

afford

to

Sultan differed too widely, on

any prospect of amicable agreement between

both parties were probably equally

satisfied

be supposed to have been very serious

to

relative to

intended, any

the ynode in which the money,

The

should be paid.

payment

;

and therefore neither

in the discussions

at all, as

which took

claimed by the Mahrattahs,

that neither the latter expected,

fact was,

the

long as the question regarding

nor the Sultan

Nergund remained

at Issue.

LETTER To Abdul

Hukeem Khan, Nabob Ahmedy.

Baboo Rao, Ram Rao, and deputed

hither

for

the

XVI. of Sanore

(lOlh

;

dated 24lh Extra

yjjjril.)

the other Mittusuddies,

whom

purpose of adjusting the accounts

you

of your

conditional

CLWII,

(8)

Sec Letter

[0)

Sec particularly Lcltcib LIII,

and

also Letter

CCXCVU.

LXVI, LXIX.

SELECT LETTERS OF

30

conditional Jagire,^^^ have accordingly it

appears that there

Of

amount we have excused [you] (or abated) two

this

rupees

to a settlement, by

enffaecments of the aforesaid Mittusuddies,

who

with our bankers, dispatched to you.

money

in train,

and

we have

rupees

the remaining 36,40,785

for

:

You must

of

lacks

the

received

we have

which

lod^jed

are now, together with the said Miitusuddies,

Be

expeditious

back the bankers to

in sending

payment of

putting the

in

this

It will not

us.

any delay, or procrastination, should take place

well, that

which

due to us the sum of 38,40,785 rupees.

justly

is

come

be

in this matter.

likewise discharge the separate obligation for ten lacks of

rupees, entered into by that friend's BliUusuddies

and

ratified

by you.

OBSERVATIONS. Abdul Hukeem Khan was a Patan Sdnore,

Shdnonr,

Mushrooteh

;

distinguish

it

called

or Savanore,^^^

by which

chief,

who

possessed the principality ot

by

here

Tippoo

from a free Jagire or Jagire in ordinary.

compelled to submit to the superior power of Hyder Ali

when Abdid Hukeem agreed of his annual revenue.

A

concluded between them

;

Hyder bestowing one of turn, gave

in his

advantage to the Patan

;

was

chieftain

(1)

Khan

in the year 1764,

by the

upon the

eldest

one of his to Kureem Saheb,

the

was not productive of any

however,

at length, revolted

whom

his daughters

from Tippoo, and sought the

the district of Shdnoor, including

partition treaty of

1/92; when

its

Ban-

dispossessed

became wholly dependent on the government of PoonahJ'^

Oritînal iis.jL
(2) It

(3)

who,

Mahrattahs, to

finally ceded,

This principaUty was

double alliance by marriage was, at the same time,

This connexion,

lii/poor,

Jagire

pay to the BTysore chieftain a certain proportion

to

second son of Hyder.

])rotection of the

a

meant, a Jagire held under specific stipulations, to

is

son of the Patan, who,

Sultan

is

thus

For an

viiriousl}liistorical

written

:

sketch of

I

believe Shdnoor

iliis

is

the most

common

pronunciation.

Patan dynasty, cxtiactcd from documents furnished

y Lieutenant Colonel Colin M'Kenîe, see Appendix D.

TIPPOOSULTAN.

LETTER To BuRHANUDDEEN

Your You

has been received, and

letter

^vrite,

XVII.

dated 2'2d Extra

;

its

Ahmedy.

" that having reduced your baggage

could,

*'

conmiand], to chastise the enemy, and that,

*'

appearance in force,

as

much

as

if

was your intention

it

made

their

to raise the siege,(')

your heavy ordnance to Dhdrivdr.'"

off

the latter

It

is

well

:

be

In the mean while, being careful to procure constant

to you],

whose opinions being committed to

We

legulatc your proceedings.

ing the enemy's forces, which :

less

have here the

we

letters

have been

they will discharge

and you

the

in concert,

and

after

must

regard-

are persuaded dare not look at our

Avritten to Dileer

Agreeablv to

Dil Khan, &c.

obligations of fidelity

will all, in conformity

writino-,

fullest intelligence

caution and vigilance are nevertheless necessary.

your desire,

may

taking counsel herein from the three commanders

render expedient, [attached

and done

it

information of the enemy's motions, you will act as ciicumstances

army

you

you were prepared, with the victorious army [under vour

you propose.

as

(8th April.')

contents are duly understood.

"

" send

31

Doubt-

and devote^ness

;

with our instructions, conduct matters

mutual consultation.

Hereafter, what

is

behind

the veil of invisibihty will be displayed.^-)

OBSERVATIONS. It appears

from

this,

and several other

Kuinruddeeii), had a council

of

letters,

that

Burhanuddeen

(as well as

war assigned him, without whose advice and

concurrence he was not at liberty to take any material step.

His council,

at this

time, (

i. 1

(2)

e.

the siege of

Original

Nergund.

^Xi^y^ Ji^y

CiJ^Xs

iJOjJ i^\ S)U^

32

SELECT LETTERS OF

time,

was composed of Dileer Dil Khan,

three

Sipahdiirs, or

Syed Ghilfar

commanders of Kushoom, whose military reputation stood

who

very high, and

fell

Syed Humeed, and Syed Ghufar,

possessed a considerable share of the Sultan's confidence.

with his master in defending Serhigapatam.

the other two commanders

I

am

Of

the fate of

uninformed.

LETTER

XVIII.

To Dileer Dil Khan, Syed Humeed, and Syed Ghufar

same

(8th ^pril.)

date.

Consulting

;

together on the contents of our written instructions to

you, committing the result of your deliberations to writing, and con-

you

fiding in the divine goodness,

You must

and devotion

to us.

each other.

Hereafter, what

invisibility will

will

prepare to approve your

do nothing without holding counsel of

is

at present concealed

In this matter there

be displayed.

fidelity

is

by the curtain of

no room

for hesita-

tion or remissness.C^

LETTER To Rajah

Two **

Ram Chundur

letters

;

dated 23d Extra

from you have been received.

lion is not procurable within

" Pondicherry, &c." buying

it

XIX.

Ahmedy.

You

write,

our dominions, and

is

(9th April.)

" that vermil-

only to be got at

This being the case, you must send money, and

at those ports, dispatch

it

to the Presence.

There

for sending [thither] goods [or merchandize] to barter for

is

no necessity

it.

You (1) Literally <*

" there

is

hesitation or remissness

no necessity or occasion." is

not to be admitted."

The

passage

may

also

be rendered,

TIPPOO SULTAN. You

further write,

" that

33

SerishtecMrs'') of

tlie

" thereto by others, have preferred various complaints

"

a.;ainst you,

the intention of bringing upon you our displeasure."

You have had

instructions given to you.

and attending

diligently to the business of the state,

confident and easy in your

mind

:

if,

Acting

incited

/2)

It

is

known.

in conformity therewith,

you may

rest perfectly

however, complaints and accusa-

tions should be preferred against you, they will not be regarded or

our approbation.

Esteeming you

we have

prosperity,

witli

to be intelligent

and

entrusted you with an Important

meet our

solicitous for

office,

in

have no doubt of your proving your attachment and zeal for our

which we

service.

OBSERVATIONS. The dislike

preceding letter affords a

proof of the unremitting jealousy and

with which the Sultan, at this time, viewed any intercourse between his

and those of the neighbouring countries, but particularly the English

subjects

He

possessions.

Poiidkherry ment,

fresli

;

here objects to the exportation of the produce of Mysore even to

not so much, probably, on account of

as because

necessarily lead to

its

no trade could be carried on with

some commercial

it,

we

see

him sending away the

that

settle-

would not almost

intercourse with the Carnatic, through part

of which the trade in question must unavoidably pass. risk,

being an European

Rather than incur

this

specie of his dominions for the purchase of the

commodities he required, and which he could, no doubt, have obtained on more

At

advantageous terms by barter.

a subsequent period he would appear to have

acquired rather juster notions of what was essential to the prosperity of his country; having, in the year 1794, issued some commercial regulations, tending to encourage a limited trade with his neighbours.

Still,

however, his natural distrust of

F ( 1

A

(2)

This word,

revenue ofBcer. in tlic original,

is

not perfectly legible.

those

SELECT LETTERS OP

34

those neighbours predominated

ultimately superseding, or rendering null, the

;

expectations which seemed to have been held out

My information made

mises

me

does not enable

how

to say,

in the present dispatch to

by the

the Sultan

far

Ram

Rajah

edicts referred to.'"

Chundur.

I

fulfilled

the pro-

think there

a

is

passage in a subsequent letter to another of the Sultan's officers, that points at

some

secret

impeachment of the Rdjalis

and encourages the informer to

integrity,

Colonel INIunro, indeed, acquaints me, that being a native of

pursue his inquiries.

Arcot, he finally became suspected of disaffection to the Sultan, death.

However

this

may

be,

it is

certain, that

he continued in

who put him office,

to

and appa-

rently in the full possession of his master's confidence, as late as the year 1791«

LETTER XX. To KuMRUDDEEN

Your with

its

letter,

;

some

date.

(9th April^

informing us of your arrival at Koodry-hdl,'-^^ together

and

enclosure, has been received,

You must

its


proceed with the force under your command, and encamp near

Burhanuddeen. fully written is

Khan

:

Last night, whatever was necessary to be written, was

to that dispatch

inconsiderable.

It is

we

therefore refer you.^^) -jhe enemy's force

not to be supposed that they will presume to look

at our army.(^*>

LETTER To

the

XXI.

Governor of Pondicherry

[After compliments].

You

" of Pondicherry, who come

write

"

;

same

date.

(9th April.')

that the Bouparies'^*^ of the port

into our dominions to purchase articles of

" merchandize, (3)

See Appendix E.

(1)

Name

(2)

Literally, " the perusal of these will inform you."

uiicerlain.

(3*) Literally,

" what power have tbey

(I*) Travelling traders.

to look at the

army of

" the Sirear':

)

TIPPOOSULTAN. " merchandize,

on their return with

are,

" Tualiikddr of Selim, who

" merchandize

pass."

It

is

their goods, molested

will not suffer

" quence of which, you request of us

known

35

them

to direct

him

;

in conse-

to let the aforesaid

and, agreeably to your desire,

:

enclose an order to the Taalnkddr of Selim,

commanding him

Let the same be forwarded

the goods in question.

to proceed

by the

we

to release

to him.

In future, when you dispatch Boiiparies into our dominions to purchase goods,

you must give them a

written either in Ui-wy^^^ or Telingy

your desire,

;'^'>

when he

suffer the specified articles to pass.

which we have issued on

this subject

have come into our dominions

and others,

they have been

Always continue

tices.

from yourself to the Taahtkddr,

letter

to

;

is,

conformity with

will, in

The reason

of the orders

that of late certain strangers

where borrowing money of the of

guilty

delight

and

unwarrantable prac-

various rejoice

Ryots^*^

us with

accounts of

your welfare.

OBSERVATIONS. As

a personal

at this time,

compliment

to the

Governor of Pondicherry (whom he probably,

wished to conciliate) we here see the Sultan relaxing, in some degree,

the severity of the regulations spoken of under the nineteenth likely, liowever, that

the concession was only temporary,

letter.

It

is

most

and that the French

governor was frequently obliged to renew his present application.

The

allusion to strangers

of the Carnatic.

Sultan

It

is,

no doubt, pointed

at the English,

and the subjects

not equally certain, that the cause here assigned by the

is

for the prohibition in question

was the

real one, or that

the accusation,

thus made, had any foundation in truth.

F 2 (2)

The Malabar language.

(3) Propcily, the dialect

limits of the

kingdom so

spoken

in

Tel ing ana

;

but not strictly confined to the ancient

called.

(4) Subjects, in general

j

but, in a restrained sense, the peasantry.

ÊLCCT LETTERS OF

36

LETTER Khan

To KuMRUDDEEN

Your letter,

filled

therein

particulars

Sipahddr

forth

set

are

conducted.

is

distinctly perceived.

many

[of

The

has passed under our view.

All,

imperfectly acquainted with the

government

(lOth April.')

with complaints and accusations against the Kushoon

ignorant

still

is

Ahmedy.

dated 24th Extra

Mahommed

the Sipahddr,

of

;

XXII.

Hence

aforesaid

and

hut

which the business of our

in

is,

it

of his duty],

parts

manner

The

although employed on

that

factual] service, he has neglected the proper equipment of his Kushoon,

Bearing in mind the

and, in this manner, shown his worthlessness/'>

expediency of the moment, you must issue the necessary orders for his

being supplied with such stores as fas you

may think

The Kurpah

You

may

be requisite, and then employ him

fit].

have reached Gooty,

troops

and

will

soon

join

you.

are not, however, to wait their arrival, but to proceed straight to

Nergilnd, and there unite yourself to the army of the SircarP^

You did tlie

right in purchasing the iron,

use of the aforesaid Sipahddr s Kushoon.

whatever stores gun-carriages ''

and other

You

may

may have

and sixteen thousand

revealed.

will

furthermore furnish

sustained.

foot,

with

number of

five pieces

at the distance of sixteen coss

By

You

you mention, for

be required, for repairing any damages which his

write that the enemy, to the

camped

articles

sixteen thousand

of light

from the

horse

artillery ,(^^ are en-

fort of Nergitnd.

It is

the favor of God, the force appointed for the reduction of that

(1)

Original C:u*jyt^

(2) i.e. t!ie

army

(3) Original

j^

may

j,.JLj}j

I

iii

advance under EdrlianCiddcen.

am

not quite clear with respect to

;ilrcacly

i^y

Jo-^^^li

signify a long field-piece.

1

he meaning of

Lumchhur

:

it

TIPPOOSULTAN. that fortress

is

so strong/'') that tliouo-h there should be

horse of the enemy,

being the cnsc,

3^

it

how

fifty

thousand

will sufiicc for their effectual chastisement.

will they dare

to look at

our aiiny?

This

Let that

beloved son, then, hasten with his corps to join [the rest of] our forces:

and

if

army of the enemy should show

the

counsel of each other, and with one accord

them.

What more

itself

inflict

needs proceed from our pen

in

your way, take

due punishment upon

?

OBSERVATIONS. The

lenity with

Mahommed

All,

which the Sultan here notices the remissness of the Sipahddr, is

the

more remarkable,

as

it

was his general practice to

animadvert, with the greatest severity, on every instance of neglect or disobedience

His moderation, on the

of his orders, and particularly of his military regulations.

present occasion,

might possibly have arisen from something

partiality towards the offending officer; but

From whatever

than caprice.

met with.

It

disapprobation

is

;

true, that the

but this

cause

may

also

have had no other foundation

proceeded, similar instances will be rarely

conduct of the Sipahddr

The

is

spoken of with strong

very short of the usual measure of the Sultan's

still falls

anger on such occasions.

it

it

like a personal

inexperience imputed to the officer in question,

rather countenances the idea of his having been prematurely raised, through jirivatc favor, to the

important

command he

or brigadier (and especially in an

enjoyed.

army

In the regular course, a Sipahddr,

so actively

generally was) could not be inexperienced.

Still,

employed

as

Tippoo Sultan's

however, no distinct traces are

observable in the written documents, nor did I ever hear a report of the Sultan's

being influenced by favorites of any kind.

(J)

Original ^^^X-- weighty

j

heavy.

'

rzy-irycjCi

38

SELECT LETTliBS OP

LETTER To Rajah

Two

Ram Chundur

XXIII.

dated 24lk Extra

;

^hmedy. and

have been received from you,

letters

(lOth April.') contents

their

are

understood. [After some directions on certain trivial points, like those remarked

on under Letter IV. page 13, the

You

" that wishing

write,

" none of her

to

letter

proceeds

marry your daughter,"^ and there being

cast in this country to contract her to, there

" of sending for a proper person for " and you therefore solicit passports

the purpose from

is

A passport

known.

Pdyen-Ghuut

Bangalore, on

to

therefore send for

this

some person of your

in marriage to him, detain

occasion,

who

for the persons

occasion,

sending him back io the Pdi/ en- Ghaut ?

their nuptials.

is

parties,

come from the

enclosed:

is

you

will,

the necessity for

If this, however, should not

own

cast in this country to

when [having found such a one] you

;

Pdyen-Ghaut

according to the

are to

Where

be practicable, you must seek for one of your betroth her to

a necessity

and giving your daughter

cast,

him near you.

tlie

is

and egress of

for the ingress

" whom it will be requisite to invite on the " list which you have enclosed." (^^ It

:]]

will

celebrate

What more?

OBSERVATIONS. The Sultan would of

strangers

into

not

Mysore,

appear to provided

have had any objections to the entrance they

came

thither

for the

purpose of settHng

(1)

I

am

kinsman of (2)

doubtful whether the daughter of his)

Ram

Chundur, or of some other person

This passage confirms the report (noticed before) of

native of Arcot.

(a

be meant.

Rum

Chundur's having been a

TI P PO O but

settling;

into

was extremely

it

Ram

of

To

a person of the rank

and be

That he should have

insisted

at,

on the

the latter

considering the

intercourse between that country

all

have allowed the son-in-law, and perhaps the daughter, of

and authority of

Ram

Chundur,

to reside in the

whom

the influence, of the power of

liable to

admission

in the event of

not to be wondered

is

which he habitually viewed

own.

his

who had found

Chundur's intended son-in-law,

being brought from the Carnatic, distrust with

39

any,

for

difficult

dominions, to quit them again.

his

detention

and

U L T A N.

S

he was most jealous and

apprehensive, would have been entirely at variance with those

which constantly governed

his

territories,

maxims

of policy,

conduct in regard to the English.

LETTER XXIV. To KuMRUDDEEN

Your

letter

respecting

Khan

dated 26th Extra

;

has passed under our view

your

having

withdrawn

Biirhanuddeen's having occupied,

banks of the PundhUeh,^^'' join the

What you say, of your troops,

is

Avith

to

(I2th April.')

and what you have written,

from

understood.

is

army; and, according

to the cliastisement of the

;

Ahmedy.

his It

before

Nergundy

army, a position is

fit

and of on the

that you also speedily

our former directions, apply yourself

enemy

regarding the reduction you have revealed,

made

in the

baggage

and meets with our approbation.

LETTER XXV. To BuRHANUDDEEN

Your

letter

;

sumc

has been received.

having withdrawn from the

date.

(\2th April.)

What you

trenches,^'*-'

your army on the banks of the Pundhileh,

state,

respecting your

and taken up a position with is

understood.

You (I)

Or, perhaps, Biuidhikli.

(1*)

i.

c.

having raised the siege of Nergund.

40

SELECT LETTERS OP

You must

give orders to the predatory cavalry to harass the front

rear of the enemy, and to seize on

all

the horses they can

;

tlie

and

present

being the proper time for collecting together and obtaining horses.

Nursia, the Taalilkddr o^ Nugr, has sent you, by our direction, forty

thousand Behddury pagodas,'-^ for the pay of your army, will,

What more

of course, have received.

which you

?

LETTER XXVI. 7b KuJiiiTJDDEEN

Your

letter

Khan

dated

;

of the 25th Extra

28M Extra Ahmedy. Ahmedy, (11th

(I4th April')

April), informing us

of your arrival, with the forces under your command, at Nergdnd, and of your interview with Burhanuddeen, has passed under our view, and the particulars contained in

it

to the division belonging to

Uniting yourself

are fully revealed to us.

Burhanuddeen, you must advance

in

open

day against the enemy, and attacking them with vigour, chastise them in a

manner

that shall deter

them from confronting you

again.

LETTER XXVir. To

Mahommed Ghyas

and Noor

Mahommed Khan

;

same date

(\4th April.)

We

have received your

letter,

conformity with the wishes of relincpiished,

and our

and

its

Rao Rasta,

victorious

two or three Coss from thence.


In

the siege of Nergitnd has been

army has encamped

You must

state to

at the distance of

Rao

Rasta, that a

mulct (2)

Tlie Behiidury pagoda was a gold coin, exceeding the value of the Kunterdi pagoda

about thirty per cent.

TIPPOO SULTAN. mulct

we want from

not what

is

41

the Zeminddr, but due compensation for

the injury sustained by our dominions

[yi\

consequence of

his

depreda-

and payment of the arrears due by him for [several] years

tions],

past.

OBSERVATIONS. The movements and

near approach of the Mahrattah army,

which had now

advanced in considerable force to the support of the Zeminddr of Nenîind,

have rendered

apjiear to

inexpedient to prosecute the siege of that place, which

it

was, therefore, relinquished for the present credit for having,

in this

instance,

;

yielded to the wishes of

however, was not to be so easily duped, as

No

Maliommed Ghyas. the time

it

Your encamping

Tauldks,

made

who,

XXXVII

to

in the siege at

;

dated 2d Regular

Aumedy.

(I'Jth ApriF).

at Misryc6tah, as well as your dispatching of the

Purwdnehs'^^^

arc

proper.

According to your

enclosed for the Aujnih^'^ of the several

and for the KUaaddrs, directing them to furnish you with

intelligence of the

enemy.

and other predatory

loose the plundering cavalry,

the enemy's

number S^^^

be seen by Letter

;

XXVIII.

of Toorkul to the Presence, was

request,

Rao Rasta

was relinquished.

To BuRHANUDDEEN

Let

may

material progress could have been

LETTER

Kdzy

the Sultan, at the same time, takino-

troops,

upon

army, with orders to seize and bring in horses ivithout

Take

care, also, of your

own army, and

be always prepared.

G (1)

Written orders, or mandates.

(2)

Governors or collectors of

(3)

Original Û-i-j ^Û-l

districts.

A

SELECT LETTEBS OF

4i

LETTER XXIX. 7o KuMRUDDEEN

Your

Khan

Ahmedy.

dated 4th Regular

;

(I9th April).

proposing " to open^ trenches against Nergitnd, and

letter,

" applying for Purwdnelis to the Aiimils in the vicinity [of your camp] " to collect fascines and scaling ladders/^) for the attack and reduction of " Edmdoonr, and the other received,

and

deter

it it

You must

understood.

at present, lay siege to

not,

but pursuing the army of the enemy wherever

Nergund ; drive

is

on that road," has been

situated

forts

beyond the Kishna, and deal with

it

it

may

be,

such a manner, as shall

in

from facing our troops again. for the

Purwdnehs are enclosed Gujunder-ghur,

directing

scaling ladders, &c.

them

When

Aumils of Dhdrwdr, JBdddmy, and

to supply the necessary materials

for

these things are wanted, forward the orders,

and apply for what you require. Describe particularly,

Rdmdoorg

for

our information,

Avhat

sort of

a place

is.

LETTER XXX. To BuRHANUDDEEN

dated 8(h Regular

;

The army of the enemy Rdtndoqrg. victorious

is

encamped

Ahmedy.

(23d April).

at the distance of a

gun-shot from

In conjunction with Meer Kumriiddeen Ali Khan, lead our

army

against

it,

and chastise

it

in

such a manner, as shall break

(1) If the date assigned to this letter

of

be right, the meaning must be to resume the siege

Nergund. (2)

Some

of the terms here

employed are of doubtful meaning.

TIPPOOSUI.TAN. break

and render

loins,

its

You must

incapable of facing you again.

it

The

take fifteen days' grain with you.

you

will,

tliat

dear son/'' to administer to him.

tl)ciefore, dispatch

43

Khdn

aforesaid

is

indisposed

Kishna Pundit, the physician attached

to

What more?

LETTER XXXI. To

Do

same

the

;

dated

(24th April.')

Meer Kuniruddcen

you, our dear son, repair to our beloved son,

Khan, and, consulting

Ali

Regular Ahmedy.

dtli

judgment

;

pressing the

together,

enemy

act

may

such a manner, that they

in

you

will

not

Having accomplished

be able to take breath on this side the Kishna. the chastisement of the enemy,

your united

according to

resume your position before

Udmdoorg.

OBSERVATIONS. Although

authority

the

united with him,

Sultan

receiving

himself)

the

considered as

mencement of being

directed,

deen,

for

the

yet

principal

this

in

war,

to

his

some

is

commander

That

is,

the foregoing

letter,

BCiilianaddcetj.

Îii

It

The rank next above Bukhshy

:

in othciN,

that this last

to

repair

was the

that of Sipahddr the Sipalidch's

title

of

is,

in

opposed,

to the

from

was

he the

com-

circumstance of his

camp

of

Kumrud-

on the operations of the

latter

campaign, it

is

^^ j^

Xoor-chiishm, "

manner

ligiit

of

my

as Ukbal-nisluhi: for

designation BQihanQddccn was distinguished.

some

places, stated to have

been that of

immediate supeiioris called Sipah-sdldr.

Burhanuddecn.

directly

at

occa

actually

that

believe,

The

'**

ajiplied in the >anic

ofiiciai

when

even

2

the original

no wlieie appears, by what

to

the forces

purpose of consulting with the

" eyes;" an expression of ciKicarmcnt, which sec Note 1, Letter XIV. (1*)

reason

of

present

the

various occasions,

the Mahrattah army.

G (I)

(Kumruddeen, on

orders,

there

on

Burhanuddcen,

in

appears to have been very limited

sion,

the

vested

It is

Mur

jirobabie,

SELECT LETTERS OF

44 campaign, does not

besides which,

:

opinion

;

since the order in question

be seen, by the following Letter, that

will

it

up an

express wish of the Sultan, that they should keep

however

But,

visits.

jealousy

is

accounted for by the indisposition of Kumruddeen, noticed in Letter

sufficiently

XXX

at all invalidate this

subsisted

may have

this

been,

was the

intercourse of mutual

certain, that a considerable

is

it

it

between these two commanders, of which some proofs will

appear in the sequel.

LETTER XXXII. To Kumruddeen

What

;

dated 9th Regular

you write, respecting the

Ahmedy.

(24t/i

April)

of the enemy's army, and of

flight

horses taken by our troops, as also your application for Purwdnehs to

Khan and Rajoo Pundit,

Ibraheeni All

yoUjO

to

them [from the captors,] are

With regard

understood.

is

will,

condition

in

chastise the

to take

enemy

breath

in

to dispatch supplies

you must take

;(-^

and, after placing such as

our

stables, distribute the rest

men

the Silahddrs,<^^ to be mounted by

in conjunction with

them

to the horses,

at a valuation

strong and in good

among

directing

You

out of employ.

Biirhanuddeen and the other [commanders],

such a manner, that they

before they reach

the

river

may

Kishna.

not be suffered

Having

tlius

You

soundly beaten them, you will again encamp before Rdmdoorg.

are also, from time to time, to repair to the quarters of Biirhanuddeen

and

him, and

to act in concert with

all

the rest of the commanders, in

whatsoever (1) In the original,

,\

Jwy rusd e zur, and X^jjj

supply of money in specie, in to Lieutenant Colonel Munro.

(3)

I

am

-ur e rusd,

bills.

I arn

bolli

of wliicli

:

Cavalry, whose horses belong to the riders.

mean

a

indebted for this explanation

urdul my interpretation of wliich (valuation) Jj,\ unac [uainted with the word.

(2) In the original

jectural, as

contradistinction to

is

entirely

con-

TIPPO O

ULTA

S

45

N.

whatsoever relates to occupying the necessary positions, and to the open-

On

ing of the trenches. occasion,

lind

it

The

to,

LETTER Zb Burhanuddeen

;

Ibraheem Ali

effect.^'')

Pundit have likewise been written

letter,

you should,

upon any

as well as the Sipuhddvs attached to him,

latter,

has been instructed to the same

Your

if

necessary to do so, you will send to Burhanuddeen

couie to you.

to

the other hand,

Khan and Rajoo

according to your desire.

XXXIII.

dated \Oth Regular

reporting the sickness of

Ahmedy.

(25th April.^

Meer Kumriiddeen

two Yoondny (or Greek)

and containing an application

for

and some

to attend him, has been received,

Telingi/

Pundit, M ho

he

Khan

Let the said

understood.

desire

doctors,

is

will

with you

;

and write

is

are

is

may

Abdul Hukeem Khan,(^>

to

These two, being appointed so strictly enjoined speedily be

on the

effected.^'**)

directing

him

to dispatch

them

to

you

:

you

accordingly, send for them, and, on their arrival, select such as stout

dcli\cr

and young, and most

them over

(4) If so, the letter

of a single spocilio

to the Sipahddr,

does not appear

visit to

;

fit

for the draught

of

artillery,

the preceding one to BCirlianCiJdceii speaking only

he paid by liim to KuinrCiddeen.

Physi'jians practising accoriiing to tbe rules of Hippocrates, Galon, &.c.

(2) Tlie

Chief of Shanoor, or Savanore.

/.

e.

and

Syed Ghiifar.

(1) i.e.

(3

and

an order to the Kiluaddr of Dhdrivdr, where there are a

number of gun-bullocks, will,

to

Khan, must be

occasion, that his restoration to health

Enclosed

physicians,^')

be attended by the physician Kishna

send a doctor from thence.^^)

to administer to the said

Khan,

Ali

Shanoor.

(t*) That " recovcrv."

is,

" they

are to be particularly desired to exert

ilieir ;k.ll lo eli'cct his

early

SELECT LETTERS OF

46

LETTER XXXIV. To KuMRUDDEEN

Your letter What you say,

;

dated \Ath Begular Aiimevy.

and

has been received,

respecting your having

its

left

Mahomnied

the

Kushoon of the Sipahddr

necessitv, there

is

and other

;

to

therefore the leaving the

Sipahddr for their protection

is

it

With

of indispensable

you or to the

divi-

Kushoon of the

said

Besides, advert-

absolutely superfluous.

ing to [the near approach of] the rainy season,

known.

is

articles

no baggage attached either

Burhanuddeen

sion of

and taken the Kushoon

Ali along with yourself,

the exception of tents and pawts^^^

arc understood.

contents

Syed Ghuflir for the guard of the baggage, of the Sipahddr

(29th April?)

is

of importance, on

the score of health, that you should have your tents and paivls along M'ith you.

Such being the

case,

you

also with you, as well as your tents

Ghufar

You and Burhanuddeen must live

take the Kushoon of Syed

will

and

together in harmony, and not thwart

or oppose one another in the conduct of our to the chastisement of the enemy.

paivls.

affairs,

It will also be suitable to the friend-

[which should subsist between you,] and

ship

Success of our affairs, if you sometimes

amiss

if

you occasionally

invite

him

but apply yourselves

visit his

will

contribute^ to the

quarters

:

nor

will

it

be

to yours.

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

abundantly evident from the foregoing

letter

(and will appear

still

more

from some others that follow) that no very good understanding subsisted between the cousin and brother-in-law of the Sultan

being mostly addressed to Kumruddeen,

;

it

the fault was chiefly on the side of the latter; nearer affinity to the Sultan, as

whose admonitions, on the occasion,

may, from thence, be

inferred, that

who might probably

think that his

well as the services of his father, gave

claim to superior consideration. (1)

Pawls are small

tents, used

by the

inferior officers

and privates.

him

a

TIPPOO SULTAN.

47

LETTER XXXV. Ram Chundur

To Rajah

Your two excuses

made by

What you

have been received.

the manufacturers

weave the

declining to

we

letters

(29fh Aprii^

sayne date.

;

write, respecting the

of the district [under you] for

stufts Ave require,

has excited our astonishment

;

therefore direct, that they be compelled, by menaces, to prepare the

number of

pieces

to the pattern [heretofore] sent.

and menaces, they

must be

notwithstanding your injunctions

persist in their false pretexts

and disobedience, they

write, regarding the affair of the Ilurkdrek^^

has been propagating Punganore,^""''

them be

If,

well flogged.

What you

confined

and agreeably

required, with the utmost expedition,

;

is

and

false

understood.

Rumu, who

reports to the prejudice of the people of

Let the

after taking security

said

Ilarkdreh be put

in irons

from the bankers of Punganore,

released, as their further detention

would be

and let

idle.

OBSERVATIONS. Revolting as the idea of Jlogging a body of weavers, for being averse to undertake a fabric, with

which they were probably unacquainted, or which they might

not be able to execute without detriment to their ordinary occupations, must appear to every English reader,

we

are obliged,

ledge, that similar acts of oppression

and violence

under the native governments of India.

from subordinate

officers, or

in fairness to Tipjjoo Sultan,

Still,

are,

to

acknow-

by no means, uncommon,

however, such acts usually proceed

persons exercising, and perhaps abusing, delegated

power (1)

A

servant

employed

various other services. (2)

The

in

carrying messages and

The term

literally signifies a

letters,

running bchve

palan/ccen,

and

factotum.

particular persons arc specified in the original, but the passage

were, probably, the bankers mentioned imuiediately

a.

;

altcrwaril.s.

is

illegible.

Tlicy

SELECT LETTERS OF

48 power

and

;

rarely,

if

from the sovereign himself.

us,

to the despotic nature of the it

may

and immediately,

ever, distinctly

Thus

the

government

evil,

as in thc'instance before

generally speaking,

is

to be traced

while, in the case under consideration,

;

justly be referred, in a great measure, to the personal character of the

ruler.

It

is

which

impossible not to be struck, in the foregoing it

by the sudden

letter,

exhibits, from flagrant oppression to rigorous justice.

transition

Imprisonment and

chains are not thought too severe a punishment for calumny by the man,

the same breath, as

may

be

said, consigns a

numerous

to the scourge, for refusing to relinquish their

administer to his caprice. selves in the

But such

abstract,

reh

To humanity

as

he did,

it is

much more

bigotry,

if

for the injury

still

no time, under

more, hatred of the

and, therefore, in punishing the

;

Hurkd-

probable that he was actuated by resentment,

at the imposition attempted to be practised

any feeling

and

at

them-

of disposition, or to a love of justice, in the

he certainly could lay no claim

Rama

accustomed pursuits, in order to

inconsistencies are constantly presenting

the influence of any fixed principle,

in

class of industrious artisans

conduct of Tippoo Sultan; whose irregular mind was,

English, be excepted.

who

upon him by

that informer, than

which his slander might have done

to the objects of

by

it.

LETTER XXXVI. To Meer Kumruddeen and Burhanuddeen

Ahmedy.

Two

letters

dated I6fh Begidar

May.^

from you have passed under our view, and

therein stated are duly perceived.

two are conducting say,

(\st

;

in

With

respect to the

tlie

war which you

conjunction with the three Sipuhddrs,

Syed Humced, Syed Ghufar, and Shaikh Unser),

dent and intelligent men,

our desire

is,

particulars

all

(that

is

to

of them pru-

that acting in concert together,

you should pursue the object of chastising the enemy with the utmost vigor and sagacity, aud in un effectual and glorious

manner

:

accordingly,

we

TIPPOOSULTAN. we have

who

49

transmitted strict orders to this effect to the aforesaid Stpakddrs ;

consequence, be obedient to you, and co-operate on

in

will,

all

occasions with you.

Wliat you say of the scarcity of grain [in your army,] notwithstanding your having a Cutwdl^^^ and [so many] Lumhdnehs^-^ with you, has astonished us

;

you must,

denounce the heaviest threats against

thei-efore,

and make him provide abundance of grain, agi'eeably

the said Cufwcil,

to our regulations on this head,

end that your people may

to the

suffer

no

distress for that article.

By

the Divine favor your

sequently,

now

health*^^') is

and

re-established,

it is,

con-

no longer proper that you should have a physician attending

you, or that you should take any

more medicines

let hiin,

;

therefore, be

sent back to Shafmoor.

After chastising the enemy in a signal manner, and driving him to the other side of the Kishnu, you will take up a position for the attack of Nêrgitnd.

Your sending away your baggage you must keep

it

with you.

is

a proceeding in no respect proper

Indeed,

where

is

the great quantity of

baggage belonging to you, seeing that you have nothing besides pawls, and other such necessary articles

The

?

in

having suffered the enemy to

flee

without making

booty of any of their horses, and finally to escape by the pass of

H Cw/avi/

is

the cliicf police oflicer of a town.

whose principal duty (2)

LumlHttic/is,

Hindoos, visions.

it is

doorgf

Every army

is

also

otherwise called Bwijdrchs,

are

who occupy themselves in supplying armies in the field with They transport the articles they deal in on bullocks ; are, in and spears

;

and travelling, for the most part,

occasionally render themselves very formidable to the countries they

This passage

is,

Rdm-

provided

wiili

one,

to sec that the Bazars, or markets, are properly supplied.

or Lumbuclchs,

niatcii-locks, swords,

(3)

tents,

cavalry attached to you have been very remiss in skirmishing and

marauding, and

(1)

:

a particular tribe of grain and other progeneral, armed with

numerous bodies,

in

i)ass

of course, individually addressed to KumrCiddoeu.

through.

50

SELECT LETTERS OP

doorg, although they might have taken numberless horses.

You must now

It is well.

give the most peremptory orders to the JRisdladdrs of

cavalry to go forth on separate parties, and exert themselves properly to

make

prize of the enemy's horses; the present being a favorable oppor-

tunity for getting together a great

number of

the enemy's country, they must seize on

Scouring, likewise,

horses.

all

&c. they can

the grain,

discover.

OBSERVATIONS. The present

letter is

somewhat

of horses captured from the Mahrattahs as if

some

success

with the thirty-second, on the subject

at variance

from the

since,

;

had attended the Sultans army

latter,

in this respect,

it

would appear,

whereas he here

" complains of the enemy's having been suffered to escape, without " any horses

having been taken from them. ders,

on

this head, did

stated the specific

little

that

is

probable, tbat the

not descend to particulars

number

disappointed at the result

the

It

;

and

that,

report of the

when they

comman-

subsequently

of horses actually taken, the Sultan might have been

and, under this impression, have been led to under-rate

The

had been done.

horses, would, of course,

;

first

great solicitude which he betrays for procuring

enhance his disappointment on the occasion.

LETTER XXXVII. To

YouB

letter,

Mahommed Ghyas dated the

last

passed under our view, and

has been written, on

its

all points,

;

same

date.

(\sl Mat/.')

day [or 29th] of Extra Ahmedyy^ has purport in our

is

duly understood.

Hindmj

letter, to

An

answer

which you are

referred for particulars.

The (1)

Or 15lhof

April.

TIPP OO

The

villainy

and bad

faith

most solemn engagements,

thei/^-^

sum of money

§1

N.

have manifested, in

abundantly well known.

what confidence,] can we,

then, [or, with

large

is

which

ULTA

S

Upon what grounds

at once, send thither a

all

Noor Mahommed Khan has been

?

spite of the

sent for by us,

merely for the purpose of our ascertaining [through him] their treaties

and engagements, and with no other view. distinctly to

Rao

Rasta, and, removing

dency from his mind, dispatch Noor

and

if [at

You must

suspicions of a different ten-

all

Mahommed

**

Nergund having been

"

to his suggestion, such a proceeding

"

it

to the minister,<^) in the

" whereas, **

his

mea-

to his government, according best effect, as

hands in the management of

but as things had happened, they bore a very uno-ra-

;

" cious appearance, inasmuch

" army ventured

on occasion of the

wovdd have had the

would have tended to strengthen

" the ncgociation

to you,

hither.

raised, that if the orders for that

" sure had been previously communicated

*'

must repair

" that Rao Rasta observed

write,

siege of

Khiln to the Presence

the same time] they should [think proper to] be very urgent

for your departure also, assuredly you, too,

You

state this matter

as he

had been

led to declare repeatedly

most positive manner, that

if

the Mahrattah

meet ours they would inevitably be put

to

in fact, the very reverse

of

all this

to

shame

had taken place,

;

to his

great disturbance and confusion." It

is

tions of

We

known.

Rao Rusta

:

has there been any

army.

This

is

have not deviated a hair's breadth from the nor,

though we have raised the

deficiency,^'')

on our

siege [of Nergilnd,~\

part, in chastising the

enemy's

a fact of such abundant notoriety as not to require any

What more

other evidence.

?

H (2) TIic court of

sun-o-estoo

Poonah.

(3)

Nana Furnavcese.

(4)

Or

remissness.

2

52

SELECT LETTERS OF

OBSERVATIONS. It is not easy to conceive,

what motive the Sultan could have

for addressing his

agents on any occasion in the Hind'wy, rather than in the Persian language

which

last,

may be

it

safely

presumed that he usually conveyed

to such of his servants as understood

since a

Hlndivy

supposing

letter,

as generally intelligible as a in the present instance,

it

may

it

his written orders

improper hands, would

Possibly the Hindivi/

might have been dispatched, ;

it

at least

for the express

be

purpose of

though, in this case, some intimation of that

be thought, have been given in the Persian letter.

was not confined

;

referred to

letter,

whatever the reason of the proceeding under consideration might be, to observe, that

in

could not be with a view to secrecy

to fall into

Persian one.

being communicated to Rao Rasta design would,

It

it.

;

it

is

But

proper

to the present occasion, or to the persons of the

envoys at Poonah ; since other examples of the practise in question will be met

with in the course of It

this

work.

would seem, by the second paragraph of the foregoing

had been put by the court of Poonah, or

sinister interpretation

Rasta, upon the desire expressed by the Sultan for the return of

Khan.

What

letter,

that

at least

some

by Rao

Noor Mahommed

the particular nature of the suspicions entertained on this occasion

by the Mahrattahs was, does not appear have apprehended the

real object

secret intrigue of the Sultan's at

;

but

not improbable, that, they

it is

of the envoy's recal to be connected with

Poonah

:

nor

is it

may some

likely, that the latter's disavowal

of any improper view in the matter would have the effect of removing those doubts or fears; especially, as the two states were it is

certain that

Noor Mahommed Khan did

obey the summons of detained at Poonah, I

am

now

till

his

the

master; and that,

month of

May

at

open war.

Be

this as

it

may,

not, at this time, obtain leave to

both he and his colleague, were

in the following year.

not sufficiently acquainted with the details of this war, to be enabled to

decide between the opposite pretensions of

Rao Rasta and

specting the success of the earlier operations of

Sultan had, at

this period,

it.

of Tippoo Sultan, re-

It is clear,

however, that the

been compelled to relinquish the siege of Nergdnd, by the

TIPPOO SULTAN.

53

menacing position of the Mahrattah army, and that Rao Rasta was not to

tlie

be persuaded, that the measure had been adopted purely at his instance.

would appear

truth, indeed,

The

no material advantage had been

to be, that, hitherto,

obtained by either side.

LETTER XXXVIII. To

What

to be

some ; same

(\st

date.

May.^

you write, regarcling the variations of the

your quarter, the proper

the

is

mode of

done

is,

to

which means an

Our

revealed.

temperature*^'^ in

physicians have thoroughly ascertained

The

treating(-) the diseases in question.

draw

off,

by bleeding,

improvement

effectual

The body

constitution of the patient.

the corrupt

all

will

first

thing

humours

by

;

be produced in the general

of the diseased party being thus

completely brought under suhjcction,^^^ the next step must be to expel

from

it

every remaining seed of the distemper,

meanwhile, whatever medicines

may

administering,

be found necessary.

in the

What more

?

OBSERVATIONS. This curious enigmatical

letter is sufficiently intelligible.

The unwholesome

temperature oi Poonah, alludes to the hostile disposition towards the Sultan, which

had for

latterly superseded at that

Court the amicable sentiments, formerly entertained

himself and his father by the Mahrattah rulers.

By

his physicians, the Sul-

tan means his counsellors, or perhaps, the commanders of his army. to

be cured

is,

of course, the enmity of the Mahrattahs

;

The

disease

and the mode of cure, that

(1) Original

(2)

Literally

(3) Original

W\ ^^l^j<__»l '«

i_iLi-l

"

curing."

a^ -Û ^j^„j< ^JOJ

_^J

unhcaltliiness of the air, or climate, of that place."

SELECT LETTERS OP

54 that which he

had begun

pursue

to

;

The

namely, an active war against them.

remaining allusions are equally obvious

;

much

and, indeed, so

can

so, that it

hardly be imagined that the Sultan proposed to disguise his instructions under this metaphorical cypher, which could not person, fore,

knowing who the

fail to

be immediately understood by any

was

writer, or even the party addressed,

most probable, that nothing more was intended by

:

it

is,

there-

than a display of the

it,

writer's ingenuity.

LETTER XXXIX. To XooR Maho3I3ied

The

letter

understood.

length to

you sent us

Khan

;

(\sl

date.

passed under our view, and

lias

Whatever was necessary

Mahommcd Ghyus

same

;

to be said,

our letter to

whom

May.^ its

contents are

has been written at

will

inform you [of our

sentiments], agreeably to which you will act.

LETTER XL. To BuRHANUBDEEN

;

dated I9th Begular

Ahmedy.

(4th Mat/.')

It has been represented to us, that the garrison of Rdmdoorg proposed to capitulate, but that you intimidated them [by your answer],

and thereby threw away the favorable opportunity [or the advantage thus oftercd].

Where was

You must

still

the propriety of this [proceeding]

encamp before the

said fortress

;

?

It is

well.

and sending for battering

guns from Dhdrwdr, and collecting together the materials

for trenches,

may

induce them

by these means to submit

:

strike

upon

such a terror into the garrison as

their doing which,

of the fort with their arms.

you may permit them to march out

After putting a proper garrison in the place,

you

TIPPOO SULTAN.

55

you are to direct such of the enemy as are inchided to be conducted, with their arms,

beyond the Kishna.

TaaMkddr of Nugr,

Nursia, the

has, of course, sent you, in pur-

two hundred

suance of our orders,

in the capitulation,

Let

CooliesS^^

their

arrival be

reported to us.

You and Mecr Kumruddeen Khiin must keep

united, both in

and thought, and execute every business of the Sircar creditable

manner

we have

agreeably to what

,<^-)

word

an able and

in

formerly and repeatedly

written on this subject.

N. B.

A

same tenor and date was written

letter of the

to

Kumruddeen.

OBSERVATIONS. The

foregoing letter furnishes a clear proof, that whatever the degree of general

confidence reposed in Biirhinuddeen by the Sultan might be, the

kept spies upon his brother-in-law

less,

on

freely

was paid.

conduct

his

Indeed

it

;

and

to

who were

;

latter,

neverthe-

encouraged to animadvert

whose representations

considerable

attention

among

the state

appears, from several of the documents

papers found at Seringapatam, that the Sultan had organized a very extensive

system of espionage throughout his dominions, and in almost every department of his government.

His envoys and

districts,

at foreign courts, his military

were

all

diligently watched

;

commanders,

or, at least,

his governors of forts

ordered to be so

the spies, thus employed, were, in general, very well known,

it

may

:

but as

be safely

presumed, that their integrity was often corrupted, and their vigilance as often eluded.

The

practice of placing spies over public functionaries

common under

all

the governments of India

few of them have carried

it

so far as

:

but

I

am

is,

no doubt, very

inclined to think, that

was done by Tippoo Sultan

;

of whose regulations^

(1)

Coo/i« arc labourers, and carriers of burthens.

(2) In the original jjj.

or

" splendidly."

56

SELECT LETTERS OP

tions for this will be

department an outline (consisting of a short edict on the subject),

found in Appendix F.

LETTER To

Your

the

XLI.

same ; dated 20th Begular Ahmedy. has been received

letter

(5th

May^

and your account of the reduction of

;

Udmdoorg, and of your having placed a garrison

therein, is understood.

Sending for the battering guns from Dhdnvdr, and collecting together the necessary materials for the erection of batteries, &c. you will proceed

Nergund, and

against

lose

no time

in reducing

Nursia, the Taalukddr of Nvgr,

hundred

Coolies,

The

their arrival.

with you

:

who have most

by our order, sent you two

probably joined you.

You

Kopul and JBdddmy

Coolies belonging to

will report

are already

be expeditious, therefore, in collecting together every thing

necessary [for the early siege of sent, for placing

which you

to

has,

it.

two

Joivks,^^^

Nergund\

A

Hindivy order has been

&c., in garrison at Rdmdoorg, agreeably

will act.

You and Kumruddeen Khan,

agreeing in word and thought, must

execute the business of the Sirear in a splendid [or creditable] manner.

N. B.

A letter

of the same tenor and date was dispatched to

LETTER To

Kumruddeen.

XLII.

Ghulam Ahmed, KJzy of Nugr ;

dated 24th Regular

Aumedy.

(yth 3Iay.)

Your

letter

has

been received.

Frenchmen, together with

You have

their captain,

that

written,

had embraced the

faith,

nine

and that

(1)

A

Jozck was a subili vision of a liisdla or Kushoov, answering to our

ctj'.iently,

a Jowkddr was the captain

of"

a company.

company: con-

TIPPOOSULrTAN. the said captain

tliat

of a liisdta of

humbly hoped

Ahmedies.

<">

to be

It is

Sf

honored

known

witli the

command

and our pleasure

:

ten rupees be given to each of them, and that they

be

all

is,

aforesaid captain

honor he

receive the

shall

tliat

dispatched,

under an escort [a safenûard], to the Presence, where, on their tlie

of

arrival,

Peremptory

solicits.

orders for the payment of the above stipends, and for furnishing the

necessary escort, have been sent to the Kilaaddr of Niigr.

OBSERVATIONS. The Ahmedies

here mentioned were a military corps, composed of the converts

(whether forced or voluntary) to the

Tippoo Sultan, with

whom

it

Mahommedan

religion.

already referred to

seems to have been a favorite establishment

;

of the

Memoirs

:

" The Portuguese Nazarenes'^' established themselves,

"

was instituted by

of which he himself gives the following curious account in the

origin

*'

Jt

about three hundred

years ago, in a factory situated near the sea shore, and on the banks of a large

This place they obtained of the Rdjali of Soondali, under the pretext of

river.

" trading [with his subjects]

" which

"'

and here, availing themselves of the opportunities

:

arose in the course of time,

they acquired possession of a territory,

" yielding a yearly revenue of three or four lachs of rupees, throughout which they and prayers among the Mussulman inhabitants, and the

•'

equally prohibited

*'

worship of idols among the Hindoos

"

to embrace their religion,

fasts

;

finally expelling

from thence

which the Hindoos were required

to

all

(1) liisdla usually denotes a

" under

body of cavalry of an

corresponding to the strength of a regiment

Ruula (2)

is

(3)

inilefinito

number, but,

the term, however, liorse

and

foot.

is

for tiie

most

sometimes applied

The commander

of a

called a liisdladdr.

The

English

:

mixed corps of

to infantry, and occasionally to a

refused

do within three days,

I

j)art,

who

5'M//flH

applies

tiiis

name

to Christians in genera)

in particular.

Cr
uo doubt, meant here.

;

but

it

sometimes denotes the

S8

SELECT LETTERS OP

" under pain,

" converted

they remained in the country after that time, of being forcibly

if

to

Some

it.

of the people, alarmed at this proceeding, abandoned

"

their property

"

part, considering the threatened

and homes, and took refuge in other countries

" means of removing

whereupon these

"

Nazarenes, at the end of the appointed time, obliged them

"

false religion.

after this,

by means of

gifts

" among the Rdjahs and Au7nils of that quarter,

" from eighty to a hundred

" Kdridl-Bundur ;'*' " in

" by artifice, and

partly

;

"'

they were suffered to erect

by tempting the

[Such was the

faith.

herej when, by the divine favor, and through the aid of the

*'

and with the help of the conquering Lion of

*'

into our hands

"

over,

"

list

we

of

The

to us,

Dewdn

of the

officer

state of things

of Prophecy,'''

God,-'' the port of

and causing our zeal

officers

of

the

fell

accursed

faith to boil

*'

for

accordingly,

to prepare a

this purpose,

to us a detailed report on the subject.

and some

soldiers

to

employing

After this,

the

soon prepared

we caused

an,

be stationed in every place inhabited by the

"

(4)

Kuridl

tliese

for the

Huzoor Kuchurry

Kuchurry,

Mdtusuddiea of Soonda, Nugr, Kilrkll, &c.

" and delivered

"

known

vast

houses occupied by the Christians, taking care not to omit a single

" habitation. '•'

fully

instantly directed the

all

Asylum

on which occasion the odious proceedings of

Pddries becoming

religion,

[of the poorer classes], on

avarice

*'

*'

Nugr, Soonda, and

and by whose means they prevailed, partly

'" numbers of the inhabitants to adopt their

;

embrace their

to

which they placed a Pddre or two, whose

was that of the Guebres

fact,

all

infidel

and presents distributed

in the countries of

idol temples,*'"

in each of

but the greater

danger as improbable, and not possessing the

their effects, preferred remaining;

Sometime

:

Christians,

Meaning, of course, churches.

(5)

Mangalore:

(6)

The

(7)

Mahommed.

i^Mwrfiir signifies

a sea

port..

ancient Parsees, or worsliippers of

(3) Original

t_JUll iiS\^

by Tippoo Sultan

fire.

Usudullah idghtUib, viz. of the Caliph AH, and was adopted

as a sort of motto, whicli

lie

sometimes inscribed on his weapons and

other articles. (1»)

A Dewdn

is

a minister or officer, superintending the revenues of a state

The Huzoor Kuchurry was

tlie

or

province.

revenue board at Seringapatam, or that attending the Presence.

TIPPOO SULTAN. signifying to them, that, at the

*'

Christians

"

receive further orders, wliich

" men and

;

being

officers

" were transmitted

to

end of a

them,

they were then to carry into

'

viz.

'

at the

"

'

may

**

'

dispatched to our Presence.'

On

hour of morning prayer,

let all

women and

together with their

And on

children, be

it

be opened and read.

"

at the

" were the whole "

" dispatched '

to

week and month on which

same hour (namely, that of morning prayer)

the

to

number of

''"'

made

from whence we caused them,

;

provisions,

to

be conveyed,

to the Taaluhddrs of

:

sixty thousand,

prisoners,

under proper guards,

which place we sent

men, and a person of reputable and upright character placed,

"

at the

*'

and children) were directed

*'

where they were duly fed and clothed, and ultimately admitted

Of

;

these to

Risdlas,

to Sc~

orders, directing that

*'

head of each.

and

after furnishing

" [the said Christians] should be divided into Risdlas, or corps, of

" Islamism

and

Accordingly our orders were every where opened

at the

our Presence

them duly with

" ringapatam

prisoners

of the Christians, male and female, without the exception of a

individual,

single

and

;

made

the sealed cover, or superscription, of each

"

same moment

number

the Christians, whatever their

dispatches, was specified the day of the

to

These

full effect.

such a day of the week and month, and

" of these was

certain time, they should

arrived at their respective posts, the following orders

all

"

be,

59

four (together

five

hundred

as Risdladdr,

women

with their

be stationed at each of the following places,'"' to the

and the appellation of Ahmedi/'"^ was bestowed upon the

honor of collective

« body."""

Thus

far the Sultan.

Of

these sixty thousand Christians, fifteen thousand

may

be supposed to have been capable of bearing arms, which number would form " thirty

I 2

(10)

The

Sultan, nt

(11) S'cringapalam

tlic

is

time

licre

Iicrc

spoken

named, but the

of,

was

rest of the

(12)

Ahmed \s one of

the names of Maiionimed.

(13)

The

institution

date of

tliis

is

in the

neighbourhood of Mangalore.

passage

indicated (the Sultan adds)

" God is the defender of the Ahmedy religion " The light of (he firmament is derived from the

I

do not

clcarl}-

understand.

by the following couplet

;

where the K Jligcra 1197.

jihmedi) religion," (or people.)

tiers couipnsiiiy the last line, or iiemisiich, in tlic origuial, give the

year of the

^

SELECT LETTERS OP

60 But

thirty Risdlas.

this

Soon

Christianity.

corps was not composed exclusively of converts from

estabhshment,

after its

Kurg

strength in the captives of the

being compelled to embrace the

Ahmedy

the

corps, to the

or

received a considerable accession of

it

Koorg nation

Mahommedan

all

;

among whom,

the males

were afterwards enrolled in

to the

Sultans own account in a

number (according

faith,

The

subsequent part of this Memoir) of from sixty to seventy thousand men."'*' united corps were distributed throughout the garrisons and districts of

and every where the those in

strictest orders

authority to

these

treat

(says the Sultan) were issued,

new Mahommedans with them "

derness, and, in short, to consider

as

Mysore

commanding

the greatest ten-

more precious even than

their

own

souls,"

LETTER

XLIII.

To Meer Kumruddeen Khan; dated 25th Begular Ahmedy. (lOfh 3Ia>/.)

Your

letter

You

understood. *'

has

under our view,

passed

write,

*'

is

You must

known.

its

contents

are

that the J3i/de horse,^^^ out of employ, have

committed great excesses and depredations

It

and

issue the

in the Sircar's dominions.'*

most peremptory orders [to these

people] to carry their ravages into the Mahrattah territories, bringing

away (14) Tliat

is,

as I suppose, that the total

number of

and children, were between sixty and seventy thousand

number of

soldiers, as the sixty

(1)

The

horse, here called

Kuzzdks.

selves

They

by plunder

;

.ffj/(/^,

are

the

men

indiuling -women

giving, probably, about

thousand Christians mentioned in

converts were formed into Risdlas of a thousand

7).\\(\

;

/v'oo;-^ prisoners,

each.

tlie

text.

tlic

same

The Koorg'

(Memoir.)

same as those denominated

/'//(^Wcf/w, Looties,

are predatory troops receiving no regular pay, but maintaining themin

pursuit of which they sometimes

make

equally free with

friends

and foes. By Bjjdcs out of employ," is to be understood such as had not been formally engaged by the Sultan, but followed the army spontaneous!}-, which it is very common for many of them to do. *•

TIPPOOSULTAN. away from thence

all

61

make booty

the horses they can

and desisting

of,

[for the future] from their depredations in our country.

You and Burhanuddeen must remain

united in your councils;

and

collecting together the necessary materials for opening trenches against

Kergiind, lose no time in reducing that place.

In short, you must,

in all

agree in word and thought.

affairs,

lurrokul belongs to the Zeminddr of Kolapoor, and the said Zeminddr

well disposed towards us

is

you must, therefore, never mention

:

name, but attend to what we heretofore particularly and on

What more

this head.

shall be written

his

enjoined

strictly

?

OBSERVATIONS. had not recentlv some disarrrcement o

If

ruddeen, letter,

it

may,

at least,

arisen between

Burhanuddeen and

be inferred from the second paragraph of the foregoing

that the Sultan was in apprehension of

it,

sary to repeat so soon his former exhortations to

and, therefore, judged

harmony.

may be

It

however, wliether these admonitions produced the desired eftect after the date of the present dispatch, fresh

commanders

"

Kum-

symptoms

;

it

neces-

doubted,

since, not

long

of discord between the rival

are manifested.

by enjoining Kumruddeen " never

not very clear, what the Sultan means,

It

is

to

mention the name" of the Zeminddr of Kolapoor.

situated near Soonda and Goa,

and

Kolapoor

in the possession of a chieftain,

is

a district

who acknow-

ledges the authority of the government of Poonah, and pays, I believe, a tribute to tlie

Palshwa.

between

It

this chieftain

would seem, that a good understanding and the Sultan

;

and that the

latter,

on

secretly subsisted this account,

had

determined to treat him as a neutral, notwithstanding his connexion with the Maiirattah

empire.

It

is

also not improbable, that

of the friendly disposition of the

Kumruddeen

(ignorant, perhaps,

Zeminddr towards the Sultan) may have proposed

to take possession of TilrJidl or Turrokul

;

in Avhich case, the purport of the

expression under consideration miglit have been, that the Zeminddr of Kolapoor

was

62

SELECT LETTERS OP

was not

to be considered or

as that of

spoken of in

a hostile

manner, or his

territory treated

an enemy.

LETTER XLIV. Mahommed Ghyas

To

Megular

Your two ceived,

Rasta

letters,

Mahommed Khan; Ahmedy. (\4tk May^

and Noor

dated 29ih

Ahmedy, have been

of the 11th and 15th of

re-

and the account of your conferences with the Paishkdi<^^ of Rao is

understood.

The Mahrattah army has come and amount of

laid

waste our dominions, to the

eight lacks of pagodas,^^^ and otherwise proceeded in an un-

warrantable manner:

the

commanders of our

forces have,

in

conse-

quence, been reduced to the necessity of attacking that army, which,

On

after sustaining a sevei'e defeat, has been driven across the Kishiia.

enemy] our commanders

their return [from the pursuit of the

jRdmdoorg, and have since opened trenches against Nergihid. however, are wilUng to relinquish the attack upon the

We

satisfaction be

made

to us for the injury done to our country.

on

still,

on

latter place,

that the arrears of the usual Paishcush be discharged,

condition

due

seized

and

We

shall otherwise soon reduce the place.

You must possession

return to us by the post in the possession

and

all

of Noor

the

bills

of exchange in your

Mahommed

Khan.(^>

chiefs of that place consent to the dismission of the said

If the

Khdn, and

to his

f

I)

(2)

A

Paishliur

Or twenty

is

a manager or conductor of business, -whether public or private.

lacks: for the manuscript

is

here so illegible, that cither reading

may be

adopted. ^3)

Tiie

bills,

here spoken

of,

had probably been sent

being paid over to the Mahrattah government, Sullan.

to the envoys, for the purpose of

in satisfaction

of

its

pecuniary claims on the

TIPPOOSULTAN. we

his being dispatched hither,

him every

shall then

(53

be enabled to ascertain from

particular respecting that quarter,

and

means

to consider the

of remitting the money [due or claimed].

Your account of tance

your

will,

and disbursements

receipts

hereafter,

be

made

is

duly arrived.

A

remit-

to you, for defraying the expences of

mission.^^^

LETTER XLV. Khan

To Ku3iRUDBEEN

;

dutcd \st

Behary.

(lolh Majf).

have represented, " that notwithstanding the peremptory com-

You *'

mands

issued by us for the purpose, the necessary articles for enabling

*'

you

open trenches [against Nergdud] have not yet been sent to you

*'

by any of the Aumils

to

" repeat our That

orders."

light of

;

to

It is

whom

you, in consequence, request

now

his

known.

our eyes^^ has always been a mere child

WTite to us so often to repeat our orders. [in all cases] sufficient.

is

will

:

(->

but

must absolutely have forsaken him, as otherwise he could not

senses

us

we

Where

is

One peremptory

order from

who

dares to be

the AurnU,

remiss in dispatching the articles [directed to be furnished by us]

who has

there be any

death

or^^)

:

disregarded our commands,

let

If

?

him be put

to

the Purwunehs,^**] so slighted, be returned to the Pre-

let

sence.

The (4) Literally (1)

See Note

(2) It (3)

A

is

thus

of

1, I

tlic

people attached to you."

Letter

XXX.

understand the words jo Jils JLa-jjJ

slight alteration in the reading

rendered " and (4*)

"

A

let

written

(namely

\,

ai"

jjLj^

bd forb j/rt) will admit of the passage bein^

the Pu)~wdnch so slighted, &c."

mandate or order.

J

SELECT LETTERS OP

64

The workmen'^) who

arrive

from the

different

of the trenches, as well as those already

Burhanuddeen, are to be

witii

Taking half of them, therefore, you must imme-

divided between you.

commence the

diately

Taaldks for the service

business of the trenches

season approaches, and that,

when

longer be prosecuted with vigour.

that sets

For

:

in,^'')

seeing that the rainy

the siege cannot any

this reason,

you are

to proceed

with the utmost dispatch in the attack and reduction of Nergund.

OBSERVATIONS. The

foregoing letter, at the same time that

slight estimation in

(what

is

it

which the Sultan held the

further evinced in

many

affords a pretty strong proof of the

talents of

Kumruddeen,

shews

also

other instances) that in the occasional expression

of his disapprobation, he was not apt to be restrained by any consideration for the

rank of the person incurring

it;

dealing out the same measure of asperity to the

highest as to the lowest officer or servant, and respect, in favour even of his

speaking of his orders,

is

own near

relation.

making no

The

lofty tone,

indicated

by the

have been,

;

could,

on any

is

:

for

such

But whatever the

liable. it,

it

to

which,

it is

and

difficult to

Daring, indeed, must the

is

fact

Aumil

pretext, not simply refuse or with-hold obedience

to a Ptirwdneh of this prince, but contumaciously return

ing or sending

which he assumes in

been actually insulted, in the manner that would seem to be

close of the second paragraph.

who

in this

likewise highly illustrative of his imperious temper,

of his quick sensibility of whatever affected his authority believe, should have

distinction,

it

to the person deliver-

the construction to which the passage in question

may

have been, no farther trace

of,

is

or allusion to

be met with in the correspondence.

(5) Tlicrc

is

a specification of these in the original, but the terms

employed are

cither

miswrittcn or unknown to me. (6) Tlic periodical rains in

the beginning of June.

Mysore, and the elevated countries adjoining

it,

usually set in

TIPPOOSULTAN.

65

LETTER XL VI. To the same; dated 3d Behauy.

Your

letter,

(l^th Maij.^

informing us of the molestation given by the cavalry and

Kuslioons attached to the division under Burhanuddeen to the labourers^')

coming from JJhdrwdr

camp,] has been received, and

[to your

its

con-

tents are understood.

You " well

write also [in the as of eighteen

" army, '*

same

that the quantity of powder, as

*'

letter,]

and twenty-four pounds

shot, with

Burhanuddeen's

inadequate [to the service going forward,] and request us to

is

send orders to the Kilaaddr of Dhdrwdr, to dispatch a further supply

" of those

articles."

It is

again write, to say, that

We

known.

all stores

have already written, and

now

arriving from the Taaldks of the Sircar

are to be divided equally between you and Burhanuddeen.

We enclose Dhdrwdr, half of

it

to to

an order

whom you

for the shot, &c. required, to will

forward

Burhanuddeen

supplies that arrive

hanuddeen attacks

;

it

In

like

Your

receiving this supply, deliver

manner, take the half of

and attacking Nergiind from one from the other,

LETTER To

On

it.

Mahommed Ushruf

;

let

side,

all

other

while Bur-

the fortress be speedily reduced.

XLVII. same

(\^th Mai/.^

date.

accompanied by a statement of the

letter,

the Kilaaddr of

receipts, disburse-

ments, and balances of the T'aaldks of Goofij, Bidhdry, Ouh, and Hindi-

K (I)

Tlic original

ing a day

lal)oiircr,

and, of course,

is

is

Ujinuntpoor,

The former

cither lii'gdnes or Pi/kuries.

Pykdr

or pressed Cooley.

not applicable here

:

I

is

is

a Ilindixy word, signify-

a Persian word, signifying war or fightinr,

am, therefore, inclined

to read Bigdrt/.

SELECT LETTERS OF

66

Unmintpoor, has been received, and the particulars

set forth [therein] are

understood.

You

write,

that there are large balances outstanding in the Taalitks

*'

" of the Sircar, and particularly *'

thousand pagodas have been collected, notwitstanding four horsemen

" have been employed *'

Gooty and Bulhdnj, where only a

in

peremptory orders

You must

SuzCuvuls

as

may be

issued [on the occasion]

desire, that

from the Presence."

scourge the defaulters severely, and [by this means] speedily

What more ?

realize the dues of the Sircar.


Your

and you therefore

;'^^^

letter,

XLVIII.

dîtcd 11 fh

;

Behary.

(2oth Mai/.')

mentioning that you had nearly completed your

approaches, and that Biirhanuddcen's batteries were

of a

Without approaching very

hill-fort.

making a very wide and

effectual breach,

proper to attempt an assault

on the

;

will

to,

directing

him

to

an

and

never be advisable or until

on your

to deliver to

guns and labourers [he has recently received]

you must continue

is

Burhanud-

keeping up, in the mean while, such a

place, as shall utterly destroy the wall

uddeen has been written

This

close to the place,

you must, therefore, wait

:

deen's batteries are completed fire

it

two

unfinished, has

still

passed under our view, and the contents are comprehended. affair

first

;

side.

Burhan-

you half of the

with the help of which

push on your approaches, and speedily reduce

this

fort.

(1) Siizdwuls

are a kind of

account of revenue. the crcd.tor.

bailifls,

or

duns,

Tlicy are maiutaincd,

employed

wjiile

tliey are

to enforce

paynietits

due on

em])loyed, at the c.xpcncc of

TIPPOO SULTAN.

®7,

LETTER XLIX. To BuRHANUDDEEN

Your

letter,

for the purposes

You

(25lh May?)

date.

requesting our authority for engaging in your service a

Milnshij, for the purpose of

been received.

same

;

making out passports and writing

Agreeably to your

desire,

letters, lias

you may hire a Kunry writer

you mention/')

are to deliver to

Kumruddeen Khun

half the guns and labourers

[that join you.]

Kalu Pundit,

Make

enquiries,

it

seems, together with his family, has

and

let

us

know who now commands

fled

from Nergund.

that place.

OBSERVATIONS. have been unable to ascertain whether Kala Pundit was the Zeminddr of Ner-

I

gAnd, or only an

officer intrusted

by him with the defence of the

place.

The

report here noticed of his flight proved to be unfounded.

LEITER Mahommed Kazim

To

lute

BuKTSHY of

the

L.

(Brother of the deceased

Jysue Kvchurry)

Zynul Aabideen,

dated I2th

;

BehJrv.

(26th May.}

It has, at

this time, pleased

event has caused us

we

desire

you

much

God

that your brother should die.

Having

concern.

will lepair speedily to

it

in

This

view to provide for you,

our Presence, and consider yourself

as secure of our favor.

K (1)

But not a Munshr/, or Persian writer,

writer would be less ciiiirgeabie tlian a Munslii/.

2 as BCirhaiiCiddccn

bad proposed.

A Kunry

68

SELECT LETTERS OF

LETTER To Zykul Aabideen

Your

letter,

LI.

dated 19th BeiiJry.

;

enclosing an account of the receipts and disbursements

of the Taalttk of LoU-ghurrij , has been received,

therein stated

is

(2d Jiine^

You

understood.

" Ghurry has absconded, and " be sent from the Presence."

say,

" that the ylumiloi the aforesaid

new jlumil and KUaaddr may

desire that a It

Aumil should have absconded

is

and what you have

known.

But how

is it,

ivithout cause or motive

that the said

?^^^

You must

enquire very particularly into this matter, and report the result to us.


**

;

LII.

dated 21st

Behary.

(4th June.^

You have represented to us, " that you had proposed to Kumruddeen Khan to make over to him the Kushoon of Shaikh Unser, and to take,

i'

in its place, the Ktishoon of the

*'

that the aforesaid

*'

at this time, to

Khdn had

commandant Mahoumied

given for answer, that

make such an exchange."

Let the Kushoon of

Mahommed

Well

!

Ali remain there

it

Ali

;

but

was not proper,

what does (7. e.

with

it

signify

?

Kumrud-

deen.)"*^

You

write also, " that you purposed transferring to

" of the great guns, of the labourers. " other half yourself"

same

It is well

:

Coolies,

and you

Avill

Kumruddeen

half

&c. and keeping the continue to

make

the

division hereafter.

You (

I

)

The

(1*)

period.

Sultan seems to Iiave suspected some collusion

The exchange

here declined by

Kumruddeen

in this transaction.

nevertheless took place at a subsequent

TIPPOOSULTAN. You

say,

" that tbe VakeeP^ of Kittoor bad been with you, and

represented to you, that

*'

" would,

69

at tbe

master were allowed a week or two, he

if his

end of that time, wait upon you, and perform such

services for the Sircar as should be required of him."

**

At

It

is

known.

the expiration of tbe specified period, you will, accordingly, send for

him, and employ him in our

service.*^^^

LETTER To Five

Mahommed Ghyas

letters^')

;

LIII.

dated 22d JBeh.jry.

(oth Junc.^

from you, dated tbe 22d and 25th of Ahmedi/ [7th and

10th of May], and 1st and 4tb of JBehdri/ [15tb and 18th May], have

been received, and every particle of their contents

You

observe, " that

we have

said in

our

is

understood.

Rao Rasta

(of

(Rao Rasta) having

told

letter to

*'

which a copy was sent to you,

"

'

Mahommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan,

"

'

that be was willing to engage that his government should

*'

'

to us the

"

'

us compensation for the ravages committed in our country,

"

'

in consequence,

"

'

who would

'

that he,

for our information,

Paishcuih due to us by the Nergund man, as well as make

made known our

accordingly communicate the same to him.' "

to refer to

them again, when

we

sentiments to the aforesaid

add, " that this was not the purport of your letters to us

" us

make good

will

it

;

bad,

Khdn,

You then and request

appear that what you stated

" was, that Rao Rasta had proposed that eighty thousand rupees should " be (2)

A

Vakeel

is

acting lor or in the

a representative

name

:

and

tlic

term

is

apjiiicd to almost

every kind of agent,

of another, from an ambus auor to a petty attorney.

Sec Letter

XIII, (3) It

will hereafter

be seen, that the Sultan, at

tiiis

very time, probably meditated the

seizure of Kittoor. (1)

But only/oMr are mentioned.

Possibly two might have been of the same date.

SELECT LETTERS OF

70 be paid to us by

charges

and

;

way of

that,

for

and ten thousand rupees for Diirhdr

fine,

the future, the payment of the Paishcush

should be secured to us, in the same manner as

<(

Ram.

what answer you are

to give to

" of you "

Such being the

paid through ApAjee

at

Rao

when

if

used to be

you wish to know

case,

Rasta,

it

he should demand

what time he had ever made the communication ascribed

to him." It

is

Whenever

known.

are received from you, the proper

letters

answers to them are deliberated on, and written accordingly. the present case, our ivriting in the tvas the result

of expediency

proceeding

appear.

What You will letter

ivill

manner we have done

[to

and sometime hereafter the

;

Rao

which we have sent

If your longer stay at

Rao

attended with any circumstances derogatory to our

dismission,

incivility [or

dignity,]<^-> it

and lepair hither, declaring yourself plainly

at

be

can be

demand your

and, in this case, you will

;

known.

occasion.

Poonah should be marked with

productive of no advantage

is

of the

the dress of condolence, and the

him on the

for

Rasta,

utiliti/

you write of the death of Anund, Rao Rasta's son, deliver to the aforesaid

Thus, in

your departure

[to the following effect.]

" Notwithstanding the

you have received

favors

at the

hands of

my

" master, you have afforded assistance to a Polygdr,^^^ belonging [or " subject] to him and forgetting the boundless kindness of the Sircar, :

" you have *'

sent your army,

and

of [many] lacks of rupees

;

laid

waste his country, to the amount

while [on the other hand]

my

master, in

" conformity with the wishes of Rao Rasta, expressed, both verbally " and by writing, directed the siege of Neigiind to be raised, and his " (2) In the original

"

it is

juUi

v_ "^^

j^\

i.

or unkindly." (3)

A Poli/gdr is the same as a Zemiitddr.

e.

"

if it

should look,

forces

or appear, ungracious

TIPPOOSUI.TAN.

71

" forces to withdraw to a distance from thence.

The army

" Bhow, nevertheless, attacked that of the Sircm- ; the *'

" worsted, and compelled to all this,

" the *'

Rao Rasta

siege of

rupees,

issue of whicli

however, was, that the Bhoiv was completely

[act of aggression],

" of

of Pitrserum

flee

beyond the Xw/ma.

my master

continues to require of

Nergiind

In spite, however, to relinquish

and accepting a mulct of eighty thousand

;

and a farther sum of ten thousand rupees for Durhdr charges,

" to agree,

for the future, to receive the Paishcush in the

Now my

" heretofore paid by Apajee Ram. " you yourselves would

fairly consider this

" repeated declaration he has made " contributions

levied on his

to

subjects,

manner

was

it

master only wishes, that

matter, and bear in mind the

you [through us], regardino- the to

amount of ten

the

lacks of

" pagodas, by the Nergiind man, as well as the ravages committed by " him in the Sircar's territories [all whicli being duly weighed] he ;

" leaves you to judge

" arrangement, so

how

far

mention, " that

to us, through

him

latter's

to consent to

an

he has sustained,

Pohjgdr."

this

Rao Rasta had

" that having caused the *'

possible for

entirely inadequate to the losses

" through the aggressions of

You

is

it

represented to the ministerj^")

sentiments to be repeatedly conveved

our confidential servants (meaning yourselves), and

" having moreover himself communicated them

to us

by

letter,

lie

could

" not be justly blamed, because we had not sent a suitable answer to the " same."

To which you " declared *'

it

say, the minister

replied,

" that he had alwavs

to be his opinion, that as, notwithstanding his (Rasta's)

constant importunity, no

" become perfectly **

had

money had been

clear, that

relations of amity with

them

we no ;

sent from hence,

/".

e.

Nana Furnavecsc.

was

longer wished to maintain the

seeing that, otherwise, such procras-

" (0

it

tination

SELECT LETTERS OF

^2 <'

tination

and evasion

" taken place

and

;

money [due] could never have

in dispatching the

that, this being the case,

we might be

he

now thought

informed, through you,

proper that

if

*'

plainly to desire that

"

'

we had

*'

*

we would

"

'

years, together with [the necessary

"

'

charges

'*

'

consent to what was heretofore settled [on that point.']

*'

eluded, as you report, by saying,

"

'

preservation of their friendship, and were determined to persist in

*'

'

withholding the money [due], he could see no use in your remaining

"

'

there.'"

It is

:

view duly to strengthen the foundations of harmony,

in

it

[immediately] send the arrears due for the three [last]

and

that, with respect to the

No

known.

sum on account of] Durbdr

doubt,

that

'

our bad

Nergiind business, we must

if

faith,

cultivate their friendship, ai'e manifest,

we

and our

in the

What

light of the sun.

"

a

common

saying,

Mahommed Khun

con-

disinclination

same manner is

as

to

their

as clear as the

pleasure can there be in reiterating these things

" that

any body be

if

But, notwithstanding

sufficient."

He

did not wish for the

performance of their strong and solemn engagements

It is

'

all

this,

we

wrote,

to be sent to us, in order that

ascertain the views of the riders there,

home, one word

at

desiring

we might

?

is

Noor

the better

and obtain the necessary expla-

nations on the subject of their engagements, preparatory to our setting

about the transmission of the stipulated money.('>

KJidn had accordingly been sent hither, into effect.

It

is

still

this

If the

aforesaid

would have been carried

our desire, that he should be dispatched to us,

and that you [Mahommed Ghyas] should remain there

;

but

if

your

departure also shoidd appear to be desired by that government, or they should [openly]

insist

med, taking leave of them,

upon will

it,

then you, as well as Noor

if

Mahom-

immediately repair hither. Instead

(5)

Meaning

the usual tribute claimed by the Mahrattahs

TIPPOOSULTA.N. Instead of denoting the

name of

propose doing, by the number 20 the Sircar, by the initial letters

73

the friend of the Sircar, as you

and the name of the

;

number 60 (these being the numerical powers of the

of their respective names), you must,

former, whose

name

;

future, call the

in

Khan

begins with a Gaivf, Gulab

whose name begins with a Seen, Surdar Khan

and the

;

this last

neat and clean; and the names to be employed not at

knowledge of the

ivell-uisher of

What more

real ones.

latter,

cypher being

all

leading to a

?

OBSERVATIONS. This

and interesting document

a very curious

is

;

as,

besides exposing the

chicanery, and even downright falshood, to which the Sultan never scrupled to

when he thought he

resort in his diplomatic transactions, his purposes,

it

tlirows considerable light

could thereby advance

on the grounds of the quarrel subsisting

between him and the government of Poonah

;

and

discloses, in particular, the

opinion entertained of the conduct and views of Tippoo by

who, It

at this period, presided over the affairs of the

Nana Furnaveese,

Mahrattah empire.

not the least remarkable circumstance in the foregoing

is

that to the

letter,

natural question of the ambassadors, " what answer they were to give to

he should demand of them

" Rasta,

if

"

ascribed to

cation

liim,"

at

Riio

what time he had made the communi-

the Sultan makes no reply,

but

leaves

it

the

to

ingenuity of his agents to extricate themselves from the difficulty in which he had placed them, in

The very

tlie

best

manner they

could.

cj'pher which appears to have been proposed

common one

in Iltndostan, being founded

by Mahommed Ghyas

is

a

on the numerical powers assigned

to the letters of the alphabet by the llijtid scheme, as explained in the Intro-

duction ^J^

;

and, according to which, 20 stands for

(Seen).

declares

the

Now, while initial

to this

letters

cypher

of the

furnishes a clue to the latter,

it

it is

CJ (gawf or

haaf)

;

justly objectionable, that

names intended

to

and 6o it

for

expressly

be disguised, and so far

must be admitted, that the one substituted by

L

the

SELECT LETTERS OF

74

the Sultan was not quite so liable to detection

it

conveyed no clear or

absolute indication of the initials of the concealed names.

Thus Surdar Khdn

would not so

;

easily suggest the idea of Saindiah, as

" name begins with 6o, or S supposing that the

;"

would the saying " he whose

since no positive or necessary reason existed, for

letters of

initial

since

the feigned and concealed names were the

same. however, the Sultan's cypher did not possess any great advantage over

Still,

Mahommed Ghyas

that of

" and

clean

;"

;

and

did

still less

because, like the latter,

it

is

it

merit the praise of being

much

so

for

the Faheels,

who accompanied

At

construction.

its

subsequent period, the Sultan appears to have improved somewhat ;

neat

in use, that the generality

of readers would be very apt to suspect the principle of

cyphering

'•

a

in the art of

the hostage princes to Madras, in

1792, were in possession of a figure-cypher, in which a descriptive account of the

works of Fort the papers

It

is

Surdar

George, written throughout in cypher, was discovered

and,

in

consequence,

this,

was not

of detection. not possible, at this time, to say,

Khan

;

but

it

is

who were meant by Gulab Khan and

sufficiently evident,

from the epithets by which each

and the

distinguished, that the former was a person of consideration,

one of

among

Even

found at Seringapatam on the capture of that place.

was but an indifferent contrivance,

however, difficult

St.

latter

is

some

inferior rank.

LETTER To Chishty

Yar Khan

Mahommed Ushruf,

j

LIV.

Beh^ry.

dated 23d

(6th June.')

the Superintendant of the Dewdni/ Kuchurri/

of Gooty, wrote to you, by our direction, desiring you to send to him

Buswunt

Rtio, the

Aumil

of BeiginpiUi/

the accounts of the said yluniil, Instead, however,

;

in order to his

and ascertaining

of complying with this

his malvcxsations.

requisition,

our great astonishment, that you exhibited, on

examining

it

appears,

this occasion, the

to

most

senseless

TIPPOOSUI.,TAN. and extravagant behaviour

senseless

tendant in pieces, and returning

conduct

you must said

Aumil

of the

on

instantly, therefore,

to

like

Mahommcd Ushruf

tearing the letter of the superin-

;

to

it

very remote from what

is

him

in

of this

as

sense

:

dispatch the

letter,

and take care not

improper and rude behaviour,

Such

that condition.

we expected from your good receipt

;

75

to be guilty again

such proceedings arc

contrary to our pleasure.

OBSERVATIONS. The

reproof conveyed in this letter, considering the magnitude of the offence

which gave

rise to

and the usual

it,

severity of the Sultan in similar cases,

is

so

remarkably moderate, as almost to warrant a suspicion, that he occasionally suffered himself to be actuated, in his treatment of his servants,

and private nature,

personal partiality,

condition,

tlie

The

not to say favouritism.

Mahommed

;

of

direction less

of the

Sultan,

contempt of

and most

his authority,

XLV., whose crime was

however, that the Sultan might not

It is possible,

have viewed the transaction in this light

of the character

tearing in pieces, and returning in that

conduct of the Jumil mentioned in Letter

declared to merit death.

affront to

some degree,

was hardly a

to be so,

it

in

by the express

a letter written

probably announcing than

partaking,

by motives of a

but have considered

it

as a

mere personal

Ushruf, which would be sufficiently punished by the bare

manifestation of his displeasure.

LETTER 7o KuMRUDDEEN

You

write,

" that

" that the Sipahddr,

Khan

it is

;

LV.

dated 25th

BehAry.

(3th June.')

not advisable, until the reduction of Nergiind,

Mahommed

Ali, should be relieved, as

L

2

you propose that

BELECT LETTERS OF

76

Knshoon should continue

*'th at his

" trendies."

As

for,

an

is

of no experience, and as

and keep with you, Shaikh Unser and

and station Mahoiuiued All and

his

which means you would have the

more

others would be

officer

his

Kushoon,

Kushoon with Burhanuddeen

services of old

way of acquiring

in the

liis

and new raised troops, we directed that

consists of ignorant

you should send

present post in the

its

known

It is

the aforesaid Sipahddr

Kushoon

occupy

to

while the

soldiers,

The

instruction.

by

;

fact

is,

that the instruction of the aforesaid Sipahddr, and the improvement of

the

men composing

and not

his

his Hisd/a,

is

our object [in

exchange or supercession

you

:

will,

arrangement],

this

therefore, after speak-

ing in an encouraging manner to him, send him to join Burhanuddeen.

What you

Mahommed Nasir (part of Mahommed Ali's Kushoon, and made

say respecting the Risdla of

which you have incorporated

into

over the remainder to Burhanuddeen)

is

you

to the aforesaid Risdla are to be considered by

made

loan or deposit,(') and are neither to be

Mahommed

nor to be incorporated into

The men belonging

understood.

Ali's

in the light of

a

over to Burhanuddeen,

Kushoon

but are to be

;

dispatched to the Presence, whenever our orders, for that purpose, shall

be issued.

With regard

your sending away the stable horses,

to

of the scarcity of grain and forage,

you are just now carrying on

is

is

it

to be observed

against a fort

;

on account

&c.^^)

and that

;

that the

field

war

operations

being [for the present] out of the question, there can, of course, be no

You

call for cavalry.

to

Kuppood-ghur,

pasturage.

will,

therefore, dispatch all the stable horses, &c.

where there

This, indeed,

is

abundance

was formerly

signified

of to

forage

you

;

and good

and

it

is

a

matter (1) Original (2)

The

tiÛ

stable horses

cavah'y belonged to

tlie

were

tlie

men and

property of the Sircar officers compojiiig

it.

;

whereas the horses of thn Silahdar

TIPPOC SULTAN.

77

matter of cxtreire astonishment to us, that you should perpetually write

and apply

for orders in

such plain and easy cases as

this.

OBSERVATIONS. The

foregoing letter clearly shows, that

confidence

in

the Sultan did not place unlimited

if

the military talents or experience of Burhanuddeen, he at least

considered the

camp

commander

of that

as

a better school for the

Kumruddeen.

inexperienced soldier than that of

There

is

young and

reason to believe,

however, that the professional merits of Burhanuddeen were duly appreciated by his master; since

we

shall hereafter see

of a wing of the united

him entrusted with the important charge

army of Mysore,

in a general action with the Mahrattahs,

near Shahnoor.

LETTER To

Mahommed Ghyas 26th

Your

LVI.

and Noor

Behary.

three letters (two of

Mahommed Khan

;

datea

(9th June.^

them dated the 9th of Behdrr/, and the

other the 13th of Behdry) accompanied by

five bills

namely, four from yourself, and one from Noor

Mahommed Khan,

The

been received.

detail

conduct of Suddashoo, [person]

is

only an

Hurkdreh

require of

[and no other]

the Hurkdreh, :

is

into,

;

him those

have

regarding the insolent

understood.

The

aforesaid

what question or debate [therefore] can

and why should he be made privy to any secret

arise with him,

You must

you have entered

of exchange,('>

services

which

it

is

his duty to

affairs ?

perform

and when you may have any thing of a particularly secret

(1)

LXIV.

These

were probably

Besides the

bills

tlio

bills

directed

to

be returned

mentioned, these dispatches enclosed what

two Ldkut-lukokh, the meaning of which

I

am

unable to discover.

to the is

Sultan in Letter

caJleU jn the orif'inal

SELECT LETTERS OF

78 secret nature to

which

is

communicate, you must do

in the couplet cypher

enclosed. (^>

and

If the [Mahrattah] minister,

Mahommed Khan, and still

:

you

the rest of them, will dismiss

allow him to return hither,

in the event of their being

better

it

will

Ram Chundur

Behary.

It has been represented to us, that a balance of is

will be

(lOth June.} fifteen

due from some of the Taaluks,

still

and,

LVII.

dated 2'Jth

;

it

;

out together for the Presence.

will, in that case, set

thousand pagodas

he well

urgent for the return of you both,

LETTER To Rajah

it

Noor

or sixteen

under the

charge of Meer Futah Ali, the TaaMkddr of Chuck-Bdldpoor (from

which amount, however,

certain

deductions

remain to be made), and

that you have taken very rigid measures for enforcing payment of the

Now,

same.

functions of

as the aforesaid

that

Tualukddr has never before exercised the

and as he

office,

inexperienced in business,

it is

moreover,

is,

a stranger,

and

our pleasure, that you desist from those

rigorous proceedings, and be content with gradually realizing the balance

You

due.

will therefore recall

the aforesaid

Aumil may be

N.B. The remainder of

your Suzdivuls

relieved

this letter

is

from

[bailiffs],

to the

end that

his present dismay.

on an uninteresting

subject.

OBSERVATIONS. The on

preceding

letter affords

similar occasions.

The

another exception to the usual severity of the Sultan

motives assigned for his lenity, in the present instance are,

(2)

The cypher

the key lo

it

here referred to does not appear.

was comprehended

in

a Bile^ or Distich,

It is called

a couplet cypher, because

TIPPOOSrLTAN. are,

79

no doubt, satisfactory and creditable to his justice

Mahoinmed AH, they

the Sipahddr,

of the Sultan

;

The

unequal.

w horn we

though, as in the case of

necessarily bring in

question the prudence

m trusts,

knew them

men

see placing

to which he

to be

following letter will be found to breathe a very different spirit.

LETTER Khan

To MoHYUDDEEN Ali

Your

;

letter,

;

LVIII.

dated 28th

Behary.

(\\th June.')

on the subject of the revenue accounts of the

Huwaili/^^^

and Taalitk of Ali-Niigr (depending on Giiramcoondah) , has passed under our view, and of the said Taaldks

is

You must examine

duly understood.

in the strictest

to the realization of the

the accounts

manner, and apply yourself diligently

On

revenue.

without favour or partiality to any,

all

you must

this occasion,

such persons

as,

By

practice of ingratitude, have defrauded the Sircar.

flog,

adopting the

this

means,

let

the payment of our dues be enforced.

N.B. The

rest

of this letter

is

omitted as immaterial.


Your

letter

placed the in the

;

dated 29th BehJIry.

has been received.

We

(\.2th

Ali,

with Biirhiinuddeen

room of which you must take Shaikh Unscr [and his

men

June^

highly approve of your having

Kushoon of the Sipahddr, Mahommed

commander and

You

Khan

LIX.

his corps]

;

:

that

being intelligent and well instructed.

should open a ncgociation with the garrison of Nergdnd, througli

the Kilaaddr of

Bdddmj/,

or the

Kdzy

of

Tdrkul, or through any other

(1)

which

The is

Iluwailj/

is

always included

the principal division of a Sircar, or dislrict; the chief in

it.

town

of

SELECT LETTERS OP

80 otlwr channel

and endeavour, by some means or other,

;

to obtain speedy

possession of the fort.

OBSERVATIONS. The

Kum-

reader will recollect, that the measure, for the execution of which

ruddeeu

is

commended, did not

here

by the Sultan, and

a

originate with him, but

compliance with

it

evaded, in the

had been directed

first

instance,

by the

Meer. I

am

from the instructions here given to Kumruddeen

inclined to infer,

for

opening a negociation with the garrison of Nergund, that the Sultan sometimes addressed his orders to one, and sometimes to another of the two commanders

employed against that orders to each other.

place, It

and that they were in the habit of communicating such

would be

difficult,

indeed, on any other supposition, to

account for such an order as the present one being apparently addressed to

deen exclusively

since there can be very

;

lead, at least, in all

command

with the general frontier.

It

not also in

of the

may have

doubt that Burhaniiddeen took the military movements, connected

all

army now advanced towards the Mahrattah

on the other hand,

is,

under consideration

no entry,

political, if

little

Kumrud-

possible, that

similar instructions

to

those

been addressed directly to Burhanuddeen, although

to that effect, appears in the correspondence.

LETTER LX. 2b Burhanuddeen; dated 2d Jaafvry

Your

letter,

make up some

containing an application for

clothes, has been received.

(\6thJune.^

money

You may

rupees from the Tosheh-khd7iek,^^^ and apply that

to

enable you to

take three hundred

sum

to the purposes of

furnishing yourself with apparel.

Muster (1)

For an explanation of

this

term, see the observations on this

letter.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

81

Muster returns of the wliole of the troops under your command, regular infantry,

wlictlier cavah-y,

or other description,

as well as a

statement of [your] receipts and disbursements, must be sent to us.

A month

has elapsed since Kumruddeen's

close to the fort

but you have

;

advanced so far from your

ijot

although you commenced your approaches so Tliis is

what we do not understand.

more expeditious

the

in

were established

batteries

It

is

much

side,

sooner than he did.

necessary, that you should be

prosecution of this business

;

and

by

that,

properly battering the walls of the place, you should effect such a plain

and practicable breach, as may enable you In this

affair

you must be brisk and

storm

to

it

with success.

active.

OBSERVATIONS. Parsimony, or perhaps, more expenditure,,

strictly speaking,

was always known

Tippoo SuUan

;

to

a rigid

economy

in his

be a prominent feature in the character of

and we have here a curious and striking proof of the

and

of his jirincipal generals,

his

general

brother-in-law,

is

fact.

obliged to apply to

the means of providing himself with wearing apparel

One

him

for

and the Sultan, although

;

t

he complies with the request, the discretion specific

of

ft

is

so far from

of Burhanuddeen, that he

leaving

restricts

any thing on the occasion

him

to the

to

disbursement of a

sum, in fixing of which he certainly has displayed none of the munificence

sovereign prince.

The

Tosheh-hhiineh

is

distinguished

by Tippoo himself

one of the

(in

the present collection) into two kinds, viz. the NukJi/ and Jam/.

The

letters

of

former

I

take to have been the Treasury, properly so called, or office in which the current specie,

and, perhaps, bullion were deposited.

comprehended

a great variety of articles besides the

the term Tosheh-hhihich

Hlndoatan. the

The

is,

I

Where this word

latter

would appear

wardrobe

;

to

have

to which, however,

believe, usually restrained in the nortliern parts of

occurs by itself (that

viorA^NuMy or JUmy, which

is

is,

in general the case)

M

without it is

its

being joined to

not easy to determine its

SELECT LETTERS OF

82 its

In some places, as in the present

precise sense.

treasury in

strictest

its

sense

;

;

but

I

am

in

it

wardrobe

others, the

The Jbm/,

general storehouse or magazine.

ordnance and ordnance stores

in

letter,

some

;

appears to signify the and, occasionally, a

parts of Hindostan, includes

unable to say, whether the term was,

on any occasion, applied in the same manner by Tippoo Sultan. It

would be a

difficult

how

matter to judge,

far the

censure here passed on the

conduct of Burhaniiddeen before Nevgdnd, was justly merited, fuller

It

of

without a

much

knowledge of the circumstances and operations of the siege than we possess.

may

be presumed, however, that

the Sultan

was formed

;

it

and

was upon such a knowledge that the judgment that, consequently,

by Burhanuddeen on

remissness manifested

LETTER To

The

the

there was actually some

this occasion.

LXI. (\^th June^

same ; dated2d Jaafury.

Piddelis from the [adjacent] Taahiks of the Sircar, [at present]

stationed with your army, are distressed for

of subsistence

;

their difficulties,

we

therefore write to desire,

you

will

want of [the usual] means that,

In order to

make them a montldy allowance of

ten

remove

fanams

per man.

LETTER To Rajah

Your

letter,

Ram Chundur

same

date,

(lath June^

together with the Hindku/ enclosure, addicsscd to the

Aumil of Vencatigeery has heen ,

stated are

;

LXII.

received,

and the particulars therein

become known.

Write to the aforesaid Aumil, that he must address Baboo Rao, the renter of Vellore, to this effect, viz. " that

it

is

not the custom of the

" Taaldksy

TIPPOOSULTAN.

83

"

Taaliths belonging to our Sircar to allow the residence of robbers

*'

therein

"

;

and

upon the discovery of any such, they are imiuc-

that,

What more

diately put to death."

?

OBSERVATIONS. The Hlndivy

here

enclosure,

Vellore (in the Carnatic), requiring in the this

Vencatigeery

demand

is

district,

was probably from the renter

referred to,

some robbers,

a sufficient proof of the

maintain an amicable, or even

civil,

little

sujiposed to have taken refuge

The answer

to be delivered up.

of

disposition

intercourse with

tlie

ordered to be sent to

which the Sultan had existing

to

government of the

Carnatic.

LETTER 2o Chishty

Yar Khan

Your letter has What you write, Ushruf, the

j'^'^

LXIII.

dated 5ih Jaafvry.

been received, and respecting the

Darogha

its

contents are duly understood.

rigorous

proceeding of

in sending five

of Gooti/,

(I8th June.')

Mahommed

horsemen

payment of the third instalment of the revenue of your

to enforce district,

is

revealed.

Esteeming you to be

intelligent in business,

a well-wisher of our government,

chaige tions to

and we confidently

;

we appointed you

trust, that

you

its

revenue

;

your utmost exer-

and [especially] that you

M This

is

the

same person

to

whom

Letter

lately

put upon the

iutter.

will,

according

2 LIV

to is

addressed

the mortiiiciuion of having a Siizd-xiil placed over liim by

he had

will use

to your present

promote the interest of the Sircar, the prosperity of your Taalilk,

and the Increase of

(1)

a person of integrity, and

See Letter LIV.

;

and who, perliaps, owed

Mahommed

Ushruf, to the

ali'ront

SELECT LETTERS OF

Si

to your written engagement, discharge

the period of a month, paying the persuasion,

this

we

will accordingly

whole of the third A7^^ within

amount thereof into our

treasury.

In

transmit you a Purivdneh, to the address of the

aforesaid*-^ \_Darogha'], directing

you

tlie

him

to

forward to him.

withdraw

You

which

his horsemen,

must,

the

at

same time,

labour most diligently in the improvement of your laaliik, and in the

and augmentation of

collection

its

revenues.

LETTER LXIV. To MoHYUDDEEN Ali Khan, Detp'Jn of dated 6th Jaafvry.

What you

have stated to

to [the garrison of]

KuRPAH

We desire

action

us, respecting the

pay of four men belonging

Guramcoondah, who have been some time dead,

you

have been

officers

of that place,

is

will enquire very particularly into this trans-

and having ascertained the

;

an Extract;

(\9th *TuneJ)

having been appropriated to their own use by the revealed.

:

time that the aforesaid

in possession [or receipt] of this

officers

money, make them refund

the same.

OBSERVATIOXS. I

am

not clear, whether

Jindreceive the

it

be here meant that the

pay of the deceased men

continued to draw

officers

after their death, or that

they had only possessed

(2)

This

P«?ttv/;if A accordingly appears, but I

hare not thought

it

necessary to translate

sufficient to mention, that alter bearing testimony to the (jualifications of Chishty

it.

It is

Yar

Kiian, as an officer of revenue, the Sultan observes, that

if

the Taalukddr in question

should not discharge the A'w/ due at the stipulated time (which, on this occasion, he states at a

month and a

half, tliough, in the letter to Chisht}'

there will be do impropiiety in

Yar Khan,

it

is

said to be a

monthj,

placing Suzdwuh over him, to enforce payment of the same.

9PIPPOO SULTAN;( possessed themselves of the pay due to notice taken of the offence

them

85 In either

at their decease.

by the Sultan appears extremely

case, the

slight.

LETTER LXV. To

Mahommed Ushruf, DeivAn of ^th Jaafury.

Directing

the

name of Fyze

the

Kuchurry of Gooty;

dated

(2Qth Jiine.^ Hisiir to be substituted for that of

Gooty. Similar orders were issued, under the same date, directing Bidhdn-y to be in future called

Sumrputn, and Chittledoorg to be named Furkhydb

Hmlr.

OBSERVATIONS. Some

of the letters in this collection, instead of being complete transcripts of

those dispatched, are only, as

memorandums distinguished

by beginning always with the words

present letter

"

is

the

in every future case of the

quoted, in the same

word "

were, notes of the originals.

These heads, or

of dispatches, are titled and dated like the entire entries, but are

" on the subject of

The

it

way

or

wUjj

that

is

to say,

followed by a brief abstract of the subject. first

of this description that has occurred.

I

propose,

kind in question, to render the introductory words just I

have done on the present occasion, namely, by the

directing," or other suitable participle

this portion of the

^-•lJJJ

;

which

will sufficiently distinguish

correspondence from the more complete part.

86

SELECT LETTERS OP

LETTER LXVI. 7b IMahommed Ghyasj dated Seringapatam, 5th Jaafury. (I8th Ju7ie.} If

tlieyC)

should allow

must dispatch him self

Noor Maliommed Khan

to depart, then

and practising procrastination, you

hither,

you

your-

will

remain behind for some time, writing us occasionally the news [of

that quarter].

Khdn

In the event, however, of their not giving the aforesaid

audience of leave, you must both of you continue there

his

contrive, by one

means or another,

amuse them

to

and to deceive them by speeches, calculated to [or to

work upon

;

and

for a certain time,

flatter their selfish views^-^

their avariciousncss].

OBSERVATIONS. The

real situation of these

So long,

envoys at Poonah, as well as their continuance there

enveloped in a good deal of obscurity.

is

At one time

it

that the Mahrattah government have objections to the departure of

med Khan

at another,

;

both envoys.

The Sultans

equally inexplicable

The

pondence. is.

that

if

Nana Furnaveese

;

and

is

is

intimated,

Noor Mabom-

seen to hint an intention of dismissing

wishes and intentions respecting them are, at

will

appear

still

more

we

so, as

least,

proceed in the corres-

only conclusion to be distinctly drawn from the present dispatch

the agents remained at Poonah,

it

was to be with no other objects than

those of transmitting intelligence, and of amusing and deceiving the Mahrattah

government.

This

is

clearly

and

explicitly expressed

;

and abundantly proves,

that he thought of nothing less, at this time, than of affording

any

satisfaction

whatsoever (I)

[1)

/.

e.

the government of Poonah.

Original

jj^^ J;^

T

I

views,"

selfish

it

U L T A N.

S

8/

Whether by " speeches

whatsoever to that government.

"

Pr OO

was meant, that

tiie

calculated to flatter their

envoys should hold out the temptation of

bribes to the Mahrattah ministers, or only that they should continue to profess his

readiness to discharge the arrears of Paishcush due

by no means

money

so,

that the Sultan

had no

by him,

doubtful

is

;

but

it is

serious intention of parting with his

for either purpose.

LETTER ^b

Some

Mahommed Ghous

;

LXVII. same

(I8th tTune.}

date.

Jaml form

time since, a Distich, according to the

or

rule,('>

was

conununlcated to you, and has, no doubt, been comprehended by you.

A scroll,

exhibiting the details of that rule, and which will

completely acquainted with the subject, yourself

to be admitted to a

is

is

now

knowledge of

Nobody

enclosed.

it

make you besides

and when you have any

;

thing of a particular or secret nature to communicate, you must write in this cypher.

N. B. At the end of the foregoing

letter a

the Distich referred to in the beginning of

been transmitted on a former occasion. I

of

omit the Distich, because

I

am,

Of

Distich it,

is

added, which

take to be

though that would seem to have

the scroll spoken

at present,

I

unable to

nothing appears.

of,

make out

the meaniu"-

it.

OBSERVATIONS. The that

title

Ghous

of this letter assigns is

an error of

my

it

to

Mahommed Ghous

transcriber, for

Ghyds.

:

but

If not,

I I

incline to think

am

unable to say

who Juml

the aritlimctical rule of addition, upon the principle of which the (1) cyjjher in question (wliich I do not at present comprehend) may possibly have been founded. is

SELECT LETTERS OF

88

who Mahommed Ghous

was, or what diplomatic situation he

filled

;

for such, it

is

reasonable to suppose, must have been his employment, from the injunction given

him

to write occasionally in cypher.


Your

letter,

Khan

dated 6th Jjafvry.

;

(\Oth June.")

advising us of your having detached a JRisula to Kuti'-

and we approve of what you have done.

nek-geeri/, has been received,

We

LXVIII.

desire [however] that

you have sent [on

you

will

particularly state,

this service], as well as

consists of.

Your

Mohyuddeen

Ali

what number of cavalry

the Deivdn of Knrpah.

of the

batteries close to the Avails

breached the same, you

will,

with the concurrence of the Sipahddrs and It will

be

however, to endeavour, to the utmost of your power, to gain

possession of rison.

and well

fort,

other commanders with you, assault and reduce the place. better,

it

are to send the pay ahstracts(') of this cavalry to

Khan,

Having erected

whose Risdla

It

it

by maimgement,^-^ and by striking an awe into the gar-

must be stormed only

in case of absolute necessity.

OBSERVATIONS. The kind

of management here

recommended

fully appear in subsequent letters.

to

Kumruddeen Khdn

It consisted in the

cipled art that might tend to circumvent the garrison,

will

more

practice of every un])rin-

and induce them

to

submit

to terms.

(1)

la the original

^jlX^

Tusdeek,

I

am

not certain

tliat I

have rendered the term

rightly. (2) In the original

circumvention,

&(c.

I4*

c>»«^

Ilikmui-iumlj/y which signifies, finesse, trick, stratagem,

TIPPOOSULTAN.

89

LETTER LXIX. To

the

Your

same

letter

dated Serixg^pai'^m, Sth Jaafvry.

;

has passed under our view, and

its

(2\st June.^

contents are duly

understood.

We the

notice

t/i/she,'-^^

what you in

state,

among

respecting the mortality prevailing

consequence of the unhealthiness^-) of your position, and

approve of your having dispatched the commanders of companies^^) into the adjacent districts, in search of recruits to

have occurred].

You

fill

up the vacancies [which

must, furthermore, order additional

own Kushoon,

purpose of completing your

for the

levies,

you to

as well as to enable

send a supply to the Presence.

There are physicians attached

to

your

Kmhoon

:

enjoined to attend diligently to the care of your sick.

let

them be

The

strictly

officers,

also,

of the said Kushoon, must be peremptorily directed to prevent desertion

among

their

The

men.

horses and cattle belonging to your baggage

should be dispatched to some place abounding in forage, and the R'lsdladdrs,

having charge of them, must be instructed accordingly.

Agreeably to our former directions, besieged, allowing

them

Kala Pundit, with must

a capitulation be granted to the

to depart with their

his family

also be induced,

let

arms and accoutrements.

and kindred, and the principal bankers,

by engagements,

'^^^

to descend from the fort,

upon

doing which they are to be placed under a guard, and ten lacks of pa-

godas

to be

demanded of them,

for the ravages

committed

in

our

N (1)

Or

that part of the

(2) Ori<;inal (3)

army composed

lybj c_>l i_jLi-l

"

Original ^^^Li.^ Sur-kheeldn

Original Jyi A'oa7.

tories,

of irregular infantry.

hadncss of the air and water."

gulars appears to have been called a (4)

terri-

;

literally

K/ud,

the

while a

heads of

company

tribes,

A company

of irre-

of regulars was called a Jowk.

SELECT LETTERS OP

90

If they pay this sum,

tories.

it

will

be well

In short, you are, by

kept in confinement.

otherwise they must be

;

finesse, to get the aforesaid

Pandit^ together with his kindred and the bankers, out of the

fort,

and

then to secure their persons.

[A few

lines,

containing other directions of no consequence, are here

omitted.]

When ditch

is

your batteries are erected close to the walls of the completely

you

filled,

will,

if

the Sipcihddrs, advance to the assault proper, inasmuch as this

N.B.

A

letter, of

is

a hill-fort

:

fort,

and the

the measure be approved of by

otherwise the attempt will not be qffxiirS^)

the same tenor and date, but

was dispatched

less in detail,

to Biirhanuddeen.

LETTER LXX. To

the same; dated 10th

We have received

your

letter,

Jaafury.

(23c? J'une.')

acknowledging the receipt of twenty-one

thousand pagodas ; and representing that, so far from that sum sufficing for the

payment of

all

your troops,

of the regular infantry.

cumstance,

It is

we some time

it is

inadequate even to the payment

understood.

since wrote to you,

Adverting to desiring

this very cir-

you

to transmit to

us a full and distinct statement of the monthly disbursements of the

troops under your

command,

necessary remittances.

We

complying with which we supply you with

troops,

which

telligible to

I

repeat those

might make you the directions

Jbj^ a^Jj
;

upon your

take your report into consideration, and as

may appear

requisite to us].

another short passage, respecting the pay of the

suspect to have been miscopied, but which

me.

(5) Original

now

money [according

follows here

N.B. There

will

in order that Ave

is,

at

any

rate,

unin-

TirPOOSULTAN,

91

LETTER LXXI. 2o the Badshah

Upon

dated \Qth Jaafvry,

;('>

the summit

The

honour.

of

which your Majesty,

virtue],

special

in

gifts

glorified

wealth of distinction and pre-eminence. [I]

favour,

Rao Bal Mukn Doss,

most auspicious conjuncture, and put [me]

magnificent donation,

head touched

of ennol)ling* quality [or

your boundless

bestowed [on nic], by the hands of in the

[my]

receipt of the Imperial Miindate,

(23d June.^

graciously also arrived

in possession

of the

In acknowledgment of this

respectfully offer

[my] most humble

obei-

sance.

This stedfast believer, with a view to the support of the firm religion

Mahommed, undertook [some

of

Nazarcne them,

tribe

solicited

time since] the chastisement of the

who, unable to maintain the war [I] waged against

;

peace [of me] in the most abject manner.

notorious a fact, as not to require to be enlarged on. aid

and blessing of God,

about the

it is

now

With

This

is

so

the divine

again [my] steady determination to set

total extirpation and;destruction

of the enemies of the

faith.

In token of [my] sincere attachment [or devotion] to your Majesty, [I] send, by

ivaij

of Nuzr, a hundred and twenty-one gold Mo/us to

your resplendent Presence

let

:

[your Majesty's] acceptance. continue to be honoured

ennobling commands.

them be [or may they be] honoured by [I]

am humbly

and distinguished by the

More would exceed

N (1)

That

ciitiilcd

is,

an "

hopeful, that [I] receipt

i, c.

your

the bounds of respect.

2

the reigning emperor, or sovereign, of Dehli, Shall Alluni. Urzdds/ii,"

of

may

a petition, memorial, or humble address.

Tliis letter

is

92

SELECT LETTERS OF

OBSERVATIONS. Notwithstanding the apparent the

first

humihty, which

air of

paragraph^ in particular, of the foregoing

may be

letter,

nevertheless remark-

it is

ably deficient in the forms of respect, invariably observed in

Emperor

acknowledging him as

is

any

The

as their sovereign.

from

fallen

The

Shah Allum.

respect) of

and unsuitable to the occasion

Nuzr

as will

itself,

addresses to the

high estate

")

from those

writer here does not once stjde himself,

;

but

and

a strong

is

still less

visible

acknowledgment of the imperial authority.

similar occasions

;

such

as,

"

This

this stedfast believer" in

There can be no doubt, paragraph, the English

Mangalore, concluded

are

in

that

it

meant

;

" destroying" long before

or about fifteen

Here, then, "

it

It

is

respect appropriate to

The it

is

nominative, in fact,

not " this devoted

the second

in to

is

that of

months previously

we have an

to the

indisputable

of the Sultan, as early, at least

to seize the first favourable occasion of us.

in the

which would have reduced him

and tha* the peace alluded

March 1^84,

shown

Mahommed,

was " the steady determination

June 1783,

especially

by the Nazarenes, mentioned

date of the letter under consideration. proof, that

more

is

and then

;

is

repugnance to any direct or express

slave," or the like.

this

is

and affronting than

In short, the address

some of the ordinary terms of

occurs but once in the course of the letter

" servant," but "

ofi'ensive

letter.

studied omission of the nominative case, the use of to the necessity of employing

Nuzr

very manner in which he offers his

be seen by the following

marked throughout with

as

his

all

customary, " the slave," " the devoted servant," or even " the dejiendent" (in

lofty,

the

"

of Hindostan (even though

thought to pervade

" utterly extirpating and

highly probable, however, that this resolution was taken

was announced

to

Shah Allum, and,

in short, that

it

was coeval

with the very treaty by which he bound himself to maintain the relations of amity with us. to

Europe

Unfortunately, his instructions to the (via

Const anthwple) and which

I

first

embassy which he dispatched

conceive to be that alluded to in

Letter VII, have not been preserved, or, at least discovered

abundant reason

to suppose, that this

;

document would have

otherwise, there

is

fully showTi, that a

vigorous

TIPPOOSULTAN.

93

vigorous prosecution of the war against us, was an object which never ceased to

occupy his chief attention, from the moment of his accession Subsequent events, indeed, compelled him to suspend, abandon,

his hostile

purposes

In his

sufficient

is

ground

subject, in his occasional

more

to

ever taken any

certainly did not

concluding, that he was not

for

reserved

:

and

on the

communications to other foreign or independent powers,

than tothe Emperor of Dehli.

It

not unlikely, indeed, that he wrote with

is

freedom than he spohe of his intentions, or than he authorized his diplomatic

less

Oral declarations could be easily disclaimed, and would

agents to speak of them.

be

own Durhdr he

Musnud.

some time, but not

nor would he seem to have

;

particular pains to conceal them.

there

for

to the

difficult to

prove

lead to premature distinctly

;

while written ones, unless very cautiously expressed, might

Accordingly he has not,

discovery.

and explicitly

stated, that the

doubt on the subject.

communicated

to the

however,

Still,

the present letter,

English were " the enemies of the faith,"

he was determined " to extirpate

whom

in

;"

if

British government,

although few persons will entertain any the letter had

been intercepted, or

and he had been questioned regarding

it,

he might have pretended that he meant the Koorgs, or Nairs, or Mahrattahs

all

of

••'

whom

being

enemies of the

infidels, as well as

faith."

It is

the English, might be equally considered as

not to be denied, that the Sultaji,

kept up a cold and formal intercourse, by India

but there can be

;

submitted with reluctance

this while,

with the British government in

question that this was a constraint, to which he

little ;

letter,

all

and only because he could not have waved such a

correspondence, without manifesting, thereb)', to that government

itself,

and in

a manner more direct and explicit than he was yet prepared to do, the hostile spirit

by which he was actuated towards

deem

it

necessary, or

fine,

though he either did not

was unable, from the violence of

his hatred, to conceal his

designs against us from his

and

states

with

whom

he was absolutely

own

he was

:

in correspondence, still

till

it is

indifferent to our being apprized of surprise, than have

he, therefore, continued to

towards us,

In

dependents, or from some of the foreign princes

would rather have taken us by

him

it.

weary of waiting

not to be supposed, that

them

;

since,

no doubt, he

found us prepared to

resist

maintain an outward show of distant civility for

the assistance he had been ltd to expect

from

94

SELECT LETTERS OP

from the French, and no longer animated him against

on our

ally,

us,

he

able, perhaps,

length gave

at

full

But with

intolerable

;

vent to

it

;

which

and by an open attack

the lidjah of Travancore, plunged into that war from which he had

hitherto abstained, only because he hoped,

advantage.

to restrain the rancour

his

impetuous

by

delay, to prosecute

feelings, delay,

beyond

to greater

it

a certain point,

was

and, therefore, yielding to those feelings, he willingly incurred the

hazards of a contest, to which, though standing alone, he doubtlessly thought himself

more equal than the event proved him

The

to be.

only remaining observation, suggested by the foregoing

the professed object of the

English

for

;

" view

name

the war alluded to in the second paragraph must, of course, have

" ment

or security of

infidels

besides

tlie

Thus,

English, that intelligent tion,

" holy

is

'•

it

religion."

may

serve as a clue

Nazarenes

in

we

but the time and occasion of

;

always

will venture to say,

sufficiently

indicate

it

would be

hesitate, for

an

its

who

the context so plainly

the present case,

Mussulman, who would

may

no doubt, of being applied

to other

use,

are

points

difficult to find a

to say

actually at

the

candid and

instant, to declare his convic-

were alluded to in the passage in question.

be farther remarked, in confirmation of this opinion, that the

extirpation " of the Mahrattahs would never

the contemplation of the Sultan

;

whose hatred

than that which he bore to the English the same fear or jealousy. fort or district, or the all

This

" with a

wars," of " wars entered into for the advance-

susceptible,

that they, and they alone,

Indeed,

said to have been undertaken

Mahommedan

nothing of other circumstances, intended.

thought proper to

Islam" and of " the extirpation of the enemies of the

This language

faith."

is

this occasion, has

however covert, meaning of Mahommedans, and particularly bigotted

ones, whenever they talk of

"

This war

of his father.

to the support of the

to the real,

to

war waged by Hyder Ali Khan against the

last

been that of 178O, though the Sultan, on sink the

letter, relates

;

seem

to

have been an object in

to that nation

was

far less virulent

nor was their jwwer viewed by him with

In his disputes with them, the acquisition of some

relinquishment of some pecuniary demand, was probably

that he at any time contended for.

TIPrOOSULTAN.

LETTER To MuNZOOR

Having and

virtues

Am Khan

heard, from

;(')

95

LXXir. (23d

same Date.

Rao Bal Mukn Doss,

of the

June.')

many

excellencies

which distinguish your character, the information has been

A

productive of the greatest satisfiiction to me.

containing an

bag,^^^

Urz-ddshf P^ nddressed to the resplendent Presence, and accompained by a Nuzi-^^^

of a

patched

;

same

and

hundred and twenty-one I trust to

gold Mo/irs,

herewith dis-

is

your friendship and kindness, for presenting the

to his Majesty's blessed notice.

Many Mussulmans

are in the habit of carrying about their persons (in

pockets and the like) for their convenience [or to answer occasional calls]

gold

Mohrs and Rupees.

But, inasmuch as the gold and

silver coins,

stamped with the names of the rulers of the age, contravene the prescriptions of our liturgy, I have, on this account, devised

and coined,

and caused to be circulated, a new and superior kind of gold

which the names of God, of the Holy Prophet,

is

my Nuzr

to his Majesty

composed

;

and

in

and of the august

Of

Prince of Sanctity and of Sages, (^^ are introduced.

Mohr ;

this

new coinage

have likewise sent, in

I

token of friendship, twenty-five of the same sort of gold

Mohrs

for

your

acceptance.

Considering (1)

Munzoor

Ali Kli^n was the chief of the eunuchs at the court of Dehli, and at this

period the princi[)al confidential servant of Shah Alium.

He

was,

in fact,

the minister of

tlic

day. (2) Letters to

The

persons of any distinction arc usually enclosed

materials with which these bags are

made

addressed. (3)

An

(4)

A

(5)

Meaning AIL

Urz, or humble address

;

in baj^s,

called Khureela,

arc regulated by the rank of the persoa

a petition.

present, or offering, from an inferior to a superior.

96

SELECT LETTERS OE Considering

occasionally will

me

to be always anxious to hear of

make me happy by your

be made known to you, by the

For the

Doss.

rest,

may

your welfare, you must

Other particulars

friendly letters.

letter addressed to

you by Bal

Mukn

content and gladness attend you.

OBSERVATIONS. Though

the various pseudo-sovereigns,

memberment

of the

Mogul Empire,

off the authority of the Court of

continued

to

dependence

;

observe

towards

in different parts of

Dehli

the dissolution or dis-

Hindostan, soon threw

in all material points, they, nevertheless,

some of the external forms of homage and

such as styling themselves, in their addresses to the reigning repre-

sentative of the house of

presenting

it

who sprung up on

him on

Timur, "

certain

festivals,

his

slave" or

faithful

" devoted subject;"

and on other occasions, with the Nuzrs

appropriate to royalty, and soliciting or accepting

titles

But

of honour from him.

the chief symbol, or vestige, of the nominal power, thus conceded to him, consisted in the general practice

which had obtained among these upstart

rulers, of

continuing to stamp the current coins of their respective territories with the usual

legend of the imperial coinage; by which means the Emperor, for the time being,

became every where name,

at

least,

Of

general.

ostensibly recognized as the legitimate sovereign

and

his

rescued from oblivion, and even rendered familiar to the people in

this

empty honour, Tippoo Sullan was,

indeed, the only one'^' of these self-created princes,

Not

;

content, however, with putting this affront

the temerity to aggravate

it

in the highest degree,

consisting of a coin, from the inscription on

I

believe, the

who thought

fit

first,

and,

to divest

him.

upon the aged monarch, he had by sending the

which the name and

latter a titles

Nuzr,

of Shah

Allum do not (with Captain Moor) consider the Abdalli, or King of Cdbid, as forming an exception, that country having been formally ceded by the Emperor, Mahommed Shah, to the Persians, from whom it was wrested by Ahmed Shall Abdalli, otherwise called (6)

For

Durdni/.

I

TIPPOO SULTAN. AUum

were entirely excluded.

was

this innovation,

it

was not submitted to

Never having seen on

this occasion,

I

court to

and it:

calculated to

little

accordingly, as will hereafter be seen,

a gold

Mohr, of the

specific coinage

am, of course, not enabled to say

professed to regulate

but was

frivolous,

The

it.

to

it,

to

employed by the Sultan

what degree he adhered,

the sanctimonious principle

by which he

gold Mohr, of which a representation

Captain Moor, in his Narrative of

Little's

is

no doubt, might have made some

the Sultan,

interval,

given by

Campaign,"^ happens to be of the year

Zubrjudy'^ or six years posterior to the date of the two preceding letters this

to justify

in silence.

impressed upon

in the legend

The argument, by which he attempted

sufficiently curious

Mahommedan

reconcile, even a

9/

and in

;

alteration in the

inscription.

There

however, in the publication just referred

is,

Rupee, struck

in the

Nuzr

;

to Delili

which the

and

same year (namely Julio) it

latter consisted, differed

it

far

pose

one side

it

which Tippoo dispatched

little,

or perhaps nothing, from that

Assuming

this for the fact,

let

which

us exa-

is

in the foregoing letter.

the following legend, written here in the order in which

I

sup-

intended to be read:

which may be

"

is

"

\i. e.

translated,

" the

religion, or faith, of

Ahmed

[i, e.

rendered luminous on earth by the victories of Hyder."" Seringapatam'] in the year

Jullo^^"''

of

Mahommed]

Struck at Putn

[or] H'lgera 11 99."

O (7)

Vide

(S)

Captain

fig. 4,

plate I,

Moor

responding

witli

A.

Or, " derives

not being iK-qiiaintcd witli the Sultan's Kalcnclar, was not aware that

I). its

xiz. the forty-fifth

year of

tiie

of the Mi/sore Cjdc, and cor-

1791. [present] lustre on eartli from the victories of

(10) Julio (whicii, like Zubrjud, was not understood tlic ;i9th

Here

page 465.

Zubrjud was the name of a particular year,

(y)

his

the inscription in question corresponds with the description given of

by the Sultan,

On

the figure of a double

probable that the inscription on the gold Mohrs, of

is

appears on the Rupee of the same year.

mine how

in

to,

Mjjsorc

Ci/clc,

Hyder."

by the author of the Narrative) was

and coincides with A. D. 1785.

SELECT LETTEKS

98

Here Hyder, though ostensibly standing or titles

it

own

of his

was, in

was)

father

all

for the Caliph

is,

by

AH

(one of whose names

by the Sultan

probability, intended

whose name

;

OJf

to suggest the idea

this contrivance, introduced into the legend,

without any direct or open deviation from the rule proposed to be followed.

In

like

manner, the word Futak, though apparently conveying no other meaning

than

its

usual and obvious one, viz. victory,

shadow out

to

either his

own

far,

his

name, or that of

original

different purpose, has he ingeniously

one of

be safely supposed as designed his paternal grandfather,

Here, then, in two words, seemingly employed for a

Futah Ali Khan.

viz.

may

own names, but

managed

to impress his coin, not only with

with those of his father and grandfather

also

;

and so

without any verbal breach of the law he had imposed upon himself.

We will now enquire, coin under consideration

The

leg-end

is

how he

has succeeded in the exergue, or reverse, of the

?

as follows

:

r (_^wjji»- i-!_ji=-

That

is,

"

He

[i. e.

jL)

God]

t^j^^

is

Aj^

j-^w^ -v*-^^

^,yj\ jA

the only Sultan [or Lord] and dispenser of justice-

" 3d [of the month] Behdry, year Julio, and third of the It is

very remarkable, that the

first

word

reign."

in this inscription

quently, that which immediately precedes the

word Sultan,

is

(or

.>)

and, conse-

so impressed, as to

be susceptible, without any extraordinary licence or exercise of the fancy, of being read Tippoo.

For the

tail,

or lower part of the ^ does not appear in

its

usual

form, but assumes something like the figure of a crescent, and might, therefore,

be very

easily taken for

Omitting, then, the will be exactly the

an ornament, instead of a component part of a character.

were nothing bat a flourish) the

tail (as if it

same

as if

it

rest of the

word

were the proper name Tippoo, written without

the diacritical points, the omission of which, though certainly unusual in coins,

common enough on

other occasions.

Supposing

this,

is

therefore, to have been the

Sultan's design, the sense would be, " Tippoo, the only Sultan, the just."

On (of

the whole, then,

it

may be

observed, that with the help of a few equivoques

which he seems, on many occasions,

while

fullilling his

to

have been very fond) he has contrived,

promise of inserting in his coin none but the names of God, of the

TIPPOO SULTAN. the Prophet, and of AH, to impress

with the names of

The that

it

was struck on the anniversary of

10th of

months subsequent

May

to the

would not be easy

so,

rulers of the age."

we have been

date on the reverse of the rupee which

calculate, to the

It

without actually appearing to do

also,

his Jdloos, or

on the 3d of Behdry of the year Suhh

place

five

" two

at least

it

99

1783

enthronement, which took

corresponding, as nearly as

,•'"'

and being,

;

considering, shows

therefore,

I

can

somewhat more than

death of Hyder/'-'

to assign

any consistent or

of the Sultan, with respect to the court of Dehli.

If

he thought

promoting any of the objects of his ambition, and was, on of cultivating a good understanding with

it,

it

conduct

rational motive for the

is

it

capable of

this account, desirous

rather extraordinary, that he

should have adopted the measure of rendering such a Niizr to the Emperor, as a very

might have

little reflection

satisfied

him, was but

ill

calculated to conciliate

on the other hand, he neither expected

the favour of that court towards him.

If,

nor desired any thing from

equally strange, that he should have put

it

it,

is

himself to any trouble or expence, in maintaining an intercouse with

mere news of the place could prove very

little

(that, too, transmitted to

interesting,

and

still less,

him only

The

it.

at distant intervals)

useful to liim.

02 (11) Sec the Introduclion.

Tippoo's gold

^/t)/ir

This

is

given by Captain

the

was

inis|)lacing of the diacritical points,

word occurring

Moor;

(fig.

led to read

in

the reverse of the impression of

plate I.) but wiiich he,

4.

its

back to the 10th or

Tippoo,

in his

1

1783

;

1th of April.

Memoirs,

months: so

have not the means

iliai,

if

March

and, consequently, the 3d of Bchdri) would be thrown

What

leads

me

fixes the death of his father

to prefer the 10th of

on the 3d of Zdkirij.

Mohurrcm, A. H. 1147) liyder died in December 1782,

3d of Zdktrij (corresponding to the exactly five

I

coninK'nccinent would coincide \vith the 10th or 11th of

(instead of the 9th of April)

to the

Sunh.

(12) If Sukh, however, should have been a leap year (a doubt that

of clearing up) then

owing

1st

of his son must have taken place in Ma}-, and not in April.

to the it

May

Now

is,

that

from the

3d of Behdri/,

is

follows that the /«/o05

100

SELECT LETTERS OF

LETTER To

MoAL Chund

Your

letter,

LXXIII.

and Sujan Rae^'^; same Date.

(23d i/une.y

with the newspapers which accompanied

has passed

it,

under our view, and the contents tliereof are understood.

A bag-,

enclosing an address [[from us] to the resplendent Presence,(->

together with a hundred and twenty-one gold

way

[designed]

in the

address of

Munzoor

Mohrs of a new

coinage,

of Nuzr, as Ukewise a separate bag, to the

Khan, and

Ali

same kind of gold

twenty-five of the

Mohrs, as a token of [our] friendship [for the said Khdii], are sent herewith.

up

For the greater

security,

the gold 3Iohrs have been sewed

You

in the gannents^^^ of the messengers.

arrival,

Mohrs from

take the gold

medium of Munzoor

Ali

therefore,

will,

their garments, and,

on their

through

the

Khan, present a hundred and twenty-one of

them, with our Zh-z-ddsht [or humble address], to his Majesty, delivering the remaining twenty-five to the aforesaid Khdn.

A

bill

of exchange for one thousand rupees

amount [when

the

you are

realized]

to

is

Out of

sent herewith.

take for yourselves

sixteen

months' arrears of wages, at thirty rupees per month, making four hundred and eighty rupees

;

and a twelvemonth's wages,

advance, being three hundred and sixty rupees

in

hundred and

forty rupees.

Eighteen

Hurkdrehs [or messengers, on this

sum, there

will

rttpees,

;

same

at the

rate,

or, together, eight

which are

to be paid to the

their arrival at Dehir\ being

remain one hundred and forty-two

added to

7-npees, •which

vou (

1

(2)

These persons were the Tippoo,

(3) Original

in

Su!(an''s

agents and news-writeis at

Delili.

several of his letters, has applied this phrase (^yj^jj-a*-)

Isai.^^

possibly

meant

for

\btij-

If not, I

can

make nothing

to himself.

of the word.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

the payment of the [regular] wages of our Hurkdrehs.

you

will apply to

Of

the two pair

Mhadajee, are to

The second

now

receive, the first ten, the other nine rupees per

pair,

named Kishnajee and Both

the ahove rate, for three to the end of

Rujuh

named Toliiram and

dispatched, one of them,

nine rupees per month. at

101

Suntajee, are to receive each

have received from us their wages,

sets

months

;

namelv, from the befrinniner of

Rumuzdn 1199 (A.H.),

While they continue with

you, they arc to be paid at the specified rate,

When

month of Shuvwdl.

month.

commencing from

the

they are dispatched, two months' wages are

to be advanced to each pair.

You must [from

time to time] faithfully and accurately communicate

[to us] the intelligence of that quarter.

You

wrote, that you had dispatched to us, by a pair of hired

two baskets

kdrehs, letter

pomegranates, W

of Hai-ddueh

The

from yourselves.

said

Hurkdrehs,

Hur-

together with

with

the

a

and

letter

baskets, have not [hitherto] arrived.

According

to

your desire, seventy-two rupees have been paid here to

Hurkdrehs dispatched by you.

the last pair of hired will

be communicated to you by

Rao Bal Mukn

Further particulars,

Doss.

OBSERVATIONS. These two agents would seem

unknown

to the Sultan

mendation of the Bal

;

by

Mukn

to have

whom

been natives of Hindostan, and personally

they were probably employed, on the recom-

Doss, mentioned in this and the preceding

letter.'"

This (4) Tiiis

brou|;ht,

is

the pomegranate without stones.

together with grapes,

apples,

and

It is

otiicr

not the produce of Hindostan, but tVuir,

IVoni

Culml

aiici

tlio

is

adjaeent

countries, by the horse nK-rchants. (5)

Various dispatches from

papers found at Seringapatam.

tiiese

two agents

to the Sultan

were contained among

tiie

SELECT LETTERS OF

102 This

letter furnishes

another instance of the minuteness to which the Sulfan was

accustomed to descend in situation, officers

would have

all

left

Another sovereign,

matters of disbursement.

in his

such details to one of his secretaries, or to the proper

But

of the department to which they naturally belonged.

a degree of confidence, which

either this

was

was foreign to the character of Tippoo to repose

it

in any of his servants, or he was ambitious of appearing to be equally attentive to

the most

can

it

well as to the most important affairs of his government

trivial, as

be denied, that a general impression, to

this

degree, to secure the fidelity and diligence of those

effect,

whom

would tend,

:

nor

some

in

he employed.

LETTER LXXIV. Khan

To KuMRUDDEEN

Your

;

has been received,

letter

and your account of the

of Burhaniiddeen being completed written before now, walls of the fort [finally]

;

(25th Jnne^

dated \2th Jaafvry.

is

We

undei'stood.

batteries

have repeatedly

desiring you to advance your batteries close to the

to destroy

these

effectually

to

;

fill

the ditch

;

and

with the concurrence and advice of the Slpahddrs, to proceed

Such being the

to the assault of the place.

you should

still

storming.

[We

destroyed,

and

wait,

and continually apply

repeat, however, once

the

ditch

is

filled,

case,

astonishing that

to us for fresh orders for

more]

you

it is

:

In case the walls are

must, with the advice

and

concurrence of the commanders with you, proceed to the assault and reduction of the place.

OBSERVATIONS. The

justice of the reproof contained in the preceding letter

questioned

:

for

though

it

is

certain, that the Sultan

may be

very fairly

had expressed considerable

impatience to obtain possession of Nergdnd, yet his orders, relative to the means

by

TIPPOO SULTAN. by wliich that object was and

distinct, as to leave

LIX

to

be pursued, could not be said to have been so explicit

no doubt of

and intentions

his real wishes

he directs a negociation to be opened with the garrison

the place, and about a week after (Letter getting possession of

time, " that

The

103

letter

it

it,

by what he

calls

LXVIII) he

for in Letter

;

for the surrender of

suggests the expediency

management, plainly saying,

at

of

the same

was not to be stormed, excepting in case of absolute necessity."

immediately following the

Thus

or explicit than the others.

Kumruddeen was

last

(or Letter

appears, that

it

more

desirous of receiving

it

LXIX)

is

not more decisive

was not without reason that

precise

and positive instructions

for

his guidance.

LETTER LXXV. To

Mahommed Ghyas

and Noor

Jaafury. If

tlie

repairing-

hitlier,

it

will

he well

;

dated \Ath

(2'^th June?)

of that place consent to

chiefs

you must both,

Mahommed Khan

:

and

after formally declaring

if

Noor Mahommed Khan's

they should dismiss you both,

them

to

be responsible for the

consequences,^') set out for our Presence.

LETTER LXXVI. To Shaikh Ahbied, son of

Mahommed Mukrum,

\5thJAAFVRY, and endorsed

Having

^'^

the

KorrL-NAMEH."^^*^

Merchant ; dated (28fh June.}

received a full account of you from the verbal report of

Meer

Mahommed (1) In (I *)

tlic oiiy;inul,

"

A KowUmimi'h

is

after fixing

all

blame upon them."

a written engagement, whereby the person executing

it

promises to

grant protcetion, or some particular favors or immunities, to the party receiving

means

also a capitulation.

it.

Kowl

SELECT LETTERS OF

104

Mahommed Mukrum,

we,

consequence,

in

write to desire,

utmost confidence of mind for our Presence,

imme-

out with

set

the

accompanied by your

and such other persons as may be disposed to come with you.

family,

On

that you will,

bounteous mandate,

receipt of this our

diately on

Mahommed

Riza/^^ as well as from the representation of

your arrival here, you

shall in all things experience

our care and

protection, agreeably to your wishes, and be appointed to the charge of

the mercantile concerns, &c/'> for a factory

;

A

proper place shall be assigned you

and such advances of money be made you,

requisite for enabling

as

you to carry on your trade [advantageously],

the profits of which shall rest with you for the term of two years

which time,

we promise

also,

on your merchandize. fear

Repair,

you an exemption from to our

therefore,

Mahommed Mukrum, and

of

letter

to grant

Presence,

be all

during

:

all

duties

without

All remaining particulars will be explained to you

or distrust.

by the

may

the verbal communications

of Meer Ali Riza.W

OBSERVATIONS. The encouragement abundantly

liberal,

here held out to Shaikh

and shows how much the Sultan had

a trade with those countries, of which he had at

Ahmed, seems

what place Shaikh

Ahmed was

it

no jealousy.

to have

been

at heart to

open

It does not

appear

a resident, or whether he accepted the offers

of the Sultan.

(2) Literally, (3)

I

am

concerns (4)

is

" by

the tongue of."

doubtful whether the charge, or superintendance, of the

meant

to

own commercial

be included.

Most probably the same person as the Mcer

beginning of the

5'i
letter.

Mahommed

Rizu, mentioned in the

TIPPOO SULTAN

105

LETTER LXXVII. To BuRHANUDDEEN

You *'

;

" the besieged have

write, tliat

Jaafvry.

dcitcd \Gth

solicited

(2dth June.')

a capitulation, through

the ^lumii of Jidddmy, stipulating only for their lives and honour,0)

" but requiring the guarantee of the Mdgrycotah man," must be

this proposal, they

In answer to

that if they are willing to treat with

told,

the commandei's of our army, you are ready to grant them a capitulation, but that the

Mdgrycotah man, not being a servant [a

subject] of

©urs, his agency in the affair cannot be admitted.

We

formerly issued orders for your dispatching your cavalry to graze

we now

[or forage], and strict

repeat those orders.

We

also direct, that

injunctions be given to the baggage department, for sending all

the lean

Tatoos,^'^\ bullocks,

&c. to grass, the rainy season being

now

at ha7tdS^>

OBSERVATIONS. The Sultan would

which he could not subsequently

Nergund knew to

any guarantee

not, for reasons sufficiently obvious, agree to violate

^vlôm they had to

with perfect impunity.

deal with

;

The

garrison of

and, therefore, naturally

sought

obtain a better pledge for their security, than they could receive from the

" commanders of

his

were, in the end,

army," or any other person depending upon him.

They

however, compelled to trust to the good faith of the com-

manders, and the event was

sucli as

they seem to have anticipated.

P (1)

III

sanctity of (2)

A

(33

Such

tlic

.jUÛ-

^vheê

by ubroo

{viz.

I

is

usually meant,

more

particularly, the

Harem, or female part of a family.

kind of poney, or small degenerate

rendered year,

original

tlio

take to be the strict meaning of

set in

:

and

tiiis

last

the end of June.)

Iiorsc.

uu—IjÂsij*^

though

I

think

it

might

also

be

sense •would, no doubt, better agree with the time of tha

SELECT LETTEHS OF

106

LETTER LXXVITI. To

the

Your

Sanore Man

j('>

dated \8th Jaafury.

(\st July.')

face of arrival, and imparted joy and pleasure to us. friendship has traced, in excuse for past offcnces, this

adorned the

containing an account of your welfare,

letter,

is

What

the pen of

comprehended.

matter not the slightest impression remains on the mind of this

friend

the only fault {ov failure) imputable to that friend being, that

:

he did not examine with care and accounts

amount

of his revenue

dilig-ence into the state

the consequence of which has been, a heavy deficiency in the

;

Our accomptants have made

realized.

themselves thoroughly

acquainted with the details of the territory held eonditionallr/ by you

and

Of

making every

after

fair

and proper deduction for military charges,

You

have ascertained the balance justly due to us from you/^^

therefore, agreeably to your former promises, speedily pay the into the hands of the bankers,

and dispatch the

accomptants and others in your employ, [in

proceedings, to

dered

question],

make

With

amount

respect to the

who have been

guilty of the

you should compel them,

restitution of the

must,

You must

latter to us.

not suffer any delay to take place in this matter.

malversations

;^^>

by

rigorous

sums of which they have plun-

yovi.

In regard to the servants and Taaldkddrs of that friend, we assure

him

that no interruption or disturbance shall be given to

them by any

one.

(1) It is AbdCil

designation

mark

of the

;

Hakeem

Klian, the Nabob of Shanoor, that

is

here meant by this slighting

whicli, thougli (no doubt) confined to the record, or entry, little

is

no unccjuivocal

account he was held in at Seringapatam.

XVI.

(2)

See Letter

(3)

This balance was stated, ia Letter

XVI,

at about thirty-eight lacks of rupees.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

lOJ

LETTER LXXIX. To

Mahommed Ghyas aml'Soon Mahommed Khan;

sa7}ie

Date.

(1st Jidt/.}

Your

of the 9th of Jnafimf, was received on the 18th of the

letter

same month [or

"

this

ference which you

and disgiace you

" inexpedient It

and

together with

you thought

that, in consequence,

a con-

it

utterly

any longer.

Such being the ungracious and unpalatable

what advantage can

things,

in the course of

to his tongue, of a nature that tended to lower

to remain there

known.

is

;

" that

write,

had had with Rao Rasta, Hurry Pundit O heing

" present gave a Hcence *'

You

day].

from

arise

it

That

?

Noor Mahonuned Khan, must,

at

friend,

any

rate,

state of

therefore,

and without

leaving a single individual of your mission behind you, set out for our

Presence, nor wait for any farther orders.

OBSERVATIONS. It

might be supposed, from the

recital

here

made by

the Sultan of the letter of

the envoys, that the latter had not communicated the offensive observations of

Hurry Pundit

in detail,

but

satisfied

of the most affronting nature.

Be

themselves with stating, that they had been this

may,

as it

warmest indignation was excited on the occasion since in

a

we

shall presently see

still

wounded

him

(1)

Hurry

might have been

Pmiclit

was

at tlic licad

couinimidud

with Lord Cornwulhs.

tlic

nor did

clear that the it

Sultmis

immediately subside,

in the foregoing dispatch.

at first,

P siibsf(jiiciit periotl,

is

repeating his order for the return of the envoys,

more peremptory tone than his pride

:

it

of the

army

by the

But however

injurious language

imputed

Hurry

2

army

sent by

to

tlic

of

tlio

Malirattah emiiirc

;

and, at a

yovcniiiiciit of Foonali to co-operate

SELECT LETTERS OF

108 Hurry Pundit, he seems his anger

his

;

inasmuch

as

mind with regard

ultimately to have subdued, or at least to have repressed,

he thought proper,

at

no great distance of time,

to

change

to the recall of his agents.

LETTER LXXX. Mudgvl

To Meer Moaalla Khan, Kilaadar of Jaafvry.

(3d July.^

We have

fArTER compliments]

just learned,

of the Deputy Governor of Giijunder-ghur, tôllected

from the report

that that friend,

having

together a hody of troops, maintains himself with great firm-

ness in the fort of assistance

dated 20th

;

:

we

Mudgul ;

soliciting,

to desire that

therefore write,

reserve or ceremony, state to us

however, at the same time, our

you

what succours you

without any

will,

when, with

require,

the blessing of God, the same shall be effectually furnished.

OBSERVATIONS. I

am

not quite certain with regard to the real

since, in the original,

and general tenor of to

any person

in

it

is

written both

this letter

it

name

of the fort here mentioned,

Mudgul and Nudgul.

might be concluded, that

was not addressed

correspondence with the Sultan.

I

am

who had

of this work, I should meet with any in the Appendix.

new

entertained a

not, at present, sufficiently

informed on the subject to clear up this point satisfactorily

it

the style

the service of the Sultan, but rather to the governor of a fort

(belonging either to the Mahrattahs or to the Nizdm) traiterous

it

From

light respecting

;

it,

but I

if,

will

in the course

communicate

TIPPOO SUI>TAN.

109

LETTER LXXXL To BuRHANUDDEEN

**

dated 23d Jaafury.

;

You

write " that the Piddehs from Surhutty,

with

Kumruddeen Khan, have run away, and

" has placed a Dalwdr^^ and a Vakeel

Juli/.')

who were

stationed

that Hght of our eyesO

in custody of a guard."

It is

Furnish Kumruddeen Khiin with other Piddehs, in the room

kivown.

who have

of those

and

(6th

seize, for the

deserted

;

keep the two persons you mention

in irons

use of the Sircar, the horses and camels belonging to

them.

OBSERVATIONS. The

context would, in this place, seem to imply,

that the

Dalwdr and

Fakeel,

here mentioned, belonged to Surhutty, and were seized and confined by Biir-

hanuddecn, as a case,

The

it

is

sort of hostages for the fugitive Piddehs.

impossible to say,

at this time,

who

;

but

it

is

probable, that

it

was not the

the persons in question were.

rigorous proceeding against them, here directed,

measure of justice

If this

may seem

to exceed the

was not designed so much

punishment, as a means of accomplishing the recovery of the deserters, expedients are but too

common,

in

similar cases, throughout

as a

Such

Hindustani the

East-India Company's possessions excepted.

(1)

Meaning

(2) Tliis

Mysore.

BCiilifinCitldeeu,

term,

Vakeel

I

lias

Sec Note

1,

Letter

XXX.

believe, denotes a minister, or principal

been already explained,

at

Note

1,

manager;

Letter XIII.

as the

Dalwdr of

SELECT LETTERS OF

110

LETTER LXXXII. To

Mahommed Ghyas

Noor MAHoaiMED Khan

and

Jaafvry.

Your two

letters,

(10th

You

the rest of them propose

*'

and to take an engagement from you

*'

after his departure,

effect,

that

what Hurry Pundit and

Noor Mahommed Khan

to dispatch

pay down the money [cUiimed

to

It is

known.

and therefore dare not enter into any

servants,

" engagement whatsoever without our orders; but " hable, that after Noor

Mahommed Khan's

"

should have ascertained from hi in the

**

consider the means of transmitting the write,

*'

that

"

us, that the

*'

the payment of a lack

*'

amercement,

"

to be discontinued."

lected

[^ti-ue^

Rao Rasta

it ivas

arrival,

state

it is

and

wished that It is

and tvhen we

of things,

we would

let

to agree to

direct the siege of

The

aforesaid

him make

from our dominions, and then we

zve shatttd

has desired you to represent to

seventy-five thousand rupees,

known.

most pro

money

from our dominions ten lacks of pagodas

Nergdnd.

that

Zeminddr of Nergdnd, having been brought

consideration of an amercement, levied

If any message, to

should be actually sent to you, your answer must be,

that you are our

You moreover

to us,

there should be any delay in the trans-

mission of the same from hence."

the above *'

is,

"

write,

*'

if,

i/w/y.)

of the 12th and 14th of Jaafury [25th and 27th

June] have been received.

" of us],

dated Îth

;

:

by way of

Nergdnd

Zeminddr has

waving, therefore,

restitution of

colall

what he has

will certainly raise the siege of

TirrOOSUJLTAN.

Ill

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

obsen-ablc, that, in the present dispatch, the Sultan 1st July, for the

his orders of the

Poonah

:

on'

med

tacitly

probably cooled in the interval

but

;

from the same quarter.

in the foregoing letter to

at the

Mahom-

behaviour of Hurry Pundit had

was soon revived, as we

it

It

Noor Mahommed

approves of the continuance of

His indignation

Gliyas at his post.

fresh affront

immediate departure of both his agents from

the contrary, he seems satisfied with the idea of

Khan's return singly, and thereby

from repeating

far

is

must be allowed,

shall see,

by

a

that the answer directed

be returned to the expected message, or proposal, from

the Mahrattah ministers, was not in the deportment, either of

much

calculated to produce

Hurry Pundit

any favorable change

or of his colleagues.

LETTER LXXXIII. To BuRHANUDDEEN

You

write,

;

dated \st

Daraey.

(14//i July.^

" that you never buy caravan horses."

It is

known.

But though you never purchase any, you must dhect the Silahddrs do

to

so.

You

" that the labourers with you

further write,

"

subsistence from

*'

them."

receive their daily

the Ainnila of the districts which have supplied

But there

is

no

necessity for this.

Let them be paid by you,

from the day on which they joined you, and as long

as they

may remain

with you.

We

have learnt from our beloved

a camel- courier,

belonging to

Rao

son,('>

Meer Kumruddeen,

that

Rasta, has arrived with a letter addressed

(1)

Original

^W^j

'«

liappy, piospcroiis."

endearment by parents to children,

in

the

It is

most commonly applied as a term of

same manner

as

.

',

-^.y and

^.liJ

JUl

SELECT LETTERS OP

112 addressed to you and

vou

Having duly considered the contents

liirn.

dispatch such an answer by

will

thereof,

the courier, as you shall judge

proper.

OBSERVATIONS. I

was in some doubt, respecting the meaning of Caravan horses,

Wilks,

the

author of the admirable History of Mysore,

informed me, that the strings of horses brought for

guess to

why Burhanuddeen made

buy horses from these

it

It

published,

would not be easy to

a rule (as he would appear to have done) never

But whatever objection

dealers.

recently

by the northern mer-

sale

chants, and others to the south of India, were so called.

Colonel

till

that

have to such purchases, the Sultan appears to have had none

;

commander might

as otherwise

it is

not

probable that the merchants would have resorted to his dominions, or that he should have been desirous that the Silaliddrs should deal widi them.

What

is

said here of the letter from

Rao

the idea suggested on a former occasion,^''

measure,

exercised the chief authority in the

army employed

frontier.

His name probably stood foremost

dit's letter

;

viz.

that

at this period

some

Burhanuddeen

on the Mahrattah

in the superscription of

Hurry Pun-

which, on that account, or because he was generally considered as

commander-in-chief, was, in the

The

Rasta, seems to confirm, in

first

instance, carried and delivered to

him.

authority given to Burhanuddeen, by the last paragraph of the foregoing

seems to exceed the usual measure of the Sultans confidence in his servants,

letter,

of whatever rank they

might

be.

LETTER LXXXIV. To Burhanuddeen

;

dated 2d

DJrJey.

a letter from Ibnlheem Ali Kha,n

By

it

(loth July.

appears to us,

Risdladdrs, Syed Huniced, Bubi Ali Baig, and Ibruheem

that

the

Khun, have received

(2)

See observations on Letter

XXXI,

TIPPOO SULTAN.

A

received bribes, &c/') from various persons. original of

copy of

this letter, the

which has been deposited in the Kuclmrry of

We,

enclosed.

is

113

Jyshe^

tlie

consequence, direct, that the aforesaid Risdladdrs

in

be divested of their commands,^-) that they be confronted [with their

money [they have

accusers], obliged to refund to the Sircar the

ruptly obtained], and finally, that they be kept under restraint,

matter reported to us

;

when we

will

cor-

and the

send other Risdladdrs from hence

[to supply their places].

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter does not afford a very favorable

justice,

mode

or of his

He

misdemeanors.

specimen of the Sultans notions of

of proceeding against persons charged with crimes or

upon the bare information of Ibrahecm Ali Khan,

acts

as

if

the truth of the charge preferred by the latter were already undeniably established,

upon the accused before

inflicting every penalty

the event of their guilt being completely proved. of

trial

to be instituted

;

trial,

It

is

that could be inflicted, in true, that

he directs a kind

but the possibility of the innocence of the accused

The

neither contemplated nor provided for.

result is to

is

be communicated to the

Sultan; not in order that he may, in case of the acquittal of the accused, give directions for their restoration to their rank, liberty,

immediately send new

he

may

at

variance, not only with

ofllicers

common

and property, but only that

to supply their vacant places.

but even with the usual

justice,

proceeding against military offenders of the rank of Sultan's

own

regulations

" of the accused "

;

officer to

one of which appears

On

to

oflicers,

prescribed

the other hand,

it

and

till

Literally,

*'

A

by the

ordered to be restored to

»;-ijC-.y.j

^Vlât the " Kc." refers to,

be turned out of

tiu-ii-

him

must be acknowledged that the enquiry '

(2)

of

have directed, that " the sword

Q, (1) In the original

mode

is

be taken from him, and deposited in the guard-room, there

to be kept during the trial of the accused,

" by the Sultan."

All this

Jiisdlas.'^

it is

commanded

not possible to guess.

SELECT LETTERS OF

114 commanded

made, and the postponement of the appointment of successors

to be

to the accused

the result was known, are circumstances, which seem to

till

show

that the Sultan, notwithstanding the precipitancy and irregularity of his proceeding,

on

deem

this occasion, did not

might be able

to clear themselves

absolutely impossible that the Risdladdrs in

;

which case

made them

suppose, that he would have

bad

it

it

is,

perhaps, only fair to

suitable reparation for the injury they

suffered.

LETTER LXXXV. To

We

the same

have learned, by a

" that he has carried

" the *'

dated 3d

;

and

walls

his

letter

(\6th July .'y

from the Sipahddr,

his side are levelled to the

Let the ditch be

all,

let

filled,

it

be well

will

Kala Pundit, the

rest

:

is

a

and [in

may be

this

If,

whether

or any thing

else,

of Kala Pundit.

man

case] with the exception of lives

and arms

In the event,

however,

;

but the of [your living-

or ivoman, old or young, child, dog, caty

must he put

What more

and

trifling

being obliged to proceed to] the assault of the place, eveiy if,

;

that

however, the garrison will

allowed their

Pundit's person must be secured.

creature in

;

All,

and, with the consent and concurrence of

the place be stormed and taken.

capitulate,

ground

That, then,

that the ditch only remains to be filled."

affair.

Mahommed

approaches to the edge of the ditch

on

batteries

DarJey.

to the sword,

with the single exceptioa

?

OBSERVATIONS. The

sanguinary and ferocious disposition of Tippoo Sultan

the most glaring and odious colours,

is

here displayed in

llie spirit of Nadir Shah appears to breathe

through

TIPPOO SULTAN.

115

through every line of the concluding sentence of this memorable

Kala

letter.

Pundit was, most probably, reserved for some signal punishment

;

he was exempted from the general carnage here directed, because

his

perhaps,

or,

immediate

death might have frustrated the Sultan's views to pecuniary indemnification. is

that this last consideration

rather extraordinary,

make an

did not also lead

him

It

to

exception, in his exterminating mandate, in favor of the wealthy mer-

chants and bankers of the place

;

to secure

whose persons he was subsequently

extremely anxious.

LETTER LXXXVI. To KuMiûDDEEN

You

write,

"

Khan

;

doled 3d

Daraey.

(161 h Juli/.^

conformity with our orders, you have trans-

that, in

Mnhommed

Ali and his Kushoon to

*'

ferred the ISipakddr

*'

deen, and in his place have taken Shaikh Unser and his Kiishoon,

" which you have posted

You

will

out,

and

in the trenches."

It

is

Burhunud-

known apd approved.

cause the pay abstracts of Shaikh Unser's Kiishoon to be issue the

amount.

Burhiiuuddeen

will issue the

pay of

made

Mahom-

nied All's Kiis/ioon.

You

further state,

" has replied to your

*'

that Syed Meeran, the Kilaaddr of

letter to

him,

*

that

all

Dhdrwdt\

the powder and shot at that

"

'

place

"

'

be in his power to furnish another ball or grain of powder,

*'

'

fresh

had been dispatched

to

Burhanuddeen, and that

supply reached him from Nugr." "

It

is

it

would not

known.

till

a

Orders,

both to Syed Meeran and to the Taatdkddr of Nugr, are gone from us, to send

you powder and shot, which

Q

will

2

reach you in due time. .

You

SELECT LETTERS OF

116

You have "

"

also written,

that the works on your attack are

com-

but that those on the side of Burhanuddeen want two or

pleted,

" four daysC) of being

finished

end of which time, after due

at the

:

**

consultation with the Sipahddrs and other

commanders of the army,

*'

an assault would be made, and the

NergUnd be conquered."

It

known.

is

will

be well,

fort of

If the garrison will surrender the place upon terms, as, in this case,

the loss of

men

must, otherwise, advancing your works on every walls,

and

filling

up the

You

be avoided.

will

side,

ditch, proceed, with the advice

breaching the

and concurrence

of the Sipahddrs and commanders of the army, to storm the place

which should be done the

first

it

;

favorable opportunity, either at day-break

or at noon.

The

tank-diggers^^^ must,

on their

arrival

from Shdnoor, be placed

under a guard, and dispatched to the Presence.

You *'

write,

" that a camel-courier, belonging to Rao

Riista,

had

arrived with a letter, addressed to you and Burhannddeen, who, you

" conclude, had forwarded the same in question has not been received diately

have replied to

it.

:

to us."

had

it

It is

known.

reached us,

You and Burhanuddeen

fduly] considering the contents of the aforesaid

we

letter

should imme-

[therefore] after

letter,

such an answer to Ruo Rasta, by his courier, as you

The

must dispatch

shall

judge to be

proper.

(1)

This

is

a peculiarity of the Persian idiom, in which

two or Jour, ten or tuelve, us

it

is,

at least, as usual to say

two or three, ten or eleven, &c.

(2) Original ^J^yJjj "ly translation of

term bjing entirely unknown to me.

which

is

on the authority of Colonel Munro, the

TIPPOO SULTAN.

117

LETTER LXXXVII. To

You

the

SjpahdJr, Mahombied Ali

write,

;

same Date.

(\Qth

Juli/.}

" that you have carried on your approaches to the edge of

" the ditch, the fiUing of which is the only thing remaining to be " done." It is known. Wliere is the great difficulty of filling the ditch

That, therefore, being done,

?

let

the place (every one concur-

Hiig in the propriety of the measure^ be stormed and taken.

OBSERVATIONS. It

might almost be

inferred,

from the tenor of

though a raw and inexperienced

uddeen and Kumruddeen.

document

is,

Mahommed

All,

was co-ordinate in authority with Burhan-

But the only conclusion

to

be justly drawn from

this

that the Sultan was in the habit of corresponding, sej)arately, with

the superior officers of his army, chief commanders.

by the

officer,

this letter, that

who probably

acted as so

many

spies

upon the

Such a wretched system would be naturally enough suggested,

characteristic jealousy

and distrust of the Sultan.

LETTER LXXXVIII. To Kumruddeen

[After an immaterial letter

thus proceeds

;

dated 5th Daraey.

passage,

(I8th July.^

respecting a supply of money, the

:]

All the operations of the siege are completed, and the walls of the

place

SELECT LETTERS OF

118 place demolished

why, then,

:

the fort on terms, tunity,

it

will

If the garrison will evacuate

this delay?

be well

j

otherwise, watching a suitable oppor-

and acting with the concurrence of the Sipahddrs, and other

commanders of the army, you must take the place by

assault.

LETTER LXXXIX. To

You

the

SiPAUDAR,

Mahommed Ali

" that placing yourself

write,

;

same Date.

at the

head of

(I8th July.')

five

companies^'^

*'

from the Jyshe-Itisdlas, you advanced into the ditch

"

after putting to the

*'

of your Kushoon pushed on, and ascending the walls, planted their

"

colours on one of the towers [or bastions].

sword every

man

;

from whence,

of the enemy found there, some

Here, however, the

" enemy's people, assembling in great numbers, and assailing ours with " rausquetry, hand-granades,^-) &c. you [thought proper to] recall " your men from the tower, [and " lodgement in advance/^)" It is

known.

Your duty

is

to

to content yourself with]

making a

perform such services as you are ordered

to execute, and not to act according to the suggestions of your

mind.

You must

own

not again proceed in this idle manner, but regulate

your conduct by the general opinion.

( 1 )

In the original ^y>. jowk.

(2) Original

(3)

This

is

i
or halting place)

may

here

mean

J^ .dj^jj

the covert-way.

I

am

unacquainted.

Perhaps the

Murhukh

{i.

e.

stage

TIPPOO SULTAN.

119

OBSERVATIONS. If

Mahommed

Ali was a raw and inexperienced soldier/*'

have been a bold and enterprising one.

The

he seems,

at least, to

action here described would appear

to have been performed without the knowledge, or orders, of his superiors therefore, very properly

and

;

is,

condemned by the Sultan, whose reproof on the occasion

was, perhaps, sufficiently mild.

LETTER XC. To BuRHANUDDjLEN

You " and

write,

that

J

dated 6th

Daraey.

" that your approaches are carried

it is

determined to storm

" Dileer Dil Khan " numerous force

says, is

tlie

place in

(I9th July?)

to the foot

of the wall,

two or three days

he must go and forage with

his people

required for the approaching assault;

;

that

;

that

and

a

that,

**

with our permission, you will detain the said Khan, together with the

**

dismounted men of the cavalry Kuchurry, until the conclusion of the

"

business."

It is

detain the aforesaid

known Khan,

the period you propose;

:

and we,

in

as well as the

when you

consequence, direct that you

men you have

will allow

them

to

mentioned,

till

go and forage.

OBSERVATIONS. The two

preceding

officers of the

letters satisfactorily

army sometimes

acted,

prove,

how independently

the superior

and how feeble Burhanuddecn's authority over

(4)

Sec Letter XXII.

120

SELECT LETTERS OP

over them was.

armies native It

:

But

and, perhaps,

this it

an

is

was

less

inherent in the constitution of

evil

all

Indian

prevalent in that of Mysore, than in any other

army of Hindostan.

might

at first view,

and on general principles, be supposed, that

it

was much

easierto introduce strict military discipline into the armies of arbitrary states, like

those of the East, than into any other

and

:

so,

no doubt,

it

would be,

not for the distrust and jealousy natural to the rulers of such

commanders with the powers necessary

invest their

to the

states,

if it

who

fear to

due maintenance of

subordination, lest the latter should, on any occasion, be tempted to employ for traiterous purposes.

them

Instead, therefore, of strengthening the hands of their

by concentrating

generals,

were

them the powers which they

in

much

gate (but which they circumscribe as

as possible),

are compelled to dele-

they judge

it

expedient,

with a view to their own security, to divide and parcel them out among the different

commanders

checks, as leaves but

;

and, in

fine, to establish in their

little efficient

or useful authority

armies such a system of

any where.

To

this

more

general and remote cause of the great insubordination observable in the armies

may

of the East, as

it

were, necessarily out of the former)

or written

rules

government

for their

that disorder

is,

be added another, more particular and immediate (arising,

relating to which,

:

and that

;

is,

the total want of fixed

the consequence of which, of course,

and confusion per\adc the whole body, almost every thing is

made

to depend on the caprice and partial views of indi-

viduals.

Tippoo Sultan, in

common

it

in

as if sensible of this last defect in the constitution of his

army,

with those of his neighbours, would appear to have aimed at correcting

some measure

;

and

for this

purpose (though, probably, not with any very

deep or accurate views of the subject) caused to be compiled and disseminated a military code, or treatise,

" Triumph examining

of the holy Warriors."

this

inspection of tlw;

manual

which he

work, with attention

it,

some years

I ;

Futhiif Mdjdhideen,

or,

" the

have not, hitherto, had an opportunity of but the impression made on

ago, inclines

exercise, evolutions,

entitled

me

and similar

to think, that

details,

it

me by a cursory

treated chiefly of

and contained but few regulations,

TIPPOO SULTAN. lations, calculated

and uphold the authority of the superior, or to

ascertain

to

121

inculcate and enforce the obedience of the inferior ranks of the army."'

LETTER

XCI. arii ni vi:lA

'

Mahommed Ghyas

To

and Noor

DarAey.

Your

letter

Hurry Pundit

that

"

desiring you to send

Q2\st Jiihj^

You

a message to you, through

away the

Rao

musqueteei-s*'*' with you, as

it

write,

Rasta,

was not

that they should remain at Poo7mli."

We have

known.

It is

sent

dated 8tk

;

of the 23d of Jaafunj has been received.

**

" proper

Mahommed Khan

already repeatedly written, and

we now again

write to say, that the hostile intentions of the chiefs in that quarter are evident

;

that the longer residence of that friend and of

med Khan

there,

is

Noor Mahom-

consequently in the highest degree improper

;(-)

and

that you must, therefore, both set out for our Presence, with the whole

of your retinue.

This order

is

accordingly to he considered hy you of

equal force ivith a hundred orders.

You must

not wait for any other;

immediately on receipt of our present commands,

hut,

Noor Mahommed Khan, and sence.

TVe

shall ivrite no

all

proceed with

the people attached to you, to the Pre-

more on

this subject.

R (1) Since writin;:^ tlic aI)ovc, tliis

Lieutcnant-Colonci Marriot has obligingly lent

mc

a copy of

curious work, of wliicli some further account will be found in the Appendix.

extracts there given from

it,

will

show the exact extent

The

to wiiich the Sultan provided for

the maintenance of subordination. (1*) In the original

,b *j^
wiiich

llyder Ali distingnislied his regular

was the name,

as Colonel

Wilks informs me, by which

ii>f:uitr\-.

---j-' i. e. " leads to perfect unkindness" or " unl/^ls^ J'^ i_ " graciousncss " or " must carry with it the most unfavourable appearance."

(2)

In the original :

c::,.^!

SELECT LETTERS OF

122

OBSERVATIONS. The

made on

only remark necessary to be

this letter

is,

that notwithstanding

the apparently inflexible resolution of the Sultan, to withdraw his agents from to have continued there

Poonah immediately, they both appear

May

in the following year (1786), or nearly a

whole year

till

the

after these

month

of

peremptory

orders for their recall.


;

XCII.

dated 9th

DabJey.

(22d July.^

It has been reported to us, that the besieged are desirous of capitulating,

and have opened a negociation for the purpose they will surrender on terras, there

written,

that

assault.

You and Kumruddeen must

if

the occasion, and, by the place.

evei'y practicable

it

:

is

therefore

is

no use

an

in

jointly treat with the besieged

on

means, induce them to deliver up

Failing in this, you will, Avith the concurrence of

the

all

Sipahddrs and commanders(') of the army, (after having ascertained firom

what point the attempt can be made with the

seize the proper

open

moment

least loss

of

men)

for proceeding to the capture of the place

by

assault.

We (1) Sipahddrs

that

any

officers,

and commanders.

I

take this to be a mere pleonasm

;

for I

below the rank of a Sipaltddr, were meant to be consulted

do not suppose ;

and

witli

the

exception of BClrhanCiddeen and KumrQddeen, there would not appear to have been any

with the army of superior designation. with great diffidence on this point tion, or formation, of the

.S'((//aH'4

;

since

I I

wish, however, to

be understood, as speaking

have only a superficial knowledge of the constitu-

army, at

this period.

TIPrOO SULTAN.

We are here and

move

likewise prepared to

123

at the

head of our

In the mean while, you must

shall shortly arrive in that quarter.

temporize, and employ every means, fair or foul,^^^ which

the besieged to surrender the fort

would be

lost

may

induce

many

because, in an assault,

:

forces/^)

lives

while a long detention before the place would also prove

;

extremely destructive to the army.

It

is,

moreover, in our blessed con-

templation, to engage, after the rainy season, in a certain tveighty enterprize

you must, therefore,

;

evacuation of the place

;

try every

acting at the

means of

same

effecting the [earlyj

time, in

all

our

affairs,

in

[perfect] concert with each other.

OBSERVATIONS. The

fluctuating orders of the Sultan, respecting

Nergdnd,

as well as his

impa-

tience to obtain speedy possession of the place, have appeared in several of the

foregoing

letters.

It has also

been seen, that his sohcitude, on

him, more than once, to authorize, and even to

direct,

this occasion, led

in sufficiently

explicit

terms, the adoption of the most unjustifiable measures for the attainment of his object.

But

it

was reserved

for the

present dispatch, to display,

glaring colours, his unprincipled and profligate policy.

He

is

in the

no longer

most

satisfied

with vague and distant intimations of his wishes; but here, throwing off all reserve

and

disguise, openly

tion, or perjury,

to

and boldly

declares, that there

is

no act of treachery, decep-

by means whereof the conquest of Nergdnd could be achieved,

which he was not ready to give an unqualified sanction.

The weighty guessed.

It

enterprize, alluded to in this letter, can, at this time, only be

could hardly be the surprize o{ Adoni

R

;

which, though

it

might possi-

2

bly

(2) Original (.::«w!yffU-j_Û^jf^lj-! 1^ Ui^.J^j literally

<*

here, too, the special cavalcade

is

ready or pre|)ared. (3) Original

temporizing."

jjyw <-S^ ^'^j

^jj'^j

^-^^^j r}' jrf

" ^Y e^cy way*

true and

false,

and by

SELECT LETTERS OF

124

Lly be in his contemplalion at this juuct\ue, he did not attempt

May

the

till

month of

Neither could he well mean a sudden attack

of the following year (1786)/^^

of the Mahrattah army, to be conducted in person by himself; as this was not carried into effect

till

a

still

considerably posterior to the fore,

"

later period close

no other known occurrence,

and, consequently, both events were

:

of the rainy

to

There remains, there-

season."

which the expression

in question

can be so

well referred, as to his short expedition against the Koorgs, in the following

of

November; when he marched suddenly and

rapidly to Zvferdhdd, in which

quarter the Koorgs had recently appeared in open revolt pacity of the officer

whom

he had

completely settled portion of his

left in

month

;

and owing to the inca-

charge of that ever turbulent and never

territories,'^^

had obtained some advantages over

the Sultaiis troops.


Agreeably answer to the

Khan

to your desire, Urz'^^*^

;

XCIII.

dated 10th

we have

Daraey.

(23d

transmitted to Burhanuddecn

which he forwarded

to us

from Kala Pmidit.

aforesaid Pundit, for his complete satisfaction [or security]

sanction of oaths, &c. [to our engagements].

oaths and the like, in an affair of

sity for

tiddeen must,

bt/

Jnlr/.y

tliis

But where kind

is

the neces-

You and Burhan-

?

eveiy possible artijice and deeeption, get the garrison to

have written a

(4)

See on

(5)

See Letter

The

demands the

quit the place.

We

aa

letter to

Shaikh Unser, which

this subject the observations

CXVIL

U*) An humble address

or petition.

on Letter CXXXVIII.

is

enclosed.

TIPPOO

SUI. TAN.

125

OBSERVATIONS. Tlie true meaning of what the Sultan here says his generals for circumventing the garrison,

perjuring himself for the purpose

:

answered by their doing

is

and

sees

he depends on

no necessity

he thinks the end in view

for personally

may

be

sufficiently

therefore averse to a waste of perfidy.

But

lie

did not think proper to pledge himself to the extent required by Kala

it is

highly probable that, in his letter to that person (referred to above),

although Pundit,

so,

he

that as

is,

he was not calculated

at all

backward

dispel

to

any

fears

him such

giving

in

assurances, as

he might entertain

for

would be best

his personal safety

honour."'

and 1

LETTER XCIV. To BuRHANUDDEEN

Your of the

letter,

fort,

J

Same Date.

(23d

Juli/.')

enclosing a paper, containing the demands of the people

has been received

;

and, in consequence thereof,

we now

transmit to you, in answer to these demands, an engagement from us to

Kala

Pundit.^')

and the other

The

We

also enclose three letters for

S'lpahddrs.

aforesaid Pundit has, for his greater satisfaction [or security],

demanded the sanction of oaths, &c. is

Mahommed AH

the use of oaths on this occasion

ruddeen, by every possible evacuate the

artijice

?

[to our engagements].

You

and

But what

must, conjointly with

deceit,

Kum-

persuade the besieged to

fort.

(2)

See the following

(1)

The

letter or

•'

letter.

engagement, here referred

guage, and therefore doe* not appear.

to,

'

"-

was most probacy

in the

Ca/wrwc

lan-

126

SELECT LETTERS OF

LETTER XCV. To JUSARETUDDOWLAH, MeER AbUL

JusARET Jung

;

dated L3th

DJraet.

You

PAfter compliments]

MaANA KhAN, BeHADUR ''

write,

(25ik July^ that in obedience to the

7, dictates of honor, you shall exert yourself, to the best of your power, **

in chastising the seditious."

It is

comprehended.

Verily,

the obligation of honor, and such the true character of courage.

should be desirous of obtaining any assistance, scruple or hesitate to consider our Sircar (jfreely] signify to fulfilling to

N.B.

A

we

[state]

us your wishes, which you

such

is

If you

request you will not as

your own, but

may depend upon our

your satisfaction. letter,

of the same

tenor and date, was written to

Mukhun

Zaal

(probably the agent of Jusaret Jung.)

OBSERVATIONS. am

I little

by

not enabled to say

who

tJiis

Jiisaretuddowlah was

;

but there can be

or no doubt of his having been a subject of the Nizdm, and (to judge

his titles)

a person of distinction.

He

was, most probably,

dependent of Busalet Jung, the brother of the Nizdm,

an immediate

and the Jagireddr of

Adoni.

LETTER XCVI. To

Mahommed Ghyas

afid

Noor Mahommed Khan;

DJraey.

Your two

letters,

do fed 14th

(27111 Juhj?)

of the 23d and 28th of Jaafury [6th and 11th

July] have been received.

You

write,

" that they are about

to require '«

of

TIPPOO SULTAN. " of you to send away your escort, and that " ment towards you is beyond measure." It

is

him,

*'

Rao

their ungracious deport-

You and Noor Mahommed Khan must

known.

house of

12/

repair to the

Rasta, and, placing yourselves opposite to him, say to

that you have nothing to do with the minister

(Nana Furnaveese)

" or any one else, and that all you have to desire is, that he " you the necessary passports, in order that you may return short, let

them be pleased or

passports,

and

out with

set

displeased,

all

order must be considered as if

it

you must,

will

rate, get

your retinue for our Presence.

Two

were a hundred orders.

In

to us."

any

at

procure

This

letters for

Kishen Rao Narain and Rao Rasta, on the subject of your dismission,

You must

are enclosed.

bring Syed Zynul Aabideen

Khan

along with

you.

You

write for a supply of money, and represent the dearness of every

Now

thing there.

that you are about to return hither,

making you a remittance

necessity of

for your expences

where

is

the

?

Let us know the name and rank of the Hdkim [ruler] of Camhay^ as

we purpose

We,

writing to him.

also, are

Fear not, but speedily commence

prepared for war.

your journey hither, and bring the Mitrishy, Peer as

,^')

Mahommed,

as well

with you.

OBSERVATIONS. The

former part of this

the same as Letter

XCI.

acknowledged in both

;

letter

In

and,

is

fact,

in substance,

and indeed nearly

in terms,

the envoy's dispatch of the 23d Jaafury

probably,

that

of the 28th of the same

is

month (which

(1

of

)

The

original here

some kind,

is

is

iateiidcd.

cither miswritten, or I

do not understand

it.

A

writer, however,

SELECT LETTERS OP

128

(which would seem to have led to the present

from

letter)

did not difter materially

it.

The

letter to the

announced)

will

Nabob of Cambay

is

here

be further noticed under Letter CXVIII.

LETTER To Meee Moyenuddeen

Your

which

(his intention of writipg

letter,

Khan

written in the

;

XCVII.

dated 19th

Hindvy

DJrJey.

(1st August.^

character, and informing us that

there was a prospect of Biidl Naig's coming in to you, has been received

and understood.

When

the said

Ndig

arrives,

you must confront him

with Tummycoor,(') and after establishing his guilt, and placing him

under a

"

gniard, tell him,

for his family."

*'

that you will release him, provided he sends

Having induced him, hj means of

this

artifice,

to

send for his family, you must put the whole of them in confinement,

and make a report of the circumstances to

us.

OBSERVATIONS. The

instances of the Sultans

treacherous and

negociations, multiply so fast, as to

make

it

unprincipled conduct, in his

difficult to avoid

the appearance of

sameness and repetition, in the remarks to which they naturally give in future, therefore, instead of obtruding

own

(l)

reflections

Name

on such

uncertain.

occasions.

my

rise

;

I

shall,

sentiments, leave the reader to his

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER To Rajah

You

RamChundurj "

write,

" and engaged

in

is

"

as

dated 20th

behalf, in every

;

districts,

the object of profit

while, in others, the gains are so very small

to be even inadequate to the ;

(2d August. ')

Taaluk [under your authority],

but that, in some

:

completely frustrated

" accountants

Daraey.

our service a Surrd/(^> and accountant, for conducting

" the concerns of each

"

XCVIII.

conformity with our orders, you have esta-

that, in

" blished shops, on our

129

monthly pay of the Surrdfs and

owing (as you say)

" where, heretofore, gold and

to

more considerable towns,

the

and

bullion

silver,

specie, to the

amount

of thousands of pagodas, used to be brought for the purposes of

*'

"

traffic,

being

now

forsaken by the traders,

who

taking alarm at the

**

establishment of our shops [or warehouses]] resort, in consequence,

"

to other places

;

none but the poorer

" with them, and then only *'

classes, in short, ever dealing

to the amount, perhaps, of six or seven

fanams." It

is

known.

Admitting that the

profits, for instance,

are only seve7i

pagodas, and that the expence, on account of the wages of the Surrdf

and accountants, amount to continue to carry their finally,

come and make

therefore,

[proceed to]

ten,

how

money and

last,

bullion to other places

their purchases at

or the dealers ?

our warehouses

:

They

will,

you

will,

Surrdfs and accountants in

establish

Taaluk, according to the amount of

You

long can this

its

every

[saleable] produce.

suggest the establishment of banking-houses on the part of the

Sircar,

and the appointment of a banker, with a

them.

You

also propose, with

salaiy, to superintend

our permission, to open warehouses for

S {

) 1

By Europeans

usually miscalled Shroffs.

the

A

Surrd/

is

a money-cbaiigcr or broljcr.

SELECT LETTERS OF

130

the sale of cloths at Bangalore,

There

comprehended. in the

framing of

is

no regulation issued hy

us,

places.

we

order

;

It

that does not cost

the deliberation of Jive hundred years.

it,

the case, do you perform exactly Avhat directions,

and other

Ouscottah,

is^

us,,

This being

neither exceeding our

nor suggesting any thing further from yourself.

OBSERVATIONS. The

fact of

Tippoo Sultan having established such shops, or warehouses,

mentioned in the foregoing

commencement

was, I believe, veiy well known, before the

letter,

of the last war, to those persons most intelligent in the afiairs of

The

Ml/sore.

by

present dispatch,

fortunately reciting at so

Ram Chundur

representation of Rajah

on the

saw

document, however,

this

I

;

but

it

is

evident, from

a

"

;

else

met with any account.

in this

Ram

his

Chundur's statement, that the retail

" None but the poorer

and then only

to

classes," says

the amount, perhaps, of six

or seven fanams."''^^ I

do not clearly know what the

result of this extraordinary' project was, or

whether the establishment, which has been described, continued the period of

its

founder's death.

prognostic regarding

"

Till

monopoly of the wholesale trade of

trade also was proposed to be engrossed.

the Rdjah, " deal at our shops

length the

had supposed, that the Sultan's views

scheme embraced nothing more than dominions

much

subject, furnishes a tolerably clear

where

idea of the institution, of which I have no I

as those

ration of five

it

was

I rather think,

verified,

hundred years,"

it

and

that,

however, that

in existence at

Rum

Chundur's

though framed " with the delibe-

was soon found impracticable, and

ultimately-

abandoned.

Ram Chundur submitting his

certainly could not have chosen a

own

more un propitious occasion

project of banking-houses, than the one

would he seem to have

he embraced

at all adverted to the character of his master,

:

for

nor

when he could

(1) i.e.

about

a.

sh}lli7ig.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

131

could have the temerity, in one and the same moment, to

a

favorite

The

devising. at

scheme of the Sultan, and result

was such

no time, have been any of

tions of

had ventured

as

;

The Sultan

he might have expected.

but

plainly

to offer to his acceptance another of his

likely to listen with

his servants

condemn pretty

own

would,

complacency to the uninvited sugges-

least of all,

when proceeding from

to question the policy of a measure,

one,

who

on which he would seem

to

have plumed himself in no small degree.

LETTER XCIX. 7o KuMRUDDEEN

You

" that

write,

" with the besieged *'

dated 25th

in concert

artifice,

order that our troops

may

You

which you expect

must, by any means, whether

get the garrison to evacuate the fort,

obtain a

little

respite

from fatigue, as

employ them, ere long, on a weighty

in contemplation to

it

Augmt.^

(Jtk

for the surrender of the place,

by engagements or by

we have

Daraey.

with Burhanuddeen, you arc treating

submit in two or three days."

will

in

;

so'viceS^^

" that yourself and Biirhanuddeen labour

You

state,

*'

ther,

and

*'

possibly,

**

may have made

How

shall

subsists

in perfect concert, in the

conduct of our

diligently toge-

affairs

;

but that,

some envious persons, incapable of viewing things a different representation to us."

any one [presume to] represent to

us, that

clearly,

It is understood.

any disagreement

between that light of our eyes and Biirhiiniiddeen, since both are

S 2 (1)

This passage docs not apply

(as

suggested under Letter XCII) to the subsequent

expedition against the Koorgs, as the Sidtan could hardly have had

employ

our

it

in contcm[)lation to

BCirlianCiddeen's forces on that occasion, to \vhich, according to his

to must, therefore,

own

account,

more than adequate. The weighty scnicc have been some enterprizc of a more arduous nature.

the troops immediately at his disposal were

alludcJ-

^^2

SELECT LETTERS OF

our beloved sons, and have been brought up aUke under our care

:

we

therefore entertain a confident persuasion, that you will both, with otk heart, exert yourselves earnestly in the service of the Sircar.

OBSERVATIONS.

A

letter

of the same dale, and nearly of the same tenor as the preceding one,

was addressed to Burhanuddeen,

"

that he conducted

Sultan thought

harmony

fit

all

to

fact

;

and

it

may,

affairs in

letters,

that

commanders it

he was

write,

belief that

a proper

appears, I think, sufficiently clear,

far

from being entirely

to impress

LETTER

You

his

satisfied of

be confidently assumed, that there were those

who endeavoured

To KuMRUDDEEN

But though the

concert with Kumriiddeen."

between them,

at least,

thought otherwise, and

likewise appears to have assured the Sultan,

intimate to these

really subsisted

from the tenor of his

who

;

dated 26th

him with

C.

Daraey.

" or the 22d of Ddrdey, the enemy were having put a garrison of ours into

"

us."

Having got the besieged

who

their opinions.

(8th August:)

" that on the day following [the date of your

**

the

it,

to evacuate the place,

letterj,

when,

you would report the same to

to evacuate the fort on tenns, and having

placed a garrison of our troops in

it,

let

the Piddehs, &c.

who composed

the enemy's garrison, be set at liberty, according to the capitulation

but all

Kiila.

the

:

Pundit, and three of the most opulent bankers, together with

Sruhmens and Mdtusuddies of any

consideration (to whatever class

TIPPOO SULTAN. class or description they

may

133

belong) must he placed in confinement, and

most carefully guarded, and the same be reported to us.

LETTER To

You "

the

same; dated

Daraey.

(9th

August^

under date of the 22d Ddrdey [4th August], " that on

write,

and a party

that day our colours were hoisted on the walls of the fort,

" of our troops admitted **

2'Jth

CI.

which was

into the place,

to be evacuated

by

the garrison on the following day."

Kala Pundit, with

It is kno\vn.

his family

and kindred,

four^^^ of the

most opulent bankers, and the most distinguished of the commanders of cavalry, as well as of every other class or department,

under guard set free,

the remaining persons, of inferior description, are to be

:

according to the

You must dispatch men who were sent

capitulation.^"'*

Doolies^^^ to

Dhdrwdr,

men must

The wounds of

these

perly treated.

The army some good

;

the

that,

division,

more

with horses,

being

under the

at their ease.

also be carefully attended to,

likewise, spot,

may be

back the wounded

in order

wounded now with your

care of their respective relations, they

in

to bring

thither [during the siege]

placed, together with the

encamped

must be placed

cattle, &c.,

and promust be

abounding with water and grass, and

where (1)

Three only were ordered to be detained

(2)

i. e.

in the letter

of the preceding day.

the capitulation was to be observed ow/y in regard to the inferior classes, possessing

no pro[)erty. (3)

Doolies are a sort of

Pakiikcen.

They

humble conveyance, constructed on the same principle

frcciuently consist of nothing but a

a Bumbco, with or without curtains. persons and oi women.

They

common

as a

bedstead or cot, suspended to

aie generally appropriated to the use of sick

SELECT LETTERS OF

134

where but

now enjoy some You write, " *'

rain

little

Having undergone such

lies.

fatigue, let

repose.

had dispatched one Risdla of

that you

and the horses of one

stable,^^^

towards Kunnekgeery

,

Sair^'^^

" Kio'pah, who, however, had returned

who

our pleasure to the aforesaid Khdn,

furnish

quence,

the

We

the same."

cavalry,

&c., and given

" an order for their pay upon Mohyuddeen Ali Khan, the

fore, signified

them

Dewdn

of

have, there-

will,

in conse-

pay of the cavalry, and the subsistence of the

horses, &c., agreeably to your requisition.

We, some army

it

:

dispatched

time since,

money

The

has, probably, reached you before now.

you sent of the troops have been received.

payment of your

for the

returns which

To-morrow we purpose

sending you an additional supply of money.

OBSERVATIONS. TTie orders here given, respecting the wounded, as well as the consideration

which the Sultan appears

still

(4)

am by (5) tlie

have had for the ease and comfort of the army at

are creditable to his character as a mihtary

laro-e,

been

to

more

The

am

had they comprehended the

Sair cavalry were,

no means I

so,

I

believe,

com'ident that this

not quite certain

military establishments, written

number appears

They would have

sick in general.

what were otherwise called the

was the

how many

commander.

;

but I

case.

horses composed a stable

by the

stable horse

i'jt/ân

to be stated at twenty-two.

himself,

;

but in a

some time

memorandum

in the

of

year 1793, the

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER To

the

welfare, pleasure.

Cir.

Nabob Runmust Khan Your

[After compliments]

;

dated

letter,

was delivered by Khajeh LutfuUah, I have also learned,

which you entrusted of rupees, to which

/')

me of your and afforded me much informing

from the said Khdjeh, the particulars

Of

communication.

to his verbal I

13o

had a just claim,

I

the eleven lacks

have been induced, by conside-

ration for the attachment which that fiiend has so long borne to me, as

well as for the sake of the true faith, and on account of the eminence of

your

family,(-> to

remit four lacks

:

you must, therefore, put the remain-

ing seven lacks of rupees in a speedy course of payment, by which means

our mutual regard and friendship will be augmented.

you by the above-named Khdjeh.

culars will be imparted to

always to afford

may you

rest,

me

Further parti-

Continue

the satisfaction of hearing of your welfare.

For the

be joyful

OBSERVATIONS. Runmust Khun was

a

Patau

Hyder A li compelled him

Alif

Khan, was

possessed the district of Kurnool.^'^

to agree to an annual tribute;

same time, a feudatory of the Nizdm, render military service.

who

chieftain,

By

to

whom, when

though he was,

required, he was

at the

bound

to

the partition treaty of 1792, his son and successor,

released from his dependence

on Tippoo Sultan, and the

tribute

payable (1)

This

letter is

without date:

I

have given

it

the place which

scri[)t.

(2)

Original

JjJU

(3) Frequently, but improperly, written

Canoul and Canoade,

it

occupies in

my

nianu-

136

SELECT LETTERS OF

payable to the

latter transferred to the

Nizam ; by whom

ceded to the East-India Company, by the treaty of 1800. account of the dynasty the reader

is

referred to

(If I

mistake not)

For a more

was

it

particular

Appendix, G.

LETTER cm. To

Mahommed Ghyas

and Noor

Hashimy.

Your

letter

has been received.

Mahommed Khan

(\4ith

dated 3d

August.^

You may

month

pass twenty days or a

longer there, in an evasive and procrastinating that time, you must, in whatever

;

way ,0

but, at the

manner may be [necessary],

for the Presence, since your remaining there

is

end of out

set

incompatible with our

dignity.

LETTER To

Your nity].^'*^

same ; dated Ath Hashimy.

longer continuance there

The dishonour

unhandsome any

the

footing,^^) is

iJul^^ Ju«!_j ci-Jj

(1») Original (2) Original

u-^lwiU^J

^jjUj_^^

is

(I5th August.^

destitute of graciousness [or dig-

arising from your residing there,

now become

rate, repair to the Presence.

(1) Original

CIV.

manifest

:

upon

this


at

TIPPOO SULTAN.

13/

OBSERVATIONS. As

the Sultan would not appear to have received any fresh dispatch from the

envoys, between the 3d and 4th of Hdshhni/,

it

may be

supposed, that the direc-

tions contained in the jjresent letter (revoking, in a certain degree, those of the

former day) arose from a reconsideration of the subject

moment, say,

in reference to the counter-orders


Directing

Khan

;

dated

To Rajah

Ram Chundur

have received your

;

Wunkut Rao,

" hundred hired

bullocks

and

Many

(2j

In

tricts.

tlie

of

llic

fortresses in

original

Jlsjc ijjl^j

his

\vith

August.^

command,

to the

Burhanuddeen.

Hashimy. Avrite,

(22d August. ~)

" that Taj Khan

K'duaddrs^^^ oi Kishugeery, have sent a

the five

Aumil

of the

Bdreh-mehdip

hundred lahoiuers."

T (1)

(20tft

CVI.

wherein you

" and Abdul Ghufoor Khan, the rccpiisition to

under

Kushoon

dated llth

letter,

which soon followed.

HJshimy.

liim to repair, with the troops

LETTER

I

CV.

dill

Presence, and to leave Shaildi Unser's

"

for a

revived his indignation at the behaviour of the Mahrattah ministers.

for a moment,

We

which probably,

;

We

for five

have considerecl

Mysore, as well as Kishngeeiy, had two Kilaaddrs, or

which

is

the Persian for Burch-mchdl, or the twelve dis-

SELECT LETTERS OF

138 dcred your in

No

it.

of

letter, as well as that

Wunkut Rao,

other bullocks, besides those belonging to the Sircar, are

wanted, exceptuig on urgent occasions, when additional ones.

and our

large,

such cases suffer

was enclosed

wliicli

it is

by delay.

In

may

it

be proper to hire

the public establishment of bullocks

fact,

service sometimes

demands more than

it

not

is

can provide

:

in

allowable to hire bullocks, as otherwise our service might

We

have accordingly written, and enclose a

letter to

This

the above-named IKilaaddrs'], which you will forward to them.

wiU prevent them from making any further demand for hired bullocks.

LETTER CVIL To MoHYUDDEEN Ali

Khan

;

dated 20th

Hashimy.

(^\st August.^

directions, respecting the fabric of

[After some minute

Buhry

cloths

for the use of the troops (patterns of the kinds required being enclosed)'^'^

the letter proceeds thus

:]

has been reported to us, that you

It

ever appearing at the

Kuchumj.

This

sit is

constantly at home, without

not well.

You must

pass [a

proper portion of] your time [daily] in the Kuchurrr/, and there diligently apply to the affairs of the Sircar, without suffering any one to come to

you

at

your

own house [on

public business].

It

would appear, that you

never look into the [written] instructions which you received from us. If you act in conformity with our orders,

it

be well

will

:

otherwise, you

will assuredly incur the penalty therein specified.(')

(1)

The Bubry

cloth

was a

sort of Chintz,

the Sultaifs invention, and consisted in the TThis stripe plate, (2)

manufactured

Tyger

stripe,

in

The

Mysore.

from which

it

pattern

received

its

was of name.

was adapted by Tippoo as a kind of crest, Mhich was stamped on his books,

and almost every thing belonging to him.

Sec observations on Letter

I.

Iiis

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER

139

CVIII.

To Monsieur Souliac/'> Governor of Pondicherry ; dated 2^d

Hashimy.

The

[After compliments] hands of the

Ram

fâkeel,

(3d September.') letter

which you sent

by the

Rao, containing accounts of your welfare, and

informing- us of your arrival at

PoiuHchemj, for the administration of the

of that place, was duly received by us

affairs

us,

;

and an answer thereto

(accompanied by a dress) was dispatched some time

and

since,

will,

of

course, have reached vou.

Our

earnest wish and object

which has, from former

that the strong and sincere friendship

is,

times, subsisted

between us and the Hdjah of

the French, should daily increase; and that, by the divine favour, the

of France should attain fresh splendour and prosperity.

affairs

manifest, that the

opportunity rience,

we

;^-^

Rdjah of the French

and as that eminent

is

most

It is

lying in wait for a favourable

person'^^

is

a leader of

political

expe-

assure ourselves that the means of attaining this object will

not have failed to engage your attention.

At a former

period,

when

the English

army had advanced within

eight

Coss of Poonah, and the Mahrattah chiefs, not finding themselves able to cope with the enemy, meditated on setting

taking to

flight

;

in this crisis they

which, relying on

their

(1

I

am

not certain that this tiie

of live pieces of

This

point.

Kdrchoby

(2)

Original

(3)

Meaning M.

,x-c..

>^_^

;

our aid and support,

name letter

is

2

waging

written correctly, and have not, just

now, the means

wasaccompanietl by a complimentary dress, consisting

a sort of brocade or gold and slvcr

J(ij

Souliuc.

solicited

and

engagements and promises, we afforded, by

T of ascertaining

humbly

to their houses,

fire

tissue.

SELECT LETTERS OF

140

waging war [against the which period

These

in safetv.

years, during

and property, their country and lionour, remained

more manifest, even than the

facts are

sun.

Never-

a certain Zeminddr (among the Zemindars suhject to our autho-

theless,

rity)

their Uves

some

Englisli] in the Carnatic for

having

lately

sition, to lay

been instigated, by a contumacious and insolent dispo-

waste our country, and we having, in consequence, sent

our army to chastise him and to leduce his place, the aforesaid Malirattahs, forgetting the numberless obligations conferred on

them by

dispatched their army to the assistance of the said Zeminddr.

us,

Hostilities

have accordingly taken place between the two armies, and the Mahrat-

With

tahs are meditating further mischief against us.

God, however, you these people.

Rum

Rao.

hear

shall [soon]

Further particulars

We have sent, as

in

will

the blessing of

what manner we have chastised

be detailed to you by the P'ukeel,

a token of friendship, a few pieces of cloth.

OBSERVATIONS. It

observable, that the Stdtan, in this letter, entirely sinks the

is

fatlier,

vvbose actions he applies to himself.

Whether such

a

mode

name

of his

of expression

was absolutely warranted by custom, or by the idiom of the language, may be doubted slight

:

but,

however

was intended by

this it

might

to the

be, there

memory

of

is

Hyder

occasions, spoken with suitable demonstrations of

Having already had occasion

upon the King of France, by thino-,

in this place,

to

stiling

degrading

of

;

filial

to

suppose that any

whom

he has, on

him

title

it

a Rujah,^*'

many

regard and respect.

remark on the studied but disguised

on the instance of

shall hereafter see this

no reason

it is

affront

put

unnecessary to say any

afforded by the foregoing letter.

We

applied to the French King, in an epistle

addressed directly to himself.

There (4)

See observations on Letter V.

TIPPOO SULTAN. There can be

little

141

or no doubt, that a renewal of the war with the English

No

alluded to, in the second paragraph of the present letter.

explanation can be given of the "opportunity"

presumed

to have bestowed

on " the means

"

other satisfactory

which the French monarch

represented to be " waiting for," or of " the attention" is

is

is

which Monsieur Souliac

of promoting his sovereign's views.

In short, except for the purpose of aiding his hostile designs against the English,

what motive could the Sultan possibly have French

for cultivating the friendship of the

?


We

Khan

;

dcitcd

CIX.

2Ath Hashimy.

(Aili

Septemher.^

approve of your having sent Shaikh Unser's Kushoon to join

Burhaniiddeen.

You At

write respecting a supply of

present

Haiigalore

we have taken up our :

we

are,

money

for the pay of your troops.

residence, with a small retinue,<^'> at

consequently,

unable to supply you from hence

•,^^'>

but have sent necessary orders for the purpose to our treasury at Seriii-

gnpatam

We enclose

<-^)

jitmasi;oo)idi/,

directing

and otherwise

to assist

him

you

to supply

in crossing

a Pimvdneh to the Zeminddr of

you with baskets^ and boat-men, your army at the Kdmpli/ GhautS^^

Another (1)

Original ijjy>. j'urecdeh,

intimation (2)

So

we have I

whicli literally signifies single;

alone.

and

visit to

of the Sultan''s departure from

understand the words

.^,«jtM

t_jl^

his capital

This

tlic

is

only

Bangalore.

their obvious

inipoit

is

quite the reverse; jt,*jt^ signifying /«//. (3) intj it

(4)

There

is

here a hiatus of a word or two

in tlie original,

which renders the

line follow-

rather uniiitclligible.

For a description of these baskets (used instead of boats, for the passage of rivers)

see Captain Moor's Narrative. (i)

lam

not (juite clear that

Tungbudra, correctly.

I

have given the name of

this

G/taut,

or passage, of the

SELECT LETTERS OF

142 Another Piinvdneh

is

also to send baskets

enclosed for the

and make no

LETTER

You

the

it

begun the passage of the Tunghudra, and

*'

your army."

" belonging

also mention,

the Kiinnek-geei'y

to

man,

Gomushteh,'-^^

*'

claims upon that Zeminddr

"

their desire] detached a liisdla of Jyshe,

*'

to chastise Eeri

*'

who had

on

cross the river,

We

:

)

some part of

accompanied by a banker's

which] you had [at

[in consequence of

and a Risdla of Sair cavalry,

Naik, a Polygar dependant on the said Zeminddr, but

We its

approve of your having made

return, the troops composing

An Agent,

it

this

detachment, and

be likewise

made

to

and proceed [hither] with you.

that light of our eyes.

for the

payment of the troops

This money

whither you must send an escort to bring

I

daily cross

had waited on you, and acknowledged the justice of our

some time ago dispatched money

commanded by

(

some baskets, you have

[recently]revolted against his authority."

known.

direct that,

(6th September.^

" that a Vakeel and Hurkdreh

"

It is

Join us

ex.

that having collected together

You

him

delay.

same ; dated 26th Hashimy.

"

write,

directing

and boatmen for you to the same Ghaut.

speedily with your army,

To

Aumil of Hurridl,

it

to you.

is

arrived at

Dhdrwdr,

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER

143

CXI.

To Maiiommed Ghyas and Noor Mahommed Khan Hashimy. (Sth September.')

Three

letters

*'

minister manifests an

*'

your dismission."

long as he

is

Whenever he

It does

" that the

with respect to

You must remain

not signify.

there as

disposed to detain you, and not precipitate your departure.

you

dismisses you,

the

Whatever

proceed to the Presence.

will

CXII.

same ; dated 29ih Hashimy. circumstances

we judged

it

(9th September.^

necessary to communicate to

have been written at great length and distinctly in Hindivij

you,

perusal of

it

[/".

e.

of the Hindiri/ dispatch] will

[with every thing] .^'^ secret

and

write,

incUnation to procrastinate,

LETTER To

You

have been received from you.

dated 28th

;

You must

and trust-worthy Md/ishi/

belief,

and who

ascertain :

one

its

:

the

make you acquainted

contents by

means of a

in all respects entitled to credit

shall be incapable of revealing the secrets [entrusted

to him.]

OBSERVATIONS. It has

been already seen, that Tippoo Sultan occasionally sent his orders

Hindivy language, even

to persons

whom

he usually addressed

in Persian.

in the

Here

we (1) <«

In the original

stund."

k^l^ jj»y. ^jy jl

literally

" from the face of

it

you

will

uiidcr-

SELECT LETTERS OP

J44 we have another example still

more

striking

of this extraordinary and unaccountable practice,

and embarrassing than the former one

liberty to suppose, that the envoys could read

and only

left to

in the Hindivy.

But

letter,

character it

;

and

wonder why the Sultan should, it

now

for

them

at

as well as a

any time,

at

Persian

prefer writing

appears, that his ambassadors were ignorant of that

that, in order to possess

was necessary

Hlndivy

a

which we were

in

;

but

themselves of their master's instructions,

to have recourse to an interpreter.

It

might have been

expected, that under these circumstances, the envoys would, at least, have been

spared the trouble and responsibility of procuring such a person,

But

of that description regularly attached to their mission.

not the case this occasion

either

nor

:

was

assume

is it

this

by having one was evidently

ev enabsolutely certain, that the person to be employed on

to be found

this as the

among

the servants of the embassy

;

though we must

or adopt the monstrous supposition of the envoys

fact,

being obliged to seek, in the capital of their master's enemy, for an interpreter

To

of his most secret and important orders. there

is

nothing in the whole correspondence,

inexplicable as this matter

we have been

that the difficulty did not occur to

might possibly have been able

me

Your received.

letter,

which appears

considering

before

my

Khan

;

(lilted

:

nor can

I

so completely

help regretting,

it.

CXIII.

2d WlsAAEY.

(\\th Septemher.y

stating the distress of your troops for

Previously to your writing,

distress, dispatched

me

to

departure from India, where I

to obtain a solution of


conclude, I must acknowledge that

we

money,

lias

had, in contemplation of this

a supply to you, wliich

is,

accordingly,

now

lying at

Dhdrivdr, to which place you must send a party of horse to escort you.

Besides this money, avc have

now

been

it

to

sent you from hence a further

supply

TIPPOO SULTAN. When

supply of twenty tliousand pniôdas.

have reached you, distribute

it

among your

145 the whole amount shall

people,

and report the same

to us

LETTER CXIV. 2o Meer

Mahommed Sadik

It has been represented to to the Tosheh-khdnehy

law

at Oussoor

is

:

we

is

;

same Date.

(\.\th September.^

a Mutusuddy belonging

us, that Owbultia,^'^

on the point of death, and that his brother-in-

therefore write to direct, that you cause guards to

be placed over his brother-in-law and GomdshteJis

made

;

and

that,

having

enquiries respecting his substance*^^) and property, you proceed, by

means of scourging [the

parties], to obtain possession of the same.

Let

the utmost diligence and exertions be employed in this business.

Lutchmun, another MiUiisuddij of the Tosheh-khdneh, full

knowledge of the particulars of Owbultia's substance

therefore,

make

enquiry of

him

also

;

after

amount of a lack of pagodas.

What more

man]

possessed

Let the same be sought

and discovered, and the whole be brought

Sircar.

you must,

be.

others formerly represented to us, that [this

property to the

:

and send and secure the goods

and property [in question] wherever they may

You and

possesses a

to the

account of the

?

U (1)

Name

(2)

The word which

enough ill

uncertain. I

liavc tr;insl:ited substance

cicnotes subsistence or hvcliliooil

ihe senbc in which

it is

here used.

;

but

I

is

in the original

do not

recollect to

^JJj which commonly i)iivc

met with

it

before,

SELECT LETTERS OF

146

OBSERVATIONS. It

does not appear, from any thing contained in this document, that Owbultia

was a public

defaulter, or stood charged with

dering the rigour of the proceedings directed, is

any malversations

it is

;

and

yet, consi-

difficult to believe otherwise.

a pretty plain hint in the concluding paragraph, that

Meer Sadik would be held

amount

responsible for the realization of the supposed

There

of Owbultia's

property.

Perhaps, however, this was only meant as a stimulus to the DexvdrCs exertions in the business.

Meer Mahommed

Siidik

racter, presided over the

considered

no such

him

enter into,

Meer Sadik

but Tippoo's government recognized

;

the reader

to the reportj of

to have

is

this person

referred

the assault of Seringapatam.

lost his life in

fairness of his

Europeans commonly

engagement whidi the Sultan made

a curious

by many persons

uncommon

the

For

prime minister

toward the end of the year 179&,

Appendix, H. believed

revenue department of Mysore.

as Tippoo's

officer.

was the Sultans principal Dewun, and, in that cha-

been a son of the celebrated Bussy

;

to

the

He

was

nor was

complexion the only circumstance that gave weight

which more particular mention

made

is

in the

Appendix.

LETTER CXV. To Syed Mahommed, Kilaadjr of Seuingapatam ; dated 3d TVasaaey.

(\2th September.^

It has been reported to us, that the MiUusitddi/ of the Jijshe, Kishn

Rao, has been

you

bitten

will give the

physician,

by a

mad dog

aforesaid

Mahommed

Baig,

:

wc

[^l\Iiltnsuddij']

who must

therefore write to desire that in

particular charge to the

administer to

him the proper medicines

TIrPO O

S

t'

LT

A.

147

N.

He

medicines in such cases, and restore him to health.

from

told not to let the discharge

must

the ivound stop, but to keep

it

also be

open for

six months.

A

N.B.

letter,

Mahommed

above

the

to

cflfect,

was likewise written to the physician,

Baig.

OBSERVATIONS. This

is

not the only letter iu whicli the Sultan has exhibited himself in the

A

charaeter of a physician.

appear hereafter.

It

more curious

still

would be

same kind

instance of the

well, if Ave could attribute his interference in

matters to any particular solicitude for the welfare of the patients.

would, at

least,

be creditable to his humanity

the sufferings of others, was not,

His conduct,

virtues.

referred to the vanity,

it

may

:

such

This motive

but humanity, or sympathy in

be safely affirmed,

on the occasions

therefore,

will

among

can only be

question,

in

which made him desirous of appearing

to

the Sultans

know,

as well

as to direct, every thing.

The Syed Mahommed Khan, K'daaddr of Seringapatam, English

;

to

whom

and was among the few persons of distinction who survived

in

Musnud,

says

:

speaking, in his

" [our] most ancient adherents." person, must necessarily have

offices

" the Kilaaddri/ of Putn

" Mahommed, a man long distinguished

he

who

which he disposed of some of the principal

accession to the

cruelties

continued to be

the period of the capture of that place by the

to

stood high in the confidence of the Sultan,

manner

this letter is addressed,

The

made him

for his fidelity

I

Memoirs of the of state on his

consio-ned to

situation held for so long a period a particijjator in

by the Suttaiis

instructions.

U

2

by

this

many, or most of the

obtained credit, for having often granted

prisoners confined there, at different times, indulgencies

Syed

and courage, and one of

committed within the walls of Seringapatam, by order of

has, nevertheless,

He

its fall.

to

his

the

master

:

English

by no means authorized

SELECT LETTERS Or

148

LETTER CXVI. Mahommed Khan

To NooR

Mahommed Ghyas

and

(14M

Baxgalore, 5th TVasaaey.

We have,

of late, repeatedly beard, that

dated from

;

September.^

Rao Rasta having

sent for

you, you declined waiting upon him, on account of a dispute that

answer to

for *'

woman

respecting a

arisen

question

" that

his message,

go,^'^

they would

if

you would attend him."

us the utmost surprise and astonishment.

among the inhabitants your interfering

of their

It

own

?

let

;

the

returning

woman

in

This account has occasioned This

country.

in this matter, or of

Rasta when he sent for you sion.

Musulman

belonging to some

had

is

a domestic disturbance

Where was

the necessity of

your refusing to wait upon

Rao

thereby throwing our affairs into confu-

seems to us, that old age^^

mmt

have produced this deviationf^^

for change] in your conduct [character or disposition], and rendered you thus unmindful of your lives and honor.

It

would have been most

consonant to the state of the times, and to the regard you owed to our

interests,

you had

if,

considering their dissensions as beneficial to Isldm,

[secretly]

proceedings],

encouraged [or excited] the Musulmans [in their

you

while

[apparently]

looked on

as

[unconcerned]

spectators, instead of interposing with such an extraordinary dation^''^

as

you did

;

recommen-

and which was, indeed, altogether, unworthy of your

(1)

Or, " would release, or deliver her up."

(2)

Original

strictly,

(3)

"

,_5_)
^

.^j^

old headed ness,

Original

(4) Original

»j\sil _.^j^

(Û-

j J c^jU;

literallj

Original î^ljo'j^ly.

" great years and

old heads;

or,

still

more

TI PPOO

S

L'

LT

A N.

J49

When

the Nazarenes seized upon hundreds of

Musuhnan women, where was

the zeal for the support [or honour] of

your understandings/'^

Islamism, which you are

For the

future,

it

will

now

so desirous of manifesting there ?

be proper that you should never take any share

in their domestic concerns,

but attend [exclusively] to whatever

promote the success of our

affairs.

Let the

fire

be again kindled amongst them, to the end

may

of discord, therefore,

tliat

they may, in this

manner, waste [their strength upon] each other.

OBSERVATIONS. If I understand the foregoing letter rightly (of which, however, I

must confess

myself to have some doubts) the SuUaiis meaning was, that both his own personal interests,

and those of Islamism, would have been better promoted, by a conti-

nuance of the feuds and animosities which seem to have arisen between the

Musulman and Hindoo some female

inhabitants of Puonah,

intrigue, than

by the

in consequence, apparently, of

interposition

of the envoys

which,

;

succeeded, would have the effect of terminating the disputes in question.

Instead

of this, he would have had his agents secretly foment and encourage them, therefore concludes his

" of

dispatch, by broadly desiring them "

discord," in order that his enemies

may be consumed

to measure back the false steps they had taken, and

sprung up take

its

natural course.

At

let

if it

and

to rekindle the fire

therein

that

:

is

to say,

the quarrel which had

the same time, he seems to have thoughtj

that the interference of the envoys, besides being impolitic, was indecorous and

presumptuous, as encroaching on the rights of an independent

state.

"

It is a

" domestic difference, (says he) concerning only the inhabitants of their own " country." It

is

uncertain to what particular transaction the Sultan alludes, in the passage

mentioning the Nazarenes, or Englisli. to them,

(5) I

am

is

The

violence,

mentioned on other occasions, as well

far

from being

satisfied that I

have rendered

however,

here imputed

as the present.

this

passage correctly.

SELECT LETTERS Of

150

LETTER To

Meer Zynul Aabideen, Sjpahdar 8th

Wasaaey.

(I'Jtfi

Suktshy of the

Ji/she, to dispatch

He

to that place.

We have,

Zuferdhdd.

excesses('> at

Kushoon ;

dated

September.^

Koorgs have committed

in consequence, written to the

you with two guns and your Ku^hoon

also ordered to

is

of a

us, that the

It has lately been represented to

some

CXVII.

advance you two thousand Behddury

pagodas, on account of the pay of your Kushoon

;

as well as a thousand

rupees, to be applied in compensations to the wounded/-)

After leaving

a guard over such of Othman Khan's Kushoon as are not to be trusted/^)

you

will proceed, as

which is

above directed, to Zuferdhdd ; to the Foujddr of

place, Zyniil Aabideen,

You

enclosed.

on the Koorgs

;^*^

addressed another

are, in conjunction with

when, having put

letter,

him, to make a general attack

to the sword, or

made

In short, you must so manage matters, as

Musulmans.*^^)

which

prisoners of,

made

both the slain and the priso7iers are to be

the whole of them,

to prevent

we have

them from exciting any further

[effectually]]

sedition or disturbance.

Obtaining from the treasury a copy of our regulations respecting the

wounded,

let

your wounded be paid in conformity thereto.

Rewards

to

those

(1)

Original

(2)

I.

(3)

Probably

e.

CJ,}^

to such as

men

(4) In the original

supposed to be made,

may be wounded

in the course of the service ordered.

impressed into the army, and suspected of an intention to desert. it is

I

*lcjii or a general slaughter

;

but as pn'soiers are afterwards

have, to avoid the apparent contradiction, given a

difl'ercnt

turn to

the translation. (5)

i.

e.

" circumcised."

If this

conjecture

ZynCil Aabideen Shoostry was a Sipahcldr, or a I

were well founded,

commander

have no authority for supposing him to have been.

of

dk

it

would follow that

Kushoon, which, however,

TIPPOO those men,

who may

money

your hands

in

SUI.

TAN.

151

be entitled to them, must also be given from the

from which you must, likewise, make such

;

advances [of pay] to your KmJioon, as shall seem proper to you.

OBSERVATIONS. I

am

letter,

whether by the Zynul Aabideen, mentioned in the

doubtful,

meant Zynul Aabideen Shoostry

is

(to

whom

Letter

CXXVIII

tionably addressed) or a distinct jjerson, bearing the same name.

former

is

title

usually distinguished by the addition of Shoostry (denoting

is

of this

unqûes-

Though him

to

the

be a

native of Shuster or Suza, in Persia) yet the appellation might have been acci-

dentally omitted in the present letter, as

the

of Letter

title

The

^ju

*i-;

most clearly appears to have been in

it

CXLV.

Zuhhm-puttt/y

or compensation

As,

however,

mical,

if

all

I

am

soldiers,

is

a custom

Having never seen Tippoo

pretty general in the native armies of India. regulations on this head,

wounded

to

Sultan's

unable to give any information respecting them.

the Sultan's estabhshments

not the most parsimonious scale,

it is

the wounded were regulated by a different

were formed on the most econonot probable, that his donations to

spirit.

The

rewards occasionally be-

stowed on men, distinguishing themselves in battle or otherwise, usually consisted of gold or silver chains, or of rings for the wrists^ according to the rank of the person receiving them.

The

reader will probably be starded at the order contained in the foregoing

letter, for

making Musulmans, not only of the

who might ceeding

may

fall

into the

living,

but of the dead Koorgs,

hands of the Sipahddr ; and the extravagance of the pro-

even lead him to suspect, either the correctness of the manuscript, or

the fidelity of the translation. say that there

is

With

respect to the former,

it

will be sufficient to

not the slightest ground for supposing any error of the

script in this passage

;

and

as to the latter,

I

will only observe, that

be expressed with more piaiimcss, or freedom from ambiguity, than

manu-

nothing can tlic original,

which.

152

SELECT LETTERS OF

which, for the satisfaction of the oriental reader, at

bottom of the

Mahommed Ghyas Khan

at the

"

write,

CXVIII.

and Noor

"

betAveen Syed Zyniil Aabideen

*'

the latter of

is

come

same

;

intimacy and friendship subsisted

that a very great

whom

Mahommed Khan

(I'Jth September.^

Date.

You

be inserted

page.'"'

LETTER To

least, shall

Khan and Nooruddeen Husain Khan^

there

[i.

e.

to Poonah~\

" Mr. Boddam, the Governor of JBomhar/

on a mission from

and that the aforesaid Syed,

;

*'

actuated by his attachment to our Sircar, furnishes you, privately,

*'

with the secret intelligence of that quarter, and

*'

if it

is

furthermore ready,

meets our approbation, to take steps towards establishing a friend-

" ship between us and the

said

Governor."

objection to your agitating this affair, as

You must

It is

same occasion

you propose, with the

You

to represent ,(') that our territories

are contiguous to each other

;(^)

and

cluded between us and the English,

will, likewise,

Si/ed.

and

take the

and those of the English

that, at the time of the treaty conit

was

stipulated, that

should be afforded, either openly or secretly, to our enemies

we

have no

also obtain the most accurate intelligence from thence,

regularly communicate the same to us.

ingly,

We

well.

:

no assistance and, accord-

are in possession of copies of the said treaty, containing the

aforesaid stipulations,

under the respective

seals

of the Govwnors of JBengaf,

(1)

2. e.

to

Syed Zyntll Abideen,

(2) Literally,

"

for the ultimate information

are under the same shade."

ol"

Mr. Boddam.

TIPPOO SULTAN. J3e}igal,

Madras, and Bomhnij.

the rules of friendship,

and

is

153

This being the case,

even a violation of good

faith, that not-

withstanding his delivery [to us] of a treaty under his

Governor of Bomhaij should duct

is

afford assistance to

unsuitable to

it is

own

the

seal,

Such con-

our enemies.

abundantly remote from the usages and conduct of great chiefs.

Agreeably to yovu' suggestion, we enclose a

Nujmud' Dowlah Behadur,^^^ which you

letter to the address

of

forward [to hun].

will

OBSERVATIONS. believe that the

I

Zynul Aabideen, mentioned

in the foregoing letter,

The

agent employed at the court of Poonah by the Nabob of Camhay. letter to

the

latter,

further intercourse,

The

treaties

was an

Sultaris

being merely complimentary, and only designed to lead to a is

omitted.

with the English, spoken of in this

letter,

must, of course, refer to

the separate treaties concluded at different times between Ilyder Ali and the

The

respective British presidencies. stipulation to the

same

treaty

effect as that so

much

of Mangalore, likewise, contains a insisted

on here by the Sultan.

Governor of Bombay was not, however, a subscribing party to that I

am

The

treaty.

ignorant to what circumstance the Sultan alludes, where he charges the

Governor of Bombay with affording

assistance, at this period, to the

Mahrattahs,

LETTER CXIX. To

Mah Mirza Khan

We have,

;

dated lih IVasaaey.

at this time, thought proper to

(\Qth September.^

employ you, and the troops

under your command, in the reduction of the fort of

Oa/jjil/yS^^

X (3)

The Nabob

(I)

This

Piiiiganoor.

fort is,

The

Sipahddry

of Cambay. I

believe, situated in a district of the

same name, which

is

adjoining to

SELECT LETTERS OF

154

Sipahddr, Shaikh Omar/^^ with the troops belonging to liim,

is

already

before that place, where you will be joined by him, as well as by four

Kuchuny Piddehs from

thousand

already arrived at

its

Bangalore.

Part of this force

and the remainder

destination,

is

on

way.

its

is

On

your arrival at Oalpilly, you must, in conjunction with the said Sipahddr, proceed to dislodg-e

and

chastise the Piddehs of the

Puvgaiwor; who have posted themselves

in

the neighbouring woods,

Having cleared

from whence they [issue forth and] commit depredations.

move forward, and taking up a

these woods, you must

Zeminddr of

position near

Oalpilly, open trenches against that place.

Shaikh

Omar

open a

Mounting

requisition.

upon the

fire

fort

j

these guns in the batteries,

which being taken, you

In the fort

garrison of our troops.

the Zeminddr,

is

You must

ther with several Ndigwdries^^^ of note.

these persons are

made

respecting them.

If,

and report

prisoners,

you must

will put into it

Chukra Mull,

a

toge-

take especial care that

to us all the particulars

however, the above named persons should escape

through the woods, and take refuge

in the districts of

Chittoor, or other Polygars depending on the Fringy,^''^ to the

and two

Biiktshy oi Ehshdm,^^^ has been instructed to dispatch them

t\\&

upon your

"^^^

more heavy guns should be wanted, Turbiyut Alt

If any

howitzers.^^^

Khan,

has with him four large guns, two field-pieces,

Taalukddr of such

district,

Chundrageery,

you must write

informing him that the fugitives are robbers

(2)

dence

A letter but as

;

to it

tliis

have not thought (3) Original

officer,

it

24tl)

necessary to translate

\s^ <-^'

Ildshimy

Ai Bangalore.

(6) Officers of the i.

e.

September)

is

given

iti

the correspon-

it.

I

am

not ([uite cert;iin that

I

have rendered

tliese

terms rightly.

J In a note to Letter IV',

of the district.

(7)

(4tli

")

> (4) Original i^Lji (5)

dated

contains noiiiing materi.il that does not appear in the present dispatch, I

Kumlachdr, or

the Frank,

militia.

meaning the English.

I

have erroneously called him the collector

TIPPOO SULTAN. rohl)ers

them

155

of our Sircar, ^^^ and requiring of him not to protect but to deliver

You

u\).

in order that

are, at the

same time, to report these circumstances

we may make a

to us,

representation of the matter to the Governor

of Madras, and endeavour to obtain possession of the person of the aforesaid Poll/gar.

If any of the Piddehs of the Pohjgnr of

Punganoor should be

still

concealed in the adjacent woods, you must contrive to discover their

haunts, and to

You have

make

prisoners of them.

with you

fifty

a hundred and twenty

bullock-loads of gunpowder, each load being

making together

seers,

thousand

six

You

seersS^'>

been also furnished with twelve thousand seers of Carnatic lead,

liave

and four thousand gun-flints expending them [only]

these articles you will preserve carefully,

:

in battle.

If you should be in

powder, or shot, apply to the aforesaid Buktsluj, supply you

him a

;

want of more

who

lead,

has our orders to

and when such supplies reach you, you must transmit

to

receipt for the same.

Mohyuddecn

Ali

Chundur, have been directed

you with gram^'") for the con-

to supply

sumption of the horses of your Kuchurrij.

They

will,

each send a Miltusiiddy in charge of the gram, who you, and serve out the

under your

seal

gram

as

it

may

be wanted.

at the will

same time,

remain with

Receipts for the same,

and signature, must be regularly given by you to the

MiUmuddies, who

aforesaid

Ram

Khan, the Dewdii of Kurpah, and Rajah

will

deliver

them

to their respective prin-

cipals.

The country

of Punganoor appertains to our Sircar,

X (8)

(9)

may mean men who had defrauded

This expression

dcfaulteri!,

n

e.

about 12,000

(10) This

The term

is

is

lb.

citlur iiis

tve

have

appointed

robbers from

tlic

Sultan's territories,

w

public

government.

weight.

a species of pulse, with

unknown

2

and

to the natives,

language the English have adopted

wiiicii

they feed cattle, and especially horses,

by whom it.

it is

called cinauiah.

I

in

India.

do not know from what

SELECT LETTERS OP

156

appointed Dasia to collect the revenues of strict

orders to your people not to

there

;

strict

and

:

to you, to desire you not to it

therefore, issue

man ; and

this

head

the Aumils of the Fringy should write

will

You

On

any disturbance.

incursions in their country, or to

may

send such an answer as

be proper,

to us.

the troops under you and Shaikh

each of you respectively.

will distribute the

Omar,

will be sent to

pay of your own people,

he will distribute the pay of the Jyshe under his com-

Such Piddehs, or

mand.

it

same time report the circumstances

The pay of hy

if

make any

any molestation, you

at the

man

will,

nor are you to make any iiwursions into the country of the Fringy,

you must be very

and

you

;

commit any ravages or depredations

which adjoins to Punganoor, or to give

give

it

may

others, as

be Avounded, you will remu-

nerate according to the separate regulations on this head, with which

You must

you have been furnished.

also apply yourself to the procuring

of secret intelligence from the Ryots and others, in that quarter, giving to those

who communicate

it

from five

to ten rupees, as

you may judge

proper.

Dasia

the

is

fore, afford

make

Umlddr of

\i. e.

Panganoor']

:

you

there-

will,

him every [necessary] encouragement and countenance, and

yourself acquainted, by his means, with the [different] roads lead-

ing through the Oalpilly ddrs,

that place

;

hills

of Oalpilly.

The country of

the Fringy adjoins to

so that, in order to satisfy or tranquilize the

you must, immediately on your

Fringy Tnahtk'

arrival there, write to

them saying,

" that the Po/ygar of Punganoor having contumaciously raised his head,

" you have been sent by us to chastise *'

"

if

he should take refuge

Ijim

in their country,

;

and therefore request he

may

that,

not receive protec-

tion."

Let a reward of

five

rupees be given to every

man of our

people bring-

ing in the head of a Piddeh belonging to the rebel Polygar ; and

same reward be granted

for every prisoner

brought

in alive.

let

the

TIPPOO SULTAN.

lo^

OBSERVATIONS. The

foregoing document

" mandate

;"

functionaries

denominated in the original a Hukm-ndmeh,

is

by which name

all

or

the formal or set orders, with which public

were furnished, either at the time of their appointment to

office,

or

subsequent thereto, were usually called, to distinguish them from the current and

They were sometimes

occasional instructions transmitted to them. articles

which were regularly numbered

;

divided into

and, as observed on a former occasion,

generally concluded with a denunciation of the punishment appointed for a neglect

or disobedience of the directions contained in them.

The term Fringy,

applied in this dispatch to the English,

(by the superior classes among the natives of India, at

Nusdra, or Nazarene,

also

is

for a Christian.

least)

is

in contempt

;

as

Strictly speaking, however, there

nothing reproachful or degrading in the former appellation,

is

generally used

as

it

properly

means nothing more than a Frank, or European.

LETTER CXX To BuRHANUDDEEN

What you l«ave

A

letter to

with.

Let

he should

hini, it

still

J

(Idtc'd

Qlk IVasaaey.

written, relating to Kiilu Pundit,

framed

in tlic

is

duly understood.

manner suggested by you,

be delivered to him

:

and

if,

is

sent here-

notwithstanding this

letter,

prove disinclined to repair to our Presence, and persist in

contumacy, an hundred men of the

his

(VJ th September^

Uskur,^^'>

armed with

swprcjs

and

daggers, hut witliout firelocks, must be sent, with orders to approach

him gradually,

wliile

he

is

instructed for the purpose].

held

in

conversation

[iiy

persons

to

be

Tliey must then suddenly rush forward, ten

(

1

)

The

regular troops wore distinguished by this name.

SELECT LETTERS OF

158 ten

men upon

his party, bind

every one of

his'^^

them hand and

manner] dispatch them

:

and, disarming the Pundit and

put the whole in irons, and [in this

foot,

to the

Presence.

above tenor to Syed Ghuflar,^^^ to

all

whom

We

you

enclose a letter of the

will deliver

it.

LETTER CXXI. To MoHYUDDEEN Ali Khan, DEtrAN of KuRPAH TVasaaey. It has been represented peremptory manner, to evacuate houses erection

you have,

to us, that

required of

several

of our

which they have occupied

a most rigorous and

in

sei-vants

for years past,

at

Kurpah

and in the

of which they have expended considerable sums of money.

our pleasure

evil

tendency, and directly contrary


:

desist

from them, nor again

require of any of our servants to quit their habitations. to the instructions

which have been delivered

own

the suggestions of your

To KuMRUDDEEN

Agreeably

J

to you,

Act according

and do not pursue

fancy.

LETTER

to

dated 9th

(18th September.^

Such improper proceedings are of to

;

CXXII.

dated 9th TVasaaey.

to your request,

we have

(\Qth September.')

Avritten,

and enclose an order

Mohyuddeen Ali Khan, the Dewdn of Kurpah,

directing

him

to

desist

(2)

Kala Pundit and

persons. (3)

(See Letter

his part)', or attendants, consisted, according to this passage, of ten

CXXV.)

Syed Ghuffar was selected by the Sullan

to execute this notable piece of treachery.

TirrOO SULTAN. from disturbing our servants

desist

You must forward the same to him. What you write, respecting your

in the possession

of their houses.

desire to proceed unattended [or

pay your respects to us,

yourself]'"' to

lo9

is

understood.

we

yourself and army, to SeringapatamJ^"^ whither

by

Repair straight, ourselves are pro-

ceeding.

LETTER STo

BuDEEA uz ZuMAN, Taalv KDAR of TVasaaey.

You

*'

Avrite,

Hu scoTAH

the pay abstracts of

*'

[conceiving the

ofiice to

" and improper person

Kiaidachdr,

tlie

be in

in the

Ciitwdl being inchided in

rests

the

disposal]

his

Kilaaddr

of Hdscotah

had placed a very low

Cutwdtij, to the great detriment of the

business of your department."

removal of the Cutwdl

dated 6th

;

(\5th September.^

that in consequence of the

*'

"

CXXIII.

It

known.

is

with you

:

you

will,

The appointment and therefore, replace [as

you propose] the former Cutwdl, and taking the payment of stipend

upon

yourself, see that

We

business of the Sircar.

the subject of the

Ciitivdl,

his

monthly

he applies himself with diligence to the

have written to the aforesaid Kilaaddr on

whose appointment, we have

told hini,

is

to

depend upon you.

(1) Original

(2)

Though

pondence, yet

Tippoo was

iijJj»-

has been already explained.

the

name of

it is

sometimes, as

at this

not appear) in

^vliicli

ilic

time

at

this citv is in

most commonly written Piitn llironghout the corres-

the |>resent instance, written

Banga/ore, to uliich place

beginning of beptember.

lie

tD.^Cy

had repaired

(Fur

.^

Sirirung-puttu

what purpose does,

SELECT LETTERS OF

16(T

LETTER CXXIV. To Ali Rajah Beeby

What

;

you have written,

Meer

rupees to

relative to

your having paid twenty thousand

Zyniil Aabideen, the Foujddr of Zuferdhdd,

You must, in like manner, Upon your arrival at the

Stood, and meets our approbation.

the remaining balance due by you.

we

(ISth September.^

dated 9th TVAsâey.

will personally state all matters to you.

Tillicherry

the Taaluk of that refuge of chastity .O you

under-

discharge Presence,

situated near

is

will, therefore, regularly

may [from

transmit to us whatever intelligence you

is

time to time] be able

to procure from thence.

OBSERVATIONS. Ali Rajali

Bceby was the same

whom

person,

Queen of Cannanore, of which petty

India, sometimes dignified with the title of state she

was the hereditary

became tributary

Malabar

to the

to the English,

ruler.

I

am

ignorant, at

Mysore chief: but by the

the English, in the west of

it

continued so

partition treaty of 1792;

when

all

the rights and

Company.

Ali Rajah Beeby was a treated

the cession of

till

were transferred to the

authority claimed by Tippoo Sultan in that province,

East-India

what period Cannanore

Mabommedan

;

by the Sultan with somewhat more

and on

account, perhaps, was

this

distinction

and

accustomed to show to his other tributaries in Malabar.

lenity,

He

than he was

would not seem,

however, to have succeeded in his endeavours to conciliate her good-will, or to inspire her with confidence in him.

This

fact

is

deducible from the constant

repugnance, which she evinced to complying with his desire of seeing her at

Seringapatam

;

and which

will appear,

on more than one occasion,

in the course

of the subsequent correspondence. (1) Original

women.

»\y yz

-i°.''-

which as well as

»\y

_::

-f-r"

is

a

common form

of address to

TirPOO SULTAN.

161

LETTER CXXV. To BuRHA^fLDDEI;^'

[After

;

dated \Oth

(19th September.^

authorizing him to entertain in his service a Hind'wij MUnshj,

the letter proceeds as follows] It appears, that

followers

Wasaaey.

:

swords and

let

Kala Pundit

[therefore]

shields,

:

attended by ten or twelve [armed]

is

a hundred

men

of the Usknr, armed with

be sent [to his habitation or quarters], with instruc-

tions to close in with the party, and, overpowering, seize

The

aforesaid Pundit, together with his adherents,

on the whole.

must then be

dis-

patched to the Presence, as before directed.

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter

is

little

more than

a repetition of Letter

same person, and written only two days

before.

Such an

CXX,

addressed to the

early rc-iteration of his

orders on the subject, strongly marks the impatience of the Sultan to get possession of his victim.

LETTER CXXVIj To

Mahommed Ghyas

und Noor

I

TVAsAAEY.

You

will

shall give

Mahommed Khan

;

dated 14th

(23d September.^

proceed from thence to the Presence, whenever the minister

you your dismission.

Y

On

SELECT LETTERS OF

162

On

anniversary of the Dushorrah,^^^ you will distribute

the

the Hindoos, composing your escort, a goat to every ten the aimiversary of the festival of Zilhijjehp the like

among

the

Musulmans of your

men

;

among and on

number of goats

party.

LETTER CXXVII. To Syed Ghuefar

;

dated

from Seringapatam,

^'Jth

JVasaaby.

(6th October.)

Your

a

letter, inclosing

been received.

What you

We

shall

and confinement

write, respecting the seizure

in irons of the said Pundit

proved.

of the arms of Kala Pundit, &c. has

list

and

shortly direct

his adherents,

is

understood and ap-

you to repair to our Presence

what business you have

quick, therefore, in dispatching

:

be

there.

OBSEllVATIONS. This fate I

(1)

the last occasion on whicli Kala Pundit

is

know nothing

A

Hindoo

:

festival,

but

it

may be

the

is

This

a

(2)

is

called Bukr-eed

it

occurring at the close of the rainy season.

a manner peculiar to themselves

campaign

mentioned.

safely conjectured, that

the native armies of India usually take the festival in

is

;

field.

which

The Mahrattahs is,

Of

his ultimate

was not a mild one.

It is at this

period that

are said to celebrate this

by destroying a

village, to denote that

opened.

Mahommedan

festival, celebrated

and Eeduz-zohd.

It is

on the tenth of Zilhijjeh, and commonly

commemorative of the

sacrifice of Isaac.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER

CXXVIII.

To Zynul Aabideen Shoostry

Your

letter

163

same Date.

;

How

has been received.

came

(6th October.') that notwithstanding

it,

your knowledge of the rainy season, you did not take KiindUehs^^^ with

you

This circumstance occasions us great surprize.

?

Let the grain,

furnished by such of the Byots as have submitted to your authority, be

paid

On

for.

the other hand,

let

that belonging to those Ryots

who

have adopted a rebellious course, be plundered, and applied to the use of your army.

Let

assistance be afforded to

Lucheram, the Huzdry.

OBSERVATIONS. The

person to

known

Alluni, so well 1

do not know

whom

at

the foregoing letter

addressed was a brother of

as minister for English affairs at the court of

what period he engaged

in the service of

Aabideen, though occasionally

would appear

to

He

employed by the Sultan

have been principally esteemed it

111

original

tlie

however, to think, tents.

Tlic

construction (2)

in situations

supposed

He

was

some description of

word frequently occurs, and I

tlic

I

also the author

of trust,

qua-

of the

his valuable

History can obtain no explanation.

meant

I

ain inclined,

perhaps bell-tents, or storecontext every where seems to warrant the

tunts

is

:

hiivc hinted at.

See observations on Letter

Zynul

under the

2

UjJjc^ a term of wliicli

tli,it

but I

;

literary

'*'

Tuwdreekh, mentioned by Colonel Wilks^ in the Preface to

Y (1)

Tippoo Sultan

was who composed the Futhdf Miijdhideen,

immediate direction of the Sultan himself. Sitltdne

for his

Meer

Hyderabad,

no intercourse, of any kind, subsisted between the brothers.

believe, that

lifications.

is

XC, where some account

of this work

is

given.

164

SELECT LETTERS OF

History of Mysore

:

but this work appears to have been

rhetorical amplification of the Sultatis

The

own Memoirs,

we

a

as far as the latter went.

reproof given to Zynul Aabidecn, in the present dispatch,

extreme, compared with the invectives which

more than

little

is

shall hereafter see

mild in the

bestowed upon

him.

LETTER CXXIX. To KuMRUDDEEN

;

from Seringapatam.

dated 29 fh TVasaaey, (8th October.}

Your

letter,

informing us of your arrival with your army on the

banks of the Tunghudrah,^^^ and of your intention to repair speedily to the Presence, has been received.

and order things

may

such a manner [on

all

therefore,

the

as

four quarters,

hasten your arrival here

know]

is

Kiirpah,

employ some of the Ji/ske troops to look

desertions

may happen,

head the utmost care and

;

march], that no desertion

youi*

take place from your army, which [you

from

no

in

You must

composed of men

You

&c.

must,

them, so that

after

but the whole join us in safety.

On

this

strictness are necessary.

OBSERVATIONS. It

would appear, from

this

and other

letters

in the present collection, that

desertions were frequent in the armies of the Sultan It is probable,

native armies of India.

:

but so they are in

however, that the

evil

all

the

might be experienced

(1) 1

am

at a loss

that Kumi-adcleen had

how

to reconcile

begun

tliis

letter with Letter

to cross the Tungbiidra,

as the beginning of September.

on

his

CX, by which way

it

would appear

to Seringapatam, so early

TIPPOO SULTAN. rienccd, in a peculiar degree,

by Tippoo

Sultan, since he

by

in the habit of occasionally recruiting his ranks

which

I

am

165

not aware that any other example

is

would seem

forced levies

to be found

;

among

to have been

a practice, of

the princes or

states of India.

LETTER CXXX. To Zynul Aabideen, jBvktshy^^^ of Ehsham,

HiSAR -p^ same

Your ydr^''^

letter,

Date.

stating the insolvency of

&c., has been received.

at

Fvrrv ku-yJb

(8th October.^

tlie

What was

late postmaster(^)

of

Mdnd

necessary to be said, regarding

the above-mentioned postmaster, as well as the postmasters o{ Mankully ^^^

was heretofore written

at the greatest length.

It

should not have acted conformably [to those

wonderful that you

is

directions

:]

but that,

instead of doing so, you should repeatedly address us on the subject,

pursue [in

this

manner] your own

For the

fancies.

and

you must not

future,

write to us on such matters, but conduct yourself agreeably to our former orders.

(1) Tlieic

appear to have been diniient descriptions of Buktshies.

Kushoons were a if

sort of commissariss

not to the Bisdladur, or

The

of the Sipahddr.

commandor

Buktshies of

Tlie Buktshies of

and paymasters, and were subordinate of a battalion. tlic

Tlic

Ehshdin and

Mcer

JjjsJic

Btiktslnj,

were,

I

to the Sipahddr,

however, took rank

believe,

tlic

superior

officers of those corps, respectively.

(2) ChittUdoorg. (3)

Original a]lj<^^l which

(4) I

may (5)

1

conjecture to

mean a

postmaster.

do not understand this term, or proper name, whichever " late postmaster of Malabar."

be, the

This

may

be intended for Ilurpunhully.

it

may

be

:

but the meaning

SELECT LETTERS OF

166

LETTER CXXXI. To ZiNUL Aabideen Shoostrv; dated Serixgapatam,

QOth

ZuBURJUDY.

Ahmed Baig

has been dispatched [to you], and other troops will

sue, exterminate, or

take refuge.

October^)

In the mean while, you must not remain

shortly follow.

\st

make

You must

idle,

but pur-

prisoners of the rebels, wheresoever they

may

also quickly inform us of the state of the rains

in that quarter.

LETTER CXXXII. To the same; dated 3d Zubvrjudy.

(\2tk October.^

Your letter has been received, and its contents are duly understood. What you write, concerning your operations [against the enemy] your ;

want of gunpowder and grain

;

the violence of the rains

;

and,

lastly,

your opinion, that though ten more Kushoons were to be sent thither nothing could be effected, unless vVe ourselves should proceed in person to that quarter, in

which

All this

speedily accomplished.

You

case,

have with you

fifteen

you think, that every thing would be is

known.

hundred bundles of gunpowder,

thirty

rounds of ammunition, and two thousand men of the t^*/ie. That you should not, with such a force, have

made any

effort to chastise

the enemy, but

should be waiting for our arrival, occasions us the utmost amazement, is

utterly irreconcileable with [every idea of] courage,

strong suspicion of absolute cowardice [in you]. case,

two hundred Jyshe would be

fully

and warrants a

If this were not the

adequate to the suppression of

this revolt .('>

We (

) 1

TIic original has

it,

'<

the chasti'serneut of the

to avoid the perpetual recurrence of the

enemy

same phrase.

:

" but

I

have rendered

it

as above,

TIPPOO SULTAN.

We

167

uniting your force with that of

Meer

Zynul Aabideen, the FouJddrP you do together exert yourselves

in tlie

therefore

order,

that,

You

signal chastisement of the Koorgs.

must, in particular, be careful,

that your people do not disperse, and, by this means, expose themselves to be cut

That country

off.

is

Collect together such of the

populous.

inhabitants as are well disposed to our government,

and giving them

encouraging assurances, buy their grain, and distribute troops.

As

to the rebels

among your

it

among them, you must pursue them whereso-

ever they can be found, and chastise

them

effectually.

OBSERVATIONS. Strong as the censure, conveyed in the preceding presently be seen, that the

nate

full

commander was not yet

undoubtedly

letter,

measure of the Sultaiis anger against

Vide Letters

dealt out.

CXXXVI

and

is,

it

will

this unfortu-

CXXXV II.

LETTER CXXXIII. To

Mahommed Ghyas omZNooR Mahombied Khan

j

sa7ne

Date.

(\2th Odober.}

Your

letter

has been received.

What you

write,

having made up and delivered to your followers new is

understood, and meets our approbation.

respecting your

flags,

You must

banners, &c.,

take care, that

the ^regular] infantry, attached to your escort, perform their exercise regularly.

You must

not, hoivever,

expend any powder on these occa-

sions

Noor (2) Tlie

appointment of

by the Sultan

liimscif in

liis

this Zyniil Aiibidccii to tiic

Memoiis,

of that district, in the year 1184.

It

Foujddnj of Zuferdbdd

look pluco on the

(iist

is

mentioned

subjugation and settlement

SELECT LETTERS OF

168

Noor IMaliomnied Kh4n being

indisposed,

would be highly improper

it

Under

that you should, at such a time, be separated. stances,

you must take up your residence

and exert yourself for charge

his recovery.

In

same place with him,

in the

fine,

you must, conjointly,

the duties of attachment and fidelity that you

all

these circum-

owe

dis-

to us.

LETTER CXXXIV. To

You

Ghulam Hyder

;

same Date.

(12 th Oetoher.')

write for instructions, with regard to the prices at which you

should buy certain articles for our

your purchases accordingly.

use,(') in

order that you

may

regulate

Old age has certainly made havock on your

understanding, otherwise you would have

known

that the Midaûddies

here are not the proper persons to determine the market prices there. is

the Miitusuddies there, and the instructions given to

Dewdny Kuchurry, and

this

Seek the necessary

head, which should be referred to on this occasion. information from the

them on

It

act accordingly.

LETTER CXXXV. 2o Burhanuddeen; dated 4th Zvburjudy.

Your is

letter

needless

army

:

;

we

has been leceived.

while

it is

(I3th October.^

Your longer continuance

also productive of the ruin

at

NergUnd,

and destruction of your

therefore write, to desire^'*) you will remove with your forces

into the country of Kittoor,

abundance.

where forage and gram

will

be found in

Let orders be given to the Kilaaddr of NergUnd,

the necessary repairs to the

to

make

fort.

The (1)

The

articles are specified

(1*) Literal)}',

"

it is

iti

the original, but

I

cannot make them ont.

therefore written that you," &c.

TirroosuLTAN.

169

troops of the Uskur,^^'> and others which have been sent [ostensi-

The

bly] to forage at T>hdnv(lr,

disorder and disputes

these

:

in fact,

are,

men must,

stationed there only to create

be recalled.

therefore,

The

place in question aj)pertains to the cavalry foragers, and not to you [or to

your people,]

What you

Do

of the assembling of the enemy's forces,

say,

you keep your mind

Thousands of

this

known.

is

and entertain no apprehensions.

collected,

kind of 2>cople are [constuni/i/^ coming; and going^.

OBSERVATIONS. It will

be seen, hereafter, that the real object of the Sultan, in directing Bur-

hanuddeen supjjlies,

The

to

remove

his

camp

to Kiftoor, was not to facilitate the procuring of

but to obtain possession of that place.

indifference, if not contempt, with

movements of the Mahrattah army, which he always that nation.

opinion. sion

either actually held,

Of

With

is

the

Nizdms

which the Sultan here speaks of the

strongly expressive of the low estimation in

or affected to bold, the military character of

troops he certainly did not entertain a

respect to the English,

it is

hardly credible that, with the impres-

which the successes obtained over him by Lord Cornwallis must necessarily

have produced, he should really have thought so meanly of them, the sentiments he has

left

on record, he would appear

period posterior to the war of 179I-2.

from

more favorable

baffled ambition, or even

him

conduct, might have led

as, to

to have done,

judge by even at a

Spleen, arising from disappointed hopes,

from a narrow policy, such

and perhaps

to write,

as usually regulated his

also to speak, in a

more

paraging strain of his European neighbour and antagonist, than accorded

with his inward conviction or feeling.

among the most prominent passions, seconded

by the

jC-c

is tlic

Sultan ajiplicd

tiic

Arabic o(

features of the

flattery of the

J^

Sidtans mind

:

former term, exclusively, to his regular troops. tlic

but however those

people surrounding him, might encourage

and both words signify an army

the regular cavalry, and the Piddch'Uskur

strictly

Arrogance and vanity were, undoubtedly,

Z (2)

dis-

regular infantry.

him in

general: bnt Tippoo

The Swwdr-uskur were

SELECT LETTERS OF

170 him

to believe himself superior in

military. skill

and prowess

to the English,

seems impossible that his infatuation should have been so great, in reality,

them

it

him,

as to inspire

with that contempt, which he occasionally professed to entertain for

as rivals in arms.

LETTER CXXXVl. 7b Zynul Aabideen Shoostry; dated 5th Zubvrjudy. (\Ath October.')

Your

letter

has been received, and the particulars therein stated are

fully revealed. It appears,

from the tenor of

all

the letters which have successively

reached us from you, that you have conceived a mortal dread of the accursed tribe [to which you are opposed].

This being the case, neither

the chastisement of the worthless crew, nor the proper settlement of our affairs [in

we

therefore direct,

command

to Periapatatiiy

that quarter], can be expected from you

that you proceed, with the force under your

and there remain

[till

:

further orders].

LETTER CXXXVIL To

the

same ; dated from Seringapatam, 6th Zuburjvby, (I5th October.)

Ilour two ceived,

letters,

of the 2d and 5th of Zuhurjudy ,^^^ have bee;i re-

and their contents are duly understood.

wdnehs, one for the

Aumil

We

enclose two

of Htjbutpoor, the other for the

Pur-

Aumil of

Koondnoor^ (1)

If

there

is

no mistake

in these dates,

the communication between Seringapatam

and

thesceiicot" ZynQl Aabidgeii's operations must have been quick and uninterrupted, and the distance not considerable.

TIP POO

TAN.

S 11.

171

Koondnoor, directing them each to dispatch a thousand goonies of

You

to that person of n)ighty degree/^) to their address dispatcli the

same

hutpoor, the

Aumil of which

Of

forward these Purwdnchs

on receiving the two thousand goonies of grain,

and,

;

uill

Your wounded you

to Zuferdhdd.

are to send to Hij-

place has been written to respecting them.

the two surgeons with you, one must accompany the

Hyhutpoor

A

grain'-)

wounded

to

the other will remain with you.

:

hundred

have been sent to you from the Presence

Clashie^*^

musket-cartridges,

forty-eight thousand

in their cartridge-boxes,

it,

besides

fifteen

thousand spare cartridges,

You

together sixty-three thousand cartridges.

a

Your

tliousand bundles of cartridges have likewise been dispatched.

detachment took with

:

write,

making-

" that you have

*'

not remaining more than from fifteen to twenty cartridges in each

**

cartouch-box

" at this rate, the expenditure of cartridges has been

IVe are curious

very great.

many of

:

the

number of

enemy have been

cartridges.

great numbers of the is

We

desire

you

will inform us,

of your

men

enemy must have been

in the FuthilV 3Idjdhideen, the

should, at the

killed

and wounded.

whose pen was employed

mode of making war

moment of your being

in

in describing,

a close and

yourself engaged in

had carried on your operations according to those

never have sustained the

loss

you have

Z (2)

I

do not know the amount of

tli'is

amount of

being wounded, no doubt

conducting a similar warfare, have forgotten the rules there If you

how

sent to hell, by the expenditure of such a

truly wonderful, that you,

woody country,

and

also desire to be informed of the

One hundred

the rebel force.

It

to kno^v,

rules,

laid

down.

you would

done.^^>

With

2

weight or measure

:

the Goonies, or Gunnifs, are

bags made of a sort of hempen cloth.

would appear

(3)

This

(4)

Men employed

(5)

reader

title

about

to

tents,'

have been appHcd,

in

tliis

place, rather snceringly.

&c.

For an extract from the FiithuV Miijahideen, containing the rules here spoken is

referred to

Appendix,

I.

of,

tlii?

SELECT LETTERS Or

IJ2

With

respect to your reiterated representations of the expediency of

repairing-, in person, to that quarter,

our

we

shall shortly arrive there

trust

wc

you are about

down

in the

FuthiW

(God wilHng)

and destroy the enemy.

and other

supplies, to

march according

to the rules

to proceed with grain,

Ziiferdbdd, be mindful to regulate your laid

that

with an inco7isideroble force, with which we

shall be enabled utterly to kill

Now that

we answer,

^Jiij'dhideen for operations in

and to conduct the convoy, with circumspection,

to

its

a close country j

destination.

OBSERVATIONS. It

may be

inferred,

from the foregoing dispatch, that Zynul Aabideen had

received rather a serious check from the Koorgs.

more

support, from the circumstance of the Sultans judging

ceed in person against the insurgents. ing what force he actually took with to

This conjecture derives the

make

so li^ht of the business,

to hazard

I

is

this occasion

;

but though he affected

not probable that he would put any thing

by proceeding against such a determined enemy with

able force.

I

am

necessary to pro-

have, at this time, no means of ascertain-

him on

it

it

a very inconsider-

ignorant of the sequel of Zynul Aabideen's history.

It

is,

however, probable, that the Sultan did not again entrust him with the management exercise of his pen. of the sword, but confined him, for the future, to the It

seems impossible, that any thing,

like that nice sense of

distinguishes persons of a liberal education,

army

profession, should have existed in an

government) the superior

officers of

their sovereign in such coarse

honour which usually

and particularly those of the military (or indeed

in

any other branch of a to be

which were accustomed

and degrading language,

as that

if

any,

men

of superior birth or elevated sentiments

have appeared amongst the higher classes of his subjects.

by

adopted by Tippoo

of their conduct Sultan in expressing his occasional disapprobation few,

addressed

;

accordingly,

were ever known

These

classes,

to

in fact,

origin, and mere advenwere almost exclusively composed of persons of humble having been trained in implicit submission to the will of a cruel and

turers

;

who

unprincipled

TIPPOO SULTAN.

173

unprincipled tyrant, could not be expected to exhibit any portion of that loftiness

which

of spirit or generosity of disposition,

Moghul empire

descendants of the ancient nobility of the

them spurn

any

at

Tippoo

It

was not so with the nobles

They

Sultan's court.

the irmaster

;

were, on

tainly without remonstrance, and,

But however

been wanting in

With

which they thought

or with the obligations of

nobles they might be called) of

to murder,

betray, and pillage, cer-

men may have been

the species of

iu

and honor which we have been considering, they would not appear

spirit

fidelity to his

this last sentiment, it

make

still

most probably, equally without repugnance.

order of

deficient this

genuine

occasions, the passive instruments of

all

whose nod they were used

at

(if

of the

and would

;

by whomsoever commanded,

action,

incompatible with their habitual notions of honour, family pride.

many

adorn

still

to

have

government, not to say attachment to his person.

was not, perhaps, in the nature of things, that a

of his harsh and unconciliating disposition should he capable of inspiring

man

them

:

°^

but their general character of loyalty must be allowed to have been unimpeachable.

To what

degree this adherence to

gratitude,

is

a question

him might proceed from

No

not easy of decision.

doubt,

a real sense of duty and

some of

his principal

might have been, and probably were, influenced by such motives

servants

am of opinion,

confess, I

that

the precautions adopted defection

occurred

engaged.

It

it

was owing

by the Sultan

among them,

permanently

in

trust,

became impossible.

eflect of

been prompted,

all

diflferent

fix

by

confirming the

wars in which he was

discontent,

and others

the residence of their families

This expedient

fidelity of

I

that so few instances of

the chief oflicers of state, to

yet,

of this kind,than to

Seringapatam ; from whence their removal, without

and concurrence, have had the

for its prevention,

during the

was his practice to oblige

holding employments of material

less to considerations

:

may

his knowlcd'fe

be easily conceived to

many, who might

otlierwise

or other reasons, to quit Mysore.

miserable policy answered the Sultan's immediate purpose,

it

also

But

have

if this

promoted one, which

(C) '*

It

very

himself

"

has been affirmed by some, tliat Tippoo Sultan was in conversation " rcmarliably and entertaining " but I liave strong doubts of the correctness of this statement.

It

lively

;

ill

in

acconis with

one of

iiis

'«

liis

general ciiaracter,

Dreams," wiierc he

entir into pia) ful discourse widi any one."

and

is,

ni

distinctly says,

sunjc measure,

"

that

it \v
contradicted by not his custom to

174

SKI

Avhich he

little

ECT LETTERS OF

contemplated at the period of

settlement of Tippoo Sultan's dominions so

much,

its

adoption.

The

by the English, was

as the circumstance of the families of

final

conquest and

facilitated

by nothing

most of the principal men of the

country having fallen into their hands, along with the fortress of Seringapatam.

LETTER CXXXVIII. 2o KuMRUDDEEN Khan; dated 9th Zuburjudy. Desiring him to the Presence

to repair with his

army,

(18th Ocfobei:^

expeditiously as possible,

as

and signifying, that the design of reducing Adoni

:

loas

dropped.

OBSERVATIONS. This dispatch was not vations

in

my

on Letter XCII, or

enterprize, there spoken of

more confidence than this enterprize

the foregoing

I

I

recollection, at the

time of

my writing my obser-

should have been inclined to refer the iveighty

by the Sultan,

then thought

it

to a meditated attack

right to do.

It

now

upon Adoni, with

clearly appears, that

had certainly been in his contemplation, previously to the date of

letter,

and very probably

as far

back as the end of July.

attempt was dropped at this time, cannot now be

satisfactorily

shown

:

Why

but

it

is

the

not

improbable, that the necessity which arose, for his directing his attention to the

Koorg

quarter,

might have obliged the Sultan to suspend the execution of his

purpose for some time longer.

LETTER CXXXIX. To Zynul Aabideen Shoostry;

dated lOth Zuburjudy.

(19 th October.^

Announcing

to

him the intended

arrival of the Sultan, in person, [at

Zuferdbdd'], after the festival of Zilhijjeh; but desiring that the circum-

stance should not be

made

public.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

17^

LETTER CXL. To

Mahommed Ghyas

Noor Mahommed Khan

and

ZuBURJUDY.

What flags

dated

'Jth

(\Qth Octohe)'.^

you write, on the subject of having made up and delivered new

and banners to your people,

Noor Mahommed Khan must

is

understood and approved.

see, that

your

men

same

reside together in the

You and place,

What more

display your zeal in our service on all occasions.

must

;

?

and

You

regularly perform their exeicise, but without

using gunpowder.

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter is nearly a transcript of

Other instances of the

before.

letter

CXXXIII,

written only four days

like repetition occur in the course of this corres-

pondence.

The

injunction against expending

powder on the

field

days of the escort,

may have

proceeded either from an economical motive, or from an apprehension that the use of it,

in the city of Pooiiah,

can be

little

at

Poonah,

humour

to the contrary, it

There

doubt, that this would have been the consequence of such a military

display, in the present his orders

to the Mahrattahs.

might have given umbrage

it

of that government is

:

and

notwithstanding

as,

all

very certain that he wished his agents to remain

behoved him the more

to

beware of furnishing the ruling power

there with any fresh ground of complaint or irritation.

LETTER CXLL 2y Burhanuddeen; dated I3th Zuhuiijudy.

Directing him again

('^

to

remove with

his

(22d October.^

army

into

the

Kittoor

country, and to report to the Sultan the state of affairs in that quarter.

TeUing (1)

Sec Letter

CXXXV.

SELECT LETTERS

1J6

thai after receiving an order

Telling him, also,

must he careful

OF'

conformity with

to act in

from the Presence,

lie

it.

OBSERVATIONS. The concluding

sentence of the foregoing abridged dispatch

biguously expressed in the original. for the general's not

for that purpose

;

It

may

it

somewhat am-

might either have beeu meant

having marched to Kittoor,

or

is

in

as a rebuke,

pursuance of the former orders

have signified, that he was to be prepared to execute

such future directions as the Sultan might send him immediately upon the receipt of the same, Kitloor.)

''

(contemplating, I incline to

probably, the subsequent orders of

prefer the latter interpretation.

LETTER To

Mah Mirza Khan

The Governor

of

"

desire,

"

aflbrd protection

*'

of the latter district."

written to us,

the

You

Khan, who has been

that, agreeably to

Zeminddr of Piinganoor, or

We

our

to

any people

therefore direct, that you give no disturb-

ance to the country of the English, been sent upon.

''

(23d October.^

orders to the Taalukddrs of Sdtghur not to

strict

to

CXLII.

dated lAth Zubvrjudy.

;

Madras has

he has sent

the subject of

but pursue the business you have

will be speedily joined

sent with his

Kushoon

by the Sijjahddr,

Imam

to reinforce you.

OBSERVATIONS. The

Sultan would appear to have been put into better humour than usual with

the English, by the ready compliance of the government of Fort St. George with the application he had

made

to

it,

respecting the

Zeminddr of Punganoor.

He

drops, (1) See Letter

CXLVII.

1 w*.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

^//

disrespectful appellation of Fringy, and (grounding drops, in the present letter, the

his order, as

it

on the British governor's amicable conduct)

were,">

Mirza Khan not

to give

any disturbance to the English

(See Letter

appointment to proceed against Oaljnlly.

LETTER To Ehsanullah I^han

You

to

same order was issued

collected, however, that the

this

It

officer,

Mah

will

be re-

on

his first

CXIX.)

CXLIII.

dated I8th

;

territory.

directs

Zubvrjvdt

(27th October.')

of] Usud-Illu/es, as many

will put into [or enroll in the corps

Hindoos, mate and female, as are willing, of their own accord, to enter into the

same

:

and you

then transmit a return of them to us,

will

it

being our intention to augment their pay.

OBSERVATIONS. Whether

the

here mentioned,

Usud-Ilhyes,

Ahmedies, spoken of

in Letter

XLII,

were a distinct body from the

or whether this was only another appellation

for the latter corps, I

am

separate institutions

but that both were military, and both composed of prose-

lytes to the

there

is

text, to

;

unable to say.

Mahommedan

faith,

I rather think,

though of

however, that they were

different descriptions.

Isldmism

:

but

I

think the context, as w ell as the

Mahommedan

dition of their incorporation with the Usud-Illiyes.

Lion, or the Lion of God,

name

religion,

true, that

name

;

calling

it,

given them,

suffici-

was a necessary con-

This term

signifies the

Divine

and was one of the appellations bestowed on Ali.

has been already seen, thatTippoo sometimes designated his this

is

nothing distinctly said of the conversion of the Hindoos, mentioned in the

ently shows, that their embracing the

by

It

own

state, or

occasionally, the Sircar Unsud-llhye; as well as

It

country,

Ahmedy,

Hydery, and Khoddddd. 2

(1)

"

We therefore direct,"

&c.

A

It

SELECT TETTERS OF

1/8 It has struck

me

as possible, that the

Ahmedies might have consisted exclusively

of Christian converts (including the native Christians of Alalabar or Canard), and

the

Hindoo

Usud-Il/ii/es of

proselytes only.

It vrill

be easy for any of

my

Indian

readers to ascertain what grounds there are for this conjecture.

With respect to that

it

the order for enrolling

referred to the wives of such

into the corps

the corps,

:

it is

why

but

women among the

men

a

clothed in the

might qualify themselves

they should have been enrolled, as

No

not easy to comprehend.

regiment in the service of Tippoo Sultan

Nlzdm had

as

Usud-Ilhyes,

;

one ever heard,

though

it is

I

conclude

for admission

if

constituting part of

I

believe, of a female

a certain fact, that the late

body guard composed of women^, armed with muskets, and partly

manner of Sepoys.

LETTER CXLIV. To Rajah

Ram Chundur

That which is

;

dated 19fh Zvbvrjuvy.

contained in our instructions, respecting the transactions

of the Sun'dfs [or money-brokers,] irrevocable] decree,(')

great or

(28th October.^

is

to be considered as

an absolute [or

according to which you must act in

all

matters,

small.^^^

LETTER CXLV. To

the

Governor of Pondicherry

dated Îst Zvburjvdy.

;

(30th October.)

Desiring him

to send

back to Madras

[i. e.

to dismiss] the

news-writer residing at Pondicherrt/ [on the part either of the

Brahmen Nabob

of

Arcot, (1)

Original

(2) Original

j:^*.

J^jjf-

" particular and geueraL"

TIPPOO

U

S

Arcot, or the English government]

;

LTAN.

1/9

and signifying the Sultans wish,

to purchase [at Pondicherrif] seven or eight thousand firelocks.

OBSERVATIONS. by the Sultan

Tlie objection taken

Madras

at

the residence of a news-writer from

to

Pondlcherry, could proceed only from an anxiety

English Government from obtaining information, from the

prevent the

to

correspondence he was at this time carrying on with the French. application, as the one here recorded,

government

at the

probably have led

period

it

had come

was made,

it

to the

If such

an

knowledge of the British

would certainly have

and

justified,

Yet

the gravest suspicions of the Sultans designs.

to,

the

latter place, of

would

it

not appear, that any doubts were entertained, at the period in question, of his disposition to maintain the peace, I

which he had not long before concluded with

us.

have no means of ascertaining, whether the Sultans request to the Frencli

governor, respecting the news-writer, was complied with or not. ever, likely

that

it

was

;

since the governor could have

reason for a proceeding, so unusual

among

It

assigned

not,

is

how-

no plausible

friendly powers in India.

LETTER CXLVI. To Meer Zynul Aabideen, and Ahjied Baig, Sipahdar 22d ZvisvRJVDY.

Directing them dhdd

;

to dispatch four

dated

(31*/ October.^

hundred Goonies of grain to Zufer-

and to leave a gun and guard^') from each of their divisions at

Hyhutpoor, from whence the Sultan would bring them on arrived there, which

would be soon, as he had that day

2 (1) Original flic.

;

j\j>^,

cJj>^

A

2

\-viz.

was the term employed by Tippoo

lie-

the L^2d

Ziahurjadij\

(yuzuk) which likewise si^nines a division, consisting of

fijiizukdiirj

when

to

denote a sentry.

six

rank and

SELECT LETTERS OF

180

Zuhurjn(hj^ entered his tents, for the purpose of proceeding against the rebels.

OBSERVATIONS. Meer Zynul Aabideen

Ahmed

Sfioostry,

was informed,

Baig had been sent to join him

by the Zynul Aabideen, named

;

so that

it is

may

also have

been omitted in the

title

of Letter

CXXXI,

probable, that he

in the title of the present letter,

addition to his name, or Shonstry, has been omitted. it

Letter

in

is

that

meant

though the usual

If omitted in this instance,

CXVII, which

see.

LETTER CXLVn. 2b BuRHANUDDEEN

Your

letter,

;

and

Novembei:')

informing us of the arrival of yourself and army near

the fort of Kittoor, has been received. s€7id

Qth

dated 29th Zvbvrjudy.

the Daisye^'>

invite

You

must, in the

of that place

to

encouraging assurances to his managing servants.

some rocket-men

first

instance,

an interview, and give

You

for the protections^) of the country.

vi'iW.

next dispatch

After the afore-

said Daisye shall have arrived at your quarters^ let the fort he occupied

by a party of the Sircar's troops.

OBSERVATIONS. If the reader should be at any loss to

preceding

letter,

his difficulty

comprehend the

will be entirely

drift of the

Sultan in the

removed, on a perusal of Letter

CLvn. I

(1) I

conceive

am it

not acquainted with the etymology, or proper meaning, of to ha» e the

same import

as

Zemindar or

Poli/gar.

Peiliaps

word; but

tiiis

tlic

am

term

I

may be

derived from Daise, the JJindivj/ for a country. (2) In the original

ÎjkU- Jdniduiy,

lages, cultivated lields, &.c,

wiiicli is a

guard posted

for tlie

protection of vil-

from the depredations of the followers of an army.

TIPPOO SULTAN. am

I

ignorant of the situation of Kittoor,

however,

extremely doubtful

is

susceptible

of at

least

Captain Moor's map, miles.

The Polygar,

181

if I rightly

the characters, in which

;

a dozen different readings.

which

or Zcminddr, of Kittoor,

is

written, being

is

it

may

It

placed north-west of

is

road the name, which,

be the Kittoor of

Dhurwdr, about twenty

mentioned in the tenth

article

of the treaty of Poonah (concluded between the British government and the

Mahrattahs, in June 179^) as one of those feudatories, dependent, at the same

Poonah and Hyderabad.

time, both on the courts of

he might

the

very possible, that

Imaum of Muscat

Nabob of

as the

the treaty, just referred

in

to, to

be

CXLVIII.

dated 4th

;

A

[After compliments] Jeevviui Doss,

;

" the Nizam and the Paiahwa.

to service with both

LETTER To

is

have been among the tributaries of Tippoo Sultan

also

Shdhnoor certainly was, though declared

" subject

It

Hydehy.

(\\th Novemher.^

Dorr, the property of Rutn Jee and

merchants of Muscat, having

in these

days

[/'.

e.

lately]

been dismasted in a storm, came into Byle-Koal,^^^ a sea-port, belonging

Although,

to the Sircar.

or ruler of the place, possession of

it,

in

such cases,

it

and whatever

it

contains

;

along with this friendly

)

Name

yet, as there is

to be

uncertain

;

and

epistle.

is,

no

distinction

accordingly,

For the

rest,

above

your subjects, the vessel

togethei- with all the stores contained in

to the aforesaid merchants,

1

to be wrecked, to take

and Muscat, and as the

mentioned merchants declared themselves

(

customary for the prince,

where a ship happens

between the country of the Sircar

in question,

is

it,

now

has been restored disjiatched to you,

peace be with you.

perhaps Batcolc, on the coast of Canara.

182

SELECT LETTERS OF

OBSERVATIONS. The

word, which

and such,

I

have rendered ivrecked,

I

believe,

is its

in

some

:

But

this

since the vessel

text,

(properly so called),

it is

no where, I

or otherwise damaged, as

consequently, the Sultan has here pretended to confer a favor, where

nothing more than a right was rendered

made

(.shihust)

Then, whatever the custom may be

consider vessels, merely dismasted,

believe, usual to

wrecks

applied to a ship.

argument of the

was only damaged, not ivrecked.

countries, with respect to wrecks

in the original ui-^—Li

when

usual acceptation,

interpretation does not well agree with the in question

is

and

at his expence),

(for

we

are not told that the repairs were

having released a ship, which

laid claim to a credit for

he was not authorized, by the practice of any

civilized country, to confiscate, or

detain.

LETTER CXLIX. To

Mahommed Ghyas

and Noor

Hydery.

Agreeably

the

in

passing over to our the aforesaid

we have

forces

;

dated 1th

November.^ written to Burhaniiddeen,

event of the hat-wearer,^')

army from the

Monsieur

Tuvias,^^)

under Kislin Pundit, to advance

[hat- wearer] something to defray his expences [on the

road], and dispatch

N. B.

Q.'ith

to your suggestion,

desiring him,

Mahommed Khan

A letter,

him

of the

to the Presence.

same tenor and

date,

was written

to

Burhanuddeen.

OBSERVATIONS. The

jx;rson here

rattah service,

spoken of was probably some French adventurer in the

who may have made

overtures to the

Mysore envoys

at

Mah-

Poonak

for

deserting (1)

Original

J:^ i%

whence, perhaps, (2)

Name

tiie

for

which term the people of //tHrfw/an substitute ro/yz-wa/eA, from

word Topaz and Topazes.

uncert.iin.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

183

may have been tampered

with by them for that pur-

or

deserting to their master, pose.

Kishu Rao,

I

beheve,

commanded

the division of the Mahrattah army, which

passing the river Kishna, had advanced, towards the end of February of this year

(1785), with the ostensible view of supporting the Zeminddr of Nergiind; but

which would appear

to have very soon retired again, leaving

Burhanuddeen

Uberty to resume the siege of that place, and subsequently to reduce both

Ramdoorg, I

am

as well as to seize

upon Kittoor, without

offering

him any

and

interruption^

unable to account for the apparent inactivity of the Mahrattahs during so

many months. the Nizdm.

They

In the

were, probably, waiting to concert a plan of operations with

mean

acting on the defensive.

while, the Sultan seems to have contented himself with

It

was not, accordingly,

following year (1786), that the said to have

come

main armies

til!

the

month

of October in the

of the contending powers could be

into contact with each other, or to have entered

operations, on a large or general scale.

What had

upon

offensive

preceded, was considered mere

skirmishing; and, indeed, Tippoo himself appears, in his Memoirs after

it

at

(as will

here-

be seen), to have dated the actual commencement of the present war, from

the period

when

the Mahrattahs, in conjunction with the Nizdm, proceeded to the

Bdddmy,

attack of

LETTER

CL.

To HuKEEM, Kh.Lvo/ Shahnoor; dated 9th IIvDEnr, (16th November.^

Your

agreeable letter has been received.

" discharged

to the

amount of eighteen

" upon you] by bankers' accepted " excuse you the remaining *'

of

it

bills,

You

write,

"

that you have

lacks of rupees [of our claim

and request that we

will cither

eight lacks [due to us] or allow the

payment

to be postponed to next year." It

SELECT LETTERS OT

184 It

is

A

known.

statement of the sums, of which that friend was,

through his own negligence, defrauded by his servants, specifying the amoiuit of

each

individual's

Where, then, was the

desire

you

to us [in discharge of

bills,

the

our claims]

?

by the hands of our bankers,

wish you to send back to us immediately.^')

LETTER To

him.

remaining eight lacks of rupees, and

will also raise the

transmit the amount, in bankers'

whom we

submitted to

of making the several plunderers refund

and of paying the same

their plunder,

We

difficulty

was

malversations,

Shahnoor Waleh (7. e. \Qth Hydery.

Dispatch

to Nursia, the

the

CLI.

Nabob of Shahnoor) ;

dated

(\7th November.')

Dewdn

of Nugr, one lack of pagodas, on

account of annual Paishcush for the year Julio, ('*)and take his receipt for the same.

OBSERVATIONS. Tiie year Julio had

from granting Abdul

still

more than

Hukeem any

four

months

to run

;

consequently, so far

indulgence of the kind he had solicited, the

Sultan appears determined to make him pay his Paishcush in advance, before

it

was

or, at least,

fairly due.

The (

) 1

iMy construction of this passage

is,

Seringapatam, for the purpose of settling

had been sent from Abdul Hukeem Khftn, and of

that the bankers in question tliis

account

witii

procuring the payment of the amount due to the Sultan (1*) original

The name

of

but as

am

;

sequence,

I

I

omit

it.

tlic

IMalabar year, corresponding with Julio,

doubtful of

its

is

being written accurately, and as

.likewise given in the it

is

not of iiny con-

TIPPOO SULTAN. The

style of Letter

only the day

after)

is

CL

was tolerably

civil

:

185

that of the present letter (written

abrupt, and rudely jjeremptory.

I

cannot account for so

sudden and striking a change in the Sultans mode of address in any other manner, than by supposing that he might, received

ment

in the interval

some information, tending

to the

Mahrattah

interests

;

(though only a single day), have

to excite a suspicion of

Abdul Hakeem's

which that chieftain certainly not long

attach-

after

cm

braced openly, though, probably, driven to do so by the rigorous proceedings of his brother-in-law.

LETTER To Tltrbiyut Ali

Khan

;

Jbad.

Ordering tion,

dated lOth Hydeiiy, (^17^/t

all

To

to be put in circula-

Ram Chukdur;

CLIII.

sayne Date.

the same effect as the preceding letter

"

that no other but the

"

to pass current

(\'Jih

;

Novemher^

with this addition,

Knidardey and Hydery fanams

LETTER Hydery,

at

Muscat.

vi%.

shall be allowed

CLIV.

To MiiER Kazi3I, Darogiia, or Commercial Consul

Directing

near Zufkii-

the districts depending on Sangalore.

LETTER To Rajah

from

Novemher.^

Hydery and Kuntardey fanams

the

throughout

CLII.

(\'Jth

;

dated lOth

November.^

hiui not to dispose, hastily or immediately, of the black

pepper and sandal wood [in his charge], but to wait

2

B

till

they had attained

SELECT LETTERS OF

186

attained a desirable price.

" equalled

liis

[Literally,

"

the selling price of tliem

fill

hearths desire."^

N.B. The Sultan, not thinking, perhaps, the preceding explicit, repeated

them two days

after, in

Letter

orders sufficiently

CLVI.

LETTER CLV. the same; dated llth

To

JuzEERAH Djraz and

their

[oy

them

direct, that

two days

We

Silk-worms

in that quarter.")

wish you to procure some of

to us, together with five or six

men, ac-

such of our vessels as import at Muscat he unloaded

and that

;

is

(\Qth Nuvemher.^

mode of rearing them.

quainted with the proper

in

Island]

eggs are produced there.

both, and to dispatch

We

Long

IIydery.

their export lading of sulphur, lead, copper, &c.,

be also completed in two days, and the vessels dispatched to Mungalore. If

more than four days be consumed

you

shall be responsible

consequence].

and unlading the

vessels,

for the extra expence [that may be incurred in

You must

arrives at Muscat,

in lading

and

regularly report to us the day each vessel

also

the day on which

it

is

dispatched from

thence.

N.B.

A

separate letter to the

same person, and of the same

date, directs

him

to

engage as servants, and dispatch to Mangalore, ten persons experienced in the pearl fishery.

OBSERVATIONS. The

Sultan's distrust of the integrity or diligence of his agent

manifested

;

as is also his

own want

is

here strongly-

of reflection, in attempting to regulate, with

such (1) Jiizeerah

of Ptrsia.

Dirdz

(or

Long

Island)

is

the Kismish of our maps, and situated in the Gulf

TIPrOO SULTAN.

187

such strictness and precision, the business of loading and unloading vessels, which

must

necessarily have depended, in a great degree,

other circumstances, which

The

might not be

it

in the

weather and

state of the

power of the consul

to controul.

Sultanas anxiety to establish a pearl fishery on the Coast of Malabar, as well

as to introduce the culture of the

been very considerable; but

silk-worm into his dominions, appears to have

believe that he failed entirely in both attempts.

I

LETTER To

You black

on the

the

CLVI.

same ; dated 12 fh IIydery.

must not be pepper,

Khooshhdipoor.

in haste to dispose

and

imported

rice,

Keep them

yield a [good]] profit,

and then

sell

We sometime

;

dated

since wrote,

of the fort of Kittoor. pretext) get possession of

till

they become dear, and will

CLVIl.

\5lli

Hydery.

Q2'2d

Novemher.)

to desire that possession might be obtained

You must (no it

Muscat from Mangalore and

them.

LETTER To BuRHANUDUEEN

of the cinnamon, sandal wood,

at

carefully,

(19 th November.^

matter by what contrivance or

for the Sircar.

even should be requisite for the purpose,

let

If some degree of it

be employed

:

violence

and

let

the

present be considered as a most urgent injunction.

N.B.

Two

letters, to

the same effect as the foregoing one, were written to Syed

Iluinccd and Syed Ghuffar, both of them belonging to Biirhanuddeen's army.

2

B

2

SELECT LETTERS OP

188

LETTER 2o

the scone ; dated 16th

CLVIII. (2Zd November.^

Hybeiiy.

Your letter has been received. Keeping a strict watch^'^ upon Liichmun Rao, the brother of Sumajee Piindit/^> you must encamp with your army within gunshot of the

fort of Kittoor,

If they should

Sumajee Pundit.

come

and send

[to you]

it

will

for the

be well

Daisye and ;

you must, with the advice of Syed Humeed and Syed Ghuffar, by some means or other/^^ to obtain possession of the said

otherwise contrive,

fortress for the

Sircar.

LETTER To Meer Kazim, and

the other Commercial

1 8^/i

Having vated,('*)

CLIX.

Hyder y.

ascertained in

Agents at Muscat, dated

(25 th November.^

what part of

engage two persons in our

that country saffron

service,

is

culti-

and send them thither to

purchase one or two maimds^'^*^ of the seed, which [when procured]

is

You must also procure silk-worms, and send with some men acquainted with the mode of ma-

to be dispatched to us.

them

hither, together

whom

naging them, to

you

will

make an advance of money

for their

support.

N.B. at

A

letter, to

the same effect, was written to the Duldl (or public broker)

Muscat. (1) Original

di2i\j

(2)

Name

(3)

Original^^

uncertain.

(1*) Literally,

(2*) sists

A

xj jaj ji

niaitnd

It

" where is

to \iecp insight; to place in arrest; to put under restraint.

may

be Tiimdjee.

the seed of saffron

is

a weight or measure varying

procurable." in different countries.

ot forty seers, or about eighty pounds averdupoisc.

In Hindostan

it

con-

TIPPOO SULTAN.

189

LETTER CLX. To Meer Kazim

You

and send

are to buy yearly,

hundred

(2oth November.')

Aumil of Mangalore, a

the

to

of ahnonds, and thirty Utls of pistachio-nuts.

C7/*(')

You have

same Date.

;

still

and black pepper

[on hand], of former importations, both Sandal wood :

you

will

now

must not [immediately] expose

more of each.

receive to sale;

This stock you

but give out,

that vou have

received our orders to discontinue the sale thereof [at 3Iuscat], and to

dispatch

it

to

Juddah (where

in consequence, about to

do

keep the goods by you,

till

thirty j^^'godas [the candij,']

also

so.

we have a

Having

factory),

and that you

circulated this report, you

are,

must

the price of them advances twenty-five or

when you

them [without further

will sell

delay].

LETTER To BuDRuz

You

ZumanKhan;

have done well

in

making

CLXI.

same Date.

prisoners of the turbulent

including Kurry-tunnnah,^'*^ with their

must be detained.

With

(2Bth Novejnher.')

women and

and

children.

seditious,

These

last

respect to Kurry-tunmiah, if he be one of the

insurgents he must be suspended on a tree.

[A "

" The head of an enemy

verse.]

point of a juvelin

:

as a

path-way

is

is

best,

best

when hurled from

the

from whence the bramble

" has been rooted out." After (1)

ever,

Original Jt! that

it

is

to the present one

Name

lam

at

present unable to explain.

a term of the Sultan's invention, and that

express a Muund.

(1*)

wliich

Sec, in support of this conjecture, Letter is

given, and where the

extremely uncertain.

I

am

inclined to think,

how-

it may have been intended to CLXXII, where a similar order

word Mawid seems

substituted for Vtl.

190

SELECT LETTERS OF

After properly securing the passes, collected force, in quest of the rebels,

them

as possible.

Wc

you must proceed,

making

some time ago wrote

with your

prisoners of as

to you, desiring

many of

you would

contrive

some means of getting possession of the person of Moona

Kool

and we now again write, to say that he must be secured, by

;(")

stratagem or

women

Let a

deceit.

already

made

moreover, of the number of

roll,

men and

captives, be transmitted to us.

OBSERVATIONS The able to

commences with three

foregoing letter

make any

They appear

The

sense.

thus in

my

manuscript

so read as to be intcrijreted, "

:

going passage be understood telligible order,

employed on sense,

it

I believe,

to be addressed to

active service.

will be

literally,

On

no easy matter

an

sA)

^\s^

.^^Ji\

been Bidnore, and the

have done well, &c."

will

But

if

the fore-

appear to be a strange and very unin-

officer at the

the other hand,

if it

to assign a plausible

at this period, stationed,

districts situated

head of a body of troops be taken in a metaphorical

meaning

to

it.

Cavdaminns,

and which

I

which

suppose to have

between that and the sea coast: possibly,

by the word cardamums, the Sultan (who sometimes

affected to express

himself enigmatically) might intend to designate some particular individuals, class,

aiiKjng the refractory inhabitants of that quarter,

disposed of under ground.

It

whom

must be owned, however, that

too-Ûghtly supported to be entitled to

not

which may, no doubt, be

are a principal article of the natural produce of the country in

Budruz Zuman Khan was,

am

put [or keep] the cardamums in a pit."

You it

I

may, probably, have miswritten them.

i.::^^! j

You must

writer then proceeds to say, "

The

then,

transcriber

or four words, of which

much

consideration

;

and

or

he wished to be this conjecture I

is

shall, therefore,

being unable to suggest a better, leave the difficulty to exercise the ingenuity of

some of

my

oriental readers.

With (2)

Name

uncertain.

TIPPOO SULTAN. With letter,

I

respect to the Kurrj^-tumniah (as

am

not clear whether

However

designation.

this

it is

may

I

the proper

be,

it

191

have written

name

mentioned

it)

in this

of an individual, or an

official

seems extraordinary that the Sultan should

be under any uncertainty with regard to his being one of the seditious, or insurgents; a doubt of which would seem to be implied,

him

to believe

Zuman Khan had any

however, might be, that (f Budruz

The meaning,

by the qualifying word,

rf.

reason

been particularly Jorward or active in the insurrection, he

to have

was, in that case, to be hanged.

Budruz Zuman Khan was one of the and seems

to

principal

men

at the court of

have possessed the confidence and esteem of his master in a consider-

He commanded

able degree.'^'

at

Dhdrwdr, when

united English and Mahrattah forces, in \'JQ\

;

that place

was besieged by the

and though

it

correspondence of that period, that the Sultan was not perfectly defence of that place, yet

permanent impression

Zuman Khan,

it

may

satisfied

by the

with his

was produced on the occasion.

Budruz

and his son, Mirza Bakir, were among the chiefs of Mysore

who

and who, submitting to the British

were

liberally pensioned

;

the Sultan was, at

authoritj^,

by the Company's government.

have, in the present letter, another

Provided

appears,

from subsequent events, that no

be inferred,

to his disadvantage

survived their sovereign

We

Tippoo Sultan,

all

example of the

flagitious policy

which

times, ready to pursue, for the accomplishment of his views.

Moona Kool was

seized, he did not care

by what

atrocity that object

was

effected.

LETTER To

Write

a

the

letter to

CLXII.

same ; same Date.

Moona Kool,

(2olh November^

inviting

him

to

come

to you,

and then

seize tipon his jfci'son.

(3)

He entered into

the service of

Hydcr

Ali (according to Colonel

Wilks) in A.D. 1762.

SELECT LETTERS OF

192

LETTER

Khajeh Heratoon/') and

To Khajeh Seth, iHegible)

CLXIII.

dated 19th

;

Hydery.

" temptation "

to

(hmnes

(267 A November.^

—

We have lately learned from Khajeh

two others,

" that you have

,

it

in con-

come, with ships laden with merchandize, to our ports,

for the purpose of trading

" or Portuguese

;

and that you wish

to sail

and to obtain our special

colours,

under English

license(-) for

these

" purposes."

We

repair, in the

utmost confidence, with your merchandize, either to the

port of

you

highly approve of your intention, and desire you will

Mangalore or

shall,

articles as

to the port of Calicut

in the first instance,

we may want,

after

where landing your goods,

;

supply us, at a fair price, with such

which you

shall be at liberty to sell the

remainder at your pleasure, and to take your departure when you

We to the

like.

have accordingly written, and herewith enclose, two Punvdnehs above

effect

:

one of them to Urshud Baig Khan, the Foujddr of

and the other

Calicut, either of

to

Ghulam Hyder,

which ports you may

resort, as

N.B. Then follow the two Purwdnehs, these, the Sultan directs

an invoice, or

mitted to him on the arrival of the ships respecting the articles which he

may

the

you

Aumil

shall think proper.

referred to in the foregoing letter.

list,

In

of the goods imported, to be trans-

in order that

;

of Mangalore ; to

he

may

signify his pleasure

wish to purchase, previously to a free and It does

general sale of the cargoes taking place.

correspondence, whether or not the merchants,

not appear by the subsequent

in question,

thought proper to

open a trade with Mysore, on the discouraging condition stipulated by the Sultan.

(1)

These were Armenian merchants; but

settled.

The word

«ia-lj.

which

I

it

does not appear in what country they were

have written Khajeh,

Cojah; but improperiy, Khojah, or Cqjah, signifying to Sir, Master, &c. (2)

Original

J^

Kowl.

is

usually written and

pronounced

an Eunuch, whereas AA^/eA answers

ffi

TIPPOO SULTAN.

193

LETTER CLXIV. To B.AJ All

IIa3I

CnuNBUR

;

dated 20th

Hydzry.

Respecting a manufactory of musquets of Klidn-Khdn-hullij pull

down as

i'ignij)/,

:

which purpose,

for

(^th November.^

to be established in the Fort

if it

should be necessary to

forty or fifty houses belonging to poor people,

it

will not

they will erect other habitations in their room, within the

Paith [or outer town J.

OBSERVATIONS. No

mention being made of any compensation

demolition of their houses, is

it

may

to the

poor inhabitants for the

be concluded that none was authorized.

probable, indeed, that the houses in question were of very

little

value

:

but that

may be

consideration does not lessen the injustice of the present order, whatever

the case as to the actual hardships which

it

It

inflicted.

LETTER CLXV. To

Mahommed Ghyas

and Noor

Hydery.

You

write,

" intrigue

"

Mahommed Khan;

(28th November.^

" that the Bnthmeiis attached

[privately] with

the

dated 2\st

to your mission

managers [ministers]

there,

cabal or

indepen-

dently of you, and, by this means, occasion prejudice to our affairs."

It excites

our astonishment, that such unwarrantable proceedings should

take place, notwithstanding your being on the spot. that you do not flog

What

is

the reason

and [otherwise] severely punish the oflcnders

}

Let

us be informed what person has been guilty of this offence.

2

C

You

SELECT LETTERS OF

194

You

write for a supply of money.

money

Bills or

shall be

hereafter

transmitted to you.

We have

Rao

already replied to the letter from

Rasta,

as well as to

that from yourselves, which you sent to us by Inkut Rao.

LETTER CLXVI. To

BuDRuz ZuMAN Khan

Your

letter,

money,

cattle,

;

dated 22d

Hydery.

containing an inventory, or

and goods, ^'^ has been

money and goods upon

five

Your party having joined

You must

together.

possession of,

You must

received.

to

Ghulani

from whence a thousand Piddehs are about sence.

memorandum, of plundered

hundred of the aforesaid

a strong guard over them, send them

make

more [of the property of the

cattle

load the

and placing

;

All, at Pdlindg-tdr,^^^

to be dis])atched to the Pre-

whole

these, the

[continue to]

(29th November.')

diligent

will

proceed hither

search for,

and get

rebels].

LETTER CLXVII. To IVLvHOMMED Ghyas and Noor TIydery.

Your made

letter

at the

has been received.

We

*'

approve of the offerings you have

two Dargdhs [or shiincs].

write,

confidential

"

that

it

is

dated 25th

(2d December.)

a Bihhdnijoory dress and a Fuzee to

You

Mahommed Khan;

You

also did well, in presenting

Rao Rasta

the intention of

the day he visited you.

Ruo Rasta

person hither with letters for us."

to dispatch a

It is

known, and it

(

1

(2)

That

is,

of booty

Nuuic uncertain.

made from

the insurgents.

TI

of

secret

his

to motives of

[former]

S

Let Rao Rasta send

well.

is

it

P P O O

An

1

must attribute

this

95

in charge

proceeding'

answer to the before mentioned Rao's

A

was forwarded some time ago.

letter

servant

his confidential

We

coiiununications. friendship.

U L T A N.

bill

for

money

to

defray the expences of the people attached to you shall be sent hereafter.

You moreover "

" that the

write,

Miltumiddiesf^^^

with you have [of

assumed a most presumptuous [or impudent] mode of be-

late]

" haviour;^-^ holding separate conferences [or carrying on intrigues] " with the minister and Hurry Pundit, without your knowledge, and

"

to the prejudice of

"

this,

our

You

aftUirs."

" that you have heard

add,

both from Riio Rasta and from other quarters."

and that you, instead of punishing them

act in this improper manner, for so doing,

should complain of them to us,

is

names of the

several persons

who have

your

to be attributed to

great age, and to the climate of that place \_Poonoh'\. us the

compre-

That your people should

All this arises from your neglect.

hended.

It is

Communicate

to

been guilty of this shameful

conduct.

OBSERVATIONS. The (which

ofierings, it

licre

spoken

in question,

It

were directed to be made in a former

letter,

has not been thought necessary to give), and consisted of a coverlid, or

counterpane, of Kemkhdb, and

soniewhcrc

of,

fifty

rupees in money.

The Durguhs

where those of Hdadinudueen and Sukllnlddeen, in the vicinity of

Poonah, or

at least in the

(or shrines)

situated, I conclude,

Mahrattah

territory.

would appear, from the circumstances of Rao Rasta's determining

to

com-

municate with Tij)poo, through the medium of an agent or messenger of his own, 2

(1) In Letter

CXLV

tlicy

C

2

were designated the Drahnuns.

arc usually oi that cius^. (2) Original sj:Jj\^\ ^$jfO-

that

Tlie Mutusuddics in

ilic

Dccan

SELECT LETTERS OF

196

he was not disjjosed to open himself freely to the

that

Siiltatis

envoys

;

and

indeed, the weakness which the latter had recently manifested, in regard to the

MAtusuddies attached to their mission, was but

little

calculated to inspire

him with

confidence, either in their ability or discretion.

LETTER ZuMAN Khan

To BuDRuz

Directing him for further orders

Pdy en-Ghaut. upon

and

as follows

it.

Hydery. at

upon

to seize

as

(3d December.^

Tul-Kauvery, and to wait

from the Presence, previously

to his proceeding to the

many of

and, cutting the rice [around

The

cattle is

;

dated 26lh

to stop for four days

Also,

cattle as possible

;

CLXVIII.

the rebels and their

him], to feed his

closing paragraph of this dispatch

is

own

given entire,

:

A Purivdneh for Moona Kool to him, and consider on

is

enclosed.

Let the same be conveyed

some way of getting him

to

come

to

you

[i. e.

of getting him into your possession].

LETTER CLXIX. 2o Burhanuddeen

The

letter

;

same Date.

(3d Dccemhei'?)

you sent us has passed under our view, and

its

contents are

duly perceived.

You

write,

" that seizing on the Vakeel of the Kittoor man,

" detaining him

in custody,

under you own eye,

and

you had dispatched

" Syed Ghuflar and Syed Humeed with some troops

into the

Paith

" [or outer town], where the Daisx/e and Goornath Pundit, the ma" nager, immediately came and presented them with the keys of both **

castles,

of which,

as well as of the Paith,

instant possession

was

" taken

,

TIPPOO SULTAN. " taken by our troops."

[You proceed

197

" That the Da'mje,

to state,]

" and Tumsajee Pundit, and some others of superior " afterwards brought

" guards."

You

" ropeans], one of

" man, and one

into the victorious

furtlier

report,

whom

rides in a

called

camp, and there placed under

" that

ryots,

:

that,

and inhabitants of the

general,

*'

guards, in different places

*'

on the store-houses, such as the Tosheh-khdneh belonging-

you had stationed rocket-men, horse, and

tliat

" sioned Yunkut Runjia, the Aumil of Dhdrwdr, " measures " others

:

and

that, as soon

" communicated *'

all

together and

collecting

for

to you,

it

seals

the

to

you had commis-

to take the necessary

encouraging

as our pleasure

in

some infantry

you had put

that, for the present,

:

also

for the

districts

"

:

Eu-

e.

[/.

Palankeen, as well as the Ramdoorg

" Daisye, and placed Jyshe guards over them •

hat-wearers

five

Pedro, have been made prisoners

" protection of the town,

were

distinction,

tlie

Ryots and

on the subject should be

was your intention

to take an inventory

the effects, horses, &c. belonging to the Daisye,

under the

of in-

" spection of the managers of the Daisye, and to transmit the same to

" us It

are

for our information."

known and

is

many wealthy

persons,

last city

and

fort

possessing lacks [of rupees^

pi'oper inhabitants of the place,

which

In the town

approved.

;

[of Kitloor~\

some of them

and others belonging to Poonah, from

there are several MrUusnddies established at Kittoor, in

whose hands considerable property has been

deposited.

You

must,

therefore, by offering pecuniary rewards to the inhal)itants of the place,

endeavour, through their means, to discover the individuals alluded to

and having done the custom of

habit

tliat

so,

you must put them, likewise

in confinement.

It is

country, for the most opulent bankers to assume the

of Fakcers, and

to

make

their escape in

that disguise.^'^

Pay

particular (1) Tiiat

is,

wlienevcrdrivcnto the extremity by the violence of the times, or the injustice

of their rulers; which, according to the context, mustl)ave been customary or usual events.

SELECT LETTERS OF

198

particular attention to this point

and having duly

:

identified the prin-

cipal inhabitants of the class in question, secure their persons,

and take

care that their effects are not embezzled, as a strict account of this matter

be required of you.

will hereafter

Whosoever among the former managers of the Daisye has removed from

office,

beeii

and incurred the displeasure of the Duisije,

let

him be encouraged, and some mark of favor be bestowed upon him and, with the exception of the town and fort, superintend the collections his means,

keep the

of the country

(-)

You

obtain an account of the property

where

men and

it

station a

him be appointed

to

then ascertaining, through

the circumstances of the great ones and bankers, you will

latter in custody.

principal

:

let

;

must, also, through the same channel, of the Daisi/e, as well as that of the

^^^

other inhabitants of the place, and having discovered

You

send for and secure the same.

is,

town and

fort,

moreover,

to

and another from Syed

guard from Shaikh Unser's corps,

Ghuffur's, in the

are,

and over the Tosheh-khdneh and other

store-houses of the Daisye, to the end that no part of the effects of the latter, or

made away

Rocket-men must

with.

for the protection of the

Sending then,

you must

tell

also be stationed in proper places,

Puith [or outer town.]

in the first instance, for the

managers of the Daisi/e^

them, that you propose making an humble application to

us, to reinstate the Daisi/e in the possession of his country

enable you to do this, [previously] paid fifty

moment, be

in the disorder of the

of the inhabitants, may,

it

will be neces'sary that

down; and that

lacks of rupees,

if

:

but that, to

a contribution should be

they will, accordingly, agree to raise

and give you [due] security for the same, you

represent the case to us

;

will

and obtaining a Punudneh of confirmation

in

their

(2) Ofigiiial (.iiJrflvc

(3)

Original

Moitavndut.

^Sij Zindugy.

*

SULTAN.

T1P1>00 their

name

may,

at

the

name]

the Daisy es

e.

[/.

199

restore the place to them.

same time, observe, that such care has been taken of

country, that no injury whatever has been sustained by

them, at

and

avarice,

some

words calculated

in

Jirsf,

to inspire

as well as the

settle
goods, or bankers'

like these to excite [or

them with confidence, you

altercation, to agree to

will

their

Addressing

humour]

their

bring them, after

pay a Paishcusk; the amount of which being

manner of discharging

bills],

it.

You

you

will next,

it

[/. e.

whether in money,

by their means, send for the

concealed bankers,*^' and ascertain from these the assets in their hands;

a statement of which, specifying the several bankers' names, must be transmitted to us, to the end that the requisite orders for the restoration

of the place [to the Daisye]

may

In the mean while, you must

your own on the Tosheh-khdneh as well as

on

be subsequently dispatched to you.

affix ,

both the seal of the Daisi/e and

and other storehouses of the Daisye,

such places as contain money or goods

all

addition to which,

in deposit

:

in

some of the most trusty men of Syed Unser's and

Syed (ihuffar's Kushoons must be placed as guards over the whole.

In

regard to the horses, camels, and elephants, belonging to the Daisye^

you arc

to cause an exact account of

with the Paif/i,

latter's

;

in

in front of, but at

where they are

to be

some distance from, the Daisye

s

accompanied by their usual attendants,

with the exception of horsemen, or other military persons. are,

conjunction

managei-s, and then to have them removed from the

and placed

quarters

them to be taken,

Here they

moreover, to be provided with grain and fodder, and otherwise

taken proper care all his

managing

of,

at

our charge.

The

family of the Daisye, as also

servants, arc to be permitted to remain in their houses;

over \\hich, however, guards are to be placed, to prevent the egress of the persons in question from thence.

Let (I)

dered

Tlie it

orifîiial

rightly.

is

licic so

obscurely expressed,

that' I

am

very doubtful of Iiaving ren-

200

SELECT LETTERS OF

Let the two

and the ditch be examined by yourself

forts

conjointly with the Sipohddrs,

be made to

and to

us.

artillery,

its

let

a report of their present condition

Transmit, likewise, a detailed account of the magazines

and

state

importance or

You

and

in person,

its

your opinion with respect to the place [that

is,

as

strength}.

will repeat to the Daisi/e

and to

his

managers, that

if

they quickly

agree to a heavy composition or contribution,^^^ and put the same in an

[immediate] train of j)ayment, their place shall be restored to them.

Enquire of the

JJuisi/e's servants,

toor,

and what number of

ment

to the actual Aumils,

present

you

;

own,

KUaaddrs

forts

it

let

contains.

us know, the extent of Kit-

Write

and continue them

in their

of encourage-

letters

Send to the

in office.

them

[or governors of forts], desiring

and [then] superseding them let

and

commands by

upon

to wait

servants of our

the forts be garrisoned by Piddehs from your army.

Obtain from the Daisyes managers

lists

of

all

the Daisyes servants,

menials and others, and then have them mustered.

The Bukfshi/ of

your cavalry must be directed to take a muster of the Daisye's cavalry, in the presence of the in question are to

Dcdsyes manager.

This being done, the cavalry

be placed in chai'ge of a particular Hisd/addr [of your

army], along with whose own corps they must be encamped. delis

The Pid-

[or foot soldiers] must, after being mustered, be consigned to the

charge of Syed Humecd, and be encamped on his not have guards openly placed over them, but a secretly kept

Next send

line.'^^

strict

They must

Avatch

is

to be

on them. for the

commanders of [the Daisye's] horse and

foot,

and

hold an encouraging language to them, by intimating your expectation of shortly receiving our orders for restoring the place [to the Duisye.']

You (5)

Oiigiial

(6) Original

^_^^x4 ^^

misl.

TIPPOO SULTAN. You

will

then proceed to

tell

them, that, in the mean while, they must

infuse confidence into their people, ters in

your camp.

and get them to take up

their quar-

This point being gained, and the troops in question

encamped with your own, commanders, independent

let

of,

guards be placed over

their brethren [or

all

the aforesaid

and separate from those [previously] posted

They must not

over the Daisyc and the others.

comrades]

be suffered to go

among

and you must supply them with such

;(')

provisions and other necessaries as they

You

20l

will take particular care, that

may

require.

no horses are allowed

to be kept

near that part of the camp occupied by the Daisye and his managers

',^^^

nor must any of his people be suffered to pass backward and forward, without your authority. of

Several persons

and opulent bankers,

consideration,

Shdhpoor, Pulkawmn,^^^ and Gokauk,

all

reside

at

three dependencies of Kittoor.

Shaikh Unser with his Kn^hoon, two Midusuddies, and two

intelligent

JIurkdrehs from the cavalry Kuchurry, together witfi two Risdlas of

some Piddehs

horse, and

The

of these places.

[foot],

principal

must be dispatched

men and bankers

to take possession

being ascertained, must

then be sent for, and the Amnils of the aforesaid places be continued in tlieir offices

letters

:

for

which purpose, you

will

transmit to them the necessary

of confirmation from yourself and the Daisye.

Shaikh Unser must be instructed to obtain from the Aumils of the before-mentioned three

TauMks

written engagements, purporting that

they will be responsible for the flight of any of the inhabitants of their respective districts.

2D (1)

Original t^jj]/

(8)

The

object of

tliis

We

order was probably to guard against the danger of the Daisyc^s

effecting his escape on liorscback. (9) Name CLXXXVI.

uncertain

;

but

probably

meant

for

tiie

Bulgong,

mentioned

in

Letter

SELECT LETTERS OF

202

We shall

oursclf shortly arrive in that quarter

by the bles&iug of God, completely

inasmuch as we have,

;

settled all the ajftairs of Ziiferdhdd.

OBSERVATIONS. The foregoing dispatch

forms one of the few exceptions, afforded by the present

collection, to the usually concise style of the

Sultans mandates.

It is diffuse

and

minute in the extreme: from which circumstance may be inferred the importance

which he attached

to the acquisition of Kittoor,

and his solicitude to turn

Lt

to

the best account.

We hear little

more of Kittoor, or of

the present Letter. chieftain, or

The

interval

Polygar, the

its

Daisye,^"' for a

was probably employed

result of

month

after the date of

in negociations

with that

which may be collected from the tenor of Letter

CCXVII. Sultan would appear to have returned, soon after the date of the preceding

The letter,

to his capital.

only notice

I

have any where met with of his proceed-

stay at Zuferdbdd, or of the

ings, during his

"

The

affairs " of that quarter, is

manner

in

which he "

contained in the brief account he has himself given of

the business, in a subsequent letter to the Patau chief of Kurnool.^"' extract,

however from

his

settled the

Memoirs,

as

it

The following

relates to a previous settlement

country in question, soon after his accession to the Musnud,

may

of the

not be unaccept-

able to the reader.

Afler a brief, but curious, account of the reduction of the

he caused a new

fortress to

be erected, to which he gave the name of 3Iu?iz}rdbdd,"'^

the Sulian proceeds thus in his narrative

(10)

With the exception

(11) See Letter

Bui country,"" where

:

of the short Letter

CLXX,

"

From

tiie scite

of one

immediatel}' following.

CXC VI.

(12) Called also 5u//(X)». (13) This fortress was erected (according to the Siiliati's which had been raised about twenty-five years before (or

A.D. 1764), by Hybut Jnng (a Khan, better known by the name of Fuz" I Khan) but which had been subsequently demolished by the liajah of Bid.

distinguisjied officer in the service of Joollah

own account) on

Hyder

Ali

"

directed,"

TIPPOO SULTAN. " From hence

" the

principal

men

from MunzirdbcUt]

e.

[/.

203

proceeded towards Koorg, some of

I

which country seeing that they were without any chief or

of

"

leader, had, at the

time that we were moving against the NazareneSy*^ chosen

**

and placed

head one of their own body

at their

" absolute power, they became obedient.

" turbances " and

and

in that quarter,

" reduced

to great straits,

who through enmity

rebels,

\_i.

to

e.

" veyed away every stone belonging " from

which

" continued

" came

to

had been

it

fort

mark

to

The

resided.

garrison being

but were

;

their hatred the

taken.

Elated with assumed.''"'

When

Koorg country.

:

rebels collecting together

this occurrence

named Hyder AH

The

aforesaid

In this conjuncture,

I

fort of

advanced to meet him.

but the aforesaid commander was not able to

" of that quarter.

they

this success,

" mander proceeding to the borders of Koorg, had arrived near the

" battles ensued

massacred,

all

more strongly] con-

dispatched a commander,

suitable force, to reduce the

" pafam, when the

Sircar,'''^

was completely demolished by the

occupy the position they had

we

him with

and threw the whole into the quarry

it,

originally

to our blessed hearing,"''

" Baig, with a

district]

The

place.

investing

newly erected by the

surrendered on capitulation

" on marching out of the

"

whom,

to

After this, they set about raising dis-

laid siege to a fort

which the governor [of the

in

;

One

settle

com-

Periaor two

the affairs

was proceeding in person from the

" country of Arcot towards the country of Nitgr, and had got about half way; 2

"

dirocted," says ths Sultan,

•'

there

is

powers of the several

rical

"that

no better figure" for a

D

Hereupon

2

should be constructed with nine sides, than which

it

lie cdWvd'w. Munzirdbdd, because the numecomposing that word, when added together (according to

fortification,

letters

the Ubjee diagram). Indicate the year of the Higera in which the place was conquered, 1/2. 1198. (14) In the original

meant

^\^

it is

his father's retinue

,

^y

'^3'

which the Sultan appears, from the context,

so that the period, here referred to,

to

have

must have been that of the

invasion of the Carnatic'in 1780. (15) that

it

(IC)

"

The name

of this fort

is

not given in this place, but

I

conclude, from the context,

was the Merkerrah, afterwards mentioned.

The

original has

it

self-headed, continued (I") Original

,v..".,...f.i

in their

C^Lv w«^

Uj^-

^\s>.

places."

i^j^ Jji U
" they

all,

becoming

204

SELECT LETTERS OF

" Hereupon

detached another army, under the direction of the Rdjak of Kimnik-

I

" geery, to the aid of the aforesaid commander, and pursued "

after the recapture of

" of Mangalore.

" manders, having advanced,

"

"

for the

conflict

camp

[to their

maintained

purpose of subduing Koorg, two or three

by the Koorgs, who closed

quarters

all

or position].

For three successive days was the

my

end of which time,

at the

;

two before mentioned com-

this period, that the

coss into the woods, were attacked from

" up every avenue

base commanders, consult-

" ing only the

safety of their worthless lives,'"' took to flight, leaving

"

and guns.

their troops

The Rdjah

their

"

obligations

of

"

offering of their lives for the service of the Usi(d Ilhye Sircar^^^^

ground

[for

some time]

"

" marches, infidels

two

in

by

divisions,

had taken

Here

post.

I

no-chief'^'' of the

" and children,

different roads,

From Periapatam and

in

made

a great

number of

" and

two days,

made an

the

army

by rapid

Koorgs, effecting his escape, with his family

through the woods and adjacent

to wild beasts after

and

Kutty Naik,

prisoners.

concealed himself and

hills,

followers in a glen, or valley, '^°' of the Eldichi/ mountains,

" both

hell,

reached the residence'^' of the governor [of the district], where the

" however, the

*'

amply discharging the

after

I proceeded, after the reduction [or subjuga-

of Bui, as above related, towards Koorg.

tion]

" advanced

"

and

;

and sending numbers of the enemy to

" In consequence of these events,

behind them

of Kunnikgeeiy, however, with a few men,

" maintained

valor,

Niigr

which, the victorious army was engaged in the reduction

was during

It

my march to

which was

inaccessible

Hither the Hijdery army pursued the

birds.

fugitives,

some search discovering the entrance of the before mentioned

glen,

" encamped

(18) Original (Jj'b (19)

I

am

whole party, (20)

i. e.

li

Û-

literally,

" impure

so\i\s

ox lives."

not quite dear, whether the singlt death of the Riijah, or the sacrifice of his is

here meant to be recorded by the Sultan.

The

place which the Koorgs arc said, in

tlie

beginning of

this extract, to

have

seized and demolished. (21) Original J\^jJi or Sirdar, with the privative

usual with the Sultan. (22) In the original

the interpretation

I

The name .U

which

have adopted.

of the

strictly

Koorg

chief

li

prefixed: a term of contempt very

is

doubtful.

means a cavern or cavity

;

but the context requires

TIPPOO SULTAN. The

" encamped there [for the night].

" Jyshe, about " two guns

mouth

of the glen,

" company] and two hundred " directed

two Risdlas of

formed an advanced guard of a Jowh [or

I

Piddelis,

proceed [into the glen],

to

following day, taking

hundred Piddelis, and two guns with me, and leaving the

five

at the

205

which

after firing

two or three guns,

command

under the

I

of a Jowkddr.

I

" followed myself with the two Risdlas, and three or four hundred Piddehs, and " accompanied by a few

" owing

to the prodigious lofty trees

" that

was with

it

difficulty a

" a step [in advance]

" small "

When we "'

was now mid-day, the glen,

which overhung

it,

could see the ground

while no one could

which obstructed

make

it.

way through

such, that there was no distinguishing

In this distress, great were the efforts which were

" of the

the glen,

on which side the sun

made

to obtain a sight

sun, as being essential to the discovery of a passage through the glen

" but, notwithstanding several

" looked out

for the sun,

" glimpse of

it.

" from the " quarter,

At length

ascended the

a

" through the glen

Beyond

" Kutty Naik

this

to

end of the glen was a small

" approach in the night, and

"

strictly

"

sit still,

a

me

to

the western

howl or

we

opposite extremity [or side] of which

" of Kutty Naik's dwelling.

up

some distance

reached the spot

it

plain,

Here,

telling

my

so I took

followers

muskets

the manner of dogs,

in

;

people that the

after discharging their

noise,

where three houses of

was sun-set

my

at length

satisfy

my

up

on each

side

enemy would

at a great distance,

swine,

and jackals,

forbad their standing to their arms on that account, directing

and

By

advance two or three coss further

" quarters in those houses, drawing up and encamping

set

tree at

came and pointed out

we were enabled

When we

stood.

and [from their tops]

same time, that there remained three hours of day.

at the

;

trees,

man, who had mounted a

troops, having seen the sun, stating, at the

" arrived.

men

they were not [for a long while] able to obtain the least

" knowing the quarter,

" would

;

was so excessively dark,

had, in this manner, proceeded about half

" the darkness was " was.

man

it

he had cleared his way, by removing with his sword the

till

trees [bushes]

Though

select persons.

them

I

to

themselves with frightening the dogs away.'-^' Accordingly,

towards (23)

That

is,

(24) Original

tlicy

coulJ not ascertain

jb Jub

^ÎC>

t--^

or

in it

what dircclion they were movin".

may be w:.^ "

ijroaning at."

SELECT LETTERS OF

206

" towards the morning, the aforesaid dogs and jackals, approaching on every

"

fired

" agreeably " the noise ''

and

their musket;^,

a great cry

my

of which, however,

;

people,

took no other notice than by frightening the dogs away

to orders,

for

up

set

side,

which purpose was no sooner made, than

:

the dogs of the desert

all

fled.

"

"

When

morning came,

I

the pioneers and

set

road, fifty yards'"' wide, through the glen,

" the

The

evening.

" ccedcd

marches to the

in three

" over the country, " Nd'ih,

following day

the purpose of

for

" Avhcrcupon orders were sent to bring his family

and

" had accompanied him,

"

The

"""

special retinue

[by which

*'

Presence

it

aforesaid

by another road over

Here dying a

his entry into

and accordingly the

;

thieves,

repaired with his family,

leaving Tillicherry,

three elephants, and his other effects,

pro-

hell

from the Presence, directing them

to his followers

effects to the

I

advanced,

I

The

seizing on the thieves.

end of two or three days, he made

at the

which

spreading detachments, as

Tlllicherri/ a sea-port belonging to the English.

" natural death,

"

sent for the whole army, with

passes,'^'

a

which was accordingly completed by

fleeing into the woods, escaped Avith his family,

" the passes, to

"

I

work upon making

otliers to

who

two or

to the Presence.

returning fiom hence through the glen and other placet

had advanced],

" Merherrah/""^ which the

reached,

after

some marches,

had demolished.

infidels

Here

I

the

fort

of

halted for two or

" three (25) Original

cJ

Ziraa or guz, measuring from two and a half to three

according

feet,

to the standard used.

(26) Ori<înaI ^J^^ a height over whicli a road (27) Original

Â^

ljS/V'

This mode of expression (2S) In the original

is

it is

^^ "

conducted.

special retinue,"

^^^^

uniformly written Mcprkcrrah

call it Zvfcerdbdd'mslf^&di

the

p

to

I

mimber

recjuircd

:

but as

I

his

own.

take the Merkerrah of our

the fantastical

mode adopted

b}'

its

In

the Sultan, he was

of Zufcrdbdd (the more proper appellation), as otherwise

jW^

yielding only

was 1198, and therefore Zufcerdbdd became necessary.

fancv, did not long retain

n86, was

means

have been an accidental interpolation.

the chronogram would have been defective, Zu/irdbdd, or the

the writer here

common.

maps to be the place meant, I conclude new naming this place, according to obli"ed to

is

new name

transferred to Gurramcomidah.

oi Zufcrdbdd,

See Letter

which,

CXC.

in

the

monlh

J

188, whereas

Merkerrah, of

December

SULTAN.

TIPl'OO " three days, during which " orders ''

I

examined the spot very

for rebuilding the fort

Meer Zyuul Aabideen

[at

"

hastened,

near,

I

" [new]

I

by

x\2imQ oi

the district.

which

I

put a garrison, and directed the

to

which being now very

;

Periapatam,

and

I

gave to the

Zufeerdbdd ; from which name may be

From

the date of the conquest of the place.

detached a respectable force to the assistance of the Foujddr of

I

" Ziifeerdbdd; and then our " seat of the Sultan

The

be Foujddr of

to

coss to the residence of the aforesaid

successive marches,

" deduced, without any ambiguity, " Periapatam

in

and then issued

nominated a Kilaaddr, &c. appointing

marched ten fort,

carefully,

the conclusion of the rainy season

Merkerrah \he

oi

{oit

till

I

the same time]

" Ndik, where there was a small to abide

which

to

;

" I'rocecding from Merkerrah,

" Foujddr

20/

at

elevated standards proceeded in the direction of the

Putn."

Sultan has added to the preceding narrative the following curious and

important notice: *'

When

arrived at Zufeerdbdd,

I

sent for

I

all

the leaders of the rebels, and

" delivered into their hands written mandates to the following

"

It

is

common

" or remotest doubt of your being " seventh time " our armies

:

that I

to all five

all

:

hence there cannot be the slightest

bastards and whoresons.

have

single individual

now

[therefore]

among you,

" whole of you, transplant you « means, from being legitimate,

(29)

It is

converts to

vowed

to the true

(:J0)

original

all

from

this

Muhommcttan

Tiic term wliich ^^LsrtjiK^

e.

is

tiiat

'""

[i. e.

Musulmans] of the

country to some other

the term

may no

you ever

if

not revile or molest a

your progeny or descendants

and the epithet of whoresons

'.

about the

is

God, that

I will

but making Ahmedies^''*^

illegitimate,

clear from this passage,

tlie

This

you have acted treasonably towards the Sircar, and plundered

" again conduct yourselves traiterously or wickedly,

"

:

the custom with you, for the eldest of five brothers to marry, and for the

" wife of such brother to be

"

eflfect

;

by which

may become

longer belong to your tribe."

AhmeJy was

not confined

to

Christian

faith.

here,

and

in

one or two other places, rendered 'whoreson,

a binful moilier," or

" one with

is

or having a sinful motlier."

in

the

SELECT LETTERS OP

208

LETTER CLXX. To Syed Humeed and Syed Ghuffar; dated from ZuferabJId,

Hydery.

28th

The humble

(oth December.^

address sent by you has been received, and the particulars

of the occupation of the fort of Kittoor, by a garrison of our troops, are comprehended.

You must points,

composed of trust-worthy men,

place guards,

which must be most carefully watched,

blade of grass

may

be plundered,

as,

case at NergHnd.

On

Let not the property

orders, as otherwise

you

precautions,*')

was the

head you must issue and enforce the

strictest

to the

this

want of

a single

in order that

neither be dispersed nor pillaged.

owing

at different

suitable

will be held responsible for the consequence.

LETTER CLXXI. To Urshud Baig Khan, Foujdar of Calicut; dated

Tvlooet.

\st

(8th Dece7)iher.y

You

must, on some pretence or other, send to Worm-raj,

Kurtindd,

of

manager ,('*)

to

to

his

brother Sabbabut,

come and

visit

you

;

upon

and

the Edj'ak

Unnund Kurp,

to

their doing

secure their persons, and to report the same to us.

his

which you are

You must

keep

to

this

matter secret, and make no delay [in the execution thereof] (I)

"

^dJ

Original

ragcmcnt,"

But though

?".

this

e.

^,j\

pcrliaps

which rendered

literally

would be " from

" from due encouragement

(or

should be the sense of the passage (which however

is

may have

inadvertent!}- written

" couragement," which would render (1*) All these

.;

instead of

'

it

would

Possibly, however, oi

«

" want

of en-

the passage perfectly intelligible.

names are somewhat doubtful.

perfectly illigible.

t"

'fj

to) discou-

very doubtiul)

not follow that the Sidtan meant any other than delusive encouragement. the transcriber

owing

not being given to the inhabitants.'"

A

fourth person

is

mentioned, but his name

is

TirPOO SULTAN.

209

LETTER CLXXir. To Meer Kazim

The

sort

first

dated 2d Tvlooey.

;

(dlh December.)

wood you must

of sandal

sell

hundred and twenty pagodas the candy ; the second 2)agodas

;

the third sort at ninety pagodas;

2)agodas

;

and black pepper

sell

them

at

any other

at eighty

that you buy your sulphur

it

Buy and

Monukkas ^'^ without [/. e.

Go

seeds [or stones].

perfectly round] pearls

:

not

If you should

Take care

Purchases of

gold

send yearly thirty maunds of

two hundred maunds of almonds, and

pistachio-nuts,

You must

will not signify.

and copper cheaply.

and lead are not required.

large rolling

the fourth sort at eighty

not at less] prices than these.

\i. e.

one hundred

sort at

pagodas the candy.

have to keep them even for a year or two,

[bullion]

the rate of one

at

to

maunds of

fifteen

Hurmuz, and buy

there

small pearls arc not wanted.

OBSERVATIONS. It is uncertain

to

whether the pistachio-nuts, almonds, and

be procured, were designed

for the

trade, to be retailed in the shops, of

Sultans own consumption, or

Mahommed

Directing them

and

;

same Date.

to supply themselves with the in

2 (1) Called also

Kishmish.

It is

the

manner

(9th Decemher.')

wood necessary

for

their

in-

prescribed

E

a small sweet raisin, with few or no stones,

fl*) i.e. a painted hall, or apartment.

as articles of

CLXXIII.

Khyrullah

completing the Rung-mahl,^^*^

here ordered

which some account has already appeared.

LETTER To Shah

raisins,

in

structions

SELECT LETTERS

210 structlons

OJf

and reproaching them with assurance/')

;

for repeatedly-

applying to the Presence on this subject, and waiting for answers to their letters.

Commands them, and

agreeably to their former orders,

other materials they require, in whatever

all

to procure

manner they

wood,

shall think

proper and practicable, and apply the same to the work in hand.

OBSERVATIONS. This tlie

would seem

letter

in question,

articles

to

convey to the persons addressed, a power of procuring

by

violence, or

any other means they might think

fit

to

employ.

LETTER CLXXIV. Ram Chundur;

To Rajah

You

write,

" that

at

dated 3d Tulooey.

(lOth Decemher.y

Huscottah, and other places, the Joivkddrs of

" the Hiizoor are proceeding to relieve [or change] the troops stationed " in the [several] forts, whose pay you are, in consequence, agreeably

"

to our orders,

*'

Miitusuddies of the Ehslidm Kuchurry say, that certain stoppages are

"

to be

*'

Jumaaddrs, &c. for which stoppages, you observe, you see no authority

*'

in our instructions [to you]."

We

made,

are

played]^

preparing to issue;

mean

while, the

on account of the appointments [or commissions] of

amazed

on

but that, in the

at the understanding

this occasion

\

O

and good sense [you have

Those things which arc permanently

dis-

fixed

[or

(2)

Original

sense p;iven in (1)

This

is

(.:;,.ss~^

properly the plural of ^-r* Shaikh, but generally conveying the

tlic text.

a sneer

;

tlie

Sultan meaning, here,

tlic

contrary of what he says.

TIPPOO SULTAN. [|or

311

standing orders alone] are inserted in our Ilitkm-ndmchs [or general

instructions]

;

but such fresh matters as

this,

nliich arc from

How,

time ordained, aie notified in distinct [or separate] orders. should this [Ijefore

it

new

then,

regulation be referred to in instructions delivered to you

was made]

?

" that Syed Peer, the Kilaaddr, demands pay

You

further write,

*'

men

belonging to the Ji/she, Ehshdm, and others,

*'

regularly returned to the Mutusmldies of the Knchurri/

" you

time to

who have

for

not been

and that

;

likewise see no authority for this in your instructions."

If you

contravene or exceed the same in any histance, you will have to refund

what you have over- disbursed.

OBSERVATIONS. The

stoppages here spoken

of,

jjrobahly referred to

the Sultan might have ordered to be levied on

some

tax,

new appointments,

which

or foes,

for the benefit of

the government.

Ram Chundur appears, ed it

;

for,

in the present instance, to

have been very unjustly reprov-

notwithstanding the decisive tone assumed on this occasion by

may be safely contended,

that the

Rdjah was

tlie

Sultan,

both by the general

strictly justified,

scope of his master's instructions, and the particular nature of the case in question, in

what he

"

to refund

did. all

Is

he not

told, in the very

same

letter,

" that he

disbursements unauthorized by his instructions?"

appear, that he was in ])ossession of any regular,

innovation which he was required

to

carry

into

2

E

2

be made

And

or oflicial notification, effect

?

does of

The Dcwdn

unquestionably, entitled to be duly apprized of a regulation,

expected to conform.

will

to

it

tlie

was,

which he was

SELECT LETTERS OF

LETTER CLXXV. Khan

To Shumsuddeen

dated 5th Tulooey.

(I2th December.')

to air in the sun eighteen bales of

Directing him niotli-eaten] shawls

to tie

;(')

;

and

them up again, and

cummin-seed, &c. into the bales,

after putting

lay

them

worm-eaten [or

carefully by.

LETTER CLXXVI. To BuDRUz

ZuMAN Khan

Whatever we of the rebel

;

dated 7th Tulooey.

propose ordering

we

(I4fh Decemhei-.')

shall shortly order,

on the subject

Moon a Kool.

LETTER CLXXVII. To Shah Noorullah

Agreeably

;

dated 8th Tulooey.

to our former orders,

(I5th December.')

you are to proceed

to

Mangalore;

and there obtaining from the Aumil of that place whatever supplies [or be required for the use of the ships,

may

stores]

the latter to

You

you are

to dispatch

2zrfyy.('*)

write,

proposing to take

fifteen

hundred wax-candles, besides

wax.

TVhere can he the necessity for so many ivax-candles ?

Aumil

to deliver

been already

what number may be

Avritten to, directing

for the use of the vessels.

him

[really] requisite.

The

to supply whatsoever

What more

Get the latter

has

was required

?

You (I)

(1*) it,

This person was supeiintendant of the Tosheh-khdiieh

Name

uncertain.

I

had,

at first, read

on the authority of Colonel Munro.

ihe SuUaiiSi\i\\)=. lay

when unemployed.

it is

and written

dX Seritigapatam. it

AW/j/

or iN^^nrfn/, but altered

a small liarbour on the coast of Canara, where

TIPPOO SULTAN. You moreover

" that the jlumil of Mangolore

write,

only old and black rice,"

*^

take

it,

wTite

?

213

and not engage

It is

in

That

known.

rice is good.

improper altercation.

you

delivers to

You must

What more

we

shall

OBSERVATIONS. The Sultan nople,

having

now determined on sending

and from thence

to

France (the one previously dispatched by the same

route, having, as before stated, been recalled).

make

abortive with

that

member

of this mission

which had preceded

another (as will be seen hereafter) in l/S" It has

been

said, that the embassies

land, failed through the

it,

the expences of the

tentiaries as

;

who

many

which, however, proved equally

and was,

in

its

turn, succeeded

by

parsimony of the Sultan, who could not be induced to

outfit, at least, of

Old and black

economy.

;

person was subse-

proposed to be sent to the court of France,

this opinion, the foregoing letter certainly

bum

The same

to

.

supply the funds necessary on the occasion.

strict

Shah Noorullah was emplo^'ed

the necessary preparations for the purpose.

quently appointed a

by

another embassy to Constanti-

Whatever ground

there might be for

announces a determination to regulate

the meditated embassy, on principles of

rice is declared to

be good enough for his plenipo-

are likewise given to understand, that they will not be allowed ta

candles as they please.

LETTER CLXXVIII. To Rajah

Ram Chundur

Directing him

to

(\)

A

same Date.

(15M

pay monthly four pagodas and a

pean C/mi/aAC) sent by Syed to assign

;

Mahommed Khan,

December.') lialf to

the Euro-

the Kilaaddr o?Putn,

and

him some employment.

Chailah

is

an adopted slave.

He

ness as the sons of the family, of which he tioned, had of course

become a Musulmun.

many

respects with the same tender-

is

treated in

is

considered a member.

The

Chailah, here

men-

SELECT LETTERS or

21-4

LETTER CLXXIX. 2b

Mahommed Ghyas

and Noor

Mahommed Khan

;

same Date.

(\5fh December.^)

Your two

letters,

November] have been

received,

conduct of the Urahmens,

men, subject

to

Hydery [23d and 24th

of the 16th and 19th of

and what you knoAvn.

is

state,

Tliat

respecting the mis-

you should have suffered

your authority, to act so presumptuously, and not have

put a stop to the business by scourging and punishing them well, must

Let them

be owing to your great age.

a guard near you least egress

You "

and give

;

still

strict orders, that

write,

" that you have separately examined each of them, and

separately flogged

write

they be not allowed the

without permission.

that one lays the blame on another."

man

be immediately placed under

down

:

[Instead of this]

them be

let

and then, after [duly] interrogating them,

his statement [of the matter]

with his

let

own hand.

each

Let

their names, moreover, be reported to us.

Urgent, or very particular dispatches, must be always forwarded by a

which

pair of Hitrkdrehs, and not by the post,

will

soon be discon-

tinued.C^

The message which you communicated

to us

from Unund Rao Rasta

has been received, and you will give such answer to him as

we

shall

hereafter direct.

You (1)

Meaning

the post to

governments, was

still

Poomh,

permitted by

wlilcli, tlic

notwithstanding the rupture between the two

Mahrattulis.

It will

be seen hereafter, that Tippoo

from the hint here did not yet consider himself as absolutely at war with that nation ; though, have thought dropped, respecting the speedy discontinuance of the post, he would seem to from the toleration of the Sultan's intercourse with some, at post, the continuance of his envoys at Poonah, and their amicable more than Tippoo, regard the -least, of the Mahrattah chieftains, that the latter did not, any tliat crisis

hostilities

cided

wai'.

approaching

fast.

It

may

also be inferred,

which had hitherto taken place between the

parties, as aniounting to

open or de-

TIPPOO SULTAN, You

did right, in taking to

customary take,

gifts,

Rao Rasta

215

the [pieces of]

clotli,

But wherefore did you

on occasion of the marriage.

and why do you continue to take, the Miltusuddies

mens so often mentioned] along owing

to

such

folly as this,

You

sumptuous.

witli

you

to

and other

Rao

[i. e.

the Urali-

Rasta's house

It is

?

on your part, that they liave hecome so pre-

should take with you [on such occasions] none but a

few Hurkdrehs.

The

gifts

from the two

shrines, together with your

of

CLXVII.]

[See Letter

the counterpanes, are arrived.

memorandum

LETTER CLXXX. To

the Seven

Superintendants of the Post,

of the SuLTANVT

(ôr

at the Seven capital Cities

(\Gih De-

Kingdom^ ; dated dth Tulooey.

cember.^

(Circular.)

We have fixed the Coss at six thousand Gvz, must be

travelled by the

postmen

minutes and forty-five seconds].

in

which distance [or space]

a ghurry and a half [or thirty-three

If the letters appertaining to your pro-

vince [or department] are not delivered according to this rate, and any delay arises, you must flog the Hurkdrehs belonging to you delay should proceed from the

must report the same

men of another

to us, in writing.

:

and

if

division of the post,

You

the

you

are, moreover, to denote

the hour, the day of the month, and day of the week, on the superscription of all your dispatches.

This order

is

to be strictly attended to.

OBSERVATIONS. A volume of

the Sultan's regulations, in

notice respecting the Gm«, as established

my

jxissession, contains the followfng

by him

:

«

The

SELECT LETTERS OP

216

*

" The number of

"

twenty-four,

" make half '•'

it

is

a legal

of which the

letters,

therefore ordained,

Guz

Kuhnah

[or creed]

consists

being

that twenty-four thumb-breadths shall

a thumb-breadth being equal to the aggregate breadth

;

The Kembdlub''

of ten grains of one kind of rice, and of seven of another kind."

[or rope] used in measuring [roads] consists of thirty-two of these ^m2.

According to

this rule, the

Guz

consisted of about forty-eight thumb-breadths

:

but the directions for ascertaining the thumb-breadth seem too vague to admit of

any

Taking, however, the Guz, here described, at

certain or precise calculation.

two

thirty inches, or

thumb-breadth) the coss miles and three-quarters

more than

rather

when

and a half (which gives

feet

five

amount

will

making the

;

an inch

five-eighths of

for each

to fifteen thousand feet, or better than rate of proceeding appointed for the

miles an hour.

two

postmen

This, though certainly very practicable,

the relays of Hurhdrehs, or postmen, are placed at short distances, consi-

derably exceeds, happil}',

I believe,

the ordinary rate of the mail in British India

however, the coercive means of accelerating

its

;

where,

progress, so familiar to

the Sultan, are unknown. I

the

am title

not able to specify,

w ith any

of the present letter

:

certainty, the seven capital cities intended

but there can be

tam, Nugr, and Bangalore, were

among

the

that the other four were Chittledoorg, Goaty,

little

no doubt, that Seringapa-

or

number

by

;

while

not improbable,

it is

Gurramcoondah, and Sera,

LETTER CLXXXI. To Ali Rajah Beeby

;

same Date.

(\6th December.^

We have received your letter by Fukliruddeen, to us

upon your

The custom of

situation.

and dependants hold themselves [at

all

who has

the world

also expatiated

Servants

this.

is

times] prepared for the perform-

ance (I) Original

c-JU*^ which may possibly be derived from

of the cocoa-nut

:

tlie^

and

J

or r

and

I

Jl^

a rope

being often interchangeable

Arabic and Persian words, frequently taking the sound of * or

tn.

;

made

and

^

of the fibres

or

ii,

both in

TIPPOO SULTAN. ance of services times have

we

;

the execution of orders

;

in reply to

forward evasions and excuses, and

what

is

obedience and

;

fidelity.

to be

done

Be

?

which you have continually brought

still

continue to do the same.

before us, was honored with

a grant of the farm of the Taaluk of Cherkul, and with other [in like

In this

yourself the judge.

Rooe Wurm-raj, who presented himself you

manner] had come

gifts.

[to us], agreeably to our orders,

You

would assuredly have experienced our bounteous favour.

[also]

Many

written to that lady of chaste degree^^ on the subject of

repairing to our Presence

case,

217

learn the remaining [or further] particulars from the letter of

'

It

you will

Fukhrud-

deen.

LETTER CLXXXII. To

the

Dewan

Seat of the

and Buktshy of each of the Seven Kvchvrries of the

Sultanut

Cor Seringapatam^)

;

dated \Oth Tvlooey.

Q7th Dccemher.^ (Circular.)

Directing

the birth- day of the Saltan, or the approaching 14th day

of Tiilooey [20th December] to be celebrated, in the manner appointed in the

Hdkm-ndmeh

[on that head].

OBSERVATIONS. In a loose paper in military salutes

my

on various

ing, that the Sultan

possession, containing dfrections for the regulation of occasions,'"^ there

a note, or

memorandum,

purport-

was born on the 14th of Tiilooey of the year of the lllgera 2

(I)

is

F

1165;

Original ci-w^c:-

(l*) I have since Diet with the

same regulations

in

the FuthuV Mujahidccn.

218 1165

SELECT LETTERS OP ;

" guns ''

on the anniversary of which day

it is

shall be fired at ten o'clock in the

"

ordered,

that a salute'-' of thirty-one

morning, and

the people of the city

all

observe the same as a festival."

Whether

or not this rejoicing was intended to be general throughout the king-

dom, or was confined

to the capital

was customary

(Seringapatam),

believe that

it

to transmit

Nuzrs of congratulation

for the principal officers,

to the Sultan

I

am

unable to say

but

;

however distant from

I

court,

on the annual return of

his

birth-day.

LETTER CLXXXIII. To Eaatimady Khojeh Firasut;^') dated Wth Tulooet. (\Sth December.')

The memorandum

of medicines [perhaps some prescription] which

you sent has passed under our view

;

but the essences,^-*) therein specified,

belong to the European practice, whereas Mahomnicd Baig

The

of the Greek school.

is

a physician

conclusion to be drawn from this

that in

is,

omitting to insert the Greek medicines, and substituting in their place those in use

the Europeans, you could have had no other view,

among

than that of making a profit by the sale of the

You must

get a

memorandum

by the above-named

we may

rise,"

[Mahommed

it is

"

of Greek medicines

Baig], and send

it

made out

to us, in order that

ten gkurries,'" or three hours and forty-five minutes

which, at the winter

(1) If the title of this letter

"

list]

supply you [with the articles required].

(2) In the original

"

[or

latter.

the trusty (or

solstice,

answers nearly to ten o'clock

be correctly given

in

my

manuscript

in the it

may

"

I

am

after

sun

morning. be rendered

"

to

trust-worthy) Eunuch, Firasut."

(2*) Original c:A>Le. plural of Joe. ilr

essence, or essential

oil.

(commonly pronounced uir

or ottar) a perfume,

TIPPOO SULTAN.

219

OBSERVATIONS. am

I

obliged to acknowledge,

which appears

to be addressed to

pharmacopolist

;

Suifan, or on

his

that

do not

I

clearly

understand this

letter,

some eunuch, who exercised the business of

a

but whether under the authority, and for the benefit, of the

own

account,

individual

I

cannot determine.

The former

supposition would certainly not be at variance with the practice of this extraor-

dinary character in other cases tenor of the

On

letter.

and, in

;

some measure, supported by the general

the other hand,

if

the

when compounded,

medicines,

were to be sold exclusively on account of the Suifan, there

comprehending whence the which he

is

profit

was to

accused by his sovereign.

proceed from nothing but

my

arise to the

After

all,

is

some

difficulty in

Khojeh, with the pursuit of

however, the difficulty

want of due information on the

may

subject.

LETTER CLXXXIV. To Ali Rajah Beeby

The tlie

"

dated \2th Tulooey.

write,

"

tliat

it

are

" but that

now

and been [actually]

in

your possession

;

the revenues of the said villages have been sequestered,

" on account of our Sircar" enclose a letter to

we have

hecome diUy apparent.

the villages of Mdtmail,^^^ &c. have, from days of

yore/-^ appertained to you,

It is revealed

;

and, in consequence,

Urshud Balg Khan, the Foujddr of

Calicut, in

we

which

given him strict orders to relinquish the villages in question, and

the revenues thereof.

We

(19M December^

huuiblc address you sent to us has passed under our view, and

particulars set forth in

You

;

Forward the same

to him.

have repeatedly written to you, desiring you to repair to the

Presence

but,

;

instead

of coming to us,

2 (1)

Name

(2)

Original

uncertain. AsiS

^si

F

2

you have excused yourself

upon

SELECT i,ETTERS OF

220

upou

For

diiferent pretences.

and

reason,

this

conformity with the

in

moment, the settlement of the TaaMk of

policy of the

and

Ckerkiil,

^he appointment of a separate Aum'iJ, on our hehalf, to the charge of the same, has appeared expedient to

Our as

it

is

consideration for the situation of that refuge of chastity, such [/. e.

such as

You

no diminution. if

us.

we have ahvays will

manifested

it

to be], has suffered

remain [therefore] with collected mind

and

;

any of our TaaMkddrs should be guilty of oppression, or proceed

TaaMk,

vexatiously toward your

him

strict

N.B.

A

us

let

know his name, and we

will

send

orders to desist therefrom. in

letter,

written, under the

conformity with the tenor of the foregoing dispatch, was

same

date, to

Urshud Baig Khan, the Foujddr of

Calicut.

LETTER CLXXXV. 2o Shumsuddeen

Khan

aud others

dated

;('>

13M Tulooey.

(20th December.^

Directing them the

Tosheh-khdfneh

to deposit the

and

;

produce of the revenues of

ûgr

in

to carry to account [or give credit in their

account for] the value of all old rate] as the

•».

cloths, in like

Ddroghds of the Jinsy formerly

manner [or

at the

same

fixed the same.

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter is

The word

-jIj

somewhat which

I

perple^cing

have rendered

or clothes (wearing apparel). that

tVie

Tlien

it

nor

am

cloths, is

I clear that I

may mean

also possible,

it

understand

it

rightly.

either cloth in the piece,

may have been

intended

old cloth, or clothes, in question, should be sold, and the produce carried

to account

(1)

;

That

:

is,

an interpretation which,

I think,

the

other officers of tbc ToiAtA-ManeA.

ongmal would very

well bear out.

TI

rP O O

S

tl

LTA

221

N.

LETTER CLXXXVI. To Bl'RHanvddeen

Directing him

;

dated

Tulooey, at Night. (2\st December.^

\4itlt

to send for

Wenkia Naig,

the banker

;

and

also to

transmit a Koicl [engagement] and letter of encouragement to Koornath

To

Pundit.

him

write to Syed Mceriin, the Kilnaddr of Dhdriudr, directing

to keep

nephew, and

a

watch over the family of Umbajee

strict

to take care that they are not suft'ered to

Ram

and

his

go any where.

Desiring him, moreover, not to think of putting garrisons of the Sircar into Shdhpoor,

Bulgong,

Sec. as

they belong to

,

OBSERVATIONS. In Letter Btilgo)7g, It

CLXIX,

Burhaniiddeen

is

directed to place garrisons in Shdhpoor,

and Gokauk, which are there declared

to be

dependencies of Kittoor.

would now appear, however, that the Sultan had discovered, that those places

did not belong to Kittoor, but to some other chieftain or

wish to oftend by seizing on them. script

;

tlie original,

it

or syllable, of the deficient

places in

many Hindoo

is

he did not

nearly blank in the manu-'

is left

not, in fact, entirely so

word being preserved.

words, and

question belonged to the

should not have

whom

probably, not having been legible to the transcriber.

said nearly blank, because

the end of

The name

state,

known

this

among

This

«ent the

it

first

have

the terminating letters, is

Ai'

which occurs

others that of Mahrattah.

Malirattahs,

when he

;

I

may seem

at

If the

strange, that

orders for their seizure.

he

Of

the desire he might yet have to abstain from any directly aggressive proceedings against that people, and to confine himself, for the present, to

measures, some explanation has already been furnished by the Sultan himself.

offereil

i

and more

mere defensive

will hereafter

be

SELECT LETTERS OF

222

LETTER CLXXXVIL ZuMAN Khan

To BuDRUz

Announcing

dated I5th Tulooey.

;

to hiiuthe Sultan's arrival at

(22d December.')

Tul-Cauvery

and

;

directing-

him, after deputing some person [to take the temporary charge of governments'^] during his absence, to repair, together with his suddies [or accountants] to the Presence

;

when such

his

MiUu-

orders as should be

necessary would be verbally given him.

LETTER CLXXXVIII. To BuRHANUDDEEN

;

dated

from Tul-Cavêry, 18fh

T'ulooey.

(25 th December.)

The Mahrattah

forces are assembling.

army

to] the safety of your

that you will

are necessary.

encamp your tioops

must

&c. on

also post piquets,

that the enemy's

army

therefore write to desire,

a secure situation

;

not far asunder,

all sides

of your army.

Let

it

You

not happen

surprize you.(^>

You must, agreeably to our memorandum of the effects receiving such

in

We

form [or manner] of a rose-budS^*^

[close together] in the

but

Vigilance and [due attention

former directions, transmit to us a detailed of the Daisye,

memorandum, we

according to which you will

act.

will give

Let

&c. of Kittoor.

After

our orders on the subject,

also a minute report be

made

to us

of the followers of the Daisye, specifying [in particular] the number of his

managers and principal men, and distinguishing them by name.

(\)

1

am

ignorant what situation BudrQz

(I*) Original (2) Original

sudden attack.

d^

which means a

Uj which

Zuman Khan

^Kt? in

filled at this

time.

general, but more particularly a

usually signifies treacheiy, but

is

roje-iz/(/.

often applied to an alert, or

TIPPOO SULTAN.

223

OBSERVATIONS. The

the more regular armies of Europe

our

tactics, this is

judgment

military

in line, as

is

this case,

in

it

by which he has expressed

it,

the practice of

and though Tippoo adopted many things

;

one of the points, in which he did not think

the established usage of the East.

figure,

encamp

Asiatic armies are not accustomed to

fit

to depart

in

from

Whatever may be thought of the Sulfan'i will is

probably be readily admitted, that the

sufficiently significant.

LETTER CLXXXIX To

TuLOOEY.

Directing them import or not,

same

to

with their

own

Announcing

to

them,

:

and not

hands,

to

make known

the

Persian or Hindivy [attached to the the appointment of Mirza Uhsun,

also,

letters

and concluding with an intimation,

subject of their dispatches

dated 23d

dispatches, whether of weighty

a Persian Milnshy of the Su/tav, to read [their] answers to them

;

(30th December^)

to write all their

any of the Mihishies,

mission].

Mahommed Khan

and Noor

Mahommed Ghyas

related

and write

tliat

tlie

when the

merely to the pay of the people

belonging to them, they might be written in Uindivi/.

OBSERVATIONS. In translating the passage of the foregoing

appointment,

I

letter,

which notices Mirza Uhsun's

have supplied the pronoun possessive, their, on the supposition

that the dispatches of the envoys were particularly meant. be, that

Mirza Uhsun was appointed

and not those of the envoys alone. the answers,

is

his transcribing

to read

What

But the sense may

and answer Persian

is

said of his being

letters generally,

employed

to write

not to be understood as necessarily meaning any thing more than

them

fairly,

or writing

them from the

'Sultan's dictation.

SELECT LETTERS OF

224

LETTER CXC. Khan ««// Urshudullah Khan, Dejvan and KvRPAH sonw Date. (30ih December.^

To MoHYUDDEEN Ali

BuKTSHY of Notifying the

;

Sultan's pleasure, that

Gurramcoondah should,

for

the future, be called Zuferdbdd, and directing the same to be published

throughout the country.

OBSERVATIONS. cannot positively

I

state,

whether or not Merkerrah of Koorg continued

called Zuferdbdd, after the latter I

am

inclined to think

name was

in tbe negative

;

botb because

same new name should have been applied to two whenever Ziferdbdd

is

Gurramcoondah

transferred to it is

to :

be

but

not probable tbat the

different places,

and

because,,

subsequently mentioned, Gurramcoondah would constantly

seem to be intended.

LETTER Ghulam Ali Khan

2b

We

;

herewith transmit a

Mahommed

Shufeea, the

CXCI.

dated 24th Tvlooey. letter,

which we have

Aumil of

is

thereof,

and the English ambassador. and hasten

lately received

from

given of the conferences

negociations] going on between the Sultan of

Seignor']

December^

Manjaiser^^^^ enclosing one to his

address from his brother, in which an account [|or

(Îst

Room

[/. e.

the

Grand

Consider well the contents

to accomplish the business

upon which you have

been deputed.

Sometime ago Othman Khan dispatched a respectable person, with a letter

from himself and Shah Noorullah to the Sultan of Boom, containing

(I)

Name

uncertain.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

225

ing a representation of the state of things In these parts that

was subsequently

it

;

and

appears,

it

to the arrival of that person [at Constani'uiople],

that the Sultan of lioom began the conferences [or negociations] in

question with the English ambassador.

OBSERVATIONS. It

proper

is

I

should acknowledge, that

plexing, and that

The

accurate.

occurs

Khan)

I

am

doubtful passage

for the original

;

from being

far

sent a letter to the

may

is

have found

I

Ghulam

Ali

remove.

The

slight

by Letter

interpretation of

Grand

by the hands of "

Seignor,

Khan and Shah

I,

is

and had been deputed on

There

Noorullah.

am

sufficiently

I

a respectable person,"

much

light

this

are difficulties attending

informed to be enabled to

mention incidentally made of Othman Khan,

CCXXXI

it

which the name of Othman Khan

that in

of the correspondence, does not throw appears,

extremely per-

be understood to mean, either that he (Othman

none of which

either construction,

my

satisfied that

or that he himself was that respectable person,

errand by

this letter

on the subject

thatOthmin Khan had himself

in other parts :

yet

it

clearly

actually proceeded

to Constantinople.

With

respect to the allusion

made

English ambassador at the Parte, passage relating to representation,

Othman Khan.

it

to the conferences or negociations of the is

no

The

in

:

but

to the

Ghulam

Ali

furnish a satisfactory explanation of the matter. 2

(2)

He was

living at Seringopatani, in 1809.

than the

obscurity,

Grand

Seignor,

had given an unfavorable turn

India,

the ncgociation in question

in

context would seem to imply, that the

by whomsoever addressed

situation of affairs

less involved

G

Khan,

regarding the

for the

English to

if still living,**'

can alone

SELECT LETTERS OF

22(5

LETTER CXCIL To

Meer Kasim Ali Khan, Post-master at Fyze HisJr (Gooty) ; dated 24th Tu looey. (^\st December?)

You

write,

" that a thousand PiCidehs,

**

and three hundred horse, belonging

"

arrived at Nundidl,

**

sequestered [or confiscated] by us."

ground

five

hundred regular infantry,

to the

Ndzim

with the intention of recovering the country

for alarm [in this case]

It is

dated

is

the

If they should dare to take such a step,

?

LETTER ;

Where

known.

they shall see the fruits [or feel the consequences] of

To BuRHANUDDEEN

of Kurnool,'^^^ are

it.

CXCIII.

from Tul Cavvery, 28tk Tulooey.

(4th Ja)iuary I786.)

Directing him

to recall the Risdla of the Sipahddr, Syed Ghuflâr,

from Nergdnd, and Sipahddr,

to send thither, in

Syed Humeed's corps

its

stead,

also, desiring

:

two companies of the

him

to send for five

hundred Piddehs to Syed Meeran, the Kilaaddr of Dhdrwdr, and to employ the same in the service of the Sircar,

LETTER CXCIV. Zuman Khan

To Budruz

You must

first

;

same Date.

(4th Januanj.^

proceed to Nelaiser [Ncelahser^ and encamping there

with Leshtia,^'*^ make some delay, on pretext of looking after Sooma, the (I)

(1*)

Runmust Khan,

tlie

Kamc uncertain.

Patan chief of KuitiooL

See Letter

CXCVI.

TIPPOO SULTAN, You

the Tul-Cauvery man.

Nag, once more

to

Moona

will tlien invite

with his nephew, went some time ago to

come and

see you

227

visit

Leshtia and Rooe

when you must make

;

of himself, his nephew, and whatever followers report the

same [immediately]

the business

is settled,

let

officers.

You

them return on

remain where they

be with him, and

We

to their respective stations.

this

occasion,

to both the above-

must, by every possible trick and contrivance,

secure the person of the aforesaid will

prisoners

Urshud Baig and Bunkia,^-) and when

have sent the requisite orders, mentioned

may

Wurm

If a further force should become

to us.

write and send for

necessary,

Kool, who, together

now

are

able to do without them,^^)

rebel.^^^

them know

it,

officers

If you should be

you send for them.

till

let

The above-mentioned

in order that they

may

repair to their proper stations.

N.B, Tlie

letter to

Urshud Baig Khan,

follows next in the manuscript

;

but

is

referred to ia the preceding dispatch,

omitted here, as superfluous.

LETTER CXCV. To MoHYUDDEEN Ali

You

Khan

;

<")

dated 29th Tulooey.

(5th January.')

" that you have recently discovered a vein of

write,

lead, the ore

" of which resembles that formerly found that you have sent us seven " pieces of it by the post and that you wish to be instructed, whether ;

;

V to dispatch the lead you may obtain by hired bullocks, or "

arrival of

some persons from the Presence." 2

(2)

Name

(3)

Original

(4)

Literally,

{

Dcxi'dn of Kitrpah.

1

G

2

uncertain. >x^.c

"

" an

exciter of sciiition."

to seize the rebel witliout tlictn."

It is

known.

to

wait the

You must collect

SELECT LETTERS OP

228

collect the said lead in the fort of Sidhoot.

for a silver mine, that

a lead-mine collect

to say, silver earth,(^> to

is

l)e

an ancient custom ('> [always] found under

therefore, send for the said earth [or ore],

you must,

:

It is

together in the hefore-mentioned place.

it

and

Persons skilled in

[such] earth [or ores] will be shortly sent from the Presence [to exa-

mine

it].

LETTER CXCVI. To RuNMUST

Khan

[After acknowledging, with letter

(5th January^

satne Date.

;

the usual compliments, the receipt of a

from Runmust Khan, the writer proceeds thus]

Some time

ago, while

we happened

to be

making a

for the purpose of inspecting the

attended,

Koorg

the exciters of sedition in the

forts

country,

:

progress,

slightly

of Bangalore, not looking

to

&c. the

[probable] consequences [of such conduct], but agreeably to the nature of the children of selfishness

(')

and of opportunity-watching

rebels,^^*^

conceiving vain hopes from the great distance of our victorious army, raised their heads, one

and

of this circumstance,

we proceeded with

once,

made

all,

in tumult.

Immediately on our hearing the utmost speed,

and,

at

prisoners of forty thousand occasion-seeking(^*> and sedition-

exciting ('') Koorgs, who, alarmed at the approach of our victorious army,

had slunk

into

woods,

and concealed themselves

in lofty

mountains, inaccessible

(2)

That

(3)

Or,

(I)

Original

is

to say,

"

it is

ore.

j>^1 ^1

>Original

(4) Original

t_J]5

j^\

Kzi

yU

agreeable to experience."

TIPPOO SULTAN. Then carrying them away from

inaccessible even to birds.

country (the native place of sedition)

we

tidings are calculated, at once, to convey a

more

to afford delight to friends, [but

them

raised

Isldm, and incorporated them with our Ahmcdij

true believeis,

229 their native

to the

As

corps.(^)

honor of

these happy

warning to hypocrites/^) and

especially toj the chiefs of the

the pen of amity has here recited

them

[for your infor-

mationj.

We now firmly purpose and

repairing to that quarter [towards K.urnool\

our victorious forces

shall accordingly soon arrive there with

we have

the meeting, which

and Khajeh Lutfullah,

hereafter be dismissed and dispatched to that friend.

continue,

your

whea

so long wished to have with that friend,

Dhurm Doss,

Rajah

will be accomplished.

j

We trust you

shall will

the period of our interview, to delight and rejoice us by

till

letters.

OBSERVATIONS. It will be recollected

prized,

"'

of

some part of

by the

that the Sultan had been recently

reader,

Khan

its

being the intention of Runmust

liis

country, which had been taken possession of

the present dispatch,

Futah ndmeh,^^ or

which

therefore,

letter of victory,

is

may be

fairly considered as

whom

" a warning

of what he might expect,

to

him

"

he should compel the

latter to

addressed

pay him a

;

to attempt the recovery of

by the Sultan

in the true boastful style of a Persian

timidate the person to

it is

ap-

or in Tippoo's

visit.

if,

by

It was,

own

intended to in-

words, " to convey

resisting the Sultan's will,

moreover, well calculated to

(5)

Original

^_f Jw»».l

(fi)

Original

^Ûjl;,*

(7)

Sec Letter CXCII.

(8) It

is

i^J

d^

'*

Ba.nd o( ^hmedies." littcrally,

"

as

an example

to hypocrites," or atheists.

customary with the princes of the East to announce to one another

they obtain over their enemies.

This

is

done

are called Futah-yidmehs, or letters of victorj'.

in letters, \vliich, (Voai

tlie

victories

the subject of them

SELECT LETTERS OF

230 to prepare the

upon

this

The

way

Patan

for the

pecuniary demand which we shall presently see

chief.

expedition against the Koorgs that

on

to his account of

will

country."

and

if

we may

he would appear to have but too well

" that

make Musulmans of your whole

" some other

:

give

fulfilled,

year 1784.

have vowed to God," said he,

I

have hitherto met with

with which we have seen him dismiss the assembled

chiefs of thatnation, in the

*'

I

issue,

its

this occasion, the threat

"

the Sultans recent

foregoing letter contains the only authentic record of

credit

made

if

race,

you ever again

rise in rebellion, I

and transplant you

See Observations on Letter

all

from hence to

CLXIX.

LETTER CXCVII. To Meer

Ahmed Ali 29th

Your

letter

;

Taalukdar of NvnsiPOOR,

Tv LOOEY.

has been received.

dated

(5th January^

You

write,

" that the superseded

" Aumil has, notwithstanding the guard [placed over him], escaped " from the fort." It is known. We have a just claim for thirty thousand pagodas on the same Aumil discover

him

;

To Shumsv ddeen letter,

you must [therefore] speedily

otherwise you will be responsible for the

LETTER

Your

:

;

of the Bdrgeers

^'^

in question.

CXCVIII.

dated 30th Tvlooey.

(6th Juiiuary.^

with the accompanying memorandum,

an engagement entered

sum

and statement of

into by the Miitusuddies, to adjust the account

in a satisfactory

manner, has been received, and

its

contents

( 1 )

Horsemen mounted on ordinary horses belonging

a superior description.

to the Sircar.

The

stable liorses are of

TIP POO SULTAN. The memorandum


You

herewith].

returned

referred to

means,

coercive

enclosed [or

is

and

threats,

compel the Mtitusuddies of the Bdrgeer Kuchurry to get

punishments, ready, with

must, by

231

all

speed, the aforesaid accounts,

by placing a Suzdwul over

them.^-^

You

enforcing their obedience

are to consider this as a most

peremptory injunction.

LETTER CXCIX. To

Ghulam Ali Khan

The camphor

tree has

We

Sircar's country. ('>

from

it,

in

use of

have sent two

rub your feet with

Meer Kazim

;

it,

and

shall be written

Darogha

at

of the

may

made

also take

putting about a tolah weight of

LETTER To

this part

bottles of the essential oil

Inform us what benefit you

What more

it.

been [recently] discovered in

meat-broth,

bason of broth].

Qth January^

dated \st Yoostfrr.

You must

for your use.

[inwardly]

;

it

it

[into a

receive from the

?

CC.

Muscat;

dated 6th Yoost/FY.

(\2th Januarr/,^

Your

letter,

morandum of The

pearls

heavy

accompanied by a sealed packet of

pearls,

with a me-

the prices at which they were bought, has been received.

you have sent have, on the whole, been purchased

price.

If they can be procured cheaper in the

Bahrain

('*)

at a very

you nuist send

(2)

Or "

b}'

proceeding against tlicm, in the manner of a ^yMSi/rcK/;" that

is,

by rigorous

dunning. (1) Tiic 5'«//(/« was, at this

Khan was

afflicted

time, in tiic neighbourhood of Tul.Cauven/. Ghfiiam Ali with some scrophuious or rheumatic complaint, whicii h.id rendered iiim

a cripple.

(1*) Situated in the

Gulf of Persia

;

and formerly fanwus

for

its

pearl-fishery.

232

SELECT LETTERS OP

send thither for them.

There

at

is,

the

same time, no objection

to

your buying them at Muscat, when they can be had cheap there. [of money] to ten divers, dispatch them to the

Making some advance as they

Presence,

arc wanted for the purpose of diving or fishing

^'^>

for

on the shore of Mangaloi'e.

pearls

You

" that sandal wood and pepper are become cheap [at

write,

" Muscat].'"

When

It

is

Keep them

known.

they become dear [again] you must

for selling

[therefore] sell

There

them.

of at the current [or market] price [of the day],

dryness, ished,

one.('^

it is

What you If

understood.

is

is

no necessity

The cardaniums, however, you may

them cheap.

be a losing

some time by you.

it

write,

if

that

dispose

should not

respecting their diminution from

be only in weight that they are dimin-

You

of no consequence.

will state [the deficiency]

your

in

accounts.

The

factory of

Muscat has been placed under the Aiunil [or been made

a dependency] of Mangalore accounts of

all sales

:

you must, therefore, transmit

and purchases,

to

him the

as well as of all other receipts

and

disbursements [of the factory].

Wê do not want any copper or lead the price of

You

;

but you should buy sulphur,

moderate.^*)

it is

an increase to the stipend of Oba Cooler, in

write, respecting

consequence of his being appointed to the ChurokdryS^^

be augmented,

when

to the

Let

his stipend

amount of the monthly pay formerly allowed

to the Churokdr.

The

morahs'^^ of black pepper

must be weighed

in bulk,

and

sold in

that

(2) Literally (3) Original

(4)

Or,

(5) I (6)

am

A

'*

"

bringing up,"

i;Ji,\^Jiu

e.

i.

ok c;^,U^

when you can buy

it

from the bottom of the

literally,

" keeping economy

at a saving price."

unable to give any explanation of this word.

measure and weight equal to 80

lbs.

sea.

avoirdupois.

in vicAY."

TIPPOO Wliere

that state.

any

loss

You

is

ULTA

by that means,

to the allowance of

Let him have an increase of

It is apparent.

The humble

if,

?

recommending an increase

write,

233

N.

the necessity of opening them,

should be incurred

IMuUah.

S

addresses of the

Permanund

five rupees.

Imaum, the KhulfW'^ and Bheem

Jee,

the broker, which you forwarded to us, have passed under our view.

You have been

stationed there for the sole purpose of buying and selling

whenever [therefore] any occasion advantage, you should do

arises, in

though we may not have directed

so,

without waiting for our orders on the

We

are in great

want of

which you can act

for our

and

it,

subject.^^^

Purchase to the amount of tea

pearls.

thousand rupees worth, as cheaply as you can, and dispatch them to

You

" that the Dulldl [or broker] has demanded payment of

write,

Mahommed

*'

two hundred and

*'

Ibraheem, and of a hundred and two rupees advanced to

advanced by him

sixty rupees,

" Khan [both of them servants of our Sircar']" the

amount

In your *'

us.

to the aforesaid broker,

letter

and take

to

It is

Othman Pay

known.

his receipt for the

same

of the l/th oi Zilhijjeh, A.H. 1199, you wrote, " that

the second sort of sandal wood,

charge of Ghous JNIahommed

in

" Khan, continued on hand, being,

in

" and fourth

Let the aforesaid sandal wood

sorts, in little

demand." 2

C?)

1

believe that the chief minister of the

affects to call the letters of the

Imaum

to be credited, that these persons, in the (8)

comparison

with the third

H

be

Imaum

and Khulfdr

is

so called.

urzies, or

Tiiough the Sultan

" liumble

addresses,"

herer

it is

not

and particularly the former, actually lowered themselves

manner pretended.

The

posal, which ma}' be supposed to

acceded to

any advantage was promised by tlia prohave been made by the Imaum, Mecr Kaziin should have

J'«//a«V meaning, perhaps,

it

is,

that

if

immediately, without any reference to the Sultan.

But Mcer Kazini was too

well acquainted with his master's cliaractcr, to assume such a responsibility. ivho could think in the present

it

The

prince

necessary to instruct a commercial agent, so minutely as Tippoo has done

and other

letters,

was not

likely to

the undefined kind of power, with which he

is

have approved of that agent's cxercisin"'

pretended to have been invested.

SELECT LETTERS OP

234

and then

be kept until purchasers are met with,

sell

It

the best

to

advantage you can.

We want ten

ship-wrigh(s, acquainted with the construction of Doivs.

Get them together, and dispatch them

You must

What you goods,

in the

write, respecting your

upon the

:

to us, specifying the day,

same manner that our orders

understood

is

Presence

date your letters

[constanly]

month, and year,

hither.

^^^

to

you are dated.

having hired a warehouse for our will shortly

be dispatched from the

you must prepare a factory-house for

arrival thereof

the use of the Sircar.

Entertain a hundred of seven rupees

;

Clashies^^'^^ in

and appointing a Snrddr [or commander]

men, dispatch them

twenty-five

our service, at the monthly wages

to the Presence,

every

where, on their arrival,

What more

they shall be raised to superior rank.^' '^

to

?

OBSERVATIONS. I possess

no information, with regard to the Sultanas project

a pearl-fishery

in the vicinity

of Mmigalore

silence of the subsequent correspondence

:

but

on the

it

may be

to

inferred,

from the

subject, either that the requisite

divers were not procurable, or that the attempt, if actually

His endeavours

for establishing

made, did not succeed.

form a marine were somewhat more successful

;

but the nature

of the sea coast in his possession hardly admitted of his attaining to any great

importance as a maritime power.

If,

however, such an obstacle really existed to

the accomplishment of this design, he, at sensible of

it,

since

it

will

least,

would not appear to have been

be seen, by Appendix K, containing " Regulations

" for the Marine Department," that only two or three years previously to the extinction

(9)

There

is

a blank

of a factory-house,

liere in tfie

may

maDuscript.

Possibly some materials, towards

have been specified.

(10) Probablj-, ship lascars. (11)

Literally,

<'

shall

be appointed to

oa/jrfe^^,

or commiinds."

tlie

erection

TI

proo

s

uLTA

235

X.

extinction of his power, he had conceived the idea of creating a very formidable

naval force.

It

may, indeed, be reasonably doubted, whether either the resources

of his country, or of his genius, were equal to the realization of so bold a plan but

as well, perhaps, that

it is

To RuNMUST

CCI.

daled ^th Yoosvfy.

;

abated four lacks of rupees, of the eleven lacks justly due to us, as

Paishcush, from that friend.

Having thus

us at seven lacks of rupees,

we some

Riijah

you.

made an

fixed the balance payable to

time ago announced the same to

Dhurram Doss, and Khajeh

Lutfiillah,

to a further remission of fifty

hereby reducing our demand to six lacks and a thousand rupees, on account of the

amount was thus

;

finally settled at

by one of which

paid by the 5 th

<'^

Jmndd

it

ill

was

thousand rupees,

of the same year. trust] reach

6,75,000 rupees, for the discharge of into

two

distinct

engage-

stipulated, that 3,75,000 rupees should be

Ouwul, A. H. 1200

;

and by the other, that

With

These two persons having taken leave of

you

Jluj'ub

us, will

in safety.

respect to our relinquishing the districts belonging to that friend,

and sequestered by

us, orders to that effect

2 (1)

The

of a former year.

a further sum of 3,75,000 rupees should be paid by the 20lh of

[we

we

exclusive of twenty-

half,

which the two before-mentioned persons entered ments

having hereupon

earnest representation to us of your [pecuniary] difficulties,

were induced to agree

five

Q.2ih January.^

consideration of the friendship and regard [subsisting between us],

In

we

Khan

for the experiment.

he was not allowed time

LETTER

;

A blank

H

occurs lieic in the manuscript.

have been

addressed<^-) to the

Dewdn

2 Tiic worJ wanting

is,

probably, balance.

(2) Tlicse orders were most probably provisional, and to be complied with only

event of Runmiist Khin's discharging the

demand

against liim.

in

the

236

SELECT LETTERS OF

Dewdn and

BiiJdshy of Fj/ze-IIisdr

persons

said

requires

p.

e.

Dhurrum Doss and

engagements referred to above,

to the

may

attachment

sent, in

friendship

paid, agreeably

order that the foundations of

in

An

acquire strength and firmness.

Mchtdhy^^ dress are

to the afore-

What

Liitfiillali].

money should be

that the before-mentioned

is,

and delivered

[_Gooti/']

Always make us glad

token of our regard.

and happy by the receipt of your friendly

elephant and a

letters.

LETTER ecu. To Meer Moaainuddeen

dated

;

'Jth

and 10th of Yoosufy.

(13M and 16th January.^

By

the favor of the Almighty and the assistance of the Prophet,

have arranged and adjusted the

affairs

of the Taaluk of Zufeerdhdd in

the most suitable [and satisfactory!] manner the

number of

captives,

thousand

fifty

men and

this

victoriously to the seat of empire(^>

of the year Julio.

we

object,

at

;

the tribe of Koorgs, to

women,('^

and incorporated with the Ahmedy

Having accomplished

we

having been made

class.

returned

prosperously

and

Putn, on the 11th of Yoosiify

This being an event calculated to give strength to

the people of Isldm,^^*^

we wish

that brother

all

joy on the auspicious

occasion.

The advance^

of our victorious standards

12th of Yoosiify [18th January]

:

we

is

positively fixed for the

therefore write,

to desire that

you (3)

A

sort of silver tissue.

(1) In Letter

CXCVI they

(2) Original

i::..cliLJl;b

(3*)

i.

e.

"

(4) Original

arc stated zXfortr/ thousand.

the professors of the same faith."

cJ^\ C^;-ai

C^V.};

iwi-«aj'>

TIPPOO SULTAN. march and join

will

-you

23^

with the forces under your

us,

command

[without delay].

Memorandum. is

Three other

letters, to the

above effect (but to

whom

addressed

not said), were dispatched by the post.

OBSERVATIONS. There going

is

manifestly some error in one or other of the dates given in the fore-

letter, to

are assigned

which two

for

:

dates

different

what reason

I

know

{viz.

not, unless

dispatched in duplicate, one copy on the 7th, other on the lOth,

by the

post.

the 7th

But

if

10th Yoosiify)

be to denote that

it

by an

and

it

was

especial messenger, and the

these dates are correct, that one which

purports, that the return of the Sultan to Ser'mgapafam actually took place

the 11th Yoosilfy, must, of necessity, be wrong.

It

is

on

equally certain, that at

whatever time he arrived there from Zitfeerdhad, he did not march again from thence on the 12th of Yoosiify (as here stated to be his intention), since we know,

from Letter CCXII, that he was I regret that I

still

at his capital

on the 23d of that month.

do not possess the means of rectifying these mistakes, which,

however, are fortunately of no material consequence. cannot, at this

I

moment,

cumstance of his being

was a kinsman of the

ascertain

stiled brother

who Moaainuddeen was: but by the Sultan, makes

the actual

it

CCIII.

and future Aumils of the port of Calicut-, dated YoosdtY.

Be

probable that he

latter.

LETTER To

it

the cir-

known, that

10///

(IQth January.')

in consideration of the devotion

our government of the iefuge of cou)merce,('>

Muo

and attachmcjit Saith, son of

to

Rao

Saith,

(1)

Original

jb i^jW

SELECT LETTERS OF

S38

DuUdl

Saitli,

[or broker], an inhabitant of Muscat,

we

have, at this

time, [agreed to] remit the customary anchorage duty, heretofore paid

to us, in favour of five Dingies of bis [about to import at Calicuf] will, therefore,

on the production of a

letter [or certificate]

above-mentioned Dulldl, [purporting that the said Dingles are frain

you

:

from the his], re-

from demanding the aforesaid established duty [of forty rupees per Consider this as a peremp-

Dingij] on the [live] Dutgies in question. tory order.

LETTER To

the actual

CCIV.

and future Avmils of our Ports

[in generaf]

same Date.

;

(\Gth Januanj^

Be

known, that we have remitted four-tenths of the

it

in our ports

from time immemorial, on

by the refuge of commerce,

[there],

Dulldl of 3fuiicat

:

you

will,

all

goods to be bought or sold

Muo

therefore,

Saith,

son of

demand from

said Dulldl, six-tenths of the ancient duties, this as

duties, levied

Rao

Saith,

the agents of the

and no

inore.

Consider

a peremptory order.

LETTER CCV. To

the

AuMJLS

actual and future of the

loueJ ; same Date.

Be

it

merce,

known, that

Mao

aforesaid

if,

Port of K^'riJl (MaxgA'

(I6th January^

after selling to the agents of the refuge of

Saith, &c., such rice as

we may have

com-

to dispose of, the

agents should be desirous of purchasing a further quantity of

that article from the inhabitants of the districts appertaining to

Mangalore,

TI

Yoxi must not forbid, or

be well.

lore, it will

SULTAN.

P PO O

23D

make any

opposition to

the same.

LETTER Mao

To

Your

letter,

Dvllal

at 3Iuscat;<-^'>

by Ghous Mahonimctl

and apprized

received,

"

Saith,

CCVI. same Dale.

Khun and Tuikcm

us, anion*,^ other things,

to establish a factory [or

warehouse^ at

represented to us verbally, by the aforesaid

" the port of Calicut charge you

for

(I6lh January^ Doss, has been

" of your determination

Calicnf."^'^^

Khan, "

You have

that our officers at

anchorage duty, at the rate of forty

rupees per Dingy, and this duty you request of us to remit."

*'

have furthermore

" that the Iniaum of Muscat,

stated,

also

*'

duty of ten per cent, on [the goods of]

*'

our merchants no more than six per cent.

**

a similar indulgence from us."

You

all ;

mIiIIc

he

You

levies

a

other merchants, charges

and you, therefore,

solicit

" that

likewise express a desire,

" your Gitmftslitehs may be allowed, as formerly, (after first buying from " the numagers of our ports whatever number of morah^ of rice the "

latter

have to dispose of) to purchase, without

" the people of the country, such further

"

as they

may

require."

[Then follows a ing letters, which

With

Mundry

It is

recital it is

or hindrance, from

let

quantities of the

same

article

known.

of the concessions specified

in the three

preced-

unnecessary to repeat here].

respect to our establishing factories [as you propose] at in

Kutch, and

at the port of

Jdmmigr, our

intention

is,

Port

to dis-

patch, some time hence, trusty persons, with letters and the customary

tokens (1)

that

Tlic niimc

it is

(2)

is

omitted

in the

Mao

Saith.

addressed to

Ca/jc«/

is

manuscript

not nciniod in the original

;

;

but the tenor of the letter sufhcieiitly proves,

but ihc context siiews

it

to

be meant.

SELECT LETTERS OF

'240

tokens of friendship to the Rajahs of both those places.

On

this occa-

sion

we

and

to procure the necessary permission for the establishment of [the

you to introduce our agents to the two Edj'ahs,

shall require of

proposed] factories.

Agreeably to your request,

wc have

Meer Kazira

directed

to settle

with you for the advances made by you of two hundred and sixty rupees to

Mahommed

Ibrahcem, and one hundred and two rupees to Othman

Khan, making together the sum of

three hundred and sixty-two rupees.

OBSERVATIONS.

We

collect,

from

tlie

foregoing letter, that Tippoo Sultan bad already so far

accomplished bis commercial views at Muscat, as to be considered the most favoured of the numerous traders with that port.

obtained that distinction (for distinctly stated

;

but

standing between the that the

Iinaums

it is

probable, that

were

concessions

by which he

was hardly any thing more) are not any where

it

Imaum and

vessels

The

to

it

bad been granted on a previous under-

the Sultan's agent,

Ghous Mahommed Khan,

be admitted into the ports of Mysore, on the

footing specified in the ensuing letter.

Of

Mao

the particular immunities here granted to

Saith, the remission of four-

tenths of the customary duties (whether on imports alone, or on exports also, does

not appear) would, no doubt, have been a very considerable indulgence, trade had been suffered to be quite free, and

pated very largely in bis

own

vessels,

in

it.

The

if

Tippoo himself had not

if

the

partici-

Sultan, however, not only exported rice to Muscat

and imported the commodities of that country into Mysore,

but he also obliged the Muscat merchant to purchase

all

the government rice on

hand, at a price fixed probably by himself, before be allowed him to buy else-

where.

In addition to these restraints, there

profitable branches of the

beetel-nut, pepper

Under

commerce of

his

is

reason to believe, that the most

dominions, namely sandal wood,

and cardamums, were entirely monopolized by the Sultan,

these circumstances,

it

may be

questioned,

whether the encouragement ostensibly

TIPPOO SULTAN. Muscat

ostensibly given to the

traders, was,

241

on the whole, much calculated

jiromote the commercial intercourse of the two countries.

Of

that intercourse, at any given period of the Sultan's reign,

no accurate means of judging

;

though

it is

ports of

Canara and Malabar,

at

the actual extent of possess, at present,

probable, that ample materials for this

who

purpose were obtained, by the gentlemen

I

to

received charge of the different sea-

the period of their falling under the authority of

the English.

LETTER To

Your

He

the

Imaum

of

Muscat

pleasing- letter,

;('>

CCVII.

same Date.

(IGlh January.^

by Ghous Malionimed Khan, has been received.

has also represented to us, verbally, the sentiments of regard and

union which you entertain for us, and the knowledge whereof has proved highly gratifying to us.

In consideration of the friendship this time, remitted

sul)sisting

between

us,

we

have, at

half the amount of the duties heretofore levied in

our ports on your ships and Daws, and have, accordingly, issued the necessary orders to this

to the governors of all

effect,

our sea-ports

:

do

you, therefore, continue constantly to send your ships and Doivs, laden

with merchandize, to our ports.

Meer

Particulars will be stated to you by

Kazin>,

Whereas

there

is

a

strict

order in force at [all] our sea-ports, forbid-

ding the sale of rice to any merchants coming from Portuguese, English,

&c. ports, the their

own

on account of the great

latter have,

countries],

adopted the contrivance of sending other mer-

chants, in the character of

of making purchases of

Muscat

rice,

traders,

&c. at our

with money, for the purpose ports.

2 I (1)

Thoiitrh the

name

is

scarcity of grain [in

here also, as

doubt, that the person addressed

is tiie

in

We

have, in conse-

quence,

the preceding letter, omitted, there can be no

Imauin of Muscat.

SELECT LETTERS OP

242

quence, sent positive directions to the persons in authority at

Muscat merchants such only

to consider as

ports,

all

our

as shall produce

a

passport, or certificate, under the seal and signature of the superinten-

To

dants of our factory there. be

ficate, rice Avill

sold,^^)

merchants, furnished with such

without any excuse [or

evasion]].

certi-

Let, then,

that person of eminent rank likewise give orders to the merchants of

Muscat proceeding

to our ports,

scribed passports, for which

dantsof our factory not

to

to provide themselves with the pre-

we have

strictly

demand any

commanded

the superinten-

fees.

OBSERVATIONS. The

remission of duties granted in favour of

remission of one-half, mentioned in the present sively to the ships like

and enlightened one,

I

letter,

Tlie

applies, I conclude, exclu-

To BuDRUZ ZuMAN

Directing him

state

;

but a

much more

Khan

;

CCVIII.

dated I3th of Yoosufy.

to crucify the miscreant (')

and keep them confined

Moona

him

(I9th Januari/.y

Kool, and to send

in irons.

nephew of Moona Kool should be more than

of age, to crucify

intelligent

apprehend, than the Sultan,

LETTER

If the

Saith was four-tenths.

and merchandize belonging immediately to the Imaum, who,

Tippoo, was the chief merchant of his

for his family,

Mao

twenty-five years

also.

Two (2) That is, " will be " from his granaries." ( 1 )

Original

^

V

sold

by the

officers-

of government ^ on the Sultanas iccount, and

TIPPOO SULTAN.

243

hundred of the followers of Moona Kool

Two and put

into the

(-)

made Ahmedies,

to be

now

Bisdla lately dispatched [from hence] and

arrived [at Niigr.'\

You(^> yourself must also proceed to Nugr, together with the troops

under your command

who

is

;

and, repairing to the second

[at this time] at Seo-Kidlah,^'^^ there

make a

Dewdn

of Nugr,

settlement of your

accounts [with him].

OBSERVATIONS. There

is

no

trace, in

any of the documents

in

my

possession, of the

which the person of the unfortunate Moona Kool was instructions given at different times, regarding him,

that the object was attained by

some

make

foul or treacherous

LETTER

finally it

manner

secured

;

but the

sufficiently probable,

means.

CCIX.

Moaala Khan, the superseded or late Kilaadar MvDGVL ; dated \^th Yoosufy. (2\st January.^

To Meer

^^^

Directing him itipees

and

been, (3)

Kunchioig-ilddh,^^*'^

to repair with his family to the Presence. writes, of the

handsome behaviour of the

2

know

of

to send one of his brothers to receive six thousand

from Ghulam Mohyuddeen, the Fouj'ddr of

That what he

(2)

in

The name

whicli

1

have

left

blank

is

12 in

chiefs of that

place,

the manuscript written

Ahmednugr

:

but

I

of no such place in Tippoo's dominion, and therefore suspect the right reading to have *'

and put them into

tlic

Aluncdj/ [corps at]

Nugr."

Tlie second person bciii^ here employed, what follows

transcript of the original dispatch, (4)

Name

(1)

111

and not,

as in the

uncertain.

the original J_.j)k

(2*) See Letter

CCLXXV

for

some account of

is

to

be considered as an exact

preceding part,

this place.

tlie

mere heads of

it.

SELECT LETTERS OF

244 place,

notwithstanding their oaths and engagements,

[What

follows

is in

the

first

is

understood.

person.]

In contemplation of the very events which have taken place,

You, however, chose

before-hand, desired you to repair to us. cise

your foresight on the occasion

" remains

in the pot."^^)

Such

their regard for their promises

;

and, after

all,

to exer-

" the same broth

the way, in which great chiefs

is

we,

show

and solemn engagements.^*^

OBSERVATIONS. Not

distinctly

knowing who Meer Moaala Khan was, and being but imperfectly

acquainted with the transactions referred letter in a satisfactory

would

that

be,

LXXX)

manner.

to,

I find

myself unable to interpret this

might hazard a conjecture on the occasion,

If I

Meer Moaala Khan (who was the same person addressed

had been governor of the

on the south-west

frontier of the

correspondence with Tippoo, to but that his fidelity

fort of

Mudgiil, a place of considerable note secret

he had been deprived of his

government, before his plan of defection was ripe

am

aware,

letter before us,

which

for execution.

however, that there are some passages and allusions in the

this of

a

he probably meant to deliver up the fort;

being reasonably suspected,

are not sufficiently explained

in Letter

Nizdm;'^^ that he had engaged in

whom

it

by the preceding hypothesis.

I

We hear no more after

Meer Moaala Khan.

LElTEll CCX. To

Your you

Mahommed Ushruf

letter,

with the enclosed

to the treasury at

same Date.

;

memorandum

Putuy has been received.

Q2\st January.')

of money, &c. sent by

You

write for leave to entertain

(3)

"

This

is

a proverbial expression, inipoiting

"

that, tiic vciy thing intended to

be pre-

vented, or avoided, had happened." (•!)

SiJoken ironically.

(5) Mudgul coTist'ituted Nizam Ali Klian.

(and perhaps

still

constitute?) the Ja$iye of the sister of

tlic

lal-r

TIPPOO SULTAN. entertain ten

new

(or additional) UlgiesS^^ It

of those stationed in the

delis,

fort/-^

the collections and other aflUirs of the

is

245

known.

A hundred Pid-

are assigned you, for the service of

Kuchuny

:

your view, therefore, in

proposing to entertain these Ulgies, most probably was, to

You

[with them].(3>

must, at

all

times,

To the Rajah of Pegu

What more

?

CCXI.

dated^'*^ 17 fh

;

a parade

employ the Piddehs [and no

others^ in the service of the collections, &c.

LETTER

7nafte

Bubiyul Oujiul, A. II.

1200.

Q22d January.^ It

will

be sufficient to give the substance of this

otherwise of any consequence, than as

we

possess, of the

it

which

letter,

is

no

adds to the other proofs which

Sultans desire to establish an intercourse,

political

or

commercial, with the most distant nations. writer sets out with observing, " that a long period

The "

since he

had had the pleasure of hearing from the Pdjah

expressing a hope, " that the latter will, in future,

" him with the agreeable

hud elapsed,

;"<-*)

and with

fiequently favor

tidings of his welfare."

then announces " that he has sent, in token of friendship, by the

He

" hands of two of

his servants,

Mahommed Kasim

and

Mahommed Ibraheem,

(1) In the original (2)

e.

i.

Tlie

^1

of wliicli

fort of Gootij

of

Ushruf appears, hy Letter LXIV, (3) Origin;ii

(1*)

^

I

do not know tlic

to

Dewany

tlic

meaning.

Kuihurri/, of

wliicli

district

Mahommed

have bean the Ddrogha.

^\j

The Mysore date is omitted, hut, from the place wliich the letter occupies in the it may be concluded to have been the IStii or IGtli Yoosiify (i, e. about the 21st

maDuscrijit,

January nS6.) (2*^

denote

H omy

possibly never had heard from him. h.:>

anxiety to hear from him.

Tlic expression

may be merely

formal, ai>d

SELECT LETTERS OF

246

" Ibmliecm, a present **

MehtdJji/ dress:'(^^

He *'

two horses and a

for the Rdj'ah, consisting of

*'

states,

view in sending those persons, to be the opening of a

his

commercial intercourse between the two

and Pegu],

states [of 3Tysore

" whereby an exchange of the commodities of each may be estabUshed, " to the mutual convenience and advantage of both he therefore :

" **

invites the

Hdjah

communicate

to

from time to time, by

what

letter, to himself,

" be supplied with, from " same mav be forwarded

He

to the agents in question, as also

his to

[the Sultan s\ country,

in consequence, directed his

in order that the

stones,

s/ze], are to

be had in Pegu,

agents to purchase, through the

[or by means] of the Pdjah's ministers,^ a certain Jiumber of

medium Then

**

to

next observes, " that having hcaid, that rubies of high value, fine

" he had,

"

may wish

he

him."

" colour, and of a superior kind [perhaps

**

articles

weighing each from ten to thirty fanams weight."

follows a request, " that the

Pdjuh

will accordingly order

hi.s

ministers to assist [his agents], in purchasing the rubies required, at

" as cheap a price

as possible.

OBSERVATIONS. "Whether a second mission was dispatched to Pegu, or the persons to be sent were superseded

by

otiiers, I

am

unable to determine

:

under date 23th of Bydzy (31st March 1786) addressed, Kasini and

Mahommed

which they arc

told,

"

but a

that their departure for

Pegu

ginning of the following June.

(4)

Original

dress

made

cf a particular kind of silver tissue.

JJ^ ^\

Mahommed

Ibraheem, but to Shumsuddeen and Kutbuddeen

;

in

only waits for the equipment

appears, that the ships in question were not ready for sailing,

A

intended

letter appears,

not to

" of the ships, which they are accordingly desired to expedite."

(3)

first

It nevertheless

so late as the be-

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER

247

CCXII.

To Ehsanullah Khan; dated from Pvtn,

23d Yoosvfy.

the

Q2dth Jamuiry.')

Whatever

&c. the

gold, silver, horses, bullocks,

late

Kudlr Agha

may have died possessed of, the whole is to be delivered over to the KUaaddr and Umlddr, from whom you will take receipts for the same. You

did right, in placing the slave of the deceased in the corps of [or

among]

the Usud-Ilhyes.

OBSERVATIONS. The

character of this order cannot be determined, on account of our ignorance

of tbe particular situation of Kadir Agha, defaulter, or

To Shah Noorullah copies of the

[our] seal

possibly have been a public

have died childless.

LETTER

Two

who might

;<*>

CCXIII.

dated 25lh Yoosvfy.

FuthHV Miljdhideen

(^^

(3\st

January^

have been sent to you under

one by Mahommed Iniaum, the Joivkddr [captain] of the Jyshe;

:

the other by our Clia'dahp

Kumal.

You must have

the receipts of these

books regularly entered by your Mdtusuddies [or accountants].

them you

will give to

be kept by the aforesaid Joivkddr,

directed to exercise his

men

regularly, in the

the other you are to keep yourself:

manner

and you

One of

who must

be

therein prescribed

will likewise

;

take good care,

(1)

Proceeding on an embassy to Constantinople.

(2)

For some account of

(3)

This term has been explained

this

book see Letter XC, and at Letter

CLXXVIII.

also

Appendix,

I.

SELECT LETTERS OF

248 that the

caie,

men [composing your

escort]

perform

their exercise

reffularlv.

LETTER CCXIV. To Ghulam Ali Khan

dated 26th Voost/rr.

;(')

(1st

Fehruanj^

"'I

»

The

people

enumerated

who

are to attend you [on your embassy],

in the following

and who are

have been dispatched to you, under

list,

chai'ge of a guard, consisting of five

hundred and seven Piddehs, and

commanded

Ghulam Mohyuddeen Khan,

Huktshij of Nugr, and

Piddehs are embarkation

them back

by

[or superintended]

to ;

Upon

Rung Rao.

the arrival of the party,

continue to be employed in taking care of

after which, giving

them a

receipt,*^^^

it,

the the

until its

you must dispatch

to the Presence.

List of Persons, making altogether Jive hundred and one, with muskets,

coats,

^r.

Men.

Escort.

The

The

Joii'kddr,

IMubaruk Khan, belonging

Joivkddr,

Mahonmied Imaum,

to the Ussud-Ilhyes

belonging to the

Suzdwul 100

JysheS'^

The Risdla

of Fukeer

Mahommed,

belonging to the Jyshe

[Carried forivard

(1)

The

(2) Tliat

colleague of is,

71

Sliuli NoorCillali,

an acknowledgement, or

250

421

and proceeding likewise to Constantinople.

certificate, that

such a number of persons had been

deUvered over to them by the guard. (3)

As a Suzdwul

is

a baliff or dun,

particularly in that kind of service.

this,

I

conclude,

was a body of men, employed

T1PPO O

S

ULTA

249

V.

Men. [Brought forward

Servants, &c.

421

viz.

Kuniul Chailali

1

Sweepers

2 10

Hurkdre/is

Mushaakhies [or torch-bearers]

6

Bullahs, or

4

Yullahs,(^*'>

Munshy

• •

-^

1

24 Dohdshies

2

Mulusuddy

1

3

Under the command of Behram Golunddzes

21

(s)

31

Mahommed Ah, French and EngUsh

interpreter (^

1

Total

501

OBSERVATIONS. Tlie only remark which I have to offer on this letter

from

it,

that the people, sent

it

with great reluctance, since

to

keep them,

till

upon it

this distant

was necessary,

is,

that

it

would appear

embassy, must have proceeded on in order to prevent their desertion,

their embarkation, in custody

of

a military guard,

of

equal

strength with themselves.

3

(4)

lam

doubtful as to the

riglit

K

reading of

lliis

word,

the meaning of whicli

I

cannot

guess. (5)

Tiicse arc properly artillcry-mcn

;

but we hear of no gi»n being attached to the

embassy. (6)

Very probably some European, converted

to the

Mahommcdan

faitii.

250

SELECT LETTERS OF

LETTER CCXV. To

After your serve out

to

the

same

;

Qst February.^

same Date.

anlval at Constantinople, the Suzdivuls and

men

you

are,

every third day,

of the Usud-Il/ii/es

to

attached [to

your mission], four [blank] cartridges each man, and to see that they regularly perform their exercise.

LETTER CCXVI. To

Your

letter

remaining

the

same

;

dated 28th Yoosvfy.

(3d Fehruari/^

has been received, together with a

articles

of supply, which Nursia, the

memorandum

Dewdn

<^'^

of the

of Nugr, has

taken upon himself to dispatch after you.

You were

appointed, and have been sent from hence,

for the purpose

of repairing to Constantinople, and not for that of ivriting to us accounts

of squabbles.

Now, forasmuch

these disputes,

Nursia

while you are employed in narrating

the season for sailing

to provide the articles

^^^

as,

is

passing away, you must compel

you require

;

and,

having done

so,

you

must embark them on ship-board, and then proceed [on your voyage].

Even

if

make

that a pretence, or excuse,

there should be a small deficiency in your surplies, i/ou must not for your delay,

and for suffering the

proper season for your proceeding to escape.

The whole of

the men,

who

are to accompany you,

have been

dis-

patched, and will soon join you.

Agreeably (1)

He

in other places, called the Taalukddr of

is,

(2) In the

explained.

It

original

i^yj

^^< ^j>

J!

docs not appear what means

Nursia's authority.

which

is

GhOl&m

Nugr.

much

the same as Susdwidli/,

Ali possessed of

already

coercing a person of

TIPrOO SULTAN.

251

Agreeably to the desire of that person of magnificent have sent the most peremptory

mainder of your

to Nursia,

ortlcrs

we

tlcgree/^^

expedite the re-

to

supplies.

OBSERVATIONS. When it is men

at the court of

which

he was,

much

;

that

the most distinguished

he was now proceeding on

importance

;

that his appointment to such a high

beheve, at the head of the commission) would, at least, seem

when

the frivolous nature of the offence imputed to

difficult to say,

him

and asperity of manner,

his excessive irascibility

appeared, and more will hereafter occur did he, perhaps, so

little

:

but,

of his minister, he diminished his

own

and even shaking

his loyalty.

Ghulam

Khan was

Ali

him, or so apt to resent

it,

must,

It

(3) Originally

ti-Wr* i^-^Le-

compensate

the address, or c_>Ull as atiiie

his true

feelings of

his letter.

it is

at the

same time, be owned,

It

is

knew

;

and

it

this sufficiently well.

K2

not often that officers.

for the severity of other

SulUm uses

tlie

tliis

complimentary

Perhaps, on the present occasion,

parts

of

this dispatch.

it

Most probahiy

called in Persian, suitable to the rank of every person written

head of the

very rare, however, that

body of

by thus outraging the

view here taken of the subject supposes

as the

phraseology, in wiiiinjr even to his principal

was put

to,

not likely to be so sensible of the indignity offered to

2

to,

have already

on none of the occasions alluded

however,

only reasonable to conclude, ihat the Sultan

to

other proofs

proportion as he sunk the consequence

while,

;

Of

to that person.

he incurred the risk of damping his ardor, paralyzing his energies,

that minister,

was meant

and,

adverted to,

consult, either his true dignity, or, apparently,

interests, as in the present instance, since in

is

is

;

whether the Sultan has manifested most want of temper or of

wisdom, in the harsh and degrading language here addressed

that

a service, to

that entire confidence was placed in his zeal, talents, and fidelity

to imply, iiually,

I

Ghulam AH Khan was among

Tippoo Sultan

his master attached

trust (for

it is

considered, that

letter,

though omitted

this address, or

any part of

in the register, or it,

is

letter-book.

It is

repeated by the Sultan in the

SELECT LETTERS OF?

252

LETTER

CCXVII.

To BuRHANLDDEEN; dated 2Sfh Yoost/FY. (3d

Directing him

Februart/.^

to dispatch carefully, under a trusty

elephants,

gold, silver, jewels, horses,

guard,

all

the

&c. belonging to the Daisye of

Kittoor, together with the Daisye himself, and his family. DLi-ecting, further, that such of

Daisye,

the managers [or servants] of the

were not to be trusted, should be put in

as

irons, as formerly

ordered, and dispatched to the Presence.

LETTER

CCXVIII.

To Syed Peer; Kilaaoar of Bangalore ; same

You "

write

" that about three hundred

recruits

dale.

(3d February.^

have been entertained

for the Jyske

and Ehshdm [corps], and the abstracts of them regularly

" made out and

delivered to the Mutusuddies of the Dewdny,^^^ notwith-

^<

standing which Rajah

is

known.

You have

Ram

would seem] laid your

[it

niche of forgetfulness,^^^ or

right.

you could not en§âge

What

senseless altercation.

Chundur brings forward

the aforesaid

instructions by

in such

(1)

Two

(2)

2. e.

on the

there

subject.

or three words occur here, which are unintelligible to me.

" evades paying

(3) Original

Ji^

jUj

the

i. e.

amount of the

abstracts."

" have consigned them

to oblivion."

iti

It

the

an improper and

Hdjah represents

If you would look into your instructions,

necessity for your writing to us

excuses."^^)

is

perfectly

would be no

TIPPOO SULTAN,

253

LETTER CCXIX To Shah Noouullah; dated 29th Yoosufy. It

is

owing

to

the whoreson trieks and roguery of

that the elephants have been

keepers,

therefore, flog

(4th February.)

them [the keepers]

well.

made

get hot

to

after all,

If,

phants proceeding with you should continue hot,

him from the other [or

others],,

the elephant

you must,

:

one of the

ele-

you must separate

by putting him on board a

different

vessel.

Then

follow directions for expediting the departure of the embassy.

N. B. In

a letter of the following

his orders for separating the

day

(or

30th Voosiify), the Sultan repeats

must (hot) and tame elephants, with an addition,

" that the proper medicines should be given to the hot elephant for

purporting,

expelling his heat."

LETTER CCXX. To BuKHANUDDEEN

We have heard,

;

dated 29th Yoosufy.

that the enemy^') has

(4th Fehruanj.')

detached a large force,

purpose of falling suddenly upon [or surprising] your army fore write, letter,

to desire

that you will,

(^) :

for the

we

there-

immediately on the receipt of this

take up a position at Dhdrwdr, and dispatching the whole of your

baggage into the country of

Nugr

[the province of

Bklnore\ remain yourself

•

is

(1)

the term f2)

.^

"

wliicli

an

Original

by

Original ^>iytj

the accursed."

enemy

Uj

is

The MahrattaUs

arc, of course,

usually designated.

which has been before explained,

here meant.

This

SELECT LETTERS OP

254 yourself with your

employ the

strictest

enemy should

You

army unencumbered/^^ Let

precautions.

it

not be

/*

on

must,

(God

this

forbid

!

point,

) that the

surprise you.

LETTER CCXXI.

An Khan

To TuRBiYUT

;

dated Seringapatam, 30th Yoosvfy.

(5th February^

Your

letter

has been received

You

<">

"

write,

that keeping

'*

in view [or looking to nothing else than] the proper execution of the

"

public business,(^> you

*'

to approve your zeal for our service,

'

fidehty

make no

and to discharge the obligations of

but that [nevertheless], owing to your

;

and labour only

distinction of persons,

destiny,^^*)

evil

these

" circumstances have not been made known to us by the superintendants " and Hurkdrehs of the post [or intelligence] department there [i. e. *'

Sa7igalore~\." It

is

Your

comprehended.

Impressed on our mind,

The

present situation.

employed

and,

and integrity are [duly]

respectability

therefore,

did

we

appoint

you to your

superintendant and Hurkdrehs are

aforesaid

to write the intelligence of that place

;

how

is it

possible, then,

that they should do otherwise than represent the actual truth to us

? (^>

You (3)

Original

i.iJ,jf

the

baggage of an army being sent away,

the

army

is

said to be

jureedah, (1)

A

long,

intelligible to

(2)

but immaterial passage,

me,

is

relating to pecuniary details,

and not entirely

here omitted.

OvigmaX J^j^ji ^j^ji^ Jpi

(3*) Original ci^ jjlt Jl^JijS

my fortune

literally

" from

the insufficiency,

or incompetency,

or fate."

(4) Literally,

*'

what power have they not

to represent the real truth to

us"

?

of

TIPPOO SULTAN. You moreover

state,

" accounts of the " the same *'

justly,

" that the cheumstance of your inspecting the and

receipts

and according to

*'

<

regulations,

extremely disagreeable to them

any saving [or deduction] can be

Your account of a

you must

certain person,

who

of that country, and

the balance of

misrepresented you

Whenever, by means of a reference to the

It is revealed.

issues of the Athounij,

affairs

^^

arises to tlie Sircur~\,

to the jli}ioumj~\, they had, in consequence,

to us/') "

and

prescribed in the rcgula-

tlie rules

[whereby a certain saving or advantage

tions

\j. e.

Athouny ,(^^ and examining

issues of the

" having rendered your interference

"

255

is

fairly

made

fearlessly carry the

who

is

in the receipts

same

extremely well versed in the

ready to undertake the realization of

eight lacks of jyagodas [due from

it],

as well as an

augmentation of two or three lacks on the present revenue,

By

dei-stood.

shortly be

God

the favor of

removed

into this matter.

tliither [i.

e.

What more

the Helper,

we

write

is

when we

un-

fully

our lofty standards

to Ba?}galore]y

shall

into effect.

will

will enquire

?

LETTER CCXXir. To Rajah

Your *'

letter

Ram Chundur

;

has been received.

issue to the eighty

men of

the

dated 3d Eezidy.

You

(8th Fehrua)y.')

" that you were about

write,

Ndimdr tribe,('> who had been

" rated into the Usiid llhyes, the regulated

ratious,^^^

to

incorpo-

and other advances,

(j) I

am

unacquainted with

indeed, several otlier ways. (0) Literally (1) Original

"

"

tliis

word,

wliicli

may be

read AOxoimy or Athoulif, and

Perhaps the intelligence department

may

be

meanu

participation."

^^L^ j^ jîs^.

j^J

las)

literally,

" they

opposition." (1)

Ntiimdr, usually

(2)

Original i_^1^

(.ailed

by the English Nairs.

set forth,

or state,

the words of

SELECT LETTERS OF

256 " vances,

" the

for their separate expences, J'royn the date

subject

but that Syed Peer £the Kilaadd.r~\ furthermore demanded

;

" certain arrears of pay and *'

period."

The

has

lost his wits].

the

men

rations,

aforesaid Kilaaddr

The

in question,

rations,

previoiisft/ to

Ram Chundur

such times as new

that

deprived of his understanding [or

is

fiom the date of our orders [on the

to be paid to

subject].

CCXXIII.

and Turbiyut Ali

Eezidy.

At

due to them

and other allowances, are

LETTER To Rajah

of our orders on

Khan

;

dated 4th

(9th Fehruari/.^

levies, or recruits, for the Jijshe

and Piddehs

are to be entertained [or taken into the service], you two, and Syed Peer [|the Kilaaddr~\,

ful] to entertain

in the Kuchurrj/, are [to be

assembUng together

none but proper and

eligible

You

men.

a muster of the men some time since admitted into the aforesaid Kilaaddr,

and dismissing such of them

to] be unfit [for the service], allow ("to

him pay

mind-

are also to take tTi/she,

by the

as shall [appear to

for those only

who

you

are

fit

be retained].

LETTER CCXXIV. To Budruz ,

'

Your two

Zuman Khan

letters,

;

dated 8th Eezidy.

with the enclosed memorandums of the Ndimdr [or

Nair'] captives, have been received

and

thirty-five^')

(I3lh Fehruari/.')

You

did right in causing a

hundred

of them to be circumcised, and in putting eleven of the

youngest

(I) If the following

hundred and

numbers are

thirty-five.

right, this

ought to be a hundred and

five,

instead of a

TIPPOO SUJLTAN.

257

youngest of these into the Usud Ilhije band [or class], and the remain-

Ahmedy

ing ninety-four into the

troop,(^>

consigning the whole, at the

You must

Nugr.

same

time, to the charge of the Kilaaddr of

strict

orders to the said Kilaaddr, to take the utmost care of these peo-

they shall not perish/^)

ple, so that

N.B. There follow here some unimjiortant (and not very respecting

give

certain

and

defaulters

others, subject

intelligible)

orders,

of

Budruz

to the jurisdiction

Zuman Khan.

OBSERVATIONS. from

It appears

this,

and some other passages, that the Sultan,

as if

pluming

himself particularly on the institution of the two troops, or corps, of Ahmedies

and Usud care

Ilhyes,

was extremely attentive to every thing relating

and management,

I

at the period of his death

am ;

to their proper

uncertain whether these corps continued in existence

but

it is

probable they did, as they are mentioned in

documents of a recent date.

LETTER CCXXV. To BuRiiANVDDEEN

Your

letter

;

Same Date.

has been received, and

We approve of your having,

its

(I3lh Febriiary.') contents are comprehended.

and con-

for the present, with the advice

currence of the Sipahddrs, encamped with your army in the vicinity of Killoor, which

[it

seems]

is

a safe and strong

(2) It

might be inferred from

tlie

tliis

Ahmedy and Usud

passage,

it

Original

^yLJ t-ili\i

"

that tliey

if

there

\v;is

any difTerence

in the consti-

consisted partly (if not eiitiifly) in

in the latter,

may

con-

will

tinue

tii.it

llhye corps,

younger converts to Islam were cniollcd

(3)

You

L

2

tution of the

position.

and the older

tliis:

in tlie forniur.

not be spoiled, or go to ruin."

that

SELECT LETTERS OP

258 tinue there,

and observe the utmost

vigilance,

and

cattle,

Hyder Ali Baig, one hundred

horse,

Dispatch the Daisi/e and his managers, with to the Presence, under charge of

and precaution.

care,

all

their effects

and two or three hundred Piddehs.

You have done

right, in taking possession of the

and Jdmooty, belonging

to Kittoor

and

;

trusty Sipahddr, Avith a garrison of three

two

villages of

in placing in the

Sipra

former fort a

hundred Piddehs.

OBSERVATIONS. The

orders contained in this letter, respecting the position to be occupied

Biirhanuddeen's army, are,

it

will

be perceived, at variance with those trans-

mitted to that officer about ten days before (Letter a retrogade

movement

to

by

CCXX).

Dhdncdr, which Burhanuddeen and

would appear to have thought inexpedient

:

and

The

latter directed

bis council of

in this opinion

we here

war

perceive

the Sidtan acquiescing.

LETTER CCXXVI. To

the

It

same ; dated Seringapatam, 9th Eezidy.

is

not proper or advisable, that your guns should be planted in

batteries,^'^

at a distance

your army,

in the

close

(I4th Pebruart/.')

[from your

lines].

You must

keep them near

same manner^^^ that you keep your army

and compact order, as directed

in Letter

itself [i. e. in

CLXXXVIII].

You must,

(1)

This

is

the word employed in the original,

it

having been

vcr)' generally

adopted by

the natives of India. (2) ••'

risjlit

»J^li' J^V* ^^^'^-'i ™^y îlô mean, " agreeable to the custom, or army :" but it strikes me, that the interpretation I have adopted is the

Original jy.^XjJ

practice, of your

one.

TIPPOO SULTAN. must, moreover, continual

and remain

vigilant

I

send out for intelligence of the enemy,

y(^>

and prepared

Keep

at your post/"*^

informed of these matters [or of

larly]

259

all

also,

us,

[regu-

occurrences].

OBSERVATIONS. The Sultan

appears, at this period,

attack from the confederate forces

undertook about

month

It

of

this time,

May

the commanders of which, however, did not,

and of which place they

finally obtained possession, in

following.

seems rather extraordinary, that the Sultan should have had occasion to teach

Burhanuddeen is

have been in expectation of an early

propose more at present than to cover the siege of Bdddmy, which they

I believe,

the

;

to

introduced

:

so obvious a lesson in tactics, as that with

but

it

must

be owned, that the information before us

also

scanty, to enable us to form

any

placed, as well as on the nature of the ground

All that

injudicious and dangerous

;

is

while

Much,

clear notion of the subject.

would depend on the actual distance from the camp

either of these points.

which the present

certain

it is

is,

;

at

and the

that

which the

letter

too

is

of course,

artillery

was

throws no light on

letter

Tippoo thought the disposition

likewise probable, that

when he formed

judgment, he possessed a distinct knowledge of the different

this

local circumstances

connected with the question.

LETTER CCXXVir. To Chishty

Your " ble

[/.

letter c.

Yar Khan

;

dated

Wth Eezidy.

has passed under our view.

duly qualified]

Original

^

(4)

Original

^J^ ^J^.

(I)

A

"

jictty officer,

represent,

Tarufddrs'^^^ are not to

2 (3)

You

L

(I6th

" that

sensi-

he procured at the

2

success! vcl}-, incessantly."

employed

FcLriiari/.')

in the collection of the land revenue.

*'

monthly

SELECT LETTEHS OP'

260

"

raontlily

*'

cution of the pubUc service cannot be expected from

*'

only a pagoda a month

*'

to authorize the different

wages of one ^w^Wff, and that the proper and

faithful exe-

men

receiving'

you, therefore, propose, with our permission,

:

Aumils

" monthly pay of the persons

in

to

make some

question,"

little

increase in the

Let the monthly wages of

the Turufddrs of the laaliiks [or districts] under you be fixed at

what

you may judge proper and necessary to their subsistence, to the end that the business of the Sircar

may

be performed in the best manner.

LETTER CCXXVIII. To

the

Your

Shanoor Waleh letter

What

does

it

you write on the subject of the Paishcush

signify

?

Let the Paishcush

histalments, to Nursia, the Deivdn of

is

understood.

in question be paid,

Nugr.

herewith enclosed for the said Dewdn, to

With regard

(20th Fehruari/.')

by Gopal Kishn has been received, and has given us great

What

pleasure.

Eezidw

dated \5th

;<'>

A letter,

whom

by four

to this effect,

you must foi-ward

is it.

to the malversations [or embezzlements], to the extent of

twenty-sLx lacks of rupees, ministers, &c. of that friend,

which have been established against the

you must examine into the account of the

same, and enforcing payment thereof, by flogging and other rigorous

means, transmit to us bankers' acceptances for the amount.

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter

dating in

its

is

rather

spirit,

more

than the

civil,

last

in point of style, as well as

more accommo-

one to the same person (Letter CLI).

Any

change, (1)

I.

e.

Abd&l Hukecm Khan, the Patan

cliicf

of Slulnoor.

I

have adopted a different reading, the name

before, that tliougli

I

nianuseript Sdnoor.

See Appendix, D.

ought to have observed is

always written

in tlie

TIPPOO SULTAN. change, in these respects, poh'tical motives,

to

any

though

it

may be would be

pretty safely referred, in the present case, to difficult,

particular source of that kind.

began now

to

261

But

at this time, to trace such a

change

as the operations of the belligerent*

take a direction, which must soon compel the

Patan

to declare

openly in favour of one or other of the contending parties, Tippoo's object, this

moment, might

at

be, either to conciliate that chieftain, or to conceal, under

an appearance of relaxation from his former demands, the design he had possibly already formed, of over-running his country, and of driving

him from

his capital j

both of which the Sultan did, very soon after the date of the foregoing

letter.

LETTER CCXXIX. To NuwAzisH Ali Khan,

aSo?? o/"

Eezivy.

Shujaaud Dowlahj

(2\st Februart/.')

[After compliments.]

Agreeably to your request we have

advanced a hundred rupees for your expences. pursuance of our orders, arrive [there.]

money, repair to the Presence. also a

Purwdneh

dated 16th

We

Undan SubhyO

will,

in

After I'eceiving the aforesaid

enclose a passport [for you],

for the above mentioned Subhy,

which you

and

will deliver

to him.

OBSERVATIONS. I

am

of this

uncertain whether the Shujaaud Dovvlah, mentioned in the suj)erscription letter,

be meant for the father of the present Nabob of Oude, or

nobleman of the Decan, bearing the same the Nahub of that successor, father,

name

left several sons,

title.

besides

It is well

fled

;

his

immediate

who, on the death of

from their brother's court, aud sought an asylum

some

known, however, that

Asophud Dowlah,

and Saadut Ali Khan, the present Nabob

for

among

their

the neighbourin

(1)

Name

uncertain.

SELECT LETTERS OF

262 Whether

ing powers.

determine

but,

:

or not Nuvvazish

AH

was one of

these, I

am

unable to

whoever he might be, the reception here given him was certainly

sufficiently discouraging.

He

is

no where again mentioned.

LETTER CCXXX. Khan

To BuDRUz ZuMAN

some Date.

;

Conformably with your humble and

ten,

and send

You must

herein enclosed.

is

request,(')

for your family [to join you].

(2\st Fehiniari/.')

a passport has been WTit-

dispatch the necessary equipage,

What more ?

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter is

inserted, for the purpose of showing,

whatever rank or consideration,

could,

when employed

both that no person, of at a distance

from the

have his family with him, unless by the express authority of the Sultan;

capital,

and that the tending

granted his servants this indulgence.

in the present conjuncture (the

it,

issue), to

latter, occasionally,

commencement of

Budruz Zuman Khan, strongly marks

His ex-

a war of doubtful

his confidence in the fidelity of

tliat officer.

LETTER CCXXXI. To Urshudullah Khak, Buktsut of

the

Ehsiiam ; same Date.

Q2\st February.^

Directing him,

afiter

recovering from the Kilaaddr of Kunnikgeery

amount of the embezzlements

the

established against the latter, to dis-

patch the said Kilaaddr to

('*>

Mentioning, (1)

(1*J ter,

Original Û;Jc>-)l It is

" imploring, supplication."

not said in the original to what place the Kilaaddr was to be sent.

on the same subject, says

Seringapatam

is

meant.

'

to the fort "

Another

but without specifying what fort.

let-

Perhaps

TIPPOO SULTAN. Mentioning, moreover, that, in future, he to

263

is

not to take upon himself

remove or exchange any of the Kilaaddrs [within

his jurisdiction],

and desiring

without the express authority of the Sultan;

this to

be

considered as a most positive order.

LETTER CCXXXII. To LuTF Ali

Khan

Shah Noorullah Khan

and

Eezidy. Three

and three Puduks^^ of the value

of thirty-six thousand two hundred and thirty rupees,

You must open

affixed.

which our private

have been dis-

seal [or signet] has

and having examined

this casket,

its

and three Puduks,

three Kulgies, three Surpaishes,

mentioned [or referred to]

been

contents,

changed

for the

enclosed.

more valuable

Of

this

originally

our instructions [to you], bei7ig afterivards

in

considered hy us of insufficient value,

is

'^^^

whole up again, and keep the same [carefully] by you.

seal the

The

in a casket, to

dated 22d

(2'Jth Fchruary.^

Kulgies,^'^^ three Surpaishes,^-^

patched to you

;

set

now

on that account,

have,

sent,

been

and of which a memorandum

memorandum a copy must

be entered in our book

of instructions. (1)

The Kulgy,

ov

Kidghy,

the

is

plume of jewels which surmounts the

(2) Surpaich, ox Surpaish, \.hd.i\^\.\\c Aigrette. (3) I

am

not clear what

is

meant by a

a jewel, suspended from the neck. tion, 111

by

oflSccrs

this last sense

of a certain rank, it

It also

who

duty.

Equal to about

.^"4,500.

fPuduk.J

It

wear

:

it,

seems, however, to have been

appears to have been worn as a badge of distinc-

are, in consequence,

answered to our gorgtt

hideen, that the ofliccrs entitled to

(4)

'_^<^vi

and

it

sometimes called Piuluk-wdkhs,

FuthurMujdappear with it when on

tnay be collected, from the

were always obliged

to

264

SELECT LETTERS OP

OBSERVATIONS. The book Seringapatam

of instructions, ;

was

as

here mentioned,

also the journal of this very

not take copies of these curious documents,

many It

points, on

is

which we must be content,

a well established

Grand Seignor

the

Louis

XVI, but

was among the papers found

fact,'''

embassy.

I regret that I

at

did

which would, no doubt, explain

for the present, to

remain ignorant.

that this embassy, though ostensibly dispatched to

alone, was ultimately to have proceeded, not only to the court of

likewise to that of

London

;

the mission to the latter being ex-

pressly designed to veil the secret negociations proposed to be opened with France. therefore, the jewels

If,

of what was destined for

enumerated all

in the foregoing letter

the three courts mentioned,

it

comprized the whole

must be allowed, that

the meditated presents were not formed on such a scale of magnificence, as might

have been expected from an eastern prince, desirous of impressing three of the principal sovereigns of Europe with a is

possible, however,

high idea of his power and resources.

that the casket, specified

stituted only a part of the jewels intended to

The embassy was

finally

in this dispatch,

may

It

have con-

have been presented.

composed of four persons,

as appears

by the next

letter.

LETTER CCXXXIII. To

Ghulam Ali Khan, Lute Ali Khan, Shah Noorullah Khan, and Mahommed Huneee dated 24fh Eezidy. (\st March.^ ;

Your You

letters

write,

have been received, and their contents are understood.

" that

" on board the

all

ships,

the stores, supplies, merchandize, &c. are laden

and that you only wait

" Usud Ilhye men and the jewels, when you

for the arrival of the will

proceed [on your voyage]]."

{6)

See Colonel Beatsoii's N.irrativc, page 179.

TIPPOOSULTAN. voyage]."

It is

The men,

known.

26 it were dispatehed [from

in question,

hence] some time ago, and most probably have reached you before

The

jewels are

now

forwarded, and will arrive.

As soon

received them, hasten your departure, and do not let the

this.

you have

as

scason*^'^

escape

you.(-)

You

"

write,

" the season *'

that the season for sailing to

for JBtissorah

whatsoever

we may

" accordingly."

and

3Iiiscat

please

not yet over

Some time

since

;"

adding, " that

you

will

act

Othman Khan, a

ser-

and

reached Hussorah,

being dispatched by us,

vant of the Sircar,

passed, but that

is

order on this subject,

to

known.

It is

is

Juddah

thence proceeded to Baghdad, from whence he was sent on by the JBdiha [of the latter place] to Constaidinople is

with a

sixty days journey,

appears

[to us]

to

same route

that

;

we

is,

is,

first

understand,

Now

from Baghdad.

be most proper and advisable

proceed by the

should

caravan,

which, as

;

what

that you likewise

from

to Bussorah,

thence to Baghdad, and from thence to Coyest ant inojde.

our wish to obtain possession of the port of Bussorah in farm.

It is

Consequently,

we

to that place.(^)

reasons, well pleased at your going

are, for several

Proceeding thither, accordingly, you

the state of things there, and

make

examine

will

into

every [necessary] enquiry respecting

the port, where you will, at the same time, dispose of your mei'chundi'ze.

From thence you must

repair straight to Nujnf, the most noble

M

2 Oiigiiial

(2) Original

" do

not

(3)

i.

let it

c.

"

spectful

f^yt (mosevi) from whence, probabi}-, Monsoon. ,s:.> V'

\z

-...\'^

slip throiigli

j^^j-"

""J "

''^'"^'

'^°

(4) Culled usually

S'^'^

'''*^

season

fi'(

m

your

liantis ;"

or,

by the state of

liie

Monsoon,

tiiat

you should

to JudJah.'^

Niijuf Ushruf.

situated on the plain of

Yezecd and the sons of

"°'

your hands."

at its being reiulerctl necessary,

" 20 there, instead of

It is

where

our very humble duty, you will represent in the most re-

presenting

(1)

j^^)

Ali.

This

is

a place of great sanctity with

Kerbda, celebrated

for the

Mahommedans.

bloody battle fouglit there between

SELECT LETTERS OP

266 spectful

and submissive manner, that

be agreeable [to the priests in

if it

charge of the holy shrine] to have an aqueduct brought to Nujuf the

most noble ffroni the Euphrates], and they to that effect,

and money

for

we

will, in

its

the following year, send the necessary people

You must

construction.

answer which you may receive to

we may

particulars, in order that

You must

not

signify their pleasure

will

make any

report to us, at length, the

this proposal, together

with

all

other

act accordingly.

further delay, after the arrival of the party

[immediately on your

but proceed

of Usud Hhjes and the jewels,

Consider this order as positive.

voyage].

OBSERVATIONS. The

Sultan's project of acquiring possession of Bussorah was, probably,

By what means

any he ever entertained.

extravaofant as

such an object,

it

would be

instructions to the embassy,

would throw some were empowered

light

difficult to

and

on the

to offer

its

conceive

journal,

subject.

Mangalore

in

:

but

he could hope to attain it

is

probable, that the

which, no doubt, are

It has

been

exchange

for

said, that the it

:

but

I

tenances the notion

an exchange,

There the

is

it

;

since, besides its

letter

still

extant,

ambassadors

think

that a prince of the Sultans characteristic jealousy and distrust,

consented to such an arrangement: and the

as

it

unlikely

should have

before us certainly discoun-

not containing the most distant allusion to

distinctly speaks of his

wish " to farm

" the port in question.

reason to believe, that the Sultan's project of constructing a canal from

Euphrates to Nujuf,

relinquished; since Mirza

if

ever seriously entertained

Abu

Talib,

who

by him, was ultimately

visited this sanctuary in 1803, does

not mention such a work, though he has recorded a similar one, executed at the

cxpence of the

late

Nabob, Asophud Dowlah.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

26/

LETTER CCXXXIV. To BuDRuz ZiTMAN

After among

fixing*

Kha n

dated 25th Eezidy.

;

(2d March.^

a proper price on the coats which you have distributed

tlie Ji/ahe,

you

will

deduct the amount from their pay.

Issue to the Serishteddrs of the £/iih(hn, and to the Gomdshtehs, the

monthly allowances

There

our instructions to you.

specified in

is

no

necessity for transmitting to us fresh pay abstracts [for this purpose].

You

will also

make a

one

daily allowance of

pice^'^ to

such of the

children of the Koorgs, between five and ten years old, as you

may

think proper.

LETTER CCXXXV. To

Eezidy.

the same; dated 21th

Whatever number

of

Koorg women and

(4th March.^

children may, at this time,

be at Nngr, Koonly-doorg,^^*^ or elsewhere, must be collected together,

and the allowance formerly assigned

for their support be paid to them.

LETTER CCXXXVI. To

Mahommed Ghyas

Five months ago, we a

:

we

(!•}

A

pice

is

Name

letter,

together with

which we have hitherto had no

to

have, therefore, again dispatched two more Hurkdrelis,

2 (I)

(4th March.}

two Hurkdrehs a

Moodhojec Bhonsillah,

dress, to

answer

sent by

same Date.

;

M

2

a copper coin, ncaily of the value of u halfpenny.

uncertain.

whom

SELECT LETTERS OF

268

whom you must

secretly

yourself, with the letter

This matter

is

forward,

but not directly or avowedly from

which they have

to be kept profoundly secret.

in

charge for the aforesaid.

After being satisfied of the

[favorable] disposition of the aforesaid, you must, from time to time,

send a person to him, and privately sound his views

employing always

;

[on the occasion] such language as may be most conducive to the

improvement of [our mutual] friendship and regard.

OBSERVATIONS. The

reader will scarcely require to be informed, that Moodhojee Bhonslllah was

Rajah

the

The mode

of Berar, and one of the principal

of the

Mahrattah

state.

adopted by the Sultan, of drawing this person over to his interests,

would not appear

may

members

to have

much

consulted the dignity of the latter

;

however

it

have been demanded, by the caution necessary to be observed in such a

correspondence. this intrigue

;

I possess

but

I

no means of ascertaining what success Tippoo had in

believe that

part in the ensuing

Moodhojee Bhonsillah took

hostilities.'"'

It was,

indeed,

little

or no very active

the uniform policy of that

chieftain, in all the contests of his neighbours, to maintain, as long as possible (virtually, at least, if not formally),

such a line of neutrality, as generally

very doubtful to which side he most leaned: nor was he used to distinction,

on these occasions, between the

other circumjacent powers.

His son and

chiefs

of his

own

left it

make much

nation,

and the

successor, Raghojee Bhonsillah, has not,

however, adhered to his father's system, in this respect.

(1)

Letter

He

is

saiJ, in the

CCXCVII.)

to

Persian newspapers of

tliis

period (referred to

have quitted the Maiirattalj army some time

returned to Nagpoor, leaving his son at the head of a body of iiim.

by

Whether

this

five

in aiiotlier

instance at

July 1186, and to have thousand horse behind

apparent, though qualified, defection of the Bhonsillah was occasioned

the intrigue alluded to in the present letter,

of ascertaining.

in

is

a point which

I

do not possess the means

TIPPOO SULTAN.

269

LETTER CCXXXVII. ZuMAN Khan

To BuDRUZ

What

dated 28th Eezidt.

j

write, concerning the death of five

you

the smull-pox,

understood.

is

They

covered with underwood. ^'^

[?'.

e.

Two

collecting

may

is

best agree with them.

or three letters appear about this time, containing directions for

gram

(for the

consumption of twelve thousand stable-horse) in the direc-

tion of ânâfore, Chinroydoorg, Ruttungeeri/, orders,

[thereahouts]

the Koorgs~\ must be kept where

the chmate [hterally, the water and air]

N.B.

3IorcIt.')

hundred Koorgs from

country

whole

Tlie

(5fh

which

also

and Sttmrpufn {Bulhdry). These

announce the early approach of the Sultan, were, no doubt,

preparatory to the rapid

movement which he was now probably meditating

against

Adoni.

LETTER CCXXXVIII. To ZvNUL Aabideen,

(GootyJ

Agreeably enclosed,

forward

With

to

;

Bukhshy

of the

EHsUAMatFrzE-YAB Hisar (6th March.)

dated 29th Eezidy.

your request, an order has been written, and

for the post

Hurkdrehs of Hnrry-hur,

to

whom

is

herehi

you

will

it.

what

respect to lead and powder, do you act according to

is

That you should pursue your own opinion,

written in your instructions.

in opposition thereto, occasions us the utmost surprise.^'*)

(1)

Original c:.„«j,U. (Jj3^

of this passage.

"

the country."

It

(I*)

The word

manuscript, after

may

But

signify,

in this

surprise

JU^ "

is

"

I

it

liavc considerable {i.e.

doubt

the small-pox)

case the word

,j

is

is

witli

regard to the meaning

spread, or prevails,

over

wanting.

here supplied on conjecture, a blank having been

complete, utmost," &c.

ail

left in

the

SELECT LETTERS OF

270

LETTER CCXXXIX. To BuRHANUDDEEN

;

Intelligence has reached

dutcd \st Byazy.

(J th March?)

us, ^tating, that Holkar, the

and other forces of the enemy, to the number of have

set out,

with an intention of falUng upon('>

It also appears, that the Vakeels of the

Guyckwdr,

thirty thousand horse,

tliat light

of our eyes.

Sorapoor man, as well as those

of the Zeminddrs of Gunjunghur, and other dependencies of the Sircar,

who

waited on the worthless^^) commander of the enemy, and opened

negociations with him, have

met with an encouraging

reception,

and

been directed to join the enemy's army with their respective troops. This is

written to that light of our eyes, by

way of

precaution [or, to put you

on your guard].

LETTER CCXL. To

the

same

;

dated 3d Byazy.

(9th March?)

Tukojee Hulkar and the Guyckivdr have moved towards you with foul intentions

:('*)

you

will,

therefore, take

up a position with your army

near the fort of Dhdrwdr, and omit not a single measure of precaution in that situation.

You

must, moreover,

enjoin

all

the inhabitants of

that quarter to be cautious and watchful.

OBSERVATIONS. The

Sultan seems here to revert to his former orders (see Letter

respecting the position to be occupied

CCXX)

by Burhanuddeen, but which he revoked by Letter

(1) Original >Xilw

j^li " pouring down,"

(2) Original Îj^li literally

Sultan,

"

no-lcader."

when speaking of any chief

(1*) Original aUÎ

wi,U

or

as rain.

This

is

a favorite term of opprobium with the

commander among

his

enemies.

TIPPOO SUI.TAN. Letter

CCXXV,

and the superior (Letter

271

in compliance, apparently, with the suggestion of that general

officers of his

We

army.

shall

soon see him wave the point again.

CCXLVIII.)

LETTER CCXLL To Rajah

Notifying

Ram Chundur

to him, that

of Uangâ/ore, to

whom

sum of two

lacJcs

he must

recall

he had, of

[Ram

ahsence, or otherwise he

the

same Date.

;

his

(9th March.^

Sohhah Rao, the Serishteddr

own

authority, given leave of

Chundiir] would he held responsible for

of rupees due to the Sircar [that

Is

to say, remain-

ing to be accounted for] hy the aforesaid Serishteddr.

LETTER To

Mahommed Wasil, Kilaadar

of

Tarmurry ;

dated 4th ByAzy.

March.^

(10//t

Do

CCXLII.

you apply yourself to the care and defence of your fort; and

if

the vagabond cavalry of Hyderahad<^^ should again appear in your quarter, chastise

them.

Agreeably to your request, we enclose an order to the BuLhshy of the

Ehshdm

[at Gooty~\, to let

powder, for the use of your

you have a supply of fort.

Forward the same

LETTER

Dispatch

;

to the fort of

and

to him.

CCXLIII.

To Meek Moiiib Alt, Bukiishy of

CGootyJ

jjrovisions, lead,

same Date.

the

Ehsham at Fyze Hisar

(lOth March.^

Tdrmurry a supply of

provisions, lead,

and

powder, according to the [established] custom and regulations of the Sircar. (1)

"

Original jlj^ju*.

ijd.J\J\y^

wliich

Ht/clerabad" (i.e. the NizdmJ.

may

also be read,

"

tlie

cavalry of the vagabond of

SELECT LETTERS Or

272 [That

Sircar. fixed

is

to say, in the quantities or proportions of each article

by the regulations, either for the

fort

of Tdnmirry specifically, or

for a fort of that class.]

LETTER CCXLIV To

Ghulam Ahmed, Kazy of Nugr ;

dated 6th BrJzr.

(I2th March.)

We understand what you have represented, man

inhabitant of Lukoti/,^^^

" who was

in the

*'

images, in the manner of the ^/»c/oo5, and

*'

upon hearing of the matter,

*'

dren

" under a guard,

let

will deal

him

whom

you, inconsequence,

seized, together with his wife

and

chil-

Kuchurry of the Ehshdm, and keeping them

possessed, to the

You

habit of worshipping

dispatching what money, as well as gold and silver trinkets,

;

" they

regarding a certain Musul-

go.

till

you should receive our orders respectmg them."

with the aforesaid [offender] according to law, and then

In matters relating to our holy law, you are authorized to

act as you think proper [or, are independent].^-^

OBSERVATIONS. The

fact here recorded,

supposing the Kdzi/s statement to be correct,

curious one, because of rare occurrence

of

it.

I

offence

am ;

:

ignorant what punishment the

but

it is

is

a very

indeed, I never heard of another instance

Mahommedan

law has appointed for this

most probable, that the property of the present

culprit,

if

not

entirely confiscated, was, at least, heavily amerced.

(1) (2)

Name

uncertain.

Original

S)\k^

jji

J^\

i^,jii

?/-j^^jJ

Vi

^1

TIPPOO SULTAN

i?/*'

LETTER CCXLV. 2o BuRHANUDDEEN

You *'

You must

(Idied lOth

ByJzy.

(\iith

" that having dispatched your baggage

write,

victorious

;

army

is

now

light('>

not be precipitate

a [proper] opportunity of

;

March

to Misrycotah, our

and piepared for action."

It is

known.

but acting prudently and warily, watch for

punishment [on the enemy].

inflicting

If,

moreover, they should encamp near you, you must seek for a favorable

make

occasion, and

a night attack upon them.

LETIER CCXLVI. To

the

same

;

dated 24th ByJzy.

(30th March.)

In case the enemy should encamp near you, watching for a favorable

you must make a night assault upon them,

opportunity,

them

Your foragers and

signally.

country of the

on

interior,*^)

('*)

this side

must be sent

of you [that

is,

in

and chastise into the close

your rear].

OBSERVATIONS. It is curious to observe the

night assault to be that

mode

tises it as a

Sultan directing,

in this

made on the Mahrattah army,

of attack has been adopted

N

(1) Original >Jln>-

(2)

while, on other occasions,

base proceeding, worthy only of robbers.

There

is

Origiiiul

a

word

^Js Â

iicre in llic

^yjjSi\

letter,

a

when

by the English against himself, he stigmi-

2

(1*)

and the preceding

manuscript

^j^ CJ^ji

illegible.

SELECT LETTERS OP

274

To

the

LETTER CCLXVir. Shanoor Waleh dated 26th BrJzr. ;

Agreeably

to your request,

we have

Qst

yJprili)

written and enclose an order to

Nursia, the Deivdn of Niigr, directing him to accept payment of that

end of three months.

friend's tribute^') at the

LETTER To Burhanuddeen

Your encamping Kdzy of Tdrkul

;

dated 2d

at

Forward the same

to him.

CCXLVIII.

Ahmedy, Year DulloS^*^ Qth April.')

Misrycotah, as well as your dispatching of the

was proper.

to the Presence,

Purwdnehs are enclosed

for the

According to your request,

Aumils of the

several Taalilks, as like-

wise for the [different] Kilaaddrs, directing them to furnish you [constantly] with intelligence of the enemy's [motions].

Let loose the marauding horse, and other predatory troops [with you],

upon the enemy's army, with orders

camp] horses without

numberS'^^

to capture and bring in [to your

Take

own army, and be always prepared

care [at the same time] of your

[or on your guard].

i

LETTER CCXLIX. To

Mahommed

In

like

Ali,

manner

as

Avmil

UfzulabJdy Nugr ;('**> same Date. Qth April.') of

you have caused two thousand

tants of Zuferdhdd, to flee [the country], even so

them back [or cause them Original

(1*)

Dullo, or the fortieth year of the cycle, corresponding to

(2)

Original

(2*)

am

must you send for

to return thither.]

(1)

(I**) I

Samories,^'^*^ inhabi-

^>^jj A.D. 1736-7.

J^ ^ J.^\

not acquainted with the situation of this place.

Tiie chief of this tribe

is

the person called by the Europeans the

Zamoruu

TIPPOO SULTAN.

275

LETTER CCL. Mahommed Abdullah,

To

Cutival of the

Ahmedy.

One

Army ;

dated 4th

(9th April!)

thousand two hundred and-forty two bullocks,

belonging to the

Usitd-Ilhye Kdtht/,^^^ and six hundred bullocks, belonging to the powder-

magazine, are appointed to be sent to for their being fed with thick milk,^^>

The

seer^*^ to every bullock.

pasture,^-)

where you must provide

at the daily

allowance of a

[necessary] cowherds must be

made

full

to

remain along with them at the pasturage, for the purpose of serving the curds; for which you are to take a regular receipt from

them

[i.

e.

from

the cowherds].

OBSERVATIONS. It is probable,

that the bullocks, here enumerated, were intended to be

on the expedition now meditated by the

ment

;S'M//a« against ^rfort/;

thither was intended to be very sudden

and

and

as

employed his

move-

rapid, the cattle selected for the

occasion would, of course, be previously brought into the best condition possible.

Thick, or curdled milk,

is,

I believe,

considered in India as particularly heartening

to oxen,

2 (1) A'JMj^ probably (2)

I

ratlicr tbitik,

means

that the

licrc,

name

N

3

" depot, or magazine." of

tlic

pasturage

is

given in the original

;

but, if so,

it is

illegible.

(3) Original

isJyua^

(4) Original

cJj liuk

is

the term

equal to about ten pounds avoirdupois).

which the Sultan substituted

for Seer

(a weight

^:

SELECT LETTERS OF

276

LETTER To

Darogha

the

CCLI.

Pvtn ;

of the Post- Office at

dated 6th

Ahmedy-

(11 /A April.

Such taken

to,

will be

fruits as

would

and deUvcred

forwarded as

spoil before

the Jinsy Toshth-khdneh, from whence they

at,

may

they reached our Presence, must be

be ordered.^

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter is given principally for the

at the date of

it,

moved from thence patam.

is

left ;

Serlngapatam.

but the

last letter,

purpose of shewing that the Sultan had, It

does not appear on what day he actually

purporting to be written from Sermga-

The

one dated l6th of Bydzy.

intermediate

the present one, do not happen to contain the

On

they were dispatched.

the 11th

Ahmedy

LETTER To Shumsuddeen

Directing

Khan

j

name

letters, to

the date of

of the place from

the Sultan writes from Bangalore.

CCLII.

dated 9th

Ahmedy.

the following books, written in a good

(I4th April.}

hand (not crabbed,

but plain and legible) to be taken from the Sultaris library,

patched to the Presence

IN

volume

Giiliifdn,

1

Bostdn,

1 ditto.

Voosi1/iividZuleekha,2 ditto.

(1) Original

Jwl^ juftUi- cu^l

y;>>-jL(

are to be stnt to." (2)

and

dis-

:

IN PERSIAN.

•'

whence

Perhaps the Amud-ndmeh

is

meant.

^.U-

DEKNY.

Khdlik-Bdry

Knreemdn

Amdun

literally,

"

^^^

I'ney will

send

tlK-na

where ihey

TIPPOO SULTAN.

277

OBSERVATIONS. appear in

Several orders, of a similar nature with the above, lection of letters.

As

the books in the foregoing

list

are

what may be

called school-

may

be concluded,

books, or such as are usually put into the hands of learners, that the Sultan was accompanied,

at this time,

the present col-

by one

or

its

more of

his

younger

sons.

LETTER To

Meer Mohib (Gooty)

On

Mukhshy of Ehsham, at Fyze Hisak dated Wth Aiimedy. (\Qth April.

Ali, ;

the subject of his securing the person of

of the Kundachdr, family

made

CCLIII.

;

who had

and intimating

Ram

Rilo, the Serishteddr

absconded, together with the persons of

to him, tliat

he [Moliih Ali] would otherwise be

amount of the claims against the

responsible [for the

all his

fugitive].

LETTER CCLIV. 2b

the

Sanoor Waleh

[After compliments].

dated

;

.

.

.

BAXGALonE, same Date.

What you

(IHt/i Aprit.)

write, respecting the severity with

which Rukhunder Naik, &c. press the payment of the eight lacks of rupees [due to us by you], as well as your request, that

we would send

orders to

the aforesaid Ndik, to desist from his rigorous proceedings in regard to this

money,

is

understood.

Agreeably to your

mitted [the necessary] directions to us,

acconipunicd

tlie

Nd/k,

by the same persons,

whom

luive trans-

you

will

send back to

on your part,

attended upon us; in order that, a valuation being

them] of the gold, the

we

desire,

trinkets, the jewels,

made

who

formerly

in [concert

with

&c. which have arrived in cliarge

SELECT LETTERS Or

278

charge of Weethul Doss, the banker, the same into the Sircar

You *•

having

*'

that quarter,

*'

the danger occasioned by the enemy's

that

lately increased, the

" and that

have,

this

husbandmen,

It is

will soon

be

comprehended.

repelled,^')

in ;

God,

the Aider,

and receive the proper

After the confidence and tran-

reward of their unjust proceedings.(^) quillity

and others

inhabitants,

the reason of your not having been enabled, hitherto,

is

enemy

the

approach

taken the most serious alarm

consequence,

in

to satisfy our fair claims."

pleasing,

be [duly] dehvered

paid into our treasury].

[i. e.

"

write

may

of the husbandmen, &c. shall have been restored, you must apply

yourself to the discharge of our demands.

With a view

to

aforesaid banker,

your ease and satisfaction, to our Presence

&c.(^)

and importunity, respecting pecuniary the re-establishment of

N. B. There

of Abdul

Dileer Jung,

Hukeem Khan,

the

whom

I

the

in order that all controversy

affairs,

What more

quiet.^*)

follows a letter, of the

Khan Behadur

;

we have remanded

may

shall

same date and

be suspended,

we pen

tenor,

till

?

addressed to Dileer

conclude to have been the principal minister

Nabob of Sdnoor.

LETTER CCLV. Khan

To Shumsuddeen

;

dated

Bangalore, 16th Ahmehy.

(2\st April?)

After some

directions, concerning certain gold ornaments,

workmen belonging (1) Original

t^L.* jj^

(2) Original

,iy^j\y*i>\j

(3)

to the

"

which the

Tosheh-khdneh (of which Shumsuddeen was

setded, repelled."

Jj^

literally,

"

their uneven actions."

This would appear to refer to Rakhunder Naik.

(4) Original

A^s^

*-iJi literally,

'« till

the settlement of the pending dispute, or troubles."

TIPPOO SULTAN. were employed

supcrintendant)

tbe

proceeds

You

2/9

uuiklng

in

up,

the

thus

letter

:

write.

" that the druggists (') require payment for the

articles

" [furnished by them], and that you wait our orders on the subject."

It

that you have entirely laid aside your instructions, and

appears by this,

never peruse them.

If

it

be written therein, that the articles purchased

for our use are to be paid for, they

must accordingly be paid for:

be written, that they are not to be paid for, paid

(^)

if it

[then] they must not be

for.

OBSERVATIONS. If the foregoing letter,

in

its

which

most plain and obvious

a close translation of the original, be understood

is

sense,

oppressive system of requisitions,

French is

made

for articles

in his instructions

;

we

shall

be obliged to conclude, that the

adopted some years

was already known

revolutionists,

possible, however, that his

to be

.

after the date of

MJtJJ J>jj

is

purchased on his account, in such cases only as were specified

and

that,

admissible,

>iy^ '^J'J^j^

the tradesman was expected

in all other instances,

I will

^^T!-^ ij-i^

^

A-Ij ^_5^

^b^L-J wlio arc also dealers

(2) Original

JUic

how

better enabled to judge

in various

U^J^J^ XJ\jJ^j

in spices

This word usually moans

employed

and convenience of the far this

here transcribe the original passage.

(1) Original

(particularly chemical)

It

meaning might have been, that prompt payment was

That the Persian reader may be the

interpretation

by the

and practised by, Tippoo Sultan.

to,

to submit the period of satisfying his claims to the pleasure

Sircar.

it

by

uJ)} lJj_

\ji^\>

and groceries.

sjiiccs

;

but

it

chemical operations.

refers to soiuc articles u( tlic latter kind, used

Jul

goldsmitlis.

also si<;nifics the materials

la this place,

it

probably

SELECT LETTERS OF

280

LETTER CCLVI. To BuRHANl'DDEEN

;

HaXGALORE,

dfltcd

(22d

You

state,

AhmEDY.

I'Jth

April.')

" that the Kilaaddr of Dhdrwdr having dispatched to our

" victorious army

thirty-five

thousand pagodas, over and above the

fifty

" thousand which we had ordered, you had detained the additional sum, " and waited our directions respecting it." It is known Apply the

money

said ishall

to the use of your

army

;

and when, hereafter, a fresh order

he issued to the above-mentioned Kilaaddr to transmit you a fur-

ther supply,

let

the present thirty thousand pagodas be deducted from

the amount.

You

write, " that

you had detached

u^Jlisdla of horse

and a Kushoon

/' of Jyshe through the woods, with orders to chastise the enemy, if a *'

favourable opportmiity for the purpose offered, but otherwise to return

*'

to the

army by the same route."

It is

known.

In future, you must

not detach the Jyshe [on such service], but only separate [or straggling] parties of horse, to

whom

you must give orders

to seize

and bring

in all

the camels, horses, and other booty they can.

LETTER To MiRZA

CCLVII.

Mahommed Khan Behadir Sumsamul Mulk \Wi Ahmedy.

[After compliments]

;

dated

(24th April.)

Your

friendly letter,

announcing your

firm intention of repairing hither with the troops belonging to you, has

been received, and afforded us the greatest satisfaction. ofj

coming hither

is

highly approved [by us].

Your

[intention

Proceed in the execution of

TIPPOO SULTAN.

281

of your purpose with the utmost confidence and security, and make us hapj)y by an interview,

which we are extremely impatient.

for

The

distance [between us] being considerable, you should bring- along with

By

you as great a force as possible.^

you such appointments,

the grace of God,

we

shall

make

Jageers and money, as shallbe entirely

in

satisfactory to that friend.

The

rosary, kneeling-carpet,*'-) &c., whicli

friendship,

arrived,

you sent us

and afforded us the utmost pleasure.

the bounty of the Almighty,

we

worldly

being religious

curiosities,(^> yet these,

possess an

as

Although, by

inconceivable rarities,^^^

tokens of

number of

are esteemed by

us equally with the richest treasures.<^> It

was our wish and intention

ther with some jewels, &c.

to have sent that friend a dress, toge-

but

;

by the Hurkdrehs having declined

we have been to take

prevented from doing so,

charge of them, on account of

the dangers of the road.

OBSERVATIONS. I

who Sumsamul Mulk

have no certain knowledge

presents, disaffected

spoken of in the

Omra

letter,

of the court o^

was.

The

interchange of

rather discountenances the idea of his being a

Hyderabad

could hardly have escaped detection, and

;

is

since a correspondence of that sort

not likely, therefore, to have been

hazarded, during the existence of actual hostilities between the two states.

same objection

applies to the supposition of bis belonging to the train of Dariijah

(the son of the late Busalut Jung,

and nephew of the Soitbah) who, 2

(1)

Witli a view to rendering

(2) Original

ijjs"

tlic

liis

at this period,

O

junction the more secure.

carpet on wiiicli Musuliiians kneel during prayers.

(3)

Original

^yji^[^

(4)

Original

^li

(5) Original

The

iAsL

.xi
held

SELECT LETTERS OF

282 held Adoni in appenage.

The former

deration, that none of the

memoirs of Nizam A\i Khan,

conjecture

is

further opposed, in

my

by the

consi-

possession, notice

the defection of this, or any other person of distinction, from his service, during

But whoever

the present war.

this

SumsamiU Mulk

negociation with the Sultan proved abortive, since

was,

it is

probable that his

we hear no more

of

him

after

this time.

LETTER To Meer KAzim, Darogua

Three receipts

letters

at

CCLVIII.

Muscat, same Date.

(24th April.')

from you, accompanied by two statements of your

and disbursements, have passed under our view.

You have done

well, in

buying and lading on our ships,

rock-salt,^')

instead of sapphires.^^)

For the

you

future,

will, in

like

manner, send rock-salt instead of

sapphires.

The

carpenters [or ship-wrights] at Muscat construct very excellent

Dows and ters

whatever money they

them

Muscat

factory of

Mahommed, all affairs

the

may

to four or five of these carpen-

require for their expences,

and dispatch

Mangalore.

to the port of

The

any

You must advance

D'mgies.

is

placed under the authority of

Aumil of Mangalore

:

you

are, therefore, to

Ghulam conduct

according to his directions, and not to require our orders in

case.

Send (IJ

Original

(2)

Original

that assigned to cultv.

Jjjk clCw " >ock, or mineral

Jj it,

(JJu«j I

am

"

sapphire stone."

unacquainted with

it ;

salt."

If this

term have any other meaning than

and yet

this

esplanution

is

not free of

diffi-

TIPPOO SULTAN. Send some young

date-trees/^) with persons skilled in the

Buy

of them, to the Presence.

on our

all

management

the sulphur you can, and lading

same from time

vessels, dispatch the

Ghulam

283

it

to time.'^^

All KhA,n, Shilh Nooriillah, &c. have, by our orders, pro-

way of

ceeded to Constantinople, by the

3Xuscat.

Advise us, in due

time, of their arrival.

You must

take care and

cardamums, belonging

sell

the sandal wood, black pepper, rice, and

to us, to the best advantage, sending

of your sales and purchases regularly to

The accounts

an account

Ghulam Mahommed.

of receipts and disbursements,

which you

sent,

are

[This had been already mentioned, in the beginning of the

arrived.

present letter]. Saffron

seed of

is

it.

Get the Dulldl [broker] collect silk-worms,

them

:

Procure and send us some of the

the produce of Persia,

to write to his agents in different places, to

and persons acquainted with the manner of rearing

and [having procured them]

let

them be dispatched

to

us.<^>

Procuring, moreover, some [pearl] divers from Bahrein and Hoormilz

;

and making them whatever advances they may require

for their

expences, dispatch them hither, together with their families.

Sending,

likewise,

asses, dispatch

We

them

to Btlstakh,

and getting from thence

five

large

to us.

have received your account of the occurrences of that quarter

and of Persia.

We have given

Continue to make similar communications. directions to

Ghidam Mahommed

galore'] to sell rice, &c. to every

[the

merchant producing a

Aumil of Man-

certificate \chitty']

from you. 2 (3) Original (4)

Oiigiiial

(5)

The

O

2

^^^,^ y\
ijL^^

instructions oi

x.\\c

Sultan io the Meer-Asofs or revenue department (issued in

i793) contain particular regulations respecting the culture of the silk-worm.

SELECT LETTERS OF

284

OBSERVATIONS. It will

probably have been observed by the reader, that several of the Sultan's letter, for

former orders are repeated in the foregoing

them

for the third time.

may be

It

He will,

the second, and some of

from the seventh paragraph of the present

inferred,

to Const ayitinople had, at this time, actually departed

embassy

them

hereafter, be seen to reiterate

again.

letter,

that the

from Mangalore.

LETTER CCLIX. To

Ghulam Mahommed, Aumil

of

Mangalore

;

same Date.

(24th Apriir)

We

send herewith three

letters,

and

Meer Kazim

disbursements, received from

statements of receipts and

tvjô :

read and keep them care-

by you.

fully

You who

are to

rice,

sell

brings you a

chitti/

The above-mentioned

&c. [freely] to every merchant from Mtiscat, [or certificate] from [i. e.

Meer Kazim.

Meer Kazim]

instead of sapphires, has

bought and sent on our vessels a quantity of rock-salt. thing

is

the said rock-salt

countiy or not

Meer Kazim

?

and

:

Communicate

is

What

there any consumption of

sort of it

in this

[to us] every particular regarding

writes, that he has sent a sample of

it

:

let

a

it..

the said sample

be forwarded to us.

OBSERVATIONS. It

would appear, from the beginning of Letter CCLVIII, that Meer Kazim

had actually dispatched some cargoes of sentence of Letter

of

it.

However

CCLIX

this

might

it

might be

be,

it is

rock-salt

;

while, fi-om the concluding

inferred, that

he had sent only a sample

curious enough to observe the Sultan, in one

and

TIPPOO SULTAN.

285

and the same moment, enquiring the nature of the commodity in question acknowledging himself ignorant, whether or not there was any demand for

among

his

subjects

and yet directing

;

it

to be

;

it

shipped for Mysore, by every

opportunity.

LETTER CCLX. To Me SiPAHDAR, SyED GlIUFFAR

;

dated

BaNGALORE, 24thAHMEDY.

(29th April.)

We have received your application for letters from us to the Jumaaddrs of the enemy's army. We shall arrive soon in person in that quarter, when, considering

this

matter duly, we

will give

our directions £or

determine] accordingly.

You

know our

request to

who has

pleasure regarding the pay of your brother,

heen lately raised to the rank of a Risdladdr.

The monthly pay

of that rank, according to the former regulations of the Jyshe Kuckurry, is

ten pagodas, exclusive of an allowance of twelve annas fulmy^^^ for

every

man

Let him be paid accordingly.

mustered.^-^

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter affords

another proof of the strange division of

upon

which apparently belonged,

a point of considerable delicacy

in a peculiar

mander-in-chief (Burhunuddecn). suggestion of the Sipahddr larity in

military authority

We here perceive a subordinate officer corresponding

in the armies of the Sidtun.

directly with his sovereign,

tlie

;

and importance,

manner, to the jirovince of the com-

It is true, that the

Sultan does not adopt the

but neither does he hint, that there was any irregu-

it.

I

(1) Original (2)

^jiij

ij] is.ij\^Jij

^

Perhaps recruited may be meant.

am

286 I

SELECT LETTERS OP

am bv no means

satisfied,

relating to the

pay of Syed

perj)lcxe(l, or I

may

that

I

have correctly translated the paragraph Either the original

brother.

Gliuffiir's

not rightly have understood

its

is

extremely

technical phraseology.

LETTER CCLXI. To BuRHANDL DDEEN

We

have received your

;

dolcd 2Gth

letter,

"

(\st Moy.')

informing us, " that having dctaclicd

" Shaikh Unser and Syed Ghuftar *'

Ahmedy.

to the relief of

Kit too)-, the former,

taking a different road [from that pursued by Syed Ghuffar], had

upon the enemy's entrenchments, and

fallen^')

after

putting to the

*'

sword, or taking prisoners, a thousand of their Piddehs, had entered

*'

Kittoor

:

that Syed Ghuftar, having proceeded by another route,

" attacked a small

fort [or redoubt], in

had

which the enemy had placed a

*'

garrison of five hundred men, the whole of which were either killed

*'

or

((

picquet of the enemy, consisting of a thousand horse, of great part of

made

" which he '*

prisoners

that

:

after

made booty ,(-^ and

this

he surprised,

in the

then got [in safety] to Kittoor

night,

:

a

finally,

that having infused due confidence into the garrison, and supplied the

" place with provisions and stores, both Sipahddrs, uniting their forces,

" directed their march back by a road leading through the woods

" that you expected them

" twenty-four hours.

to rejoin the victorious

You

proceed to

state,

army

" that

;

and

in the course

as soon

of

as they

"

arrive,

*'

us ;"

*'

belonging to the Sircar, are constantly bringing in horses taken from

*'

the enemy, which, agreeably to our orders, you purpose relinquishing

"

to them.

you

will

muster the horses [taken], and report the same to

and you add,

" that the Kuzzdk [or predatory] cavalry,

It Original

j\sil

(_aIUr«
(2) Original

i.\j^

ei

(1)

^*^-^J\-tr.>

'

J^-

•\

" brought away

in

booty /!HWi«/c« horses."

TirPOO SULTAN. It

Upon

known.

is

and report

tain,

287

the two Siphaddrs rejoining you, you must ascerthe particulars of the gallant behaviour

to us in detail,

of our troops [in the recent engagements]

in order that

;

we may give

directions for their being rewarded [according to their deserts].

what number of horses

likewise,

You *'

been taken from the enemy.

liave

" that seven hundred Piadehs from Nûgr, with a Serish-

write,

and the Kikuiddr Husainy Baig, had arrived

teddr,

" the purpose of garrisoning Killoor, " dispatched the men and the " too

"

" back

Serisliteddr ; but that

You moreover

recovered."(^>

Dhdrivdr Ghous

to

" that

say,

in

your camp,

foi-

and that you had accordingly

is

it

Mahommed Khan,

Husainy Baig being

be sent as soon as he

to proceed thither at present, should

ill

State,

your intention to send

the second Mimshoor^^^ of

" that place."

You

uuist

Mahommed Khan, who Dhdncdr,

to

[command

has

at] K'Utoor. all

who have

we may bestow rewards on them

You must

by his activity at

distinguished himself

Report to us the particulars of order that

and send Ghous

keep Husainy Baig with your army,

exerted themselves, in

alsoS^^

inform the aforesaid Mun^hoor, Ghous

Sheer Khrm, the jlumil [of

KHtoor\

that

if

Mahommed, and

they should find the place

untenable, or in want of provisions and other supplies, they must not sacrifice

woods

our troops

to the

army

:

in its defence,

for

non-existence of which

is

it

the

is

but evacuating

hut a

mound of

same thing

\_i.

e.

is

it,

repair through

tlie

the existence

and

cluy,

of no importance either

way.] (3)

The

original

is

very obscure

in

this place,

or three worcN, by supplying which the passage to have

is

owing, apparently to the omission of two rendered

intelligible.

IlCisainy

Baig seems

been proceeding to Kittoor, as Kilaaddr of that place.

(4)

A

(5)

This appears

graph of

Munslioor would appear to have been a kind of town- major, or

this letter.

to

foi t

adjutant.

be no more than a repetition of the order given in the second para-

SELECT LETTERS OF

288

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

uncertain whether

tlie

enemy, here spoken

of,

was the Mahrattah army,

or only an assemblage of the adherents of the captive Daisi/e, which had attempt-

The

ed to regain possession of Kittoor.

circumstance, however, of apicquet of a

thousand horse, renders the former supposition the most probable.

The

Sultan appears to have been well satisfied with the conduct of his troops on

this occasion

and

:

if their

success was really so extensive as represented

hanuddeen, he had reason to be

But

so.

by Bur-

his report (as recited in the letter before

expressed in too vague and general terms, to be considered as decisive evidence

us)

is

on

this point.

To the some

After some

;

LETTER

CCLXII.

dated 2'Jth

Ahmedy.

May^

orders for completing- the different Risdias of the

speedily as possible, and for filling

ddr, the letter thus concludes

A Eisdiaddr

(2d

up the vacancies

in the

army

as

rank of Risdla-

:

[formerly] belonging to the Bisdla of General Matthews

has been sent to join you from the Presence.

What you

write, with

regard to our issuing orders for your being supplied with the musquets

you are in want

when

of, is

understood.

We shall shortly arrive in that quarter,

the necessary orders will be given.

LETTER To DiLEER

CCLXIir.

Khan Behadur Dileer

Jung^^') dated 28tk

Ahmehy.

(3d Mai/.)

[After compliments] " sowing

You

write,

" that

it

is

now

the

season, and that, on this occasion, as well as for the purpose

of (1)

The minister of Abdul Hiikcem Khan, the Nabob of Shdnoor.

TIPrOO SULTAN.

289

" of realizing the claims of the Sircar, the presence of Mulhary Pundit

" and of

his son

a matter of the utmost consequence

is

"

therefore, request

"

us,

"

Riio, along with

we

Avill

and allow you to send

Inasmuch

as

revoke our orders for their attending upon

Ram

Rakhundcr

it is,

Tummana

whom we

repair to our Presence,

we must

It

is

known.

at this time, that

have certain points to discuss, should

repeat our former desire, that the zvhole

may

The negociation

and Winkut

Pundit,

room."

Niiik, in their

the ahove named, with

hunder Naik.

Rao,

on several accounts, necessary,

of your managing servants^-^

and that you,

;

be dispatched to us, along with Rak-

[or discussions alluded to] being termi-

nated, they shall receive their dismission

[?'.

e.

be permitted to return to

you].

OBSERVATIONS. It

may be concluded,

both from the reluctance of the Patau chief to send Mul-

hary Pundit and his son requiring

tlieir

to

Serlngapatam, and the pertinacity of

Sultan in

tlie

attendance, that these persons were particularly well acquainted with

the resources of the country, and perhaps with the personal property of their master,

both of which, there confiscation.

I

am

is

reason to think, Tippoo had, at

tliis

time, devoted to

unable to say, whether or not the individuals in question

matelyrepaired to the Sultans court

but as Abdul

;

Hukeem had most

already determined not to wait the arrival of the Sultan at

SMnoor,

it

ulti-

probably

may

be

presumed that they were not dispatched.

LETTER CCLXIV. To BuRHANUDDEEN

You must

samt' Date.

;

relinquish [or give up] whatever horses

taken from the enemy to the captors, of

2 (2) Original

(3d

JJ^\

'«

Men

of business."

P

whom

you

71/f/y.)

and camels may be will

buy as many of theui

SELECT LETTERS OP

290

them

as they themselves

which to

to be paid(') to

is

them

sell

The

may

not want, at a cheap and reasonable price,

They must not be allowed

them [immediately].

elsewhere/^)

Jiimaaddrs,

who happen

to

have brcthren^^) with them that are out

of employ, should be directed to mount the

latter

and bring them to be mustered and enrolled

in

We lately sent orders to of Kiitoor,^^^ and direct

it

you

to

on the captured horses,

our

service.

withdraw the garrison of the small

to rejoin your

army by

the road through the

woods.

We now

you

send such supplies of provisions, &c. to the said

will

fort

write to countermand those orders, and to desue, that

may

fort, as it

be in need of; for we shall shortly come in person to that quarter, and the enemy, moreover, have retired from thence.

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

uncertain whether by the small fort oi Kittoor, the Sultan means the principal

name,

fortress of that

detached post

lately wrested

such as that mentioned in Letter

;

by Syed Ghuffar, on his coming in the report of I rather think, it is,

CCLXJ,

to the relief of Kittoor

Burhanuddeen, contained however, that Kittoor

in Letter

itself is

on other occasions, sometimes called a

the provisional order for

ajjj

;

as

having been taken

or the small fort noticed

the place intended

and sometimes a

The

order for

;>tjj/m«!/

may appear

to

be superfluous

;

x^

CCLXI (and

bably the order alluded to in the present dispatch) appears free from

(1)

or

CCLXL

evacuation, contained in Letter

its

or only an outwork

from the Daisye,

all

both because

and because which

is

pro-

ambiguity. (i)

after that oi purchasing

;

but

it

must be recollected, that yayjn^ did not, \n Tippoo's practice, necessarily follow buying. See Letter

CCLV.

(2) Original (3)

^j-j

or,

" without"

Original cfplji °î

"

/.

e.

to strangers.

'"®" ^^ *^''" °^^" tribe," following them in hopes of employ-

ment. (4)

Original

(5)

By

j^^

Letter

the diminutive of iul>

CLXIX

Paith, or outer town.

it

appears, that Kittoor consisted of two forts (or castles),

and a

TIP-ÔO SULTAN.

291

LETTER CCLXV. Circular

to the following

BuDRUz ZuMAN Khan The

Kazy of NuGR ;

Tile

Dewan

of

BvlhJryJ The

Bukhshy

and

ditto, at

SAR, (GootyJ Tlie ditto

Fyze Hi-

ditto, at

(^Gooty)

;

The BuKHSHiES of the two Jyshe

Ban-

Son-in-law

The BuKHSHiES of the five Bar-

to

GEER KUCHURRIES;

;

BuDHUN Shah, son of Awkil Shah The Kazy of Serjngapatam ; The Dejfan and Bukhshy ofJLnSHAM at ZuFERAJiAD, (GuR-

Bu rhanuddeen MiRZA Hyder Husain DiLEER DiL Khan; The FoujDAR and Bukhshy ;

;

;

ramcooxdaJ ;

NvGR ;

In the time of the seal [or

Ehsham at Calicut; Syed Ahmed Saheb The Kazy of Bangalore ; of Manga lore.

last]

of the Prophets (with Avhom be the

and peace of God) the divine commands were promulgcd.

2 P 2 am

not clear that

of

;

The Umldar^^^

blessing

andDowLVT Khan,

KVCHURRIES ;

Aata-ullah-Shah

The KiLAADAROf

of Serixgapatam ;

The KiLAADAR of Fyze Hisar

galore ;

Shah,

;

KilaadAr, of FurrukH" YAB HlSAR (ChITTLEHOORg) ;

and ditto, at the Presence.

NuBBY

SVMRPUTN

of

the

;

The BuKiisiiY of

ditto

The DE/rAN,

of

EhSHAM at SERiyOAPATAMj TJie ditto

KiLAADAR

TJie

;

ditto.

I>EirAN and

The

Persons ; dated from Muloong,^^^

Since

then

name rightly. No such place occurs in our maps ; but cannot be far distant from Bangalore, and must be situated between that place and Great Da!apoor. ( 1

I

(2)

In the original

I

read

this.

it

transcriber for

stanJard-bearer," which I take Jj Ac or ^bj.^ A " collector or manager of a district." <•

to be an

error

of

the

SELECT LETTERS OF

292 owing

then,

to the decline of the true faith

they have ceased to be promulged

now

Almighty God,

and signature, to serve

You

therefore,

commands

;

and, accordingly,

as a guide to the true faith.

manner

to explain the

to the Kdzy,^'^'^ and to the other

Isldm,

the help of

witli

are enclosed, herewith, under our seal

are, in the best [possible]

people of

wc,

issue the aforesaid

commands

the above mentioned

:

under the succeeding princes,

same

to

all the

superiors of

your

Kuchurry [or department], considering the communication thereof to the most incumbent and obligatory duties of

the ignorant as one of religion

:

for such

You must

is

the recompence of holy war.W

commands herewith

sent to be

same among the people of the

faith, the

cause numerous copies of the

made, and must

distribute the

Kdzies and others belonging to your department,

may

to the

end that they

obtain the utmost publicity.

OBSERVATIONS. Nothing can be worse written than the

Though

short, it

original

of

this miserable

perhaps, as perplexed a production as any that ever })rocccded

is,

from the pen of the Sultan, who, most probably, dictated every word of proclamation to which

it

script, is in a better style,

medan

A

circular.

refers,

and which immediately

follows

it

it.

The

my manu-

in

and was, no doubt, drawn up by some of the

Mahom-

theologians of his court.

translation of the proclamation here mentioned, appeared, in the year 1793>

in the

Appendix

Cornwallis's last

to

Major Dirom's judicious and

Campaign

against

Tippoo Sultan

interesting Narrative of ;

and

if

Lord

that publication were

not

(3)

Here, instead of the

as minht

being directed to explain the divine word to true believers,

have been expected, the governors of

Kdzy and

forts,

&.c.

are to explain

it,

buth to the

to the people at large.

(4) Original

between

Kdzy

this

ci^y^^

j\p.j^\ ^«isH^

and the preceding sentence.

I

confess

I

do not

clearly perceive the

connexion

TIPPOOSULTAN. not

now become very

toil, for the

scarce,

document

would be

it

in question:

it

293 perhaps, to refer the reader

sufficient,

proper, however,

is

the

to observe, that

Persian original, from which Colonel Read's translation was taken, appears to have differed,

some

in

latter the following

indebted to the

from the copy recorded

respects,

a

is

version,

faithful

for

which

Mr. Stewart,

kindness of

Of

in the official register.

am,

I

in

measure,

a great

Hindostany

Arabic, and

Persian,

the

Professor at the Honorable the East-India Company's Oriental College at Hertford.

The

abounds so much

original

the Arabic

is

in quotations

my knowledge

from the Koran, and

of

so limited, that, without such assistance, I should have hesitated at

submitting a translation of

it

to the reader.

Proclamation, or Manifesto, of Tlppoo SultanJ^''

" Whereas, " [which say]

.

*'

.

. .

"

it is

conformity with the

in

"

'

Fight with those

"

'

last

"

'

lawful,

"

'

and profess not the true religion

"

'

unto

"

'

tribute

day

who do

God and

and who do not consider those

;

which God and

whom by

believers,

and openly

have prohibited,

Propliet

his

;

and

things as un-

[fight] with

the scriptures have been given, until

right of subjection,

who have turned

and be reduced

those,

they pay

low.'

w

that those worthless and

aside their heads from obedience to the

raised the standards of infidelity, should be chastised

faithful,

and made either

" or to pay tribute: particularly

to

acknowledge the true

when, owing

at this time,

religion,

to the imbecility of

princes of Hind, that insolent race having conceived the futile opinion,

" the true believers are become weak, mean, and contemptible

" even with "

the Prophet

not believe in God, and in the

our constant object and sincere intention,

" by the hands of the

" the

of

,

stiff-necked infidels,

" true

commands

territories

this,

but,

preparing for war,

;

and not

have over-run and

laid

tliat

satisfied

waste the

of the Moslems, and extended the hand of violence and injustice on

" the property and honour of the

faithful.

[Wherefore]

(5) (6)

There

is

no

title

or inscription to this

Chapter IX of the Koran.

document

in tlic manuscript.

294

SELECT LETTERS OP

" [Wherefore] we,

trusting to the

" our holy rehgion [according

divine

.

*'

'

Oh

"

*

will

*'

'

Believe in

**

*

religion with

•*

*

*'

*

you your

"

*

which

.

it

deliver

you from a

God and

shall obtain]

'

assistance

" gence from the

.

.

" of the

and agreeable habitations

from God and a speedy

you

,,

do that which

is

lawfiil

"

'

prohibit their doing that which

is

unlawful

"

*

the ordinances of God.'

Mahommcdan

and near, and thereby

ears of their understanding

'

Do

"

*

God

tribes.

It

is

[namely]

[against them],-

Command them

the pure

and [ye

victory.'"'

prosecuting a holy war

to

in places of

desire,

'

"

:

law,

to all

and

[proper], ;

and observe

and every

class

to extract the cotton of negli-

and more especially those persons

sacred text,

not obey the unbelievers and hypocrites, for certainly is

omniscient and

all-wise.'

to the infidels,

and engaged

therefore written to

all

those

who

in

the service of those

reside in the

dominions

infidels,

"

'

"

'

they deceive themselves only, and are not sensible thereof.

"

*

There

They

seek to deceive

is

God and

an infirmity in

tlieir

those

hearts.

who do

believe

May God

Chapter

LXI

of the Koran.

but

;

increase

"

(7)

This

will forgive

felicity;

"

" have yielded obedience

" miserable

He

it.

This [will be] great

" who, unmindful of the meaning of the

.

you knew

expedient [agreeably to the text]

far

?

and defend God's true

his Apostle,

other things which

to the resolution of

is

[hereafter]

and introduce you into gardens, through

rivers flow,

*'

torment

painful

your substance and in your persons.

sins,

'

" of Musulmans, both

.

show you a merchandize, which

[will be] better for you, if

" to make known what

. .

.-wi^_

true beUevers, shall I

" " having come

.

deem

*'

.

.

and supported by

aid,

to the passage]

" 'perpetual abode.

.

power and

'

theiv

TJPPOO SULTAN.

.

.

" and

.

" sidering

" they should

" where, by " are

'

their infirmity

"

'

because they have been guilty of falsehood.''"

!

They

shall suffer a grievous

justly applied, that con-

to quit the territories of the unbelievers,

the Divine blessing, they shall be

and

punishmentj

with confident hearts and assured minds, to these parts,

repair,

at present,

may be

situation the [above] verse

be their indispensable duty

to

it

"

whose

to

295

their lives, honor,

still

better provided for than they

and property, remain under the protec-

" tion of God ; while such as are without the means of subsistence there,

" have

We

"

made

a suitable allowance

to

them

here.

have accordingly issued premptory

" this effect

"

*

territories]

and report

"

*

order that,

if it

" Whosoever

please

throughout our dominions to

ordei"s

Receive into your protection

'

:

shall

persons seeking refuge [in our

all

to the Presence the particulars of their situation, in

God

the Aider, due provision

may be made

for them.'

words, or shall contravene their

shall refuse to give ear to these

" promulgation, shall be considered as destitute of [every particle of] honor [or

"

zeal], as a stranger to [or

" and

no participator

in] the bliss derived

from [a steady]

faith,

be banished from the presence of God, to be excluded from

as deserving to

" the circle of the faithful, and to be accounted as one of the accursed infidels.

Verse from HqfizJ^^

"

'

If

"

'

In reward

foot in the path of the law

you place your for

your

" "

" Although

it is

zeal, the

and of

Chief of Nujuf [Ali]

religion,

will

HaBz,

become your Protector.

'

Let them not say of any thing [or on any occasion]

*

do so; but,

*

to

him who

if it

please

God

[it shall

be done].

I will

Grace be

follows this direction.*'"^

probable, that the immediate object of the Sultan, in the foregoing

proclamation, or manifesto, was to seduce from their allegiance, and draw over to his

(8)

Chapter

(9)

This

is

II

of the Koran.

not an exact quotation from Hafiz, the original having, instead of

'•

the path of the law and of religion,"

'*

alms-givers." (10) This sentence

wyings attributed

•s

to

is

jJâi ÎJuU-

tj

"

Ôj

tjA

Sj

the path of the family or race of

supposed by Mr. Stewart to be a Hndccs, or one of the tradiiionary

Mahommcd.

SELECT LETTERS OP

296

Musuhnan

the

his standard,

subjects of the

open war, yet there can be but

this time, at

It

that the latter

true,

is

RIahrattahs nor the Nizdm.

httle

in

his

not expressly

is

contemplation on the

named

neither are the

:

with regard to the Nizdm,

Indeed,

have been distinctly referred to without an apparent absurdity,

Mahommedan light of

an

as well as

infidel,

;

since he

was a

who, nevertheless, certainly regarded him

in the

is

to say, in opposition to

was addressed generally to

to the enemies,

ail

him (Tippoo).

Musulmans,

in

direct or indirect, of the true faith.

not being properly applied and understood by those for

Musulman time,

if

is

ever at a loss to

it is

plausibility, that

is

its

whom

no

it

was intended

At

such appeals.

Major Dirom's

Musulmans

him

same

to maintoin, as

with sufficient

were living under the

at war.

It is that

translation, of ravages

my

in general

copy of

wherein he complains, not,

committed

in

this paper) of the injuries

had sustained

at the

hands of the

on other occasions he has done more openly)

the Carnatic, and other

Mahommedan

fiis

peculiar territories,

and

infidels

;

losses

the Sultan, are abundantly developed

to our establishment in

states of India.

by

which the

alluding distantly

On

the whole,

be allowed, that the extensive views of aggrandizement, entertained

hy

the

:

by the English, the vague and general

he was actually

any other to the English.

but (according to

-(as

whatever manner subject

There was no danger of

he had only in view such Musulmans

whom

The argument,

one passage in the foregoing production, which appears to point more

particularly than as in

to it

drift of

expressed would have enabled

authority of those with

There

comprehend the

any exception had been taken

terms in which

he could not

because he had, more than oncCj associated with infidels against

the cause of Islam, that therefore,

Tippoo

at

doubt that the Enghsh, together

were also

with their dependants and tributaries, occasion.

two powers, with whoin he was,

this curious

document.

Bengal, it

at this

must time

TIPPOO SULTAN.

29^

LETTER CCLXVI. To

the

Commandant, Abdul Nubby

;^'>

dated 29th

Ahmedy.

(4th Ma?/.')

On

the subject of

Sepoys belonging

liis

to

repairing to the Presence, together with the

(or such

liini

may

Sepoys as he

bring with him), in perfect confidence and secm'ity

be enabled to

and assuring him,

:

that he should be provided for after his arrival, agreeably to the regulations

and appointments of the

Sircar.

LETTER CCLXVII. To Ali Rajah Beeby Desiring her

;

same Date.

(Ath May.')

to transmit incessantly intelligence of

what passes

at

JBombay and Tdlicherry.

LETTER CCLXVIII. Ghulam Munsoor, Aumil

To

of SiLcoTAH

;('*)

dated \st

BeuJhy.

(5th May.)

Your

letter,

reporting,

" beat the Bukhnhy,

" death of the

" that the Jumaaddr, Syed Ameen, had

Nuwaz

latter

;

Baig, in such a manner, as to occasion the

and that you had 2

(

1

)

[in consequence] secured the

"

Q

aforesaid

Probably the commandant of a corps of regular Sepoys, either in the service of the

Mahrattalis or of the Aizdi?i. (1*) Tins letter serves, in

Adoni.

He

some degree,

to

had advanced, on the 6th May,

mark the

prorjrcss of tlie,yM//a7t'i

as far as Great Balapoor.

march against

SELECT LETTERS OF

298

"

aforesaid

Jumaaddr, by putting irons oa

his

legs

and arms," has

passed under our view.

Our

special retinue

Balopoor.

will

Securing his

[i.

arrive the

day after to-morrow at Great

the murderer's] legs and arms well in

e.

fetters/')

you must place him

yourself,

under a strong guard, to the Presence.

a Dooly, and bring him along with

in

LETTER CCLXIX. Khan

To FuzL Ali

The troops,

;

(5th Moy.^

same Date.

report which you have sent us, of the gallant conduct of our

and of the men wounded

been considered]. our regulations

;

[in the late actions],

known

is

Let the wounded receive the compensation and

[or has fixed

by

the horses, and other property taken [from the

let

€nemy], be relinquished, according captors [literally, to those

who

to the orders

of the Sircar, to the

bring them in.~p^

LETTER CCLXX. To

the

SiPAHDAR,

When we

Mahommed Ali

;

same Dale,

(^th

May^

ourself arrive in that quarter, the Risdla, tvantmg to com-

plete your Kushoon, shall be given you.

OBSERVATIONS. This short

letter is given,

merely

the constitution of a Kushoon.

for the

It appears,

purpose of showing, in some degree,

by

this

document, that a Risdla was a

( 1

This had been ah-eady done.

(2)

I

of the

have no means of ascertaining wlio Fuzl Ali Khan was, or whether commanders serving under BOrhanQddeen.

com-

or not he was one

TIPPOO SULTAN. a

component

Ku.shoon,

part of a Kusltoo/i

do not clearly know.

I

how many

but

:

I

am

299

of the former were contained in a

inclined to think, however, that a /TM^/iOtfn

was a regiment, consisting of two or more Risdlas, or

battalions.'"

LETTER CCLXXL To BuRHiVNuDDEKN

Your Nizam

letter

Ali

has been received

Khan and

the

enemy

of some pecuniary discussions

Khdns marching away,

said

of

[ôr

We

Behary.

dated 2d

;

;

[?'.

and

(Qth May.')

A

rupture has taken place between

e.

the Mahrattahs], in consequence

this

has been followed by the afore-

to the distance of six coss

on the other

side

beyond] Bdddmy.

Do

manner

you [in the mean while] keep your mind

at ease.

[i. e.

effectually].

You

did right in giving

[to the captors].

Bdddmy and Bamdoorg

fit

shall shortly relieve both

in

a

up [or resigning] the captured horses and

You must do

the

same thing

cattle

in future.

OBSERVATIONS. It is certain, that the

army, and returned to

Nizdm

left,

The

Hyderabad.

such memoirs of this period as Ris

separated about this time from the Mahrattah

I

the

same time, a considerable body

operating with his

The Sultan

however,

weather. of troops,

ascribed,

in

He

is

stated to

have

for the purpose of co-

allies.

did not

his promise, respecting the refief of

fulfil

Mahrattahs obtained possession of that place some time 2 (1) Since

is

have seen, simply to the inconvenience which

Highness suffered from the heat of at the

measure,

wiiting the above,

ments of Tippoo Sultan, which ill the Appendix.

I

liavc

liavc

met

Q willi

in the

Bdddmy,

as the

month of May.

2

some statements of the military

onubied me. to givo

llie

general

ick-a

establish-

of tlicm, inserted

SELECT LETTERS Or

300

LETTER CCLXXII. To

Meer Kazim, JDarogha

The

rock-salt, of

Muscat

at

:

same Date.

May.^

(Qth

which you sent a sample (see Letter CCLVIII,)

you must, therefore, buy a large quantity of

and lading

is

very fine

it

on the return Dhigies belonging to the Sircar, which have carried

:

thither rice for sale, consign the same,

of Mangalore, to

We

whom

and pearl

to the

you are also to transmit an account of

are anxious to procure^'^

worms, young date

from time to time,

it,

trees,

some seed of the

Aum'd

its cost.

saffron plant,

silk-

almonds and pistachio plants, shipwrights,^-^

Get these [men] together, and entertaining them

divers.

in

our service, dispatch them to us, together with proper persons for takingcare of the young plants, &c.

We have already be large and

you to purchase

written, desiring

brilliant,^')

[at as] cheap [a price as

and

They must

pearls.

Buy them

[in short] of the finest kind.(^>

you can] and dispatch them

to us.

LETTER CCLXXin. To Meer Moaayenuddeen In addition viz.

;

same Date.

(Gth Mat/.')

Kmhoom, and Ahmed

to the force already attached to you, four other

Mahommed

Huleem's, Rujub

Baig's, are ordered to join you for the future]

All's,

At

Shaikh Omar's,

the end of to-morrow's

march [and,

you must encamp these four Kushootis in the form of a square,

(1)

Original

^\jjj^jy^j^ "

(2) Original jL.j*j^^lÛ^

(3) Original J^sA (4) Original

^

"

"

arc required, or necessary, at the Presence."

carpenters,

who

liaving a [fine] water."

" very good,

best."

construct
TirPOO

SUI. TAN.

301

which you are yourself regularly

squarc/"^^ within [or in the centre of]

to take post.

We

Mahommed

have moreover appointed

and Yenket Rao,

Kiizini

the Serishteddr of the Ji/she, to these four Kushoons

you

will

be further re-inforced by the Risdla of

troops, both horse

and

.('')

and,

finally,

Behrdm, and some other

under the command of Mohyixddeen Khiin.

foot,

OBSERVATIONS. I

am

not certain

who Moaayenuddcen was Be

that he was related to the Sidttin.

foregoing

letter,

;

but

this as it

to have been an officer of high

I

have an indistinct notion

may, he would appear, by the

command and

of encampment, here prescribed to him, was to be observed,

time of the army's arriving

Great Balapoor.

at

was made with any particular view unable to determine.

It

is

enemy on

however,

that

his present line of

it

The

order

seems, from the

or not this disposition

to guarding against a

not probable,

expectation of encountering an

Whether

trust.

sudden attack,

I

am

the Sultan had any

march.

LETTER CCLXXIV. To Bl RHANLDDEEN

Your

letter,

;

dcitcd 5th

Behary.

(9th Mai/.')

enclosing one addressed to that light of our eyes by the

Kilaaddr of Bdddmy,^^'> has been received, and the particulars represented therein have become manifest.

You must

country people*-^ to he vigilant and careful. yourself with caution.

We

which your army

encamp

let

is

to

You,

give orders to the too,

must conduct

enclose a plan, on paper, of the :

let this

manner

he copied on parchment, and

your army he always encamped agreeably thereto.

(b) Original

\^^4^J^.

(6) Ic docs not

appear,

(1)

Bddd my was

(2)

Original

" on

tlic

in wliat

four sides " [of your ground].

capacity these two were to serve.

at this time besieged

^\^CSl< a phrase whieli

by the Mahrattahs. I

in

do not recollect to have met with elsewhere.

302

SELECT LETTERS OF

OBSERVATIONS. It

to

is

be regretted, that the plan, here spoken

along with the letter referring to

it,

on the particular branch of

tactics

that has hitherto appeared.

It

would throw considerable It

is

light

as

it

would have

on the

ness),

and

lastly,

any other document

^''

subject.

letter,

proofs of kindness, applies

my

of

(light

illustrated the Sultan's ideas

no doubt, probable that the Futkiil Miijdhideen

is,

expressions of endearment to Bilrhanviddeen

Noor-chushm

has not been preserved,

in question, better than

remarkable, that in the foregoing short

general, sparing of such

of,

;

no

whom,

the Sultan, though, in

than three different

less

in the

first

(marked

eyes), in another Sanditt-nishdn

Burhhoar-ddr (equivalent to

place,

he

for

styles

happi-

These endearing epithets

darling).

can hardly be supposed, in the instance of Tippoo Sultan, to have proceeded from

genuine affection or attachment referred, either to

some

to

political

and may,

;

therefore,

some temporary caprice or consideration,

of

fit

perhaps, be more safely

good humour

which might have suggested

moment, the expediency of assuming

a

more

;

or,

otherwise,

him,

to

the

at

manner towards

conciliatory

his

brother-in-law, than was probably usual with him.

LETTER CCLXXV. To

Meer Ghulam Mohyuddeen, Kilaadar of Kvxjungood, KvNcuvNGVREH ; dated "Jth JBeiiJry. (llthMoT/.")

Do

you remain,

any account, the

in all respects, firm

stating the strength

and

in

;^')

nor entertain, on

Let us know, what force the enemy has

least fear.

that neighbourhood,

and tranquil

what

situations

it is

and position [of every

the several places which they occupy.

posted.

division],

Take,

or

Be

in

particular in

and the names of

also, special

care,

that

neither (3)

Since writing the above passage,

Mujuhidecn ;

in

which, however,

I

I

have had an opportunity of consulting the Futlml

have hitherto met

witii iiotliing

inetation. (1)

Original

^-.tJirt

"

tranquil, assured, confident."

on the subject of castra-

TirPOO SULTAN. neither your receipt of this dispatch, nor

303

contents,

its

become

knoÂ'll to

any one.

OBSERVATIONS. This

is

almost the only

letter in

the present collection, of those written to the

Sultavs own servants, which has what from hence, that he was not

is

called

an Ulkdb, or address.

conclude,

in the habit of using this formulary, excepting

particular occasions, like the present,

when

''

this sort of

intended to operate as a stimulus to extraordinary exertion

on

compliment might be ;

nor

is it

the endearing expressions applied to Burhanuddeen, in Letter

that

I

improbable,

CCLXXIV,

were employed with a similar view.

The

Ulkdb, or address, used on the present occasion,

be rendered " brave and intrepid

may

Sir."

This,

is

ilJcuOj^j ti-iji which

when

contrasted \vith the

exhortation to courage immediately following, has rather a ludicrous effect.

might be

It

that

it

was

in the

in the vicinity of I

am

from the tcn6r of the orders contained in

inferred,

this dispatch,

contemplation of the Sultan to beat up the Mahrattah quarters

Kunchungood. Whether or not such an enterprise was attempted,

unable to determine.

LETTER CCLXXVI. To Mahommed Mehdy, Bukhshy of the Ehsham at dated lOth

You must business you

Behary.

not suffer any one to

may have

to do, let

it

Seria^gapatjm ;

(I4th Mat/.)

come

your house

to

;

and whatever

be transacted in our Kuchurri/.

nevertheless, people should persist in

coming

be deprived of their ears and nosesJ^^

Pay

If,

to your liouse, they shall

strict attention to this order.

It (2)

Kunjwigood was,

enemy.

It is situated

at

tliis

time, seriously menaced,

if

not al)solutcly invested by

tiie

on the east bank of the Tungbudhra, and about twenty miles west of

Adoui. (1)

Original j.i Juiil^jj Jwk ^^xj ^. (_^^jl

meaning, that

ti>c

This

ears and noses of the oilenders

is «'

a curious idiom, the words

literally

should be dispensed with, or excused."

SELECT LETTERS OF

304 It

surprising to us, that you should act in opposition to your instruc-

Is

tions.

Perhaps you have

and to

this

may

them by

in the niche of forgetfulness

^^> ;

be owing your present contravention of our will and

Consider what

pleasure.

laid

is

here said as a

strict injunction.

OBSERVATIONS. This order,

if

understood

would amount

literally,

who might

person from the habitation of the Buhhshy, business with

him

:

it

and no where

can hardly be supposed, that

it

else,

the exclusion of every

occasionally have private

but thougli the regulation, directing

transacted in open Kuchurry,

Sultan,

to

all

public affairs to be

was rigidly enforced by the

was meant to extend

to the

intercourse necessary in the conduct of personal or domestic concerns."' difficult to

comprehend the Sultan's motives

consideration

may be that

it

:

but, with respect to the

mutual

It is

for a prohibition of the kind

punishment appointed

presumed, in the absence of any proof of

its

not

under

for its infraction,

it

ever being actually inflicted,

was held out only in terrorem.

LETTER CCLXXVII. Circular, dated IQUiBehary.

Ghvlam Husain,

at

Avrvnga-

(I4th Mai/') to

The Sons o/'Shaikhun Saheb, and MusEEM^'> Saheb Cthe Nepheto

SAD ; SuJJAD Saheb and Ibn Saheb,

at

Hyderabad ;

poor.

[After compliments] ment of the

of the ahove-namedj at Beeja-

benefit of

Our mind

most anxious for the attain-

is

an interview with you

:

but as

ail

events have their

appointed (2)

See the same

(3)

The

that

expression, Letter

instructions to the Intelligence

no private

visiting

Name

uncertain.

Department, given

in

Appendix F, prove,

or conversation was suffered between men of any note or

proliihition did noi probably (1)

CCXVIII.

extend to the lower order.

at least,

station.

The

TIrroo appointed times, wc, in

s

u L T

A.

305

N.

meanwhile, trouble your reverence with the

tlio

present address, in the confidence that, turning your mind, in an especial

manner,

to the

means of promoting the prosperity and advantage of the

people of Is/dm, and of overthrowing the unrighteous Infidels, you wall

do whatever may be

your power, to encrease the lustre of the firm

in

Mahommed.

religion of

Actuated by similar motives, the persons most distinguished here for virtue

and excellence, have extracted from the

tracts,

and commentaries, certain religious doctrines, a copy of which

we

enclose for your benevolent notice.

also, to assist the cause,

whom we

We

traditions,

theological

request of your reverence,

by your admonitions to the faithful

;

to all of

an earnest desire of extending that protection and support,

feel

which we possess the means, no

less

than the wish, of bestowing upon

them.

OBSERVATIONS. No

doubt, the proclamation, or manifesto, at page 293,

referred to, tories

is

the enclosure here

and which, hitherto, had probably been circulated only in the

But

dependent on Mi/sore.

address, was to

draw

as the

to his standard the

chief design of the Sultan,

Musulman

in that

subjects of other states^

particularly such as lived under the authority of bis immediate enemies,

should be promulgated far and near.

terri-

What means

and was

it

necessary that

it

this purpose,

with respect to more distant countries, or whether he made any

he adopted

for

attempt to introduce the document in question into the British dominions, does not appear

:

but here

and promoting

its

we

sec liim selecting as his instruments for publishino-

proposed

effect,

the Nizdm, persons actually

giance to, those very powers

within the dominions of the Mabrattahs and of

residing under the protection of, and ;

it,

owing

and who, consequently, could neither pray

success of his arms, nor contribute their endeavours to supply

him wilb

alle-

for the

recruits

(which was his chief object on the present occasion), without a violation of Iheir 2

R

civil

SELECT LETTERS OF

306

or without exposing themselves to the most imminent clanger.

civil duties,

Tip-

poo, however, did not allow himself to be restrained by considerations of this

He

nature.

was, at

times, in

all

different shrines, or places

communication with the

of peculiar sanctity

priests

belonging to the

among Musulmans,

that are scat-

tered over the Peninsula, but not one of which, I believe, was included within his

own

dominions.

The

only thing to be wondered

temerity of the reverend personages

dence

for

;

though

individuals to

how

does not appear

it

whom

who engaged

it

For

this distinction

He

principally to their bigotry.

and

;

the

is

in such a hazardous correspon-

by the

reign, stood high in the favour of

he might,

which he occasionally bestowed on them

their religion

this occasion,

the present letter was received

abundant proof, that the Sultan, throughout his

to the gifts

on

was addressed, the records found at Seringapatam afford

it

this particular class.

at,

that,

with

;

in

some

degree, be indebted

but he, most probably, owed

fought avowedly for the glory and extension of

zealots,

would be a

sufficient

apology for treason, as

well as a sufficient motive for risking their personal safety in the advancement of his cause.

LETTER CCLXXVIII. To BuRHANUDDEEN

You '*

.

.

.

.

belonging to the

" advancing any bounty. "(^> appointed to the

Syed GhufHir. to

command

dated

Wth Behary.

(15ik May?)

" that Syed Ahmed, a Jowkddr<^^ of the Kushoon

write, (^>

;

command

We

of.

.

.

Uskur, has recruited some men, without It is

known.

of one of the

Let the above-mentioned be

new

Risdlas lately raised by

have appointed and sent from hence another person

the JRisdla

of.

<^>.

He

will

soon join you.

When (2)

A Jowk is a company, and Name not perfectly legible

(3)

Original

(1)

4)

Name

!(Ju:L-<

illegible.

^^

a Jowkddr a captain.' :

but something like Shaikh Unser.

TirPOO SULTAN. When we you

shall

have summoned you to our Presence, and heard [from

verl)ally] the particulars

to the

307

of the gallant services of the

KusUoons of Sved Ghuffar and Shaikh Unser, we

men helonging will distineuish

them^^^ [in a suitable manner].

LETTER CCLXXIX. To Meer Moaayenuddeen

Seven

;

same Date,

(loth May.)

sealed orders/'^ specifying [or appointing] the daily marches [of

Keep them by

your division], are sent herewith. formerly [delivered to you].

you, and return those

Issue directions to the people of your armv,

to provide themselves with six days' provisions

and be prepared

;

to exe-

cute whatever orders you shall hereafter receive.

OBSERVATIONS. The

orders, here alluded to, appear to have

They were

in our navy.

tlie

nature of sailing orders

each, probably, to be opened on a stated day;

place to which the troops were to

Secrecy,

been of

march on that

particular day

service

since the Sultan

Moaayenuddeen was had arrived

to be

employed.

It

it

does not appear

was now eight days

the vicinity of Great Balapoor ;

in

the

would be ascertained.

of course, was the object of this arrangement: but

upon what

when

and he was,

probably, advanced, at the date of the present orders, as far as Rdidoors, from

whence Adoni might be

we

are unfortunately

easily reached in six marches.

left

entirely to conjecture,

in

On

this point,

consequence of none of the

dispatches of the present period happening to specify the place from

were written.

It

is

not unlikely,

however,

that

however,

whence

tiiey

Moaayenuddeen was pushed

forward for the purpose of investing Adoni, previously to the arrival of the main:

army

before

it.

2 (5)

Original

JbJ»

JJblji

W^y j|^l^ "

raised." (1)

Original

^^^ Jj:^^^-^y

siiuU

R

2

be csullcti," or

literally,

'•'

shall

have

tlicir

heads

SELECT LETTERS OF

308

LETTER CCLXXX. To

Commanders of

the

KucHURRY ;

Bargeer Kuchvrries and SvwAb.

the Jive

dated \^th

Behary.

(I'^th Mai/.')

Issue orders to the people under your command to provide themselves with six days' provisions, and to leave their tents, paivls, &c. with the

baggage of the army, taking nothing with them but two

horse-halters^'^-

each man.

LETTER CCLXXXI. To

Commanders of

the

the two (or hoth)

Date.

Jyshe Kuchvrries ; same

(I7M May.)

Issue orders to your people to provide themselves with six days' provisions

;

and leaving the

baggage of the army, Sb:ca}\

You must

tents, pawls,

to keep with

&c. belonging

to

them with the

them [only] the Kdndilehs^^*^ of the

[thus] remain unincumbered

[^j'ureedeh'].

LETTER CCLXXXII. To

the

BvKHSHJES of

the

Eusham Kvchurry ;

same Date..

(17th May.)

Direct your

people to furnish themselves with six days' provisions^

to be carried by themselves

;('**)

and leaving

their tents,

^^07^/^,

heavy

baggage, &c. with the baggage of the army, to remain light and unin-

cumbered. Original

(I)

from

tlie

(1*)

I

jjJiflj

perhaps two spare

halters, for securing

nii"-ht

be taken

enemy. have not been able to ascertain what a Kundileh

cloth, or canvass, covering: perhaps for defending the

(1**) In the original position of the *'

any horses that

first

it is

but

I

think

stores

it is some sort of from the weather.

" 7iot to becarried on bullocks." A slight transJ^J^j point would make the sense, *' let them, not keep or take,

j.ij\jj

diacritical

any bullocks with them."

is;

arms and

TIPPOO SULTAN.

309

OBSERVATIONS. No

doubt the troops, here ordered to prepare

for a rapid

tended to compose part of the division proceeding under the liddecn

;

whose force

CCLXXIII) must

(if

we

include in

it

movement, were in-

command

of

Moaayen-

the various corps enumerated in Letter

have amounted to at least ten thousand men.

LETTER CCLXXXIII. 7o Syed

Mahommed Khan, Bukhsht 17th

Beuary.

of the Usvd Ilhti:

;

dated

(2\st 3Iai/.)

(Extract.).

We him

enclose an order to the

to forward your

N.B. Then

Aumil of Sumrputn

[Bulhdrr/], directing

Palenkeen to you. Aumil

follows the order to the

of Bulhdry.

OBSERVATIONS, It It

is difficult

may

to say, in

what sense the foregoing

extract should be understood.

imply, cither that the Buhhshy was not at liberty to send for his Palen/cecn

without the Sultans authority

conveyed to him (that

is,

or that, not possessing the

;

means of getting

it

the necessary carriage), he had been obliged to solicit

the Sultan to give directions for

its

being forwarded to him.

The former

sense

would, no doubt, consist perfectly well with the despotic nature of the Sultatis

government, and with the general system of control and restriction which pervaded every branch of original, I

am

it

:

but as the

latter

inclined to prefer

it,

interpretation

is

equally warranted by the

on the principle of putting,

absolute doubt, the most favorable construction on his conduct.

in all cases of

SELECT LETTEKS OF

310

LETTER CCLXXXIV. To Urshud Baig Khan, Fovjdar of Calicut.

Getting

possession of the

you must

children,

and of

Goorkul,

villaii),

bis

wife and

make Miisulmans of them, and

forcibly^'^

then dis-

patch the whole under a guard to Putn.

LETTER CCLXXXV. To Chishty Yar

Khan

Zynue Aabideen

and

dated

;

20thBEHARY

(24th Mai/.)

Your

letter

May] was

of the I4th Behdry [17th

and has informed us of Dowlat Khan's being bladder

:

taken the

first

The way of

day], together with [other proper] medicines for the seven

These are

all

taking an emetic

four tolah weight of hot water, feels inclined

water.

When he

to vomit,

made up

separately this

is

:

him swallow

let

powder

After

it.

and

this,

sealed.

in

about

whenever

he must drink eight tolah weight of warm

has vomited

eats his dinner,^'*)

in cloth

dissolving the

five

or six times,

of six hours, have some broth mixed with

he

of the stone in the

have, in consequence, sent by the post an emetic [to be

we

subsequent days.

he

ill

received this day,

make him

take, in a

rice.

little

him, after an interval

let

In the evening, before cold water, half a tolah

weight of seed of ^cA-wori,^-^ softened with some the favor of God, in one or two vomitings, the

oil

of almonds.

By

stranguaiy, or obstruc-

tion of urine, will be removed.

The (1)

There

meaning be,

(1*)

is

as

some obscurity here I

suppose

it is,

The MahommeJans,

(2) Original

J^wl

in the original,

that they

in India,

which runs

yÛL.^

were to be forcibly converted,

make

the principal meal at night.

it

Jc^j^^^

If the

should have been

XlfPOO SULTAN. The is

311

following morning [after the vomit] a dose of the other medicine

and radish leaves.^

to be taken in eight tolahs of syrup of db-shd/c/r^^

This course

is

to be pursued for seven days, during

need not abstain from

acids, but

and other heating and

must avoid eating black and red pepper,

The

flatulent things.'^)

diet should be curry of

radishes with boiled rice, and his drink an infusion of

cucumber means,

and dry

seeds,

which the patient

musk-melon

of each half a tohth weight.

thorn,(<'>

seeds,

By

this

there should even [or actually] be a stone [in the bladder]

if

it

will be passed/'^

LETTER CCLXXXVI. 2b Mahommed Yoosuf, Cvtival of the BazAr^^ accompamjivg Presence ; dated 3d JaafvryS"^ (6th Jime^

You

the

have represented, " that two thousand four hundred and eighty-

"

five

*'

to the Presence

gram, &c. were some

bullock loads of rice,

" nine very

[/. e.

lately

army] and eleven hundred and

to the Sultan's

[or now]."

ordinary to us, that out of

It

is

ago dispatched

tizne

known, and appears very extra-

or sixty thousand bullock loads,

fifty

the

duties

(3)

Original

-Li,

(4)

Original

c_^

f^j,

(5) Original

*^^

j_yjb

(6) Original

lLXI^-jU-

(7)

literally,

4_>1

CXV,

with perhaps

still

(1)

Called in

(2)

No

letters

Iiorii-watcr," of

"

will fall or

drop."

and the observations suggested

greater force and justice,

tiie

original

do not know the meaning.

I

Tiiis

liy tlic

is tlic

jjttcr

lutttr

will

which was ailudcd

be found to apply,

to the present curious production.

,U\j <_->l^

appear between the

of the 30th Bc'hdiy, wliieii

I

20tli

Bchdnj and

this time,

except an unimportant one

suspect to be owing to some accidental chasm

as this was too busy a conjuncture for the Sullait's I

which

t^L-t

Original obj\ JJblji literally

to at Letter

"

pen to have indulged

in

in

the manuscript,

a fortnght's

think that, at the date of this letter, he must have been lying before /tdoni.

rest.

312

SELECT LETTERS OF on which have been remitted to the LumhdnehsP^ only one or two

duties

You must

thousand should have been dispatched [to us].

give

strict

orders for ten or fifteen thousand loads to be forwarded [hither] at a time-

LETTER CCLXXXVII. Mahommed Hyder,

To

second Di.ivan of

Nvan

\

dated Qth Jaafury.

(9th tTune.^

You

" that Nursia requires our express authority

write,

" [or inserting] your name [with

" the Anmils."

It

is

When

known.

Open and peruse

in the [official] letters to

you were dispatched from the

addressed io Nursia,

Presence, a [certain] mandate, you.

own]

his

the same, and conform to

directed therein, that you are to participate with tration

of the revenue

business,*^')

earnestly and constantly,

the Sircar

you

will,

conjunction

in

for joining

its

M'as

delivered to

contents.

him

in

If

it

be

the adminis-

agreeably thereto, apply

with him,

to the affairs

of

If [on the other hand] your participation [therein] should

:

be forbidden,^-) you must act accordingly.

OBSERVATIONS. If it is

of

I

rightly understand this letter,

a very strange one.

Mahommed

lay

no

stress

I

This

have translated

letter

he must have already delivered difficulty

is

easily

as closely as I could,

upon the apparently singular circumstance

Hyder's being referred to a

possession, since

addressed.

I

which

which he could not have

it

to Nursia, to

removed, by supposing what

is

whom

in his

it

was

most likely to have

(3)

So

it is

written in the manuscript, but whether propeily or not, thsy arc usually called

Linnbddchs. (1)

Original

(2) Original

(.::,«Ujk

which,

in

a restrained sense, signifies

^Jy^^ " discontinued,

set aside,

suspended."

" revenue

aftairs."

^

TIPPOO SULTAN. have been the case,

viz. that the letter referred to

called in the manuscript) with

was only a copy (though not so

which the under Dewdn had been furnished,

But what appears extraordinary

information and guidance.

his

Sultan should have placed the question submitted

to

footing he has done, instead of giving a direct answer to

him

to have really forgotten the orders if

them

may

hence

of banter.

it

is,

that

for

the

him on the hypothetical it.

We

cannot imagine

he had transmitted to Nursia on the subject

he had, that the secretary could not have produced a copy of

in dispute, or, :

313

be inferred, that the present

It is pretty evident,

Mahommcd Hyder

from the

to the privilege

letter

was designed

fact of Nursia's

in

the

way

having refused to admit

he demanded, without the express authority of

the Sultan, that no such autliority had been conveyed in the mandate referred to

and

this the

Sultan, no

Khan,^" at page

'J^S,

doubt, very well

knew.

The

letter

to

Shumsuddeea

seems to have been written in the same vein.

LETTER CCLXXXVIII, Mahommed Khan;

To Syed

Third

DejfJn of Nugr; same

Date.

(9th June:)

You

" requesting of us

write,

your name, along with that of

'*

insert

*'

Dewdn,

known.

to give directions to our secretaries to

the

in

Who

Mahommed

Purwdnehs [addressed

has told you

Hydcr, the second

to your department]."

(whom we had

ordered to

rcj)air

Presence) to remain there? and wherefore liave you continued to reside theie

?

^'^

2 (3)

Sec Letter

(1)

The

S

CCLV.

following

is

the original of

tliis

curious passage:

[till

It Is

to the

now]

SELECT LETTERS OF

314

LETTER CCLXXXIX. To BuRHANUDDEEN

Now that

(\Qth June.')

you have encamped near Misry-kotah, you must take up a

strong position there,

From

dated ^th Jaafury.

;

hence, seizing a

under the protection of the [adjacent] woods. fit

opportunity, you must

[suddenly] upon the

fall

enemy.

LETTER CCXC. To BuDRUz

What

ZuMAN Khan

Same Date.

;

the use of your fixing yourself

is

at

(lOM

June.)

Sehngak O

You must

?

your quarters from one place to another, such as Urkunny, and

shift

other dependencies of Nugr, opportunity for the purpose

and chastise the enemy [as often

may

as

an

oifer].

LETTER CCXCI. 2o Ali Rajah Beeby

Directing her inflict

[?'.

e.

assist

to join

him

;

dated Qth Jaafury.

Urshud Baig Khan with her

in inflicting]

You

write,

" provisions

Zuman Khan; *'

and to

forces,

punishment on the Nairs.

LETTER To Budruz

(\\th June.)

CCXCII.

dated \Oth Jaafvry.

that the Piddehs,

(\3th June.)

who had been employed

to the fort of Kittoor, wished,

on

their return

to

escort

from thence,

" (1)

Name

the original

uncertain.

^z.Jii

in a figurative sense.

The

expression,

wliicli strictly signifies

wliich

"

to

I

sit,

have rendered " to sit

down:"

fixing yourself,"

to is

in

but here obviously used

TIPPOO SULTAN. " to be dispatched to the Presence: but that, " hearing of

tlie

315 in

enemy's troops being spread over

consequence of your

^'^

the country about

" Shdnoor, Sec. you had [judged it best to] distribute them among the " forts of Hurridl, Ullooty, SccS''> for the defence of those places, and "

that you

had seated yourself

own

established your

[/. e.

quarters] at

" Sehngah."('^ It is

known.

In the written instructions delivered to you

that you shall keep together,

your forces

;

directed,

under your immediate command,

Conform

ten to fifteen thousand men.

it is

and do not divide

to these orders,

but establish yourself with

of NugVy as at Hurridl, Urkunny, &c.

them somewhere It

is

now

from

in the province

the rainy season

:

send for a Misdla of Jijshe from Kdrktl \_Mungalore'\ and, agreeably to

your instructions, assembling other Ji/she and Piddehs, ten or twelve

this,

[/'.

e.

Urkunny, or some other place, situated

the further,^^) or east] side of the Tungluddra.

report the

manner

amount of

thousand men, take up a position with this force, either

at Hiirpunhidhj ,

that

to the

same to us

\

[like then)]

on

Having done

and afterwards proceed, according to the

that shall be directed ia the orders [you will receive] from the

Presence.

LETTER

CCXCTII.

To Abdul Kureem, SipaudJr of the Jyhse Kuchurry, stationed Urshud Baio Khan dated \Oih Jaafury. (I3th June.}

ivith

;

You "

write,

himself,

" that the

villain

Goorkul, being wounded, had thrown

together with his wife and children, into a

2 S 2 (

1

Oiiginal jj^x<

ô

^j\j\

(2) )

> Naiue> uncertain. (3)

J

(4)

lleckoiiing,

I

buppose,

froiii

Bidnore.

fire

[kindled for

" the

SELECT LETTERS OP

316

" the purpose] which had consumed them " Mdpilahs have

exercising

them

You

add, " that the

taken to flight."

You nmst

known.

It is

all

[all]."

assemble and keep your

them always

regularly, hold

men

togetlier, and,

in readiness [for service].

OBSERVATIONS. It

would appear by

this letter that the unfortunate

vours of Tippoo's commanders to secure his person

and knowing the

success,

fate that

be, with

among

but that, despairing of ultimate

awaited himself and family,

he had resorted to the

the hands of their tyrant, dishonour, so usual

;

Goorkul had eluded the endea-

the Hindoos.

which the Sultan mentioned

The

final

they

if

into

remedy and refuge from

studied indifference, as

this dreadful

fell

it

appears to

will not

catastrophe,

have

escaped the reader's notice.

LETTER CCXCIV. To Rajah

You

" factory **

"

write,

for this

at

Ram Chundur

;

same Date.

(\3th June.)

that eighty smiths are required in the

Khdn-KhdnhuUi/

number

;

and

that,

musquet manu-

having made an application

to the ylmnils of the surrounding districts, they

had

" answered, that the Ryots excused themselves from furnishing them *'

just

now, on account of

It is

known.

As

its

being tillage time."

the tillage of the land does not depend on black-

write to desire, that the most peremptory orders

smiths,

we

to the

Aumils within your

jurisdiction,

may be

and enforced by

providing [immediately] the requisite number of these

issued

bailiff's,

for

artificers.

OBSERVATIONS. Whatever might be the provinces of

case in Mysore,

Bengal and Behar, the

material degree,

on the manufacturing

it

is,

certain,

at least,

that in the

cultivation of the lands depends, in a very classes

and artizans

;

who,

at the tillage

season,

TIPPOO SULTAN. season,

are accustomed

317

to quit their ordinary avocations^

necessary time, the labours of husbandry.

Even the

and

soldiers, at this period, are

in the habit of returnins; on furlough to their native villages,

working

in the fields belonging to their respective families.

that the

same practice

reference

made to

it

by the Ryots,

its

existence

;

inclined to think,

At

so that, in saying,

this

rate,

" the culture

sacrificed the truth, and,

persisted in his oppression, chiefly for the sake of a conceit. Eighty'

taken from the plough at such a time, would hardly

embarrasment

am

sufficiently establishes the fact.

" of land did not depend upon blacksmiths," he probably

men

I

for the purpose of

be found to have obtained in Mysore; and, indeed, the

will

the Sultan could not be ignorant of

what was worse,

to resume, for the

fail to

in the agricultural operations of the district

produce a material

which was obliged

to

furnish them.

LETTER CCXCV. To

Ghulam Husain Khan, 1 1 th

Second Munshoor of Bangalore

Jaafur y.

;

dated

(1 4th June.')

(Extract.)

What

you report, of the escape of the European cannon-founder,

You

Understood.

is

must, in sucli manner [or by such means] as you

think best, and most practicable, contrive to get him back, otherwise

bad consequences will follow, for which you shall be made to answer. You write, " that instead of five or six rupees, which you have pro-

" posed paying " nine."

It

known.

is

pay you have

to the striplings^') belonging to the Jijshe, they

fixed

:

demand

Let such as are very young receive the monthly

Avhen they arrive at

full

age, they will, according

to custom, receive nine rupees. If the

gunpowder

is

not prepared, and the gun-barrels are not con-

structed agreeably to our instructions, and

if

every thing

else,

appertain-

ing to your department, be not properly executed, you will be culled to

a

strict

(1)

account [for your neglect].

Original

j^l

"beardless."

SELECT LETTERS OF

318

LETTER CCXCVI. To BuRHANUDDEEN

sume Date.

;

(\Ath June.')

Your letter lias been received, and its contents are comprehended. What vou write, respecting the scarcity of grain, is known. The counSend from thence for continual and abuntry of Nugr is near [you]. dant supplies of grain. What is the meaning of your loitering in one You should take ten days place with such an army [as you have] ?

provisions, coss [at

and moving

rapidly, in different directions, ten

opportunity of striking some signal blow

a time], seize an

We have

against the enemy.

and twenty

sent [similai] orders on this subject to the

Sipahddrs, &c.

Phurnaveese

Poonah.

It

[/.

e.

Nana, the Mahrattah minister]

most probable that their army,

is

gone [back] to

too, will,

by the time the

and return discomfited and beaten.

river swells, break up,

Remove

is

Hukeem Khan from

the son of

the

command

of his Risdhy

and place him in confinement.^'^

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

true, that

May

of

;

and

I

Nana Phurnaveese

returned to

believe that, either previously to his leaving the

or immediately after his departure, event, however, If

no

trace

Hukeem Khan

(which

I

Poonah some time about the end

is

the fort of

Bdddmy

Mahrattah army,

surrendered.

Of

this

discoverable in the correspondence.

be meant

for Abdiil

Hukeem Khan,

the

Nabob of Shdnoor,

conceive to be the case) this passage shows, that the breach between

him

and the Sultan had now become irreparable, and that the Patan had, probably, declared (I) Original

jj.l

JuL »j^lJ.S^-

occasion, mentioned by the his

name

being a younger son of AbdCil

common

prefix to the

names of

was called Abd&l Khyr Khan

^jO^J

<«3L)i

This son of

jl

of AbdCil Samuel Khan.

Hukeem

this

is,

family.

(or Klieere

that the

Thus

Mcer).

Hukeem Khan

Wliat adds

to the

word Abdul appears

the son

is,

on another

probability of to

have been a

and successor of Abddl Hukeein

TIPPOO SULTAi;. declared openly in favor of the Mahrattahs,

We

also learn

this chieftain actually held, at this time, a military

army under Burhanuddeen

of the

319 from

command

in

it,

that a son of

one of the corps

(possibly a battalion of an infantry Kushoott)

;

form of the expression in the original will hardly admit of our supposing

for the

that the Risdla, in question, was a

body of troops furnished by the Patari

for the

service of the Sultan.

LETTER CCXCVII. To

Mahommed Ghyas

and ôon

Mahommed Khan;

same Date.

(\4th June.^

It

is

fifteen

By

doorg~\.

days since you arrived at Furrilkh-ydb Ilisdr \Chittle-

your stopping in this manner

fifteen

days in every place,

you burthen us with your own pay and that of your

Then

retinue.

i<

would further appear, by the circumstance of your bringing on with you the Hurkdrehs of the enemy, that you had no fear [or regard] for your lives

and honor.

It

is

and hasten your arrival

not well.

Send back the enemy's Hurkdrehs,

at the Presence.

OBSERVATIONS. Here ends the Sultan's correspondence with

his late ministers at the court of

Poonah, who had probably received their dismission from thence some time

Whatever may be thought of the diplomatic

April 1786.

qualifications of those

agents, from the faint sketches of their proceedings occasionally afforded letters,

in

by these

there would not appear to be any reason for imputing the failure of their

negociations

to

any deficiency of

talents

or address

on

their

part

:

for

the

Mahrattahs being bent on a rupture, and the Sultan being equally determined not to

compromise

his dignity, or

what he deemed

to

be his

rights,

it is

probable,

that neither party had, from the beginning, any expectation, or indeed any desire,

of accommodating their mutual differences do,

was

to

;

so that, in fact,

all

the envoys had to

endeavour to amuse the Mahrattah government, by vague and illusory professions

SELECT LETTERS OF

320 professions

;

to obtain intelligence of

the fidelity of some of

its

always an hopeless one considered,

;

designs

its

The

servants.

first

and, perhaps, to tamjicr with

;

of these objects must have been

and when the notorious parsimony of their master in the other

any material extent,

their success, to

two,

may

is

be

reasonably doubted^ without derogating, in the least, from their general zeal and capacity. feature in the Sultans correspondence with these envoys,

The most prominent

next to the memorable manoeuvre recorded in Letter LIII,

There seems

racter of his instructions to them.

on

occasion,

this

between his pride and

his interest

steady, only, in his ungracious treatment of his last

moment, he addresses

in

the fluctuating cha-

to have been a perpetual conflict, ;

in the course of which,

He

sometimes one, and sometimes the other, prevailed.

very

is

unhappy

appears to have been agents,

whom,

to the

a style of unmitigated asperity.

Of Noor Mahommed Khan no more

is

heard.

Mahommed

Ghyas^" seems to

have been subsequently confined to the humble sphere of superintendant of a provincial

Tosheh-khdneh.

the Khoddddd Sircar, reflects

(1)

on

their

My only The

know

not

;

but

it is

ground

for this conjecture filling tlie office

following article

is

is

witness the annihilation of

probable they did not, as the Sultati

a letter, addressed, at a subsequent period, to a

mentioned.

extracted from an Hindostan news-paper, dated 25th Septem-

ber 1786, and kindly communicated to me by formerly Resident at the Court of Hyderabad.

" By

lived to

" great age," fourteen years prior to that event."^

person of this name, and (2)

I

Whether they

intelligence

my

valued friend. Sir John Kennaway, Bart.,

from the Dccun, dated about the

" report prevailed there, that Noor

29tli of

August,

it

appears, that a

Mahommed Khan,

" Sultan, (who, some time before, had been " because that minister did not approve of

sent

and the other J'akceh of Tippoo away by Nana Phurnaveese from Bdddmj/,

their remaining

any longer

in

the Mahrattah

" camp), were accused by the Sultan, on their arrival in his presence, with having betrayed " his interests, by secretly encouraging the Mahrattahs, who otherwise would never have

" hazarded the measure, to pass the Kishna, and advance into his country and that, not «' being enabled to give a satisfactory answer to this charge, the Sultan had caused them to ;

*'

be put to death, as a public example to others."

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER

321

CCXCVIII.

To RujUB Alt, Kilaadar of Gujunder

Gvrhh ;^^^

dated IBth

Jaafvry.

By

the Divine favor, the fort of Adoni'

God

duced.

augment the must

on the point of being

re-

wilHng, after setthng matters here, the special retinue will lustre of that quarter

the interim] keep your

[in

is

we

[/. e.

mind

shall proceed thither].

You

and attend duly

to the

at ease,

caie and safety of the fort, [by] placing [the necessary] guards,

remaining always on the

alert.

You may,

moreover,

and

consider us as

arrived.

N.B.

A

of the same tenor and date,

letter,

Kllaaddr of Kopul

;

and both were sent

at Chittledoorg, with orders to forward

to

was written

to

Jymum Khan,

Zynul Aabideen, Bukhshy of Ehshdm,

them

and, at the same time, to exhort

;

them, from himself, to be of good cheer, and to remain firm

at their posts.

LETTER CCXCIX. To TuRBiYUT

1^1.1

Khan

and Rajah (18^ A

Directing them locks, five

to dispatch to

;

same Date.

June^ Fyze Hisdr [Gootij], on hired bul-

thousand twenty-four-pounds shot, and the same number of

cightecn-pounds

shot.*'*^

2

T

a town and fortress of consiclcrablo note, situated between Kopul and Badthuy. once belonged to Rtigonalli Rio. Ii was ceded to llie Mahrattahs, by the partition treaty

(

It

Ram Chundur

)

Tliis

is

I

of n92. (1*) 0.iginal

J^ji^jJ^jJrTJ''^-^

SELECT LETTERS OF

322

LETTER To

Mauommed

Shui'IvEa,

CCC.

Darogha

of the Artilkvy

;

scone Date.

(I8th June.)

Agreeably guns [of the

to the orders of the Presence,

calibres] of twelve

and nine

you must bring with you

Jlutls

\i. e.

nine and twelve-

poundcjsj.

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

probable, though

my

manuscript

is

silent

on the

number

subject, that the

of guns of each kind was specified in the original, as otherwise this order would

appear to leave

A

pleased.

it

to the

judgment of the Ddrogha,

what number he

supposition utterly inadmissible.

LETTER

CCCI.

To UsuD Ali KhaNjC^ from Ali Riza and loth JaafvryS-)

We

to bring

;

artlcles,^^)

Avill

agree

to,

dated

which were submitted

and we now wish you to come and

those four articles you

;

(I8th June.)

mentioned verbally to you four

for your acceptance

Bal Mukn Doss

in order that

say,

which of

we may make a

suit-

able representation [to our master], and get the business finally settled.

The honour of a world

[alluding to the female part of Mohiibut Jung's

family] (1)

"

He

^yrfyHi

(2)

of

tlic

(3)

is

called in the title, or heading, of

tlie

following letter, the

«'

Jdoni Wiileh" or

man."

Tliis

is

the only occasion on which any letters, except tliose written

Sidlan hiuiiolf, have been entered in

Originu!

^^l^

tiie

present collection,

hy or

in the

name

TirPOO SULTAN. family]

is

323

be instrumental, with your eyes open/^^ to the ruin of is

contrary to discretion

is

pregnant

;<^'^

while any further procrastination of the matter

As

tion of the inhabitants of the place.

you are cut

state of the rivers, the case

hopes of

all

to [the arrival of] succours, is

abundantly manifest.

Under

relief].

[/'.

these circumstances,

and most advisable, that you should

clearly proper

diate]

from

oft*

honour,

peo{)le*s

the most serious mischief, and must lead to the destruc-

Avith

and the swoln

To

and numberless people are collected therein.

in the fort,

set

e.

it is

about an [imme-

adjustment, whereby you will secure the ease and prosperity of

God's creatures.

OBSERVATIONS. It does not appear

before Adoni place,

the

;

but as

from the correspondence, on what day the Sultan arrived probable, that he would lose no time in

it is

commencement of

the siege

reckoned fi-om the loth June.

Moaayenuddeeu If the

Usud

made some

:

but this

Ali

is

It

by Tippoo,

had, perhaps,

in person,

summoning the

may

be safely

been previously invested by

uncertain.

Khan, here addressed, be not the same person who has under that name,

figure (as well

the court of Jlyderabud,

am

I

unable to say

as

by the

who he

title

was.

of MuzufTerulmulk) at

However

this

may

the present negociator would appear to have acquitted himself in a very able

ner

;

Mohabut Jung, and by

this

means,

to send a considerable force, under

who were

shut up in

man-

while be induced the

Sultan to abstain from vigorous operations against Adoni, gave time to the

relief; or rather, for the

be,

amusing Tippoo with expectations of the early submis-

since he succeeded in

sion of his master,

since

Musheer

lil

Mulk and

Nizdm

Syfe ul Miilk, to

its

purpose of removing the ladies of Mohabut Jung's family,

it,

to

Hyderabad, 2

(4) Original

(j) Oiigin.ll

j^;jJ!

T

This object, which Tippoo either did 2

" seeing and knowing."

JU s^

"

tlic

contrary to considering of the future."

not

SELECT LETTERS OP

324

not suspect, or could not effectually oppose, being accomplished, left

to

the

fortc')

its fate,

to

which was, ere long, decided

:

maintain a siege, the Sultan soon became master of

The conduct

tiiose

commanders

for not being in a condition it.

of Tippoo, upon this occasion, has been said to have excited con-

among

siderable surprise

commanders, and has since given

his

lation, as to the causes of

among

it,

his biographers.

It has

some specu-

rise to

been affirmed, that

the fort might have been easily carried at the same time with the Paith, or town

upon the storm and capture of which the disorder to the fort, the gates of

unguarded.

tended,

garrison and inhabitants retired in great

which were found wide open, and even,

Intelligence,

;

conveyed to the

thereof, being

accompanied by a request from Lally, and others,

as pre-

Sitlfan,

and

to be permitted to profit

by

the opportunity, thus unexpectedly offered, he forbad the attempt, observing, in effect,

" that he was sure those within the

" taneously place themselves account, and

who

is

in his

fort

power."

would, in very good time, spon-

The

writer,

from

whom

I

take this

a very intelligent Musulman,"' in the employ of Colonel Colin

M'Kenzie, appears to infer, from

this circumstance, that the

Adonl ; and that

serious intention of reducing

his

movement

Sultan never had any

against

it

had no other

object than that of alarming the Xizdtn for the safety of the females of his family

and of detaching him, by that means, from his connexion with the

residing there,

But the

Mahrattahs.

think (admitting

its

solitary fact,

upon which

and

less

rested

:

fact is

it

rest,

not, I

against the evi-

perhaps susceptible of a more

^he Sultan might

have doubted the

he might have thought the undertaking too hazardous

That he hoped, by

is

upon which the expediency of attempting the

even have been averse to exposing the assault.

That

improbable explanation,

correctness of the information,

had been

seems to

authenticity) sufficiently strong, to support

dence leading to a different conclusion. satisfactory,

this opinion

women

;

fort

or he might

within the place to the dangers of an

his present enterprize, to oblige the

Nizdm

to forsake the

Mahrattahs,

(6) yldoni

is

called, in the

Jsujial register, and

by the Mahomniedans of the Dccan,

Jintidz Ghur. {!)

Of Mcer

in Appendi.s

D.

llCisain Ali, the

person here alludeJ to, some further mention will Le found

TIPPOO SULTAN. Malirattalis,

very likely

is

:

but this purpose would not have been effected by any-

proceeding, which might, in his Highness's family

consequences, have cast a stain upon the honor of

by getting them

into his power,

he would have been sure of attaining that object.

capitulation,

would not appear to be any

therefore, there

which ho

the end

its

wliereas,

;

325

really

had

in view,

by

virtue of a

On

the whole,

sufficient reason for doubting, that

from the beginning, was not the mere

reduction of Adorn, which would have been an inadequate compensation for the exertion he

had made, but the capture,

contained within It

to

is

its

present subject it,

safety,

articles, referred to in the

They would, no :

honor and

of the

Haram

walls.

be wished, that the four

been preserved.

in

we

yet

preceding

letter,

had

doubt, have thrown considerable light on the

are not entirely destitute of other information respecting

since the following extract from the Sultan's

Memoirs

will

be found to contain,

not only some notice of his expedition against Adoni, but also his statement of the origin of the war, subsisting at this time between

him and the confederated

powers.

" Occurrences of the year Busd, or "

?/ear

of Mahommed 1214.

had just completed the arrangements whicli have been mentioned,'^^ when

I

"

The

(8)

portion of

reader will probably not be displciised at being presented, tlie

MiMDoiis iinmediatolv ])icrciiing the one given

whose

therein by the Sullan, on siderable scurity

a very

"

"

:

liglit.

I

extraorilinai}' character

have translated

but the original

is

it

as closely as

I

it

will

intelligence

in lliis place,

in tlic text,

and

with

tiiat

referreil to

be Coiuid to throw no incon-

could, without involving the sense in ob-

written in such a perplexed and barbarous style, as has

made

tiiis

diiHciiit task.

After sending o(T

tlie

Ahmedics

[in

the

way

that has

been related],* the

[or cavalcade] pioceeded to the seat of the Sultanut, Piiln.

special retinue

Here, with a view to the

" [proper] arrangement of affairs, great and small, I framed various llukm-mhiiehs [or ordi" nances] and numerous other things ; all in the very best manner, and comprehending in" stitutes, civil and fiscal, general as well as particular rules for war and peace [literally, " for the battle and the banqxtef], and regulations for the government of the people at large. " They moreover treated of the [proper] mode of dealing with the noble and the ignoble " [or the high and low], of taking [or levying] tribute Irom the subjcet, and of alTording " protection to the people; of making progress through the country, and inspecting the " fortresses; and of duly guarding the kingdom on all sides. In fine, they comprised nu'*

• Sec Observations on Letter XLII.

merous

SELECT LETTERS OP

326

" intelligence arrived that the Malirattahs" and Nizam Ali Khan, forgetting their

" ancient

obligations [to us], whereof an account has been already written,"""

and

" becoming ungrateful, had assembled together a large army, with the intention " of making a joint attack on the

Ahmedy

" At that time, [or hereupon]

« Usud

Ilhi/e

dominions.

that

government humbly represented,

" defence of the

fortresses,

" would be proper to

set

under the

several of those holding offices"" after

and putting the armies in a

providing for the

state of preparation, it

about confronting [or opposing] them

[/. e.

the Mahrat-

"

talis

"

'

Valieeh of both the chieftains were about to receive their dismission [from

"

'

me],

<«

<

forgetting ancient obligations

"

'

upon making such a return

*'

'

despicable of men.

«

'

know], that good should not be requited with

"

'

kind will

To

and the Nizdni].

I

said to

this I

answered:

them [the Fakeeli}, that

This

[assuredly]

[or

my I]

is

when

Six months ago,

had heard that

ancient claims]

to them, as

[said

I

'

their masters,

upon them, meditated

was the practice only of the most

not a right thing.

A

evil.

Fear God [and

proceeding of this

draw on your masters the vengeance of the divine "

<'

the

merous new inventions, and fresh contrivances

•witlimit

measure

:

and

I

'

tribunal.

ordained that the

" same should be preserved in our elevated famil}-, and [be transmitted througii] our emi" ncnt raec to the end that our sons of exalted ilcp^ree, and our grandsons of iihistrious *'

descent, "-cneration after generation, deriving from the perusal of the abundant benefus

" and ample advantages with which they are replete, may be thereby enabled to administer " the various affairs of state, and tiie important concerns of sovereignty, with due order <'

Tiicrcfore, whatever ruler,

and regularity.

" adopt these our ordinances and " one of our offspring."

The

not being of our line, shall surre|)titionsly

institutes, will, in

consequence thereof, be reckoned as

substance of the latter part of the foregoing extract

lias

been given by Colonel VVilks

(in the Preface to his History of Mysoor) from the Si'dtdnc Tu'i'drctkh of ZynCd Aabideen Shoostry, the ground work of which production, as has been already observed elsewhere,

was the Tdreekh

e Khodd-dudi/, or

Tippoo

Sultan's

Memoirs, as written,

originally,

by

himself. (9) In the original

name

the reader

is

<)jij^

(MurrdtchJ;

which perversion of the true

referred to the preface of Colonel Wilks's History of Mj/soor.

Letter VIII. (10) See observations on

(U)

for an explanation of

Original \a^^

T I r r o o sv LT A N.

327

"

'

tribunal/'''

"

'

been rendered to you by the Usud

"

'

whole world. ''^' Moved by the humble supplications,

"

'

age of your master/'^'

"

'

ourselves [or willingly incurred] the evils [or dangers] which [menaced] your

"

'

house and your

"

'

it

"

'

notwithstanding this]

"

'

have done me] should become

"

'

[therefore]

"

'

the chieftains in question shall have entered

"

'

countries to the value of ten or twenty lacks of rupees, and have laid siege to

"

'

one or two

"

'

conformity with their engagements.'''"'

my

[For

life

Ilhije

who had avowed

and [hence]

:

my

these are

part]

it is

The good which

intentions.

Sircar

and evident

clear

is

himself to be our son, we"^- took upon

more

manifest, even than the sun, that

" But what does " they

shall

signify

it

their

" Bdddmi/,

desirous that your misdoings [or the wrongs

you

still

more apparent

They should

With

?

all

my

have ravaged

dominions,

therefore^ act in

move from hence.

God

I)

fifteen or

the fort of

siege to

laid

and committed depredations, between the two

i'^b

twenty lacks of rupees.

jii

Original

(1

Here the SnUdti

!•)

(15)

Hereupon I

marched

"court, place of ;\udiencc, royul tribune."

(13)

and

rivers K'lshna

"

(12) Original

both

two confederated armies (on whom,

the curse of

" TooiJgbhudra,'^''" to the amount of

mankind, and

hostile designs, mitil

[or let them],

will

after this, the

parents also, be

to

the blessing of the [divine] Helper, after

have entered our dominions, we

" Accordingly, two months

" and on

[or

places.

fortified

With

all this

move from hence, with

never

will

I

am

to the

by the tender

as well as

was we who secured the duration of your master's house. I

has

Ûj

"

the wliole of God's creatures."

sj!cal;sas if addressing tlie Malirattah

Meaning, of course,

iiis

father, in

whose

Vaketl

!i]o\\c.

life-time the transaction alluded to took

place. (IG)

I

am

inclined to think, that

tiic Stdtait's

speech to

short paragra|>h, which follows, was addressed

deemed a premature movement against (17) So

is

the

name

of

tliis

tract of

tiie

country here spoken of

cpun/rj/ situated betxceen two rivers'],

cluded at Seringapataiii,

m

1792.

is

ends

lu re

;

and that

llie

who had advised what ho

enemy.

river written in the original

written in oilier manuscripts, though

The

the

tiic T'likixls

to the persons

;

and

more usual orlhograpiiy

1

have often met with

is,

sometimes called the Dodb

I

it

so

believe, Tooiubiiddru.

(or

t-.vo

rivers,

i.

c.

it is so designated, for instance, in the treaty

the

con-

SELECT LETTEES OP

328 " r*" marched

" hence] dispatched "

a respectable person, together with an intelligent officer of

" letter to the following *

remained ten or twelve days, and [from

I

Madhojee Bhonsillah, the chief of

spies, to

"

where

to Bangalore,

What

is

Ndgpoor,'-'*^ to

whom

I

addressed a

effect

that you^'"' have forgotten [your] ancient obligations

the reason

"

'

"

'

otherwise your shameful actions will [assuredly] draw upon you their due

"

'

punishment.""''

and taken [or learned] the lesson of the whoreson?'"" Fear God,

[to us]

"

I also

wrote and dispatched [letters], to the same purport, to Hurry Pundit

' Phurkia and to Rao Rasta, commanders of the army of the

infidels.

"

(18) In the original is,

*'

U

u:J!jA^

the nearest translation of which that

we happy," or " we prosperous."

and has been adopted by all son (bearing, however, the in some power) arrogate

(19)

pect to

LLJ^

it

It is

a

common form

the pseudo-princes of India. title

I

am

I

more-

I

capable of giving

of expression

vvitli

sovereigns,

have even known a private per-

of Nabob, and descended from a decayed family formerly

to himself.

There is here a considerable degree of obscurity in the manuscript, which I susThe passage in the original runs arise from the omission of some proper name. ^JiJ.<

the meaiiino-

channel of

L:i-«i,«-«

is,

^-

through the medium, or by means, of Madhojee.

that the letter in question

all

(3'e)

,^lU-ii

the cliicftains

a second plural formed from UJi

named

in

Probably

was to be delivered to Madhojee, through the

some person, whose name has been inadvertently omitted by the

(20) Oriiînal

addressino-

i-

\\

one and the same

(you); as if the Sultan were

letter.

one of the anomalies so usual with the author, or an error

ol'

transcriber.

This

is,

of course, either

the transcriber.

The

Sultan

here implicates the Ndgpoor chief in the supposed ingratitude of the Paishwa, although Madhojee Bhonaillah had taken but little share in the transactions alluded to. (21) Original

Îks^

pU

as

once or twice btforc.

uncertain, wheiher the

It is

Nizam,

or the Paishwa, be here alluded to; this gross appcU.ition being sometimes given by the Sultan to one, and sometimes to the other. It is scarcc'Iy credible, liowever, that he should

speak of the

Mahrattah

Pa;.?/(M'a in this offensive

state.

If,

therefore,

it

tliou"-h so Slated in the narrative)

manner,

in

letters

addressed to the chieftains of the

was actually used (which,

it is

most prol>ablc that

it

after all,

indeed, the implied character of a teadier, or giver of lessons, to the Paishzea,

(22) Original •'

misdoing."

who was

at this time very

might not be the case,

Nizam; to whom, more applicable than

reFcrrcd to the

was

far

young.

s^. ,^y^ ^^ cs}^J^. >J^y

^.

'•'"'ill

arrive at the

due

requital

of their

T1PPOO "

I

ULTA

officers] of the

" be made abilities

[in the

first

instance]

when they

;

my

to

At

mind.

according to their [respective]

all,

[or powers], delivered their opinions

" agreeable

:

none of which, however, were

from the boundary of the Sircar,

'

proceed against Adoni, which

"

'

and

"

'

Attacking this place, we must obtain possession of

"

'

preservation] of their honor, the two

"

'

we

a strong place,

at a distance

where the honor" of Nizam Ali Khan

.S/rrfar**^''

shall see [the extent of] their strength

" plan] was apparently/ assented to by

" God [only] knows what they inwardly

" After

" against which

my

" making

opened trenches

I

;

;

but

to Adoni,'^"^

and renegade'"' armies might

infidel

what

in

the situation of Busalut

at the

end of a month, mounted

U

2

"

by long marches

hearing of

Having,

[to their assistance].

/•^(^j^L^^y^ "and

This opinion [or

but was [purposely] careless and dilatory in

" Jung's son, and of their women, the two

(23) Original

relief],

its

thought [on the occasion].

[or really]

approaches, in order that,

" advance together

for the sake [or

should come [to

and power.'

quitting Bangalore, I proceeded

this,

If,

it.

lodged.

is

those in attendance [upon mej

all

the

Please the Almighty God, I will

'

said,

I

''

is

God

time [or hereupon] calling upon

this

" Bountiful, and imploring his aid,

is

army, respect-

of conducting the war, and the attack*"' [most proper] to

mode

[best]

329

N.

moreover interrogated the Sirdars [or chief

" ing the

"

S

batteries

to

niaiitier

form a design,"

or,

" wlut

sort of expedition to undertake."

(2t) Original

^^j.i\j

(ndvioos) by wliicli

connected with, or depending on

tliat

is

usually understood the

of the females of his tauiily.

person, as

lioiioiir

of

Hence

the

word very

in

Adoni, the

ii

conmionly denotes the Haram.

women

(25) Tliere being no reason to suppose th^t the Mahrattahs had any

Sultan might possibly

mean

was committed with that of

that their honour

equally possible, that the expression, in ipiestion, plexity of style, which so

(26) This (27) to the

name

is

The

epithet

army

of the

much

distinguishes

uniformly written

^.JbJ

Aizdm,

Nizam

faith

;

in the

IJut

it is

from that perhis pen.

manuscript.

hero evidently designed lo apply

is

is

to the

Mahrattah army.

in the light of an apostate,

infidels, to the

or, in other words, of his

their ally. solely

more laboured productions of

as that of cJji^ "infidel"

connections he had formed with

hommcdan

the

jj^ " renegade," or " apostate,"

Sultan always affected to consider the political

all

may have proceeded

prejudice, as

own ambitious

views.

lie

The

on account of the put

it,

of the

Ma-

330

SELECT LETTERS OF

" batteries near the ditch,

I

"

in

breaching the place, when intel-

by Moghul Ali Khan,'"'*

ligence came, that the two aforesaid armies, headed

" brother of Nizam

Ali

"

naish Pundit,

**

side of the river

*'

for intercepting the

I

Rhan,Sohrab Jung, '"'Taigh

Apa Bulwunt, and

moved from

others,''^'

At

Tuughhudra.

two armies

" Sircar was dispersed "

was employed

;

were arrived

that time

"'

Jung,''"'

I

TehburJung,

at the other [or opposite]

army

in [prosecution of j the siege of the fort.

my

camp]

of the

On

Usud

" movement the

latter

"

in

proceeding along the skirts of the

"

aforesaid fort,

state''^''

lUiije

account

this

to the distance of half a coss

" on the flank [or on one side] of the road of the aforesaid armies.

this

Gun-

saw no good [or convenient] place

and, moreover, the

that place'^*^ [or shifted

"'

By

were thrown into the utmost dismay and confusion hills,

[at length]

;

" distraction and alarm

[at

all

the people of the fort

the time], that they

wearing apj}arel of the females, and every

article

and

reached the

near to which they remained encamped during three days.

" the fourth day they took out

this

On

but were in suclr

;

left

behind the whole of the

of

household furniture [belonging

(2S) I

do not

(29)

tliink this

I

called AêemCil

find this

personage mentioned on the present occasion by any other authority.

was one of the

Omra, and

titles

of the Nizdm''s niiuistcr, Musliceriil MQlk, afterwards

finally Aristoo .lah.

j'«//a« affetis to write Shooriib (salt-water)

history) on the principle explained

It

proper to observe, however, that the

is

instead of Sohrdb (an eminent

by Colonel Wilks,

name

in

Persian

in the Preface to his valuable

History

of Mysore, page xxii.

ShumsOl Omra.

(30) Called also SyfCd MCilk and (31) I do not

know who

is

here meant.

The name

is

properly Tuhavwfn- Jung, but pur-

posely miswritten by the Sultan. (32)

Two

words follow here

iS^

prehend.

(tildijeh)

persons spoken of

is

in the original

^J^^ iJ^

a patrole, a picqiiet, &c.

i^\^\i

^

which

I

do not clearly com-

(ban) a rocket.

were commanders of bodies of rocket-men, and of

Perhaps the

particular corps

cm-

ployed as picquets, or patroles. c.

"

I

perceived no practicable means of intercepting them."

(33)

i.

(34)

Meaning "the

(33) In the original

position or

it is

ground" which he had previously occupied.

Jje-^.^\:yl

expressive in the Persian language,

is

"

falling

and

rising :" a phrase which,

though strongly

dilHcult to be preserved in a translation.

Tirroo SULTAN. longing to them].

In this naked

them, they took

midnight the road of

at

^"=

condition,

331

flight],

" pletely,'"' and, with the design of intercepting the fugitives,

" with the the utmost "

" tardy] " the

in

making

their report [of the

owing likewise

artillery,

to the

" the aforesaid armies were enabled " Tunghuddra

but

;

not without

enemy's retreat]

time [or on

this

" manifested

" army was

to

all

pursued them

to

effect

their

very negligent

[or

and, as, o« the whole, '^^^'^

;

followed very slowly, across

esc"&pe

leaving behind them,

in

their

the

river,

disorder

and

^*°^

this occasion]

the power

[of

God]

\vas

the world, in the following manner.

[wonderfully]

While the

the water was not higher than the waist

crossing the river,

" the space of

'^''

same circumstance,

" alarm, an elephant and some

" At

armed com-

I

As, however, owing to the rain, and to the miry

celerity.

the roads, the patroles had been on the ivhole

state of

along with

and made a shameful retreat/"*

flight,

Immediately on receiving the intelligence [of their

'•'

women

carrying the

;

fugitive

but in

end of which the army of the Usud Ilhye Sircar

six hours, at the

"

arrived in close pursuit [of the

*'

and thus was that prey, which the net had [so nearly] overspread, enabled,

enemy],

had risen to a

it

" by the divine pleasure [or power] to escape in 2 (36) Original

derstood in

seem

its

iJu *-

The term

is

The

with the banks'^":

safety.'"'

«

2

here employed somewhat equivocally.

" unencumbered

usual ligunitive sense of " light" or

to imply, that tiic writer intended

(37)

U

level

it

to

be taken

;"

in the sense of

It

After

mav be un-

but the context would

" naked

or bare."

would appear, by an Hindostan neuspjiper of June nS(>.

action, here alluded to,

this

period, to have taken place on the 27th

x^ J-^Ccj f—*

(38) Original

^Yords to his

the

at" "ot clear whether the Sultan

meant

apply these

to

(yj*) Original .i*J.lj_y

(39) (40)

army

I

at large, or to himself only.

There

name

is

of

a word here in the manuscript which

some wheeled

carriage.

jierplexed and obscure, and

1

freedom

The

in the translation.

was somelliing

have,

in the translation

The

I

do not undcrst.ind, but which

original

in consequence,

is,

in

this place,

probably

more than usually

been compelled to take some

Sultan would appear to have been conscious,

he was relating,

is

not altogether creditable to

character, and, in his attempt to gloss over the business, he has accordingly Diost bewildered style that can be imagined.

(41) Original

._,J^ (_J_.j_^

(42) Original

jJj^jJ^ ^^'^ " carried off their lives."

little

that there liis

military

fallen into the-

332

**

SE1.ECT LETTERS

" After putting the enemy

to flight, the

to the vicinity of the fort

[/',

" the course of which *'

e.

high [or eminent] army marched [back]

Adoni], where

of

Adoni

in

encamped

I lay

Adoni

[I caused] the fort of

then bestowed the country

1

OF

be entirely demolished

to

" authority]

o/" rM/^te* in

gave the

Nobut,^*''^ five

directing that, after fixing

might be necessary

as

return himself to his attendance *'

;'^^^

I

[i. e.

defence,^"'

its

and then

'''^^

upon our person,

marching from thence

After this,

for

[his

make

firmly in the Jageer, he should leave two thousand horse, and

" such other arrangements *'

money

*"'.

Jageer upon Kiitbuddeen Khan,

" Bukhshy of the Bd7--huchurri/,^"' to whom, moreover, " elephants, and a /acA

for five days, in

Adoni],

proceeded to the banks of

I

" the Tungbiiddra, &c."

The

sequel of the Sultans brief account of this

war

be given hereafter, in

will

proper place.

•its

The

foregoing narrative

great advantage,

own

is

not, perhaps, calculated to exhibit the Sultan to

either as a politician or a general.

account and the correspondence of

Usud

If (as

Khan

Ali

any

would seem from his

to have been the fact)

his (43) The fort of ^doni appears, by the Hindostan newspapers already referred have been taken possession of by the Sultan on the 11th of July 1786.

The Bdr-kuchurri/ was

(44)

Kushoon was an

the

department of

degree with a general

The Nobut

(45)

is

our

officer of

The Bukhshy

regular infantry.

subordinate to the Sipahddr and to the Risdladdr

office

Jiucfiurry, or one of the general divisions of the

army, appears

to

to, to

of a

but the Bukhshy of a

:

have corresponded

in

some

staff.

the privilege of retaining a

band of military musicians, who are usually

stationed over the gateway of the person's house, enjoying the honor

and occasionally join

;

his retinue in his visits of form.

(46) to

Tbb lack of

iTipees

have been a present.

would appear, from the manner and place

It is

more probable, however,

that this

in

which

it is

mentioned,

money was an advance, on

account of the pay and other espences of the force to be employed under KQtbuddecn. (4T* „

")

Ôriginal

.\ *.li

.aI^

l<.

I

confess myself to be quite un-

^Jyj.'' "i^,' r^-*'' J.""It m.ay import, that he was to remain with certain as to the right meaning of this passage. y

two thousand horse on

when ordered

;

his

Jageer, but to hold himself always in readiness to join the Sultan

or the sense

that KutbCiJdeen,

i.."'

.

may

be, that which

unable to maintain

1

have given

in the text.

his footing in the district,

after the Sultan's departure from Adoni, to retire to Gooty.

HQsain Ali

states,

was compelled, some time

TIPPOO SUI>TAN. was

in the present expedition,

his chief aim,

333

Jung's family into his power, by means of a capitulation

end was more

females of

to get the

il is

;

Mohabut

obvious, that this

have been attained by a vigorous and menacing attack of

likely to

the place, than by the slow and feeble

mode of proceeding which he

In

adopted.

the former case, the garrison might possibly have been intimidated into an early surrender,

before the allied forces could

encouragement to hold out betrayed into this

through negociation

and

:

their arrival.

till

this

its relief

:

as

The Sultan

it

was,

it

had every

appears to have been his object

grand mistake was followed by another,

which completely frustrated

military kind,

to

by the expectation of accomplishing

error,

first

come

He

his views.

suffered the

of

enemy,

not only to reach Adoni without any material attempt to intercept them,

remain in

to

vicinity during three or four days

its

garrison and

women

in

safety,

without the

he endeavours to disguise these blunders

:

;

and

finally

least interruption.

It

a

but

to

remove the

is

in vain that

his endeavours, for this purpose, only

prove his secret consciousness of them.

LETTER From

Your write,

same

the

to the same,

and of the same Date.

note has been received, and

" that

CCCII.

its

You


hitherto, in pursuance of the intimation of the Presence,^')

V you have not been

" negociation

[to

" [or lost]."W

deficient in [your endeavours to bring] the [pending]

a conclusion], and that, even now, nothing

You

proceed to state, that you wish

" the matter, agreeably to your former proposals, getting a settlement

*'

(18^/t June.')

made

we would

gone

is

represent

to the Presence

;

and

accordingly, which would redound to our

honour,

(

1

This

may

refer either to

think that the former (2) Original c:-J/

is

Tippoo or

here intended.

to his

own

master,

Mohabut Jung

;

but

I

indiue to

SELECT LETTERS OF

334

" honour/^> apprize you tbereof ;" and you exhort *'

most strenuous endeavours,

**

ansxA'cr."

It

is

the house [of your master].

prepared

is

Pity

I

to exert our

and send you a favourable

to obtain

Tbe firmament

known.

''

us,

W

and

a thousand

ripe with the ruin of pities

I

that you,

Sir,

should not have opened your eyes, or contemplated the certain conse-

quences of these proceedings *'

even now, nothing

is

but, instead of this, should write,

;

ône [or

lost]."

on the part of the

]3egiims,^^^

that,

This circumstance has excited

in us the utmost siu-prise and amazement. lately,

"

That

frieud [or you] did

supplicate, in the

most humble and

earnest manner, for an accommodation and adjustment of this business.

In consideration hereof, and solicitous to avert the dreadful

menaced the honor of a in any sinister

event,'^'^)

evils

which

collected together within the fort (for,

ivorld,

ruin to the house and Joss of honour^'^ to numberless

we

creatures must ensue),

represented the case in such various lights

[and so efficaciously] to the resplendent Presence, as brought our boun-

That

friend, notwithstanding this,

tiful

master to agree to a settlement.

now

introduces [or brings forward] excuses, respecting an adjustment of

the matter

hence

:

it

would seem, that you,

Sir,

are desirous of bringing

about the ruin of your master's house, and the misery of the people.

This

is

an

evil

fain impress

which no one can remedy.

[Still,

however, we would

upon your mind] the propriety of weighing

wisdom the good and bad of

business

tliis

;

in the scales of

and, having obtained from

your

{?,)

Or,

"good name:"

iMiigenieiit as the

(4) Original

^5)

The

(6)

I.

(1)

Original

e.

ttiat

one alluded

i.\».-,,„

-

CS^

'

(•

tiie

" An assault of the

iippUed more

being the instruments of so

just

and liumane an ar-

to.

superior ladies of

LSy.ju-y^

as

is,

"

"

fate

^/a/i/

is

;

impending" or " ready

[to strike]."

princesses.

fort."

* spilling,

shedding, or flowing of honour,"

particularly to female houour.

(as of

blood);

TIPPOO SULTAN. vour master

somehow

order that,

much

powers for

full

adjustnient, of your repairing hither, in

its

or other, the negociatlon

Any

be terminated

;

inas-

further delay must, on the other hand, be pro-

ductive of the most serious evils, which

or in ours, to ward

may

and prosperity of a whole world are herein concerned

as the interest

[or are at stake].

335

By

off.

in all worldly affairs,

will be

no longer

your power,

in

the Divine favour, that friend

conversant

is

and duly acrpiaintcd with the ups and

fortune [or

life].

You

the fate of

many

ancient rulers

With such examples

it

downs^'^^

own

have, moreover, witnessed with your ;

of

eyes,

such as those of Kurpah and Gooti/.

[before you], to permit [this thing]

is

far

removed

from [or irreconcilable with] foresight [or prudence], as well as incompatible with [your] attachment to the interest [of rate,

it

is

means of

your master].

At any

the imperious duty of the subdued [or powerless] to omit no conciliating the powerful

;

but, by every possible submission

and demonstration of humility, to avert the ruin impending over them [therefore] fitting,

it is

that that friend, accompanied by

:

two [other]

persons of weight and consideration, should repair hither to-morrow, in jointly represent matters in such a

way

to the Pre-

sence, as shall lead to the accomplishment of whatever

may

[best] con-

order that

we may

duce to the benefit of God's creatures.

LETTER Fro7n the same to the same

The

letter

CCCIII.

dated I6th Jaafury.

;

you sent has sliown the face of

arrival,

quainted with the circumstances therein written.

"

after obviating all

difliculties*^')

to day,

you

will

(19 th Jnnc.^

and made us ac-

You

state,

" that

come, accompanied by the

(8)

This

is literal

(1) Original

;

the original being

jj^wi^.v-i^J'

Jjoj

j;^.**

"

ajUj

;lj . (..-^-iJ

huviiig ailjusicJ

all

points in ilisputc."

SELECT LETTERS OP

33G 'f.

before mentioned] for the

the persons of respeetability [or credit,

" purpose of putting [every thing] It is

known, and highly approved.

in

a [proper] train [of adjustment]."

The

habits of friendship and mutual

from former times], firmly and truly subsisted

interest have, of old [or

between our lord and master (long may his prosperity endure

A regard

master.*-^

has disposed the blessed mind [of the

which

former] to an accommodation

;

especially confirmed by your

humble

in

sentations of us, your friends, It is,

and your

circumstance, joined to compassion for the

to this

situation of [God's] creatures,

ncgociation.

V)

[disposition]

supplications,

he has been more

aided by the repre-

and others participating

in the present

that that friend, obtaining full

therefore, proper,

powers to conclude a settlement, and accompanied by the persons of credit [before alluded to], should

repair hither, and finally arrange the

business, according to your agreement

;

inasmuch

master, has these two objects greatly at heart of [God's] creatures

•,^^'>

;

as his Highness,

namely,

first,

our

the relief

and, secondly, the corroboration of the founda-

AVhat more

tions of ancient friendship.

?

LETTER CCCIV. From

same

the

to the

same

;

dated TVednesdaij Night, IStk JaafuryS^> (2\st June?)

We will

Do

morning. [friends]

[punctually] attend, Sir, to your appointment for to-morrow

you come

when we

;

(2) Alluding,

will

Original

most probably,

(1)

This

here, for

^l^ J!^^

letter

tlic

Sir,

accompanied by your confidential

proceed together to the Presence.

hit Jui'.g (the father of Moliabiit

(3)

also,

(=V'

to the political

connexion formerly subsisting between Busa-

Jung) and Hyder

"

Ali.

'ô'"P'**'''°" ^""^ *''^

condition of Cod's creatures."

should properly follow the one which

it

now precedes;

purpose of preserving the coniinuit}' of the subject.

but

it is

inserted

TIPPOO SULTAN.

33^

OBSERVATIONS. Nothing further

is

recorded in the correspondence respecting this negociation,

which was probably bro^cen

With

army.

off about this time,

by the appearance of the reHeving

the exception of a shght notice in Letter

even mentioned in any of the succeeding dispatches,

when,

in consequence of the peace concluded with the

the Sultan announces to Kiitbuddeen

made

Khan

till

CCCVIII, Adoni we

is

not

arrive at the period

Mahrattahs and the N'lzdm,

the revocation of the grant he had

to the latter of that district in Jdgecr.

LETTER CCCV. 2b BuRHANUDDEEN

On

;

dated \'Jth Jaafury.

(20ih June^

the subject of his chastising the enemy, and desiring

moving round them also, to

among

at the distance of ten or twelve coss.

procure supplies of grain from

Nugr and

him

to keep

Directing him,

to distribute the

same

his troops.

LETTER

CCCVI.

Circular, dated 18th Jaafury (2\si June),

to the

following

SlPAHDARS.

Shaikh Imam,

Zynul Aabideen, Mahommed Huleem,

Imam Khan,

HusAiN Khanpoonv,

Ahmed Baig, Ghulam Mohyuddeen,

RujUB Ali Baig,

Shaikh Omau.

Meeran Husain,

You

are to retain with your Kushoons such

only, of those belonging to

it,

as

may be 2

X

young and

active

women,

capable of keeping pace with the

SELECT LETTERS OF

338

army

the victorious

in its

The

[approaching] marches.

who may

rest,

be aged and infirm, are, with the other heavy baggage, to be sent off to

Fyze Hindi-

In addition to your constant [or usual] stock of

\_Gootij\.

you must supply yourself with a

provisions,

sufficient quantity

kept in reserve] for the consumption of ten days.

What more

[to be

?

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

probable, that the Sultan was

against the allied force,

presumed

now preparing

make some movement

of the approach of which to the relief of

have received intelligence about this time.

to

to

followed in the manuscript

by a

short note to

The

Adoni he may be

foregoing circular

is

Moaayenuddeen, desiring him to

hasten to the Presence, as soon as he had finished his repast.

LETTER ZumanKhanj

To BuDRuz

According

Hukm-ndmeh

Ja AFC iiY.

[or written

(24th June.')

your

instructions],

men, including

Ji/she, horse,

and

Call the detached troops, or out posts, together; and do you,

Piddehs. tlie

your

dated 2\st

consist of ten thousand

army should

for

to

CCCVII.

present, proceed

and join Biirhaniiddcen with your army, and

co-operate with him in the chastisement of the enemy.

Your appointment of Mudara Baig approved.

You

LETTER To Burhanuddeen letters

set forth in

Kiluaddry of Jlmmdpoor

must, by means of the aforesaid,

raise for the service of the Sircar'\ as

Two

to the

;

^î.

many horsemen

together

[/.

is e.

as possihle.

CCCVIII.

same Date.

Q2Ath Jime^

from you have passed under our view, and the particulars

them are

distinctly manifested.

What

T

What

I

SULTAN.

rPO O

339

you write, of having chastised and defeated the enemy,

Budruz Zuman Khan has

understood.

been ordered to join you

also

with the forces under his command, and to co-operate with you

The

chastisement of the enemy.

you with

As he

his troops.

aforesaid

Khdn

course,*^')

in the

accordingly, join

will,

possesses great practical knowledge

rience in war, you will, as a matter of

is

consult with

and expe-

him on

You

measures relating to the operations [you are conducting].

all

must,

also,

keep moving round the enemy, at the distance of from two to three

coss,

in

order that you may, by this means, straiten their foragers.^-^

What you

write,

with regard to your having relinquished to the

captors the horses and camels taken from the enemy,

we approve of

We

lately

^\'ith

your army.

That, however, are,

in

Dhdrwdr, and Shdnoor, and apply yourself

we

Please God,

shall soon

which occupies us here, when, part of the enemy's forces as

Adoni, we

;

and

wrote to you, desiring you to turn, or pass, the rear of the

You must remain where you

enemy.

known

the same.

enemy, and join us sary.

is

shall proceed,

not

now

neces-*

the districts of Kiltoor,

to the chastisement of the

be disengaged from the business

after inflicting signal

may

is

punishment on such

[venture to] advance

oji

this side of

by the route of Hurpunhulhj, and crossing the

Tungbhuddra, pursue [from thence] our march

to that quarter

[/.

e.

to

join you].

What you have stated, of the commendable services hommed Khan, and of Sheer Khan, the Umlddr, and

of Ghous others,

prehended, and we have, in consequence, issued orders to

is

Macom-

Mahonuued

Ilyder and to Nursia, the Taaldkddrs of Niigr, to send you two pair of

2X2 (1)

Ongm.il jtji^J:^ "

(.)

So

I

nnderstaiul

ilic

ot a single (liuciitical point,

by

this

A

gold,

necessary point, artiuk', consciiuenoc." oriniiKil

oF this passago

would imply, means, be augmented.

;

whicli, liowovi-r,

by

the

altor.itioii

tlwt Bftriiririuddcon's facilities of foiaging

would,

SELECT LETTERS OF

340

gold, and thirty pair of silver

The former

seerS*^

each pair of the weight of one

/ui//calis,^^'>

of these you are to present to the

[Ghous Mahomnied Khan], and

first

Munshoor

Sheer Khan, the Umlddr aforesaid.

to

Thie silver ones are to be given to the inferior officers, as

marks of our

approbation.

Of

and

{âbsolutely] require,

of the Doolies [or

and wounded must be dispatched

You

write,

" that you have

upon the enemy."

among

distribute the rest

[^with you], for the service

*'

keep as many [onlyj as you

the Coolies attached to you,

litters],

which the sick

in

make a night attack

contemplation to

It is revealed.

Where

an opportunity of making a night attack

moving round the enemy,

the four Kushoons

to the circumjacent forts. in

it

may

You

?

when]

[or

should, however, keep

at the distance of three or four

that, if a favourable occasion should present

you have

will

coss,'^^'>

you may

itself,

in order

[fall

upon

and] chastise them.

OBSERVATIONS. The

foregoing letter appears twice in the collection, but in different places, and

with some variations. perfect of the two.

I

have followed the entry which seemed to

What you

" must give

write

(3)

is

pound and (5)

I.i

In Letter

a

:

moment

to

*U-CiJ or a

is

understood.

You

to exert himself, for the purpose of infusing

they

may

not, hereafter, act in a cowardly

of service."

a kind of bracelet or ring, won) round

(4) In the original

A full seer is equal

Buhhshy

spirit, so that

at the [critical]

A Hulkah

paragraph occurs

of the bacTiivardness of the cavalry

orders to their

" into them a proper

" manner,

the most

In the copy, however, which I suppose to have been can-

celled, the following material ''

me

light seer,

tlie

wrist.

opposed to a seer of

about two pounds avordupoise.

The

lig/it

full or perfect weight.

seer does not exceed

a

li;Uf.

a preceding part of this letter, the distance prescribed

CCCV

it is

stated at ten or twelve coss.

is

from two

to three coss.

TIPPOOSULTAN.

341

LETTER CCCIX. To Meer Turab Ali This

and

his rank

qualifications.

overture in writing from

a favourable reception,

would not appear

It

Turab

to the Sultan

by

I take this

Meer Turab

Ali to be the

making some

It

does

same person who on by Tippoo,

1

796-7, at

whether or not he

the Sultan that he could serve ;

in the year

not appear from the correspondence,

furnish reason to think he did not.

him

be found

will hereafter

dependant of Moha-

was probably,

accepted the Sultan's proposals on the present occasion

joining

commu-

at this period, a

the court of Ilijderabad.

but Jung.

be an answer to any direct

Hindoo agent, named Laleh Wullub Doss.

a

figure in the intrigues carried

He

to

and a provision suitable to

have resulted from some verbal

Ali, but to

made

nication

(28th June.')

a letter from the Sultan, inviting the person addressed to repair to his

is

where he promises him

court,

dated 22d ShaabaxS'^

;

It is

him

;

but other documents

not unlikely, that he might have satisfied

better

where he then was, than by actually

which, however, he ultimately did, after the

lajjse

of

some

years.

LETTER CCCX. To

Mahommed Ali

the SiPAHDAit,

You

write,

dated 21 th Jaafvry.

;

" that the Ddrogha of the

J'aisy attachcil to

(30th Jane.)

your Kushoon

" having, without your knowledge, sent the bullocks [belonging to your

" guns]

to graze,

came

the enemy's people

after flogging the aforesaid Ddroi^ha, discharge

With

respect to the Risdladdr,

be very troublesome'^) to the

Bubr

men

Ali Baig,

"('*)

You

him [from our

whom

must,

service].

you represent to

of the Risdla, and to the Jowkddrs, voii

(1)

Correspontiin;^,

I

bflicvo, with

tlic 20tli

of June n3(i: consequently, this letler should

properly h.ivc (ollowcd Letter CCCIII. (1*) Either the Sipal)ddr left the rest to

what

b(!

most probable, as

will

(2) Original LiJii-i

bave been obliged

by liis master, or the transcriber omitted " and carried them otl." The latter is the

Ûi-ssed

should have followed, nanielv, the wordN

appear from Ixttcr CCCXXIII, where the same subjrct recurs.

which

to render

is

it.

not less vague in

its

signilicution than the

word by

whicli I

SELECT LETTERS OF

342 you must give shall prevent

[or admonisli

lilm such strict orders

him from repcatiug

him

so severely]] as

improper practices.

his

LETTER CCCXI. To BuRHANUDDEEN

You

" that some

write,

" cent] Taaldks *'

of^')

;

sawe Date.

(SOfh Jnne.^

the Kilaaddrs and Byots of the [adja-

[or districts], having

thrown

off their allegiance(-> to us,

convey intelligence to the enemy, and, moreover, supply the latter

" with

provisions."

punish

them,*^^)

You must

known.

It is

and hang them upon

LETTER To Z\"svL, Aabideen

HisAit, CCltittledoorgJ

Your

trees, as

;

of Kopul, has heen received.

examples to others.

Ehsham at Fvrrvkh-yah

same Date.

enclosing one [to your

letter,

upon the [offenders],

CCCXII.

Bukhsiiy of

;

seize

('*)

(30th June.')

address] from the Kilaaddr

Yôu state, " that you

had [some time hefore]

(1) Tlioiigl) this restriction of

tlie

more probable that the words which

I

not aiithorized

by

manuscript, yet

seems

sense

is

liavc

ventured to supijly should have been omiued by

tiie

it

the transcriber, than that the disaffection, or disloyalty, referred to, should have been so imply. The inhabitants of a fron•universal, as the original, without this correction, would tier

province mi'^ht waver

of the

proved unfaithful to him. (2*) Original iSJ:»J-\> (3)

in their

Sultans own appointment,

The

sense

may

attachment; but as it

would be

.^

.\

" having

it

they should

all

have

revolteJ, or rebelled."

be, and punish

them by hanging them, &c.," or "

jj«1j la:^

where the word

ki

The

original

is

that

some were

J'i^j'^j

to

'^L ^^

(khuttj sufficiently denotes that the

enclosure referrca to was addressed to ZynCd Aabideen

the Sultan,

the Kilaaddrs must have been

.

be punished (perhaps flogged) and others to bo hung."

(I*) Orighia! Jj

all

difficult to believe that

;

since,

if

it

would have been called an urzee, inilcad of a Ahull.

bad been adJresscd to

TIPPOO SULTAN.

343

*'

before] written to us, on the subject of providing for the security of the

"

fort of

"

trusty

"

sent by us to your letter."

we gave

Kopul, and of dispatching [thither] a thousand or

men

Some time has

known.

is

men

orders for the dispatch of the trusty

We

replied to your letters.^'*^

will

hundred

no answer had [yet] been

[to reinforce the garrison], but that It

five

clasped since

[in question],

and also

now, however, send people [or a

re-

inforcement] to the aforesaid fort [directly] from the Presence.

LETTER CCCXIIL To BuRHANUDDEEN

We

have learned of the

and that that

light of

clufeil

;

our eyes has encamped

cattle]

You of

may

The

at Kulhungi/,^-^

rains,

however,

a very

are violent

you must [therefore] encamp on [or move to] some spot,

:

where the rain

(pth July.')

of the enemy's army from Iloohly^^^

flight

strong and [well] protected situation. at that place

2d DJrJey.

more moderate,

is

in

order that your horses, &c. [or your

not perish, or your people suffer inconvenience.

write,

on the subject of confining AbdCd Sumud Khun,^^> the son

Hukcem Khan, "

that Dilcer Dil

Khan having

represented him to

" be attached to the Sircar, and as entertaining no dangerous views of " any kind, you propose waiting a repetition of our orders for his "

arrest."

It

[a prisoner] to

is

known.

You must

secure his person,

and send him

Nugr.

Agreeably to your the Tualdkddr of

desire,

Nugr, and

we have to

written [and enclosed] orders to

the [several] ylumils of that district, to

(2*)

The answers

0)

Oiig'mul

(2)

Name

rcfcricJ to Iiad probably miscariicil.

Vij

uncertain

C?) Sec Letter

j»

;

wliitij

circumstances

but perhaps

CCXCVI.

liic

make probable

is

designed for 7/oyi/y.

Kailkunda of Captain Moor.

SELECT LETTERS OF

344

to dispatch supplies of grain to you. to them,

You must

forward the said orders

and apply for the grain [you require].

LETTER CCCXIV. To Rajah

You

Ram Chundur

;

dated 4th

gth

DJraey.

have represented to us, " that Syed Peer, the Kilaaddr of that

" place [_Bangalore\, requires a separate order from us *'

July.)

to himself [as a

for his dispatching to the Presence the cannon-shot

warrant],

" which we

lately

now wanted

wrote to you]."

It is

known.

[for

Cannon-shot are not

they must, therefore, not be sent.

:

OBSERVATIONS. for declining to

As Syed Peer was not reproved himself,

may

it

gulations of

be concluded, that

his

department

;

lie

was

obey an order not addressed to

justified

in

what he did by the

re-

and, consequently, that the Sultan had issued his

orders in an informal manner. It

moreover

may

be inferred from the foregoing

operations against Adoni had

now

letter,

that the Sultan's

terminated.

LETTER CCCXV. To RuKMUST Kuan, FoujdAr^^^ of Kurnool; same Date. (JthJidy.)

A

[After compliments]

long period has clasped, during

Avhich you have not delighted or gladdened

me

with the joyful tidings of

your (I) Tills Icrni lilerally signifies,

accept ition,

of a

it

means an

district, to wliicli is

iliougii this

is

officer of

•'

cnc liaving charge of an army;" but,

government, cNcrcising

tlic civil

in

itsordinaiy

and military

juiisdiction

sometimes added the administration or collection of the revenues,

usually a distinct

employment, and held by an Aumil.

TIPPOO SULTAN. your health and happiness. blished rules of

is

very distant from the esta-

since friendship renders

friendship,

me

you] to afford

This neglect

345

incumbent [on

it

regularly the satisfaction of receiving letters [from

you], containing accounts of your welfare.

The

army being arrived

victorious

that friend should afford

me

discharged in a personal

it

fitting

is

that

mutual regard and amity may be

of

and that various

strengthened,

parts,^-)

the pleasure of an interview [with him],

order that the foundations

in

in these

points,

intercourse,^'^)

which can only be properly

may

be finally adjusted [be-

tween us].

OBSERVATIONS. I

am

unable to say, whether the interview, here proposed by the Sultan, It is probable, that

place or not. for

Runmust Khan would endeavour

no other reason than because he could not consent

to evade

took it,

if

to such a meeting, without

rendering himself obnoxious to the suspicions and displeasure of the Nizdm, whose feudatory be was. It

must not be concluded, from the circumstance of the Patan chieftain being

designated Fotijddr addressed

by

in

the

title

of

the foregoing

Such an

this disparaging appellation.

with the general style of the

which

letter,

is

letter,

that he was actually

affront could not

be reconciled

not deficient in courtesy.

It

is

however, that the Sultan might have been in the habit of speaking

very possible,

of him, to bis secretaries and others, as the Foiijddr of Kurnool, and that term, like that of

Sdnoor

IFdle/i,

might, in this manner, have come to be adopted by

the transcribers, or registers, of the correspondence.

2

(2) is

This

letter

Y

was probably written while the Sullan was

in

the vicinity of Adoni, whicli

only about seventy miles from Kurnool. (3) Original

might be been

^y ^

coiistruc-il

as

An

expression whicii,

meaning

in his contemplation.

**

if

used by any

otiier

person but Tippoo,

a convivial meeting ;" which, of course, could not have

SELECT LETTERS OF

346

LETTER CCCXVI. 2b Rajah

Ram Chundur

Directing him

dated 6fh

;

to issue the pay of the

DarAey.

men

(9th July.')

raised by

Syed Peer, the

Kilaaddr \oi Hangalore], according to the return transmitted; with an intimation, that useless, or old

to them.

named

if

the aforesaid Kilaaddr should entertain any infirm,

men, he would be compelled

Ordei'ing, moreover, a receipt to be

Kilfiaddr, for

short, that

to refund the advances

Rum

Chundur was not

to supply

demanded of the abovehim

articles delivered to

all

made

;

and signifying,

him with any

in

thing, without

taking his receipt for the same/'>

^

LETTER CCCXVIL

Circular,

scane

Date,

(9th July), to

Mahommed Kuli Khan, IsHMAEL Baig Humdany

Khajeh Ibud Khan, Khajeh Uzeemullah Khan,

and

Ishmael Baig Isfahany/'*) Inviting them

to repair, with collected

to the Presence, and to bring with

them

as

promising that the whole shall be provided

and to the regulations of

(1)

Literally,

(I*)

It is

Jung.

" there

probable that

tlie

[i. e.

with confidence]^

many horsemen for,

as possible

according to their merits

Sircar.

is ?io necessi'tj/

alh these

minds

were

for delivering

any

articles to

officers ia the service of the

him without a

receipt."

Nizam, or of Mohabui

TIPPOO SUJLTAN.

LEnÊR Meer Maiiojmmed

To

sence)

Directing him

;

cccxviir.

Deu-ax of

Sadik,

34/"

same Date.

the livzooii^^ (or Pre-

(9ih July?)

and trace the goods and

to ascertain

furniture'^"-^ in

the possession of the inliabitants of that place [meaning Serwgopatam~\

and

make a

to

report of the same.

OBSERVATIONS. The

phrase ^^sJL>j *^

to the recovery

i'^-:

some

I

have rendered "

to

trace"

usually applied

is

of things concealed: the order, therefore, implies, that a

was

search, or examination, sition,

which

was, does not appear contribution,

;

but

the Sultans object, in this inqui-

was most probably directed with a view to

it

which he might have had There

subjects, in aid of his finances. for supposing that

What

made.

to be

strict

is

in contemplation to

no authority, however, that

any such contribution was

levy I

on

know

his of,

actually levied at this period.

LETTER CCCXIX. To BuRttANUDDEEN

Directing him Boodhun (brother

station

to

to

dated 9th

J

Daraey.

(\2th Juhj.')

Risdla of the Jj/she,

a

Shaikh Unser),

at

under Shaikh

Dhdrwdr ; and

to

dispatch,

with great care, to Chittledoorg , the Daisye and other hostages.

2 (1)

"

Wiietiicr or not

to state positively.

He

head; but, probably,

of

2

Minister of the Presence:" such

dik at this period.

(2)

Y

Original

money

:

was afterwards,

still

(ÛL j

it seems was the official designation of Meer Siany ciiangc subsequently took place in it, I am unable

at the institution of the

Meer

Asofs, placed at their

continued to be styled "/>ewflrt of the Zfwzoor."

(^li»-l

This expression does not usually,

and yet the context would here seem

to imply as

I

much.

believe, include the idea

SELECT LETTERS OF

348

OBSERVATIONS. The of

Daisije, here mentioned,

whom

same

the

last

subject,

removed

is,

no doubt, the unfortunate chief of Kittoor,

notice was taken in Letter

makes

Another dispatch, on the

CLXX.

rather uncertain, whether the

it

Dalsye himself was to be

Chlttledoorg, or only such of his servants or dependants as were

to

deprived of their liberty at the same time with him, and t1ie

original

who

are distinguished

m

by the term Ool, or hostages.

LETTER CCCXX. and Ghulabi Hyder, Daroghas of the

Khan

2b Shumsuddeen

Tosheu-Khaneh,

(at

PuryJ

A Book, entitled Fukhnfs

;

dated 14ih

and

Q'Jth

Jul?/.')

Shilyookh [or " the glory of the Shaikhs"'],

Of

has been dispatched to you by the post. copies correctly

Daraey.

plainly Avritten

this

book you are

to get forty

by the transcribers there

[i. e.

at

Seringapatani], leaving fifteen blank leaves at the beginning and end of

Let

each copy.

this

be expeditiously

done,<'>

and

let

the several copies

be forwarded to us as they are finished, and an entry be made of the

same

in the register of

You must compare

your department.

the books, which were sent to you pately] by the

post, with the catalogue

them

in

forwarded [at the same timej, and depositing

our library, make an entry thereof in the register of the [proper^

Of

the books in question

we have

retained seven volumes.

OBSERVATIONS. The book at page 15/

here directed to be copied ;

where

it is

is

mentioned in Major Stewart's catalogue,

stated to be a treatise

on the duties of pious Musulmans.

So (1) Tn the original

jjJIj^jIj ois- wliicltmay possibly mean,

"htthzm

ha bound"

TIPPOO SULTAN. So many copies were doubtlessly ordered, with a view

349 to the general dissemination

of the doctrines inculcated in the work, which, of course, corresponded with the

Sultan's It

is

own

intolerant and bigottcd principles.

not improbable, that the books, mentioned in the

preceding

letter,

were part of the booty acquired

at

last

paragraph of the

Adoni.

LETTER CCCXXI. To RuNMUST Khan, Chief of Kurnool

A. H. 1200.

Mentioning

families or states],

Bumuzan,

Dhuruni Doss, who would

communicate matters circumstautially

;

and recommending

union subsisting

the

dated \2th

(or dth July I786.)

the dismissal of

continue to cultivate

;

to

verbally

him

to

of old [hetween the two

as this [line of conduct]

would be productive of

salutary cuds.

N.B. This

letter

should properly have followed Letter

CCCXVIII.

LETTER CCCXXII To BuRHANUDDEEN

J

duted

from Kurgoor, I4lh DJr.iey.

(\7th Jufi/.)

On

the subjects of stationing the Bisdla of Shaikh Boodhun, accord-

ing to former orders [see Letter for the

Aumil

with himself the to

;

CCCXIX]

at

Dlidrwdr

of that place, Yenkut Rungia, and keeping

of appointing Sheer Khan, the

Umlddnj of Dhdrwdr

;

and of dispatching

;

him

of sending careftdfi/^^>

Umlddr of KUtoor,

to

Mahommcd Ghous Khan

Dhdrwdr.

Announcing (1)

It woiilil

seem by

tlio

context, that Yciikut Uungiii was in di-giacc.

'350

SKLECT LETTERS OF

Announcing

Gung-KurkniU,^^^ and would soon arrive

rivcr'-^

at

liini]

and enjoining him

;

was about

to liim, moreover, that the Sulfcm

mean

the

[in

[?'.

e.

to cross the

would soon join

while] not to give battle preci-

pitately.W

Informing him,

goor

finally,

was arrived

that the special retinue

Kur-

at

and directing him to send orders for the demolition of the

;

fort

of Kittoor, and for the return of the garrison to his army.

LETTER CCCXXIII. To

the

Two

Mahommed Ali

SiPAHDAR,

same Date,

;

(l^th July.^

humble addresses] have been received from you,

Urzies [or

wherein you mention " that the Ddrogha of the Jinsy of your Kicshoon

" had, without your knowledge, " the

eneniy's horse

came and

sent [your]

carried

" sequence] placed him [the

We

oft";

for

to graze

;

that

that you had, [in con-

Ddrogha] under

" Mahommed Kazim, interceding " procured

them

bullocks

a guard

;

and that

him with Burhiinuddecn,

had

his release."

formerly wrote, and

we now again

write to say, that the above-

mentioned Ddrogha must be dismissed from our service, and another appointed in his place.

Our conclude the Toovihuddra to be here meant.

(2)

I

(3)

Gung-kurkndt

is

the right

name

I

am

not certain, however, that

of the passage spoken of, tiiough

it

is

so written in

Kurgoor to be the Ktrsouth-west of Adoui ; though goadc of Colonel Wilks' map, placed about twenty-five miles Kurgoor would appear, by the next letter, to be situated on, or near, the i)ai)k of the Toombiiddra, i\om \\\\\ch Kcrgoade I'i, at li-asf, fointecn miles according to the maj). two or three

(4) letter is

As

ill

places.

It

does not appear

any of our maps.

a few other instances, this part of the abstract

»«^ 4jj^ ^jj

remarkable,

tliat

.wrf

*ji>

U "We,

I

take

is in

One more

I

the words of the original

too, crossing the river, will soon arrive;"

the iw//aH employs both the pronoun personal

the fubt person, of which

spondence.

in

U

where

it

(we), and the verb in

doubt whether there are two otlier e.\aniplcs in the whole corre-

occurs in Letter

CCCLVI,

to

MCilaim Jung.

TIPPOO SULTAN. Oar most

holy camiy'>

is

pitched on

tlie

351

banks of the Tiingbuddra

,

and

you may reckon on the special retinue speedily reflecting splendor on that quarter.

OBSERVATIONS. If

med

any orders were sent All's Jinsi/, tlicy

Buihanudden, respecting the Ddrogha of Mahoin-

to

do not appear.

It is

not improbable, however, that under

the loose system, by which the military authorities were regulated in the Sultans the present directions to the Sipahddr were

armies,

deemed

sufficient for the

occasion.

LETTER CCCXXIV3b

GnuLAM Hl SAIN Khan, Mvxshoor Dauaey.

Directing him

to

of

Bangalore ;

employ the Kumdties, or labourers, belonging

time, to the provisioning of the place conjointly with the Kilaaddr

necessary in

all

;

and

as business

things, great

Ordering him,

18M

(2\st Jidy.^

the fort, in erecting habitations for the Ahmedies

relating to the fort,

dated

finally,

to

and

make

;

to

was

;

to

to attend, in due

to wx'iie his Urzies [to the Sidtan7\

examine carefully into in progress, that

all

made

affairs

attention

small.<'*>

his written instructions the rule of his

conduct.

(1) Original

uses in writing to his Ui-JjJj

U

" our

Tiiis

j^^jj) *«ir«

own

tlie

iannuage of royalty, which the

subjects and dependants.

,J'

of them.

It

in is

tlie

present correspondence.

^j^jj>-

»yw//rt72

occasionally

" resplendent presence," and These forms do

not,,

how-

Tiic Memoirs furnish ratiicr

probable, that in his oral intercourfc with his people, he

constantly employed the style of majesty. (\*) Original

j ....i^

prosperous person," arc of the same nature.

ever, occur very freciuentiy

more examples

is

"particular and general."

SELECT LETTERS OP

352

LETTER CCCXXV. To KuTBUL

Directing him

MuLK

to circulate

Same Date.

;

among

the

(2lst

Musulman

Juli/.')

inhabitants of that

place [meaning jldoiif] the mandates containing the arguments, explanations,

and statements ;^^^ and

of] the same to

also to transmit [copies

Hyderabad and ûrungahad.

OBSERVATIONS. There can be no doubt, that the documents

memorandum, under

referred to in this brief entry, or

the designation of arguments, &c. are the circular letter and

proclamation inserted at page 291, and which the Sultan appears to have been anxious to disseminate, wherever there was any chance of their procuring partizans, or of inducing

Musulman

shall, accordingly, presently see

tremities of Hindostan, in

keep pace with

adventurers to repair to his standard.

him

immediate neighbours); inasmuch

We

transmitting the same persuasions to the ex-

which quarter, however,

his wishes, (whatever

him

might be the case

as the contest for

was not

his success

likely to

dominions of his

in the

power between Madhajee Sain-

deah and the Moghul chieftains of Hindostan had not yet terminated; and because, while that contest continued, the inducements to the Musulmans to emigrate from

thence were not so strong as they subsequently became, upon the complete esta-

blishment of the Mahrattah authority throughout the provinces lying between the

Chiimhid and the Ganges.

any longer

exist, to

But even

in this last conjuncture,

the northward of the Toombuddra , a single

when

there did not

Mahommedan

leader,

capable of affording employment to the scattered bands of Moghuls and Patans,

who were now

left

without a master, the Sultan would not appear to have obtained

any material accession of strength from the side of Hindostan

:

the chief reason of

[i)

"

Original

JWl j e:^ jW j J.;^*^^^

" mandates containing aiguments and cxpiana-

lions with accounts or expositions [of the actual circumstances or state oi Islam in India].'

TIPPOO SULTAN.

353

of which, most probably, was, that there was no access to Rlifsorc, excepting by

who were

men

not likely to have permitted any bodies of armed the purpose of

for

their territories,

armies.

reinforcing his

any

received, at the period alluded to,

recruits

power,

states jealous of his

the possession of his enemies, or of

countries in

from

at all

pass through

to

therefore, he

If,

quarter,

this

it

could

only be such straggling individuals as might, from their insignificance, be enabled to proceed unnoticed.

The Kutbulmulk,

''

to

whom

the fbregoing letter

son elsewhere called Kutbiiddeen Khan, which

mon among Musulmans.

is

last is

addressed, a

name by no

Kutbulmiilk, on the other hand,

indeed, of considerable eminence, the affix of nlmiilk to a

that title

in general,

is,

bestowed.

plural

;

and

this

general, because

it

The

Jung

;^^^

Uddowlah

3,

a title

fancy to resemble,

Khan was

1,

and

Baronet;

also considered as

was rarely that any

Sometimes we

of which

the following ascending scale.

Ulmdlk

4,

Baron;

2,

;'^^

3,

1,

which the reader may,

I

believe that

tliis

KQtbQlinCilk was

(3) Etymoiogists pretend

" a

"

pearl ;"

i. e.

«'

made by

tliat

is

it

the

is

this

tlie

if

he

still

pleases,

addition

occasionally It

is,

Z

however,

father of IIQsain All Kliui),

who was

killed

on

the English on the post of Sultanpd.

word

precious as a pearl."

Belidddr ;^'^

The

Viscount; 4, Earl.

an honorary distinction, and

2

(2)

and one,

denoting the highest

bestowed, as such, by the imperial and some of the pseudo courts.

the 6th April 1799, in an attack

;

number.

titles is in ;'^^

uncom-

njeans

have been a step higher than what was denoted

to

in the singular

usual gradation of

substituted for ulmdlk,

to, or

would appear

by the same term

of

title

is

of a superior degree was conf6Yred by the court of Dehli.

meet with ulmumdUk added

2,

I say, in

the same per-

is

is

compounded of

\^

It figuratively signifies

"

price, value,"

and jj

" a champton, warrior, or

brave man."

Tliis title, to be rendered significant, must be preceded by some other word, (4) Jung. expressing some (juality or characteristic of a warrior: as Slwkut Jung, "formidable in " battle;" JJiluwuv Jtoig, " valiant in battle, or in war, &c. (5)

Uddowlah.

This word

may be rendered "of

the state

;"

as

(6) Ulmulk may be " of the kingdom," and ulmumdlik " of tlic empire." Thus Nizamiiddou'la/t signifies " regulator of the state," or " one who contributes to the order or rcgula" tion of the btate ;" as A/us/iecr uhnulk docs " counsellor, or minister, of the kingdom."

SELECT LETTERS OP

354

ever, in such very general use, as a

Mahommedans, and

particularly those of the

when

always easy to distinguish,

as a title or a

The

first title

generally conferred

at once.

empire

:

At

On

is

were

have, at

times, been conferred

the Decan, as

added

to

some

by

in

its

more

flourishing days, these

They

and were never considered hereditaiy.

by the imperial court; but the Souhahs of

title,

which,

I

distinction of nl believe,

Omra ;

was usally

court of Hyderabad, however,

At the

or rather extended the

restricted

by the emperors

Emirdl Omra, or "

to

lord

we meet with AazmniU Omra,

" grandest of lords;" Shmnsdl Omra, "the sun of lords;"

I

Ud-

Moghul

than has been latterly the case.

the single individual occasionally elevated to the rank of

" crown of

be applied,

occasions, however, all four are bestowed

patent,

ordinarily granted

them the more eminent

lords."

to

not

ambitious of surrounding themselves with superior splendor, have

application of this

" of

meant

that of Behddur, then Jung, afterwards

less lavishly distributed

titles

if

is

reason to believe that,

distinctions

Such are the

it is

such has been the practice since the decline of the

least

but there

all

what sense

tribes, that it is

proper name.

whether

dowlah, and lastly Ulmiilk.

Patan or Afghan

occurs, in

it

is,

that

component part of proper names, among the

TdjM Omra, "the

lords," &c.

have no where been able to discover any clear or distinct proof, that Tippoo

Sultan ever conferred

titles

of any sort upon his subjects

In a

belief.

" always to

letter, for instance,

to

affix his tiile seal'^ to his Urzies."

addressed to a

Mulaim Jung ; and another

Jlouscottah.

With

to suspect that it signifies

Rajah

to a

Ram

We

and yet there are some

some degree,

passages in the correspondence, which would seem, in

such a

;

Chundur, " he

meet

also with

was no other than

" gentle, or

war:" and

and appears to have belonged

Besides these titled persons,

Mahommcd

Riza, another

is

reason

kind of nick-name, since

it is

commander

it

to the leader of

was

certain that there

an officer of considerable distinction in the Sultan's service, called tiger of

one dispatch

Shaikh Abd«?/ 3fdlk, Kilaaddr of

a ludicrous one, or

soft, in battle,"

him

directs

respect, however, to the former of these titles, there

the Sultan's musical band.

" the

to authorize

Bubr Jung, or of rank,

who was

(7)

Original

^ÎSai-

TIPPOO SULTAN. was

killed at the battle of Sedaseer,

of the Binky Nabob.

title

Jung

is,

on one or two

hommed

Riza

is

It

is

355

was also known, to Europeans at

proper to observe, however,

no where mentioned, in the

official

Bubr

that though

by the Sultan under that

occasions, spoken of

by the

least,

Ma-

title,

documents, by the appellation

of the Binky Nabob. It

is

may

possible, that the difTercnt persons here mentioned, including Kiitbiil Miilk,

have been in possession of the

titles

by which they were distinguished,

time of their becoming subjects of the Sultan, or of his father

no other supposition can the matter be had ever bestowed

titles,

principal servants with

natural to conclude, that he

it is

them

:

own

a single individual of his

satisfactorily explained

whereas the fact

is,

and, indeed, ou

:

since, if the

;

at the

Sultan

would have decorated

his

that not one of these, nor even

family, would ever appear to have received any dis-

tinctions of the kind in question.

remains to be considered, what could be the reason of the Sultans abstaining,

It

during a reign of sixteen years, from assuming a privilege, so freely exercised by the Souhah of the tial

Decan and other

appendage of sovereignty.

his right to bestow titles of

upstart rulers, and generally

deemed an

essen-

could not be, that he entertained any doubts of

It

honour

since there are abundant proofs that he

;

was

never under the influence of any scruple respecting the authority of the imperial court,

none of whose nominal

His conduct,

showed

vassals

under examination,

therefore, in the instance

which formed

ferred solely to that jealousy or mistrust,

He

character.

own

making

was, probably, afraid of

think the splendor of a

more

titled retinue,

Titles of

personal importance.

so little deference to

a

is,

it

as

he did.

perhaps, to be re-

prominent feature of

his servants too great;

his

and might

calculated to eclipse, than to exalt his

honour might breed

in those,

on

whom

they

were conferred, ambitious wishes and views, which would not otherwise be excited they would also give the possessors of them too

much consequence with

and thus might prove a source of various

more or

rity.

1 he

prudence of

history of the rise of his this reasoning

of the Sultan was,

may

:

which

easily

evils,

own

in a

father's

less

mind, naturally prone

" his security would be best promoted by the 2

Z

2

the people,

dangerous to his autho-

power would tend

be conceived to have led

:

to confirm the

to suspicion, as that

to the conclusion, that

political insignificance

of his agents."

356

SELECT LETTERS OF

LETTER CCCXXVI Mahmood Ali Khan

To

dated 20th Dar.iey.

;

(23d Jubj.^

(Extract.)

We wrote some time since, now

[you are

sliip

fitting

and we now write again,

out]

may be

coppei'ed,

as coppering

You must

bottom of] vessels renders them strong and durable. tain

from the shipwrights whether coppering the

the strength [of the ship]

but

and

;

if

to desire that the

(')

that should be the case, let

then [that part] must not be coppered.

In

fine,

ascer-

conduces to it

[the ship] should be stronger by not having the

if

[the

be done

:

coppered,

that method, of the

two, must be adopted, by which the ship will be rendered strongest, and

made

to last a thousand or

two thousand years.

OBSERVATIONS. I believe the ship, here

mentioned, was one

fitting

out at Calicut for a voyage

Pegu.

to

am

I

not clear that

extract, the sense of

I

which

have rightly understood every word of the foregoing rendered the more obscure by the blank which I

is

The

have been obliged to leave.

general import of

it is,

however, sufficiently

manifest.

Though

there are

some remarkable instances upon record of the great

durability

of teek-buili ships, of which kind those constructed in Tippoo's dock yards, no

doubt, were

;

yet the Sultan

is

not to be understood as literally meaning, in this

place, that he expected the ship in question to last is

a figurative

mode

one or two thousand years.

It

of expression, denoting that the vessel was to be constructed in

the strongest manner possible, and resembles the metaphor employed in Letter

XCVIII, (

I

)

The

to

Rajah Kara Chundur.

original

Putxodr, a rudder.

is

.^ which

I

do not understand.

It

comes nearest

"

to the Hiiidivy

word

TIPPOO SULTAN.

35/"

LETTER CCCXXVII. 7o Bi rhanuddeen; dated 23d DArAey.

You

July.')

must, after some days, when the road shall have become safe [or

the communication

which

(2Qth

is

opened], dispatch the Risdla of Shaikh Boodhun,

one that may be depended

is

Dhdrivdr, and send for the

on,^') to

Risdla of Shaikh

Humeed

Dhdrwdr

same time, to be directed to dispatch

is,

at the

[to

supply

charge of the said Risdla, Yenkut Rungia,(^> of

You must

good

care.

good

situation,

where

also be mindful to

little

whom

to you,

under

you must take

"encamp with your army

The

rain falls [or lays].

speedily arrive in that quarter

The Kilaaddr of

place].

its

in

a

special retinue will

from Kurk-ndth.

LETTER CCCXXVIII. To KutbOl Mui.k Kutbuddeen Ali BArJeyS'*^

There

is

a

Khan Behadur

dated 25th

;

(28th July.)

business [going on] in our high SircarS^*^

little

Dispatch

to the Presence, for a short time,<^) a seal-engraver.

OBSERVATIONS. Although there

is

an

air of

mystery

in this short note,

mean, that the Sultan had occasion

to

employ a

it

might possibly only

seal-engraver,

and therefore desired

in

(1)

Original t::,^jUicl

(2)

Besides

cnstody

;

Yenkut Rungia, twelve otlicr persons appear to have been ordered to be but tlicrc is some obscurity in the original, which I am unable to dispel.

sent

(1*) A letter of the 24th Ddrdey (not inserted) is dated from Diirrojcc, which I take to be he Daroje of Colonel Wilks's map, placed about twelve miles west of Kurgoade, or Kurgoor. (2*) Original (3)

ui^lj\^ ^Xi\ tJ^J^j->j^

Original Jjwllj

"

for the present," or

«'

at

sense, however, seems to rctiuirc the construction

present;" also "actually, in fact."

which

I

have given.

Tiie

SELECT LETTERS OP

358

him from Adoni, where,

desired one to be sent

might be better understood than

Thus, about thirty years ago,

Seringapatam.

at

every one on the northern side of India, titles

perhaps, this branch of business

who was

desirous of having his

name or

engraved in a superior manner, employed, for this purpose, an eminent

engraver of Fyzabad, in the province of Oude,

named Mahommed

exquisite execution of the most beautiful Nustalihli

character

Saleh,

seal-

whose

on the hardest

was certainly unrivalled, excepting by his own son, who succeeded Jiim in

stones,

his occupation.

The

charge for engraving depended on the stone employed.

that was a cornelian, the price was a rupee a letter; but

stone equally hard,

it

amounted,

I think, to six

if

If

an emerald, or other

rupees a letter.

LETTER CCCXXIX. To

Meer Moaayenuddeen

To-morrow you

will

at

and

after to-morron'

(29th July,^

distribute

you

will

the pay

march, and

some place affording [plenty of] water and grass; and, on

the following day, you

mand, to

DJraey.

halt at this place,^')

The day

[of your people], &c.

encamp

dated 26th

;

must proceed, with the

forces

under your com-

Hms PaithS^)

LETTER CCCXXX. To RuNMUST Khan;('*) dated I6th Rumuzan, A. (13//i

We

11. 1200.

July 1786.)

have, at this time, assigned the Foujddri/^^*'> of yldoni to the

The

charge of Kutbuddeen Khan.

aforesaid

Khan,

in conformity with

the (1)

That

(2)

Name

(1*)

The

is

Daroje, where the Sultan

still

was on

tlie

29th Ddrdey.

uncertain.

Palati ch'ici oi Kuriicol.

{2*) KCitbCiddeen's

new government

is

elsewhere called a Jdgeer.

"

TIPPOO SULTAN.

359

the orders of the Presence, will keep one or two respectable persons established at Kumr-nugr,'^^^ for the purpose of collecting together [or

recruiting] horsemen, &c.

principal

to be assisting to the persons deputed

officers^*)

said

Khun,

more

?

Let that kind friend [therefore] enjoin

may

order that no one

in

his

by the afore-

obstruct this business.

What

LETTER CCCXXXI. To KuTBUDDEEN

What

Khutbah

whom

(on

follow] the

the praise of

is

name of such

offer

God

(\st August?)

;

for

honour and

them

is this.^^^

in the

The

first

thing

the next, the praise of the Prophet

God)

;

and

religion, keeps in view,

increase and diffusion.(^>

up prayers

case

after this [should

of the faith, as, being a [true] pro-

prince^''*^

Mahommedan

in every respect], the its

The

understood.

is

be the blessing and peace of

tector of the

for

Daraey.

dated 29th

you have written, on the subject of the Klmtbah'^^^ being read

in our special name,^^^ in the

Khanj

interest^*)

To

on

all

occasions

[i.

e.

of Isldm, and exerts himself

introduce the names of such, and to

Khdtbak,

is

among

the [most] indispensable

(3)

Kurnool

(4)

Original

(1)

The Khulbah

sovereign (2)

is

is

so called

by the Musulmans of the Decan.

ôljWj^ "

prayed

is

(3*) Original

a,\)

UL->i^

j j ^ÎLL

*li

by applying the word Sultan to himself.

(6)

literally,

"

the

name

for prince or sovereign,

Tipjioo was fond of this sort of conceit.

(5) Original

Original

of affairs."

a form of prayer used io Mahommedan mosques, wherein the reigning

ili^^jjI

(4*) Original

" managers

for.

^^

Original

transactors of business,"

>»L)1

^^

yi^Û;

of the

<$"« //an

of the faith," &c.; where,

he doubtlessly meant to point indirectly

SELECT LETTERS OP

360

As

sable duties.<'>

Shah

AUum

i\\&

and a mere cypher

;

fifteen

thousand

of a dependent of

reasons

it

above-mentioned ^^^

this

is

:

he

since the

;

actually enslaved,

is

being the servant of Saindeah, at the monthly wages

Such being the

rtipees.

in reciting the

infidels,

to the laws [usages] of the

and repugnant

name of

at this time introduce the

they act through ignorance

into the Khiithah,

real condition of

of

who

to those ideots,

case, to

pronounce the name

KMfbah,

is

Muselmany

a manifest

faith.

For these must be

written, that the Khuteeh^^^ of that place [Âdoni]

is

directed to introduce our

name

sin,

constantly in the Khiithah.

OBSERVATIONS. Whether

name

or not the Sultan had, prior to the date of this letter, caused his

to be substituted in the Khiitbah for that of

clearly ascertaining

but

:

it

may,

the present document,

tliat this

to adopt that practice

since, if it

hardly have deemed

;

it

now

I

Shah AUum,

think, be inferred,

was the

first

I

own

have no means of

from the general tenor of

occasion on which he thought proper

had been already established by him, he would

necessary to justify and explain

as

it,

he has here

formally endeavoured to do.

This

letter,

if

contrasted with Letter

CCCXXXIV,

written nearly at the same

time, will exhibit, not only the duplicity, but the inconsistency of the Sultan,

He

striking colors.

of the reigning asserts his

here, throwing off

Emperor

of

all

contempt

disguise, openly declares bis

Hindostan, and,

the most unequivocal

in

independence of the imperial authority.

Yet he

will

manner,

be presently seen

professing an earnest solicitude for the re-establishment of that very authority,

an ardent desire to contribute his utmost that end.

There

no

is

difficulty in

efforts

in

and

towards the accomplishment of

comprehending,

why

the Sultan should, at this

(7)

Original (.:-^^jj,y CjUs-lj
(8)

Original

il\^ys

This

is

consideration are reterred to, and (0)

The

person

who

a term by which none but persons of

was probably never before applied

reads or pronounces the Khiitbak

is

to a

mean

or ordinary

crowned head.

called a Khutecb.

TIPl'OO SULTAN. this conjuncture,

have wished to cultivate a good understanding with the

hommedan powers

of the north of India

pursued that object,

should, in one and the same

and utterly

and had he,

:

he might have found

most extraordinary and unaccountable

powers,

361

Iiis

in his

What

account in such a policy.

to

make common

nought the sovereign

set at

and judiciously

steadily

conduct, on this occasion,

moment, labour

whom

Ma-

is

that he

is,

cause with those

they recognized, and the

authority which they at least affected to respect and uphold.

Is

it

possible, that

he

should have presumed upon their probable ignorance of the transactions of TI/yAor*'?

This

is

difficult to

suppose

;

since the tenor of the public prayers delivered in the

Mosques must necessarily be a matter of

On

susceptible of concealment.

the other hand,

known

at the court of Dehli,

would be given there to

his professions of zeal

be

cases, should

neither requiring nor being

notoriet)*,

how

and similar

his conduct, in this

if

could he expect that any credit

and attachment

Hence we may

?

venture to conclude, either that he actually did proceed under the notion that that court was not likely to be apprized of the arrogance of his pretensions that,

bestowing no thought on this point,

chieftains in question, rather

by the desire of displaying

deliberate view to a political connexion

or

he was prompted to address the

and of impressing those persons with a high idea of

by any

;

his

his religious enthusiasm,

power and

with them,

resources, than

or with

any

serious

expectation of inducing them to co-operate with him, either in the war which he

was

at this

time waging against the Mahrattahs,

abundant reason

to believe,

or in that wiiicli,

there

is

he already meditated against the British nation.

LETTER CCCXXXII. To BuDRUZ

Our

ZuMAN Khan

Same Date.

;

(1st August.^)

special retinue will soon cross the river at Gunii-

now

arrive in that quarter.

It is

army with you,

yourself to the chastisement of

Soopeh, &c.

Soandeh

a])i)ly

the rainy season.

The superintendant of

will be shortly

Kurkndih, and

Taking-

ail

the rebels

of

the post at Suddnsheoo-ghurr and

removed, and another be sent in his place.

3

your

A

'

362

SELECT LETTERS OP

OBSERVATIONS. Although

Khan was

it

by

appears,

directed to join

it is

since,

;

Zuman

and CCCVIII, that Budruz

Biuhanuddeen, there

order was subsequently revoked assigned him,

CCCVII

Letters

besides

is

reason to think,

that this

the diflerent destination here

that he was not present at the general action

pretty certain,

which took place between the Malirattahs and Tippoo near Shdnooi; the beginning of the following December.

LETTER CCCXXXIII. To

MoAL Chund

and Soojan Rae, (Agents

1st

Two letters,

Hashimy.

at

DehliJ ;

dated

(2d August.^

accompanied by your accounts, and dispatched

of Hoomajee, Tolaram, and other Hurkdrehs,

in

charge

have passed under our

view, and the particulars therein set forth are comprehended.

The

special ShiikkehJ^^^

answer

which you obtained and dispatched to

Urzddsht and Nuzr,^^^ presented,

to the

most sacred Presence by Shah Nizamuddeen

us, in

on our part, to the

Saheh,'^^^

has been received, together

(1) Original

it

may be

^jîjJi,

From

a superior.

JVtiJXAf/t is

properly applied only to the letter of a person of rank and

the letter here alluded to being called a Shukkch-khdss (a special Shukkeh)

inferred, that if not written in the Emperor's

by him, and bore

A

his private seal.

own

hand,

it

was, at least, signed

more public one would, probably, have been

styled

a

Firmaiin. (2)

The

collection, (3)

Utzdusht, or " humble address,"

This person affected

implied by the

title

of

that forming Letter

LXXI

to

Mahrattabs

could desire.

of

the present

in the text.

be of the order of religious or devotees, called Fakeers, as is to his name. This holy character, however, did not

Shah prefixed

management of the court of Dehli, under the direcwho found him as subservient to their views in that quarter as tliey

prevent his taking an active part tion of the

is

which was accompanied by the exceptionable Nuzr mentioned

;

in

the

T together with

the

whom you must

addressed

letters

to

363 by

lis

merely for the purpose of

us,

them

taining the pleasure of his Majesty concerning

" now known " mands,

we

to us,

" question]."

must,

It

have,

in

name

is

too well

"

again,

"

nobles/^'

we

known

to require to be

coin

e.

[/.

recapitulated

the

measures of

in

evil

must get communicated

through the medium of the Shilh Saheb

and

tendency, and been

of] Isldm."

All

to the sublime Presence,

by whose means you

;

in

and that now,

;

acts utterly repugnant to [the prosperity

these particulars you

[in

English]

are earnestly occupied in punishing certain rulers

who have engaged

" guilty of

new

" that the manner

" which we heretofore chastised the Nazarenes *'

which being

;

in the

be stated,

moreover,

ascer-

the royal com-

conformity with

his Majesty's blessed

inserted

through

latter;

tlie

" that the newly struck

represent to the Presence,

" gold Mohrs were sent by *'

SULTAN'.

r P O O

I

also

will

[endeavour to] procure imperial mandates to be written and dispatched to the

Nahoh, Xizam ud Dowlah Behadiir,

rulers [in this quarter] directing

^hmcdy Here

them

and the other Musulman

to unite together in support of the *

faith.

follow

some uninteresting

details, respecting

the pay of the two agents

addressed, and of the 'messengers employed in conveying the dispatches between

Seringopatam and in Letter

LXXIII.

Deltli, of

To

which a

sufficient

specimen has already been given

defray these, and other charges,

nine hundred rupees was transmitted with the present

hundred rupees were directed

to

dress being

Baig

accompanied by a

Khan Humdany,

for

letter,

which

plural

Original c-'t^ which is

^Jt

(urkuii).

Of

this

five

sum, nine

Khilaats (or

to be distributed as follows

in the terms of that addressed to

(each

Mahommed

see next letter)

3

^4)

letter.

be applied to the purchase of

complimentary dresses) which were ordered

one thousand

a bill for

may be meant

A

for the plural of noble

Possibly, however,

To

2

^

though the regular

some other word may have been

iiitcndeci.

SELECT LETTERS OF

otii

To Mahomnicil

KhanHumdany, Budl Baig Khan, and Shah Nizamuddeen,

Baig

each a Khilaat of the value

details, the dispatch

proceed thus

:

above-mentioned, must be deUvered secretly, and

five Khi/aaft.,

with this message,

at night, together ''

7'itpees,

lifty j-//pecs.

After these

The

two hundred

Siddeck Baig Khan, each a Khilaat of the vahie of one

To Kasim Khan and hundred and

ol"

viz.

'*

that

Nizam

lid

Dovvlah,

having united with the Mahrattahs, and engaged in war against us,

" and

this

proceedimg being manifestly contrary to [the

interests of]

" Isldm, it is due to the support of [our] religion, that you, who are " near the person of his Majesty, the Divine Shadow, (^> and are more" over Musuhnan

"

leaders, should pursue such eflectual measures as

[at once] bring the

" additional strength

The

letter

letters,

note, or

used in the sort of

stating, that the present

and with

;

namely, the

five

memorandum,

five letters to

Kdsids''^^'

dispatch consists altogether of

already specified, an Ui^zddsht'^'^ [to the address of

Munsoor

Ali Khan'"

follows next, of the different Ulkdbs, or addresses,

the persons enumerated above

as also of the particular

;

paper on which each was to be written, and the kind of bag in which they were

On

severally to be enclosed.

to

and disgrace, and impart

to the true yihmedi/ faith."

the Emperor], and a letter to

A

to ruin

concludes with directing the agents to send off a pair of

once a month seven

^^^

may

Mahommed

equality.

The

this occasion, the precedence appears to be assigned

Humdany,

Baig

to

whom

the Sullan writes in terms of entire

though honorably addressed, arc not equally distinguished.

others,

For (5) Original

(6)

Two

^'tsEr-* Jlj

title

(moobiddn) or

Kdsids are couriers.

(8)

Which does Letter

can make no sense.

Whatever they are, they of them may be read

One

giiebres.

(7)

whom

I

Mahrattahs, or the enemies of Islam.

tiic

not appear.

(9) I suspect that this should te

appropriate to crowned heads.

words here occur, of which

of course refer to ^JÂiyQ

a

LXXII

is

be Munzoor Ali Khan, the chief of the eunuchs, the same

addressed.

SULTAN,

T1PPOO For the

3()

,>

gratification of those curious in such matters^ I subjoin the directions

relative to the

paper and bags.

To Mahommed

Baig Humdany, the paper used was of the kind called Zur-

afshdny, or " sprinkled with gold

the Khureetah, or bag, was of Mefifdhi/, a

:"

sort of silver tissue.

To Budl To

the

Khan and Kasim Khan,

Baig

Kwnkhdh

rest,

bags

;

silvered paper

and Kinnhhdb bag.

but paper not specified.

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

evident,

from the foregeing

Allum

Sultan to Shah inscription

on the

name, which,

it

letter,

LXXI) had

(see Letter

coin, of

which

that the

Nuzr

formerly sent by the

been objected

because the

to,

was composed, did not contain the Emperor's

it

seems, was inserted in the gold

?}iohrs,

now

words, in which the Sultan's apology for the disrespect alluded to

imply that the

second

consisted of the

new

this

Nuzr

(or that

forwarded with

case, there

is

is

conveyed, dispatch)

the present

coinage, with the addition of the Emperor's

was actually the

name

but

:

if

reason to believe that the die was formed

expressly for this occasion, and that no more gold mohrs were struck from

were required

The

transmilited.

than

it,

for presentation to his Imperial Majesty.

Tlic apology here tendered by the Sultan, for the affiont which he had offered

Emperor,

to the

though too flimsy sufficient

the instance of

in

to

atonement

representative of the royal house of

I

am

Nuzr

formerly sent

its

;

since

Timur

it

to

was now no time

assume a

chiefs of the

lofty or inflexible tone in

Nizam

Decan, enjoining them

Sultan against the Mahrattahs, was actually submitted sidering the situation of

by Tippoo Sultan

as a

for the reduced

unable to say, whether or not the application, here directed to be

Musulman

before,

his Majesty,

rights.

the Emperor, for mandatory letters to the Nabob, other

to

impose on the Imperial Court, was probably accepted

for the offence

the assertion of any of

the

Shah Allum

at this

lid

made

to

Dowlah, and the

to

co-operate

to his

Majesty

;

with

the

but, con-

time (as described, only the day

himself, in his letter to

Kutbuddeen Khan),

it

is

not

likely

SELECT LETTERS OF

366

any attention was paid

likely that

to a prince, so completely in the

who was

placed so

much out

to

Indeed, the absurdity of such a proposal

it.

power of Saindeah

as the

Emperor now was, and

of the reach of any assistance from the proposer, could

only be equalled, by the infatuation of employing two Hindoo agents in a ncgo-

which was

ciation, the object of

Brahmenical

It

religion.

to exalt the

was as

Mahommedan

at the

expence of the

a Catholic state or sovereign were to depute a

if

Protestant ambassador to the Pope, for the purpose of engaging his Holiness to

exhort

all

the princes of the

Romish persuasion

to unite together, for the purpose

of making a crusade against some neighbouring power of the reformed religion.

So egregious as

a blunder could be committed only

by such an eccentric character

Tippoo Sultan.

The

great distance, joined to the difficulties of

communication

and other causes) between Seringapatam and Dehli, for the circumstance

proper to polis,

make

(arising

from that

sufficiently accounts, perhaps,

of the Sidtaiis directing the presents, which

lie

thought

to the nobles of the Imperial Court, to be purchased at the metro-

instead of sending

them immediately from himself; which would, no doubt,

From

have been the greater compliment. the Sultan mentions the

Emperor

that he intended such parts of

it

the more than usual respect with which

in this dispatch to his agents,

it

as related to his Majesty, to be

appears probable,

communicated,

if

not directly to himself, at least to his ministers.

Mahommed

Baig

Humdany had

under the celebrated Nujuf Khan distractions

;

been after

which followed that event,

He opposed,

for

some time, a firm

the Dehli quarter

;

but

at length

one

of

the

principal

commanders

whose death he obtained, amidst the

still

greater consideration

and authority.

resistance to the encroachments of Saindeah in fell,

in

one of the

between the Moghul and Mahrattah powers.

battles

which took place

Budl Baig Khiin, Kasim Khan,

and Siddeek Baig Khan, were likewise leaders who had risen to distinction, while

Nujuf Khan exercised the chief military authority under the court of Dehli.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

36^

LETTER CCCXXXIV. To

Mahommed Baig Khan Humdany

Notwithstanding pened, that

owing

that,

(2d Augmt.^

same Dale.

to various causes,

has so hap-

it

no epistolary correspondence has hitherto taken place he-

tween us, yet having, Doss, of your

at

highness's*^^)

heard from the

this time,

and

of Bal

lips^)

Muku

and [particularly] of your

laudable qualities,

courteousness, eminent courage, inind^-^^

;

knowledge

political

;

my

friendly

has derived therefrom the highest satisfaction and most abundant

delight.

Hence, agreeably

" brethren," the

to [the saying],

" that

fervor of religious affection^ has

all

true believers are

moved me

present attempt] to form an intimate and amicable

[to the

connexion [with

you].

The manner known

well

your friend [or I] punished the Nazarenes

in Avhich

as not to require

must have learned

now employed

all

any [further] statement.

common

the details [thereof] from

in chastising certain

Musulman

rulers

measures contrary to the rules of Isldin [or the are become the

allies

and supporters of the

consequence hereof, I have

lately

;

No

so

is

doubt you

report.^'^)

I

am

who, engaging

institutes

in

of the faith],

reprobate^*) infidels.

In

caused to be drawn up and dispatched

an abstract of God's ordinances, and of the commands

to all quarters,

of (1)

Original ^\ij

(2) Original

J^

(saviij)

))roper to observe, that the

of •'

'«

" by the tongue."

literally,

your highness."

It

:

term

but is

tlioiigli this

word

signifies

^

to the expressions,

^_^jJ?U.

(4) Original

^jjj Ax'\ JJLy^.

(5) Original

--jUjl

(6) Original

/•U^l Jo

literally,

liigh,

exalted, sublime,"

it

is

applied too generally to correspond strictly with our plirase

comes nearer, perhaps,

iionour." (3) Original

"

" from

" whose end

is

without or abroad."

bad or calamitous."

" your worship, your

SELECT LETTERS OP

368

of his Prophet [on this article] perusal.

It

for

requisite,

is

of which a copy

;

the support of [our]

Musulnians should unite together infidels as

that

all

and, considering the annihilation of

be changed for the wicked

may

end that the

to the

:

acquire fresh lustre

dominion and power

efficient

not be put to the

Shadow of

blush"^^^

and blessing of God In token of

nor

find neither habitation

JMahommed

vicegerents of

my

Ahmedy

faith

may, day by day,

that the weakness of the empire of Hindosfan

;

of his ]\Iajesty (the

;

that the abominations of

;

[finally]

within the kingdoms

retreat"^')

who

the Divinity),

and

may

is

the chief of the

that the rulers of Isldm

whom

before the holy Prophet, on

may

be the peace

!

I

have written to Moal

to deliver

you a [complimentary]

cordial regard [for

Chund and Soojan Rae,

desiring

which you must do

constantly

;

rclig-ion,

a sacred duty, labour, to the utmost of their power, to accom-

plish that object

dress,

enclosed for your

is

me

them

you],

You must,

the pleasure to accept.

make me happy, by

likewise,

the receipt of your deUghtful epistles.

LETTER CCCXXXV. To Zynul Aabideen, Bukhsiiy of fCiiiTTLEDOORG)

We

;

have received your

EhshJm at Furjivkh-yab Hisar

dated 4th letter,

Hashimy.

(5th August.^

"

representing,

that if of the two

Duftws,^^') attached to the Ehshdni Ktichuny, one be transferred to

*'

" the Dewdn Kuchurry, the consequence must " counts of the

be, that while the ac-

department cannot be completely and properly

latter

" kept (7)

Original jcjLi

(8) Original

the

ness

word it is

it

^j^ 3 *J^

oJyLJjL^*^

(1) Duftiir here

however,

\^,J^

means a

signifies the office

aJU. (khdnehj

is

register,

or book-keeper.

In

its

more general acceptation,

where accounts, &c. are prepared or registered.

usually added to

it.

A

Diijiury

is aij

to take care of the books, stationary, 5cc. belonging to

In this case

office-keeper, whose busiit.

TIPPOO SULTAN. " kept [with such incompetent

" the former be Whatever

neither can the business of

assistance],

managed [by

rightly

tlic

3fi9

remaining one]."

It is

known.

written in your Hilkni'iidmeh [or instructions], do you act

is

conformably thereto.

Too much

self-conceit is needless.<->

LETTER CCCXXXVI. To

Rajah of

the

the

French ;

dated 5th

Hashimy.

elevated in rank/'> of powerful and exalted de-

Noble-minded and

gree/^) chief (^) of the sovereigns of the realms of

among

peace of Almighty

rulers, the

(6th August.)

God

Europe, and eminent

be with you

!

After presenting the customary compliments of regard and affection,

and

[after tendering] the

made known

Some time

due observances of friendship and union,

to your odorifei'ous [or noble]

since

[to you], by [the

been received.

two

mind.W

with Khilaats [or dresses], were forwarded

letters,

hands of] Monsieur

After that,

it is

Ghulam

Souriac,^^)

Ali

which, no doubt, have

Khan,

Liitf Ali

Khan, and

other Sirdars [or commanders] of the Sircar,^^^ were dispatched in the ship

,(^)

with

letters

and

3 (2) Original

t^ ^. J ^yg s^li*^

Original

c:-~:y*

J'yij

iLi^l^.^

{2*)

Original

(jjji^

^^^jLvc j

u:JLj

(3) Original

j^Lj "

Original

(5) In

by the way of JBussorah, to

B

that

'"-'Vj

(I)

(4)

rarities,

leader, foremost, uppermost, pre-eminent."

luttJsU-

some places written Souliac:

l)iit

wlicthcr cither

intended (who had been Governor of PoiKlichcnj/J

I

is

taining. (o) (7)

I.

c.

my

subjcets.

The name

of the

sliip is

the proper

name

of the person

have not, at present, the means of ascer-

omitted in the manuscript.

SELECT LETTERS OF

370

that [personage] of noble rank,

[at

whose court] they

will [in clue time]

safely arrive.

At

this

time I have learned, from the communication of Monsieur

Cossigny,(^> the

Governor of PoncUcherry, that that kind friend has writ-

ten to him, directing

him

made by

[i. e.

the Sircar

me], for defraying the expences of the troops

command of Messieurs Du Chemin

belonging to you, which were under the

and

SoufTrein,

the

amount

me

money

to settle the accounts of the advances of

and of Monsieur Bussy

to the Sircar [or to me].

the utmost surpriseS^^

It

and [having done so] to repay

;

This circumstance has occasioned

was purely from motives of regard, and a

desire to improve the fiiendship subsisting of old between us, that I sent

and expended crores [of

to the Mauritius for the troops of that friend,

money], and

my

lacks of

sacrificed

people,

the course of five years

in

that I was engaged in chastising the English

;

whom,

During

the point of expelling from this country [or India~\. the English repeatedly ever, I

overtures of peace to

me

to which,

;

I

howwould

peace, excepting in concert with the French, and never sepa-

Notwithstanding

this,^'**)

Monsieur Bussy, the commander of the

my

forces of that [personage of] noble rank, did, without

conclude a peace [with the enemy].

man

was on

this period,

would not agree, returning [always] for answer, that

make no rately.

made

at last, I

in this country

[i.

e.

The

fact

Thus

India^.

is

known

knowledge,

to every French-

I incurred all these expences,

these exertions, for the purpose of increasing our mutual

and made

all

friendship

and renown

;<"^

and

if

such be

still

the desire of that friend, his

(8) I think, but

(9) Original

(10) Original

cannot be certain, that

jb jj

W

Original

i^jj^

name intended by

the original.

»—^^"^ ,^5^ ^J-J^ ^^}j^ jIj"^

properly,

"in

text appears to require the construction

(U)

this is the

(>\j

the

which

"name-bringing."

mean I

while," or

have adopted.

*'

during

this j"

but

tlie

con-

TIPPOO SULTAN. enemy

his

shall [again],

God

please

if it

3/"!

the most high,

chastised.

A double-barrelled gun,

made

with an embroidered dress,

and

in the arsenaK'^^ of the Sircar, together

sent for that [personage of] noble rank,

is

due season].

will arrive^'^^ [in

I^^*'>

be signally **

frequently indulge an inclination for the

me]

collecting artists together [or about

:

arts,(''')

and

am

[therefore] that friend, out

if

of his ancient regard, would dispatch [to me] some persons every art, I should esteem

Ghulam

Ali

due season

in

and

it is

in

Sirdars, will arrive [at your court]

my mind

son, on one of that friend's ships.

on

skilled in

as [a proof of] the most perfect friendship.

it

Khan, and the other

;('^)

fond of

this subject [or to this effect], to

confidential person shall be deputed

to dispatch another confidential per-

If,

you

therefore,

>vill

write orders

your [different] governors,^^^) another

on one of that

friend's ships.

OBSERVATIONS. King

Exclusively of the gross impropriety of designating the title

of

Rdjah (on which

I

have already had occasion to animadvert)

3 (12) Original tl,'WU-.l^

" workshops

frequently occurs in these

B

letters.

It

it

2

may be observed

or manufactories."

This form of expression

(13) Original ju-j; j^lji.

of France by the

is

not

uncommon

in

the Persian, and

implies, that the thing or person sent will arrive in due

course or time. (14) Original

sons of rank,

4__Û^.l

literally,

when speaking

in

the

"

this side, part, or quarter."

first

A

phrase used by per-

person, instead of the pronoun personal.

(15) Original u>»>l i~r^\i ulr^ c:-*«i^ l/^Î/J ^^JJ^^ *-r^^'' rlr* '^'''^ *'"'* ™<^*"'^ ^T For the higher, the Sultan are of tiic handicraft kind ; and those skilled in them, artizans.

er more liberal arts, Tippoo probably had

if

(16) Original

jww " by

(17) Original

^Jj\jAk>

little taste.

degrees, progressively."

/'/aaW/rûVi^; a word which

is

obviously unsuitable to the occasion

meant to apply to M. Cossigny, with whose station it by no means corresponded. Pos« however, the persons designed might be the governors or intcndants of such places in

sibly,

France as the proposed mission would have to pass through, this

may

be, a

fitter

in

its

way

term than Taalukddr might have been employed.

to Parit,

However

SELECT LETTERS OP

372 observed of the present

extremely deficient in the forms of respect

letter, that it is

and complimentary phraseology, invariably observed

Of

Eastern princes.

by

ficiently satisfied

tion,

which

" friend,"

its

general style and contexture, as preserved in the translaliteral as I

could.

The

expression of J^j^^J

common.

from objection, since the phrases of

Neither

<::~'-^j*

ui-v<\^

is

'"

that

crowned

in particular, extremely exceptionable in an address to a

is,

head, as being too familiar and free

correspondence between

the justice of this remark, the Oriental reader will be suf-

have made as

I

in the

the " Ulhdb" or address,

^y^ i.::JLj

" of noble rank,"

" of powerful degree," &c. are very usually applied, not only to dependent or subordinate chieftains and rulers, but even to distinguished servants of a certain

Thus Tippoo himself occasionally

class.

it

the style of

of powerful degree," &c.

These

•

by

" of pompous or magnificent degree;" another, by that of i^jve t::JL>

u:.--j^ u:^v4»L=^ •'

addresses one of his Sirdars

deficiencies cannot, I think,

would be

difficult to

be reasonably attributed to ignorance

believe, that there

;

since

was not a Munshy, or secretary, or

other literary person, at the court of the Sultan, of sufficient learning to frame a letter,

in a proper style, to a

XVIth.

It

this epistle

;

much more

is

and

aversion towards

degrading

title

struction.

It

actuated, in

is

that, in all

of

monarch of the rank and consideration of Louis

probable, that the Sultan himself dictated, or drafted,

doing

so,

he permitted the same

spirit

the professors of Christianity, which led

Rajah on

of animosity and

him

his royal correspondent, to regulate

also possible, that

some degree, by the

to bestow the

its

general con-

he might, on the present occasion, have been

notion, that his

own importance was

proportion as that of the French monarch was lowered

:

raised, in

a notion which, in fact,

has given rise to the well-known practice at Eastern courts, of taking every opportunity of assuming what

may be

intercourse with each other.

But

called a technical superiority, in their epistolary it is

not in the style of their

letters, alone, that

they exercise this sort of address, and labor to obtain this paltry species of advantage,

though the nice and numerous

distinctions of language,

depending on the

gradations of rank, are more jxirticularly favorable to the attempt.

It

is

pursued,

with equal industry and perseverance, in the presentation of complimentary

and in the performance of

visits

of ceremony.

gifts,

TIPPOO SULTAN. It

may

appear strange, that the Sultan should, for the gratificationof his spleen

by

or his pride, have run the hazard of giving offence,

whom,

with

establish an

was not

if it

intimate

it is

jjolitical

probable, that

this proceeding, to a prince

his real interest, it was, at least, his apparent wish, to

look deeply into any subject

hence

373

it

;

But Tippoo was not accustomed

connection.

he was content to view things superficially

made

to

it,

;

he would not have found

and ic

that,

even

who should be admitted

subjects,

knowledge of the

to a

any

difficult to satisfy his

the meanwhile, his importance would be magnified in the eyes of those,

own

if

In

had been intended.

royal correspondent, that no slight, or disrespect, to him,

his

and

:

never occurred to him, that there was any danger of the

disparaging style of the letter being detected in France

exception had been

to

among

letter in question.

Judging by the context of the fourth paragraph, and especially by the words,

"

this circumstance has occasioned

that the proposal of the

inferred,

me

the utmost surprize,"

French King,

to

it

might almost be

reimburse Tippoo for the

advances which the latter had made, for the use of the French forces, during the

second war in the Carnatic, proved offensive to the Sultan, and that the payment, thus honourably tendered, was actually declined. possess the

patam

means of

(at least to

believe,

ascertaining, for

my

What

the Jact was,

none of the documents found

offer of the

French government

do not

at Seringa-

knowledge) throw any light upon the subject.

however, that the

I

I incline

to liquidate

its

to

debt was

not accepted, and that the Sultan was led to the adoption of this liberal proceeding,

by the hope

that

it

might conduce, with other motives,

monarch consent the more in India

writer

;

is

dispatched to France by the

close of

by

sea,

the French

abundantly shown by the foregoing

Ghulam

Ali

Khan and

way of Constantinople,

the other embassadors,

as well as

by those

subsequently to the date of the present letter

which he intimates

his

having the

latter

;

whom

however willing

it

might have been,

France,

when

he

towards the

deputation in contemplation.

Fortunately, perhaps, for the British interests in India, these invitations to a effort for their destruction arrived in

the

letter,

His wishes on the subject were, no

at heart at this time.

doubt, more fully stated through

sent thither

make

readily to the renewal of hostilities against the English

an object which, as

had very much

to

that nation was

to enter into the

no longer

new able,

Sultans views. It

SELECT LETTERS OF

3jr4 It

must be acknowledged, that the Sultan complains, in

by the French,

desertion

this

of his

letter,

He,

in the year 1783, in terms sufficiently moderate.

however, indulges his natural resentment, on the occasion, more freely in his

Memoirs; where,

he thusexpresses

in his account of the siege of 3Iangalore,

himself on the subject:

" Carrying on a mine by

" the proper moment " the

gate,

a double shaft to the foot of the wall, I only waited

for springing

and on the edge of the

I

it.

had

also erected a battery opposite to

ditch, in so elevated a situation, that not being

"

able to stand the fire of musquetry and cannon,

"

a single Nazarene dared to appear on the walls or bastions of the fort.

*'

circumstanced,

"

demanded a

the Nazarenes

respecting the article of delivering

up

which was kept up from

capitulation,

when

their arms,

it,

not

Thus

and were disputing

me from

reached

letters

" Cuddalore, written by the worthless commander^'" of the French, and by Meer

whom

**

Moaayenuddeen,

*'

the aforesaid worthless commander.

'*

'

"

*

before the fort of Cuddalore, the former, to the

*'

'

had been defeated, with the

"

'

had been compelled

**

'

army

"

'

assistance,

*'

'

[or in the only] action'"'

left

left at

the head of a division of

my army

These dispatches purported,

'

to assist

that in a single

which had taken place between the French and English

loss

to flee,

of

fifty

guns

;

amount of

in

five

thousand men,

consequence of which they

and shut themselves up within the

had not been required

standing^-"'' four

'

day following

"

'

letter of

'

had

fort

:

that the

of the Sircar, though placed at the disposal of the French for their

"

**

I

to join

them upon

this occasion,

or five coss in the rear of the English

this defeat, the

:

but were

that the second

English had sent into the fort of Cuddalore a

peace"" from the French Rdjah: that Bussy, the worthless comman-

der of the French,

who was

very old (being eighty or ninety years of age),

"

and

"no-commander."

(18) Original

,1j_:l)

(19) Original

Jyi jJlj

uXjj- j/J^

(20) Original jjjjj^ jjL«j1jjjJj\

"

*

^1^

j

<^ where t£;l^

is

a Hindivy word

signifying

the rear." (21) Original

treaty of peace

J-^ki

Probably orders for the cessation of

between the two nations ia Europe.

hostilities,

and a copy of the

TIPPOO SULTAN. "

'

and being in his dotage, had

*'

'

immediately

"

*

and

*'

'

concluded an accommodation.'

that,

" These *'

mander

at sight of his

accursed ones had discontinued

advices were accompanied

who

to Cossigny,'*"

two-thirds of them),'"'

least,

Rajafis letter of peace complied with

the two

finally,

lost his wits (at

375

"

me, and repair to [^Cuddahre],

notice, at the instigation

" commander,

set out with the rest.

Nay, they were ripe

" would have been but

"

death act

"

by

inasmuch

but,

;

them'"'' in that

Two

little

days after

as

[or hint]

his party

time, several Nazarenes,

I

[or treachery].'"*^

difficulty in putting

they had eaten [my]

remonstrated on

long in the employ of the

faithless set so

for sedition

me

of the accursed and worthless

was to no purpose that

It

" the occasion with Cossigny, and the

*'

At the same

him and

served during twenty years with the Usud-Ilhye army, quitting

" without any

" Sircar.

and

hostilities,

was, at this time, at the head of three hundred

Fringics, serving immediately with myself, directing

" who had

:

by an order from the worthless French com-

" French to leave

contents

its

No

doubt, there

Cossigny and his companions to salt,

I

did not think proper to

manner.

this,

the aforesaid Nazarenes, procuring passports from the

" English, and supplying themselves with some few

set out

necessaries,

from

" Kdridl [^Mangalore] for Make, a sea-port belonging to the French, which they *'

reached in

" hundred

five or

sick,

whom

" conveyed them

The

I

already

left

behind them in their camp about a

furnished with provisions, and embarked on a ship, which

to the place of those accursed ones

Sultan then proceeds to

fidious conduct

They

six days.

state,

the French,

of

owed him, by

(I. e.

3Iahe)"

that disregarding the ungrateful

and per-

he determined to add to the obligations they

consenting, at the instance of their worthless

commander, Bussy^

(22)

The

perplexity of the original,

in tiiis

phcc,

not impossible, to give a close translation of

(23) So

I

read the

(24) Original

name given

jjjj;,

(25) This passage

is

i^ *1^

in the

it.

is

sucli, as to

The

make

it

very

passage runs thus

difficult,

jb,_ili *li

^^

manuscript.

doc--^ iS\j

likewise obscure in the original.

I

if

suspect the text to be corrupted.

V

SELECT LETTERS Of

376 Bussy,

to'

make peace with

the English

:

and

that,

consequence hereof, he

in

discontinued the war in the Carnatic, and rehnquished his design upon Mangalore,

moment that he was

at the

who

Sirdars,

about to reduce the place

strongly urged

him

;

contrary to the advice of his

[to prosecute the siege and] to

put the garrison

to the sword.

circumstance of the Sultan's sending a double-barrelled gun in a present to

The Louis

XVI

is

worthy of notice

because

;

it

strongly marks his desire to impress

the military establishments and

the French monarch with a high opinion of resources of his country.

This

letter,

it

will

be observed,

ostensible mission of Ghvilam Ali

preceding deputation of

Khan

France

destined for the court of

beyond

places,

Othman Khan

it

may

to the

been actually

Sublime Porte was, in

letter,

and

like

was the reason of that

The same Othman Khan made one

sequent embassy announced in the present

the

hence be safely inferred, that the

originally intended to proceed to Paris, whatever

being afterwards relinquished.

doubt, the fact of

to Comtaiitinople having

and

:

all

finally sent to

manner, object's

of the sub-

France, in 1787

LETTER CCCXXXVII. To Monsieur CossiGNY, Gop-ehnor of Poa'dicherry ; dated 14M HashimyS'^ (151/1 August:)

We that

have received the

letter

you sent us by Pierre Monneron, requesting

we would cause an account

the advances

made by

us,

to be

drawn up, and

delivered to him, of

whether of money or general

Monsieur du Cheniin, Monsieur

Suffrein,

supplies,^^) to

and Monsieur Bussy,

that you might, in pursuance of your RdjaJis

in order

commands, discharge the

amount.

We (1) If this letter is

may

be,

I

not misdated,

have thought

it

right that

King of France, on account of (2) Original

^.i^

their

it it

is

here inserted out of

its

place: but, however

tliis

should immediately follow the one addressed to the

mutual connection.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

We have long^^^

entertained the most cordial regard for the

we have ahvays considered

the French, whose honor

during a period of

cordingly,

and lost /of^5 (^^ of men nothing

Ac-

as our own.

we expended

crores of

ritpees,^'^^

proposing, by these sacrifices and this labor,

;

God

we

hereafter [or

will,

make

still],

the most strenuous efforts

same purposes.

for the

The

five years,

Rdjah of

but the increase of our mutual friendship and renown.

else

pleasing,

377

five

are arrived

hundred musquets. which you sent us by the way of N'uzr/^ and, in consideration of our friendship for the RdJah of the

;

French, and of your good

Some time

since

we

will

Ghidam

dispatched

and others of our principal an elephant with a

towards us, they are accepted.

('>

silver

Ali

Khan, Lutf All Khan,

(charged with several

officers,

canopy) to the French Jtdjah.

rarities,

They

will pro-

by the route of Juddah,^^^ to Constantinople, and from the

ceed,

and

of certain persons of rank,

charged with presents.

also

embassadors

will,

whence

our request that you

is

latter

AVe are about to send another deputation, consisting &

place to France.

it

and

These

proceed to Pondicherry, from

in the first instance,

send them by sea to France,

will

accompanied by PieiTC Monneron.

C

3 " from

okl times," or

(3)

Original

A>)\

(4)

A

crorc

a liundrcd lacks, or ten millioiip.

(5)

A

/<7cA- is

(G) If

is

*.;jjjl

to the dignity of

be "•aincd

it, :

liis

station

but

:

it is

of yore."

conij)laMied of,

(7) Original

L-^ly-r^

"

it

?i«2r to

his present,

he forgot what

very possible that the French governor

though the Sultan has done if

''

a hundred thousand.

Monsieur Cossigiiy applied the term

so called

Agreeably

so.

If

would not be

^veil-wishing."

ina\'

lie

owejl' u

not have

the expression cscai)cd notice, a point would

difficult to offer

This

some

<..xpression is,

plausible excuse for

it.

however, usually employed

to denote the scutnnciit of goodwill entertained by an inferior towards a superior, and

is

equivalent to attachment, devotion, &c. (8)

This

is,

I

suspect, an error of the manuscript, since the emba.ssy proceeded

and Bussorah, and not by Jiuldah,

by

y]/Mjf<7(

SELECT LETTERS

378

01'

Agreeably to the representation of the above named

Monneron] we have Calicut,

[/. e.

written and enclose an order to the Taaliikddr oi

commanding

that no molestation be given to the villages de-

We

pending on 3Iahc.

have likewise instructed the Taalukddr of

Sel'un to attend strictly to such passports,

written in the French and

jlrwi languages, and having your signature to them, as you besides the

These passports,

must

specify the

be regularly

Monsieur

grant.

names of the merchants receiving them,

number of the

made out

may

bullocks [laden].

in the foregoing

Let your passports

manner.

Certain secret particulars, of a nature conducive to the interests of

have been stated to Pierre Monneron,

the French Rdjah,

communicate them

A dress

to you.

who

will

and a horse ^^^ have been sent to you,

in token of our friendship.

OBSERVATIONS. Of

Pierre

a French

Monneron,

merchant,

I

am

unable to give any other account, than that he was

employed either by the Governor of the

by the Governor of Pondicherry, time,

occasion, to have

He

of France, or

place,

appears,

about this

on the present

had a personal interview with the Sultan.

Notwithstanding the proposed embassy by sea not actually proceed from Pondicherry,

month of July

which took

in the transactions

between Tippoo and the French nation.

Isle

is

thus early announced,

according to Major Stewart,

in the following year (1787)

J

that

is

to say, about eleven

it

till

did the

months

after the date of the present letter.

(9) Before the

word

clio

word

ci-veU-

fi/uk) or one,

the horse and dress.

" dress,"

in tlie

original, a blank occurs,

preceded by the

which shews that the present consisted of something

else besides

TIPPOO SULTAN,

379

LETTER CCCXXXVIIT. Daroghas of Ghueaji Hyder) Qth August.')

To

the

Directing tbem

the

Jixsy (probably Shumsuddeen dated

;

from Hemsagur,^^^

dispatch ten copies of

to

the

6th

Khan and Has himy,

Milfurrihillk4loob.

Five of them containing the work at large/-> and to have silver locks \ov hasps]

hasps]

:

the other

five to

be abridgements/^) without silver locks [or

.<•'>

OBSERVATIONS. The book

here mentioned

according to Major Stewart (Catalogue of Tippoo

is,

Sultan's library) a collection of inferretl,

fables,

in

imitation of

from the Sultans sending for so many copies of

designed as presents. editions of tbe

work

If

I

Pilpai/s.

It

this book, tbat

may

be

they were

understand the original rightly, there must be two

in question

:

one containing the fables

at large,

or complete

;

the other an abridgement.

3

C2

(1)1 have here piven the reading which seems most countenanced by the manuscript, as Our maps of this part of Mysore are nearly Ujc true name of tbia place is railuT doubtful. wliicli, joined to tlie meagre information on tiie subject allunled, wlictiier by tlic a blank ;

correspondence, or

comse of (2)

Original

(3) Original (4)

sense.

tlie

his present

Original

Sultans own Memoirs, makes

march.

,^^.^Lo

Tliis, theri-forr,

"atlcngili, at large,

Û,*"^ "

in abstract,

^jJJ Jii where

J«

1

it

imJDossibIc to trace with accuracy the

have not attempted to do,

in full."

an abridgement."

probably means a

liasp rather

than a lock, in

its

usual

SELECT LETTERS OF

380

LETTER CCCXXXIX. To BuRHANUDDEEN

Our

special retinue

gence(^> of

(Uth August.^

Hashimy.

and we

arrived atO Kurkndth,

is

Send some men

the enemy's army

;

Presence, such accounts as you

shall pre-

procure

intelli-

and communicate, occasionally,

to the

Tunghuddra.

cross the

sently(2)

dated lOth

;

may

to

receive.

LETTER CCCXL. To Shah Abdullah Saheb

Versed be with you

Our

and

in theology

same Date.

;

(\\th August.')

in the sciences, the peace of

Almighty God

!

special retinue happening, at this time, to

we have

of Kurkndth,

dispatched

come

into the vicinity

Abubekr Khan, with a

Doott/,'^^*^ for

[the conveyance of] that [person] conversant in the sciences, afford us the pleasure of

who must

an interview.

OBSERVATIONS. My

information does not enable

Durgdh, or but

it

is

me

to state,

whether or not there

shrine, of particular sanctity, within the neighbourhood of

not im})robable that there

presiding priest of

But whatever

it.

is,

is

any

Kurkndth

:

and that Shah Abdullah Saheb was the

his office

might be,

it

may be

inferred,

from

the circumstance of the Sultans sending a Dooly, instead of a Palanheti, for

him, that he did not hold the (1) Original

i^::^ iJjL

(2) Original

c_->iiU;;»o

(3) Original

^(j

hence, figurativery, (1 *)

A

(looly is

"

««

\,j\

"

ii^

first

rank among the order of the rehgious.

ij^>:SJ

.)

«'

lias

shed splendor on

^J«-/-Hrt//*."

hereafter, following."

(Ki\'ate or secret

information."

Literally,

"the interior,

or inside:"

acconnts of what passes witliin" any place, person, &c.

a conveyance carried in the same

and didcrent construction.

manner

as a palankeen, but of a

meaner

TIP POO SULTAN.

3&1

LETTER CCCXLI. Khan

7b Ehsa NULL AH

J

dated from

(\Wi

Reduce

Kurknath,

\2th

August.')

the monthly wages [or pay] of Shaikh All

bounty(') of a

hundred pagodas [advanced

to [or distributing

it

means] the vacancies

among] in

Hashimy.

who

tliose

to

him]

and giving the same

;

shall raise

take back the

;

men,

up [by

fill

this

your corps.

LETTER CCCXLII. To BuDRuz

You

"

write,

ZuMAN Khan

;

sume Date.

(\3th August.')

Moosa Khan, Risdladdr of

that

" Ruheem, Kilaaddr of Sodndeh, who were dispatched, " of chastising the

" the It is

Ten

known.

hung upon the

who had

as

[thereupon] taken to

flight."

years ago, from ten to fifteen thousand

trees of that district

have been waiting for [or been [therefore]

for the purpose

of Soopah, had seized upon a place in

insingents*^'*^

possession of the latter,

and Abdul

Jyshe,

hang upon

have taken a lead

since

which time the aforesaid

in expectation of]

trees all in

;

men were trees

You must

more men.

such of the inhabitants of that

district,

[or been at the bottom of] these rebellious

proceecUngs.

OBSERVATIONS. The must

dreadful executions, here spoken of with so

refer

to the

much

levity

time of his father, in the year 1776: but

by tbe Sultan,

if

the latter was actually

(I) Original

ments

iO^L^

"assistance, aid."

Sliaikli Ali

had probably

failed

in

his

engage-

to raise recruits.

(1*) Original

" chicvous

^JtjjjL^

person."

I

tnko

tliis

to

be an iircgular plural of

^^

"a

wicked or mis-

SELECT LETTERS OF

382

imputed to him by his son,

actually guilty of the cruelty indirectly

any of

his biographers (at least to

however, be allowed, that

it

my knowledge)

it is

have recorded of him.

would not be easy to assign any

more than It

must,

satisfactory reason for

Tippoo's purposely exaggerating the fact in question.

LETTER To

the

SiiANoon PValeh

(i. e.

CCCXLIII.

Abdul Hukeem Khan)

dated I4th

;

HashIMY. (\Mh August.^ Your

letter,

conveying the account of your welfare, and containing

two other papers ([which accompanied

certain particulars, together with it],

has adorned the lace of arrival, and afforded

Forasmuch

as the requisites^')

[or reciprocal

concord are firmly established between us,

how

me

delight.

duties] is it

of union and

possible that our

mutual regard should give way to estrangement and misunderstanding

That

friend must, in all respects, keep his

that, in

any shape whatsover, the

With the

friendship.

in that quarter,

blessing of

and apply himself

least

mind

at perfect ease

:

?

nor imagine

diminution can take place in our

God, your friend

will presently arrive

to the chastisement of the enemy.^^2

OBSERVATIONS. This

is,

perhaps, the most

by the Sultan firmly resolved

(1)

Original

(2) Original

;

civil

who, however,

upon

of

all

the letters addressed to the Patan chieftain

as there is reason to believe,

was

at this very

time

his destruction.

*jljl

LjLil

«'

miserable or wretched men."

A term commonly

applied to enemies.

SULTAN.

TIrp oo

383

LETTER CCCXLIV. To

the

BuKHSiiY of

the

EushAm at Chittledoorg ; Q4th

Hashimy.

You

must send

dated 13th

August.')

for the families of all the Aum'ds,

who

are natives^

of the Pot/ 671- Ghaut, and, together with the Aumils themselves, keep

them

at Chittledoorg.

LETTER CCCXLV. jTo

Meer Futah

Taalukdar of Chik Cor little) Balapoor; (I8th August.) I'Jth Has hi my.

Ali,

dated

are heavy balances [of revenue] due from the country

There from your

These must be

district].

realised

and, with the produce,

;

you must procure provisions for the Ahmedies from some other

district/'*>

In case you should have no assets [for the purpose], apply to Rajah

Chundur, who

will give

[i. e.

an assignment to the amount he

may judge

Ram

proper.

LETTER CCCXLVI. To

Meer Jaafur Wuffa Khany

;

dated \A.th

Hashimy.

(\5th August.}

The

We

account of Gunaish Bhyroo's arrival in helU'**> has been received.

[only] require the blessing of

God

to attend us, in order to the

[speedy]

•'

by

of

tlie

inhabitants,"

i.

e.

"who

were formerly, ox

Carnatic." This order was probably occasioned

b}'

some

originally, inhabitants

distrust recently conceived

the Sultan of this class of his subjects.

(!•)

There was, probably, a

Balapoor,

Sultan to

This

letter affords

tlic interests

(I**) Original in

"

Original aJL.

(1)

v

scarcity, at this time, of the necessary provisions in ZiV//c

one,

among numerous

proofs, of the constant attention of the

of this favourite corps.

'r-

.••4-

J.L^

<

This

is

a

common mode

of expression with

announcing the death of an enemy, and particularly of an unbeliever.

Mahommedans

SELECT LETTERS OF

884

Many

[speedy] removal of whatever superfluous hairs are remaining/^^

many

[always] coming, and

sucli are

The

going.

favour of

God

con-

our aid and support.

stitutes

OBSERVATIONS. I can give

no account of the Gunaish Bhyroo, whose death

If the official designation of

commander.

rattah

might have thrown some

name

follows the proper

light

on

this point.

of this person,

is,

a particular tribe, or family, of

by which

here so exultingly

have been an insurgent Poh/gar or a

He may either

by the Sultan.

noticed

is

The if I

Meer Jaafur had been addition of fVuffa

am

Moghul

Mah-

given,

it

Khdny, which

not mistaken, an appellation,

descent, was distinguished*

LETTER CCCXLVII. 2o BtJiiHANUDDEEN; dated \Qth HJsHiMY.

You must

not be in a hurry to give battle

advance upon your army,

you must

special retinue will shortly cross

place

[i.

I

nal in i.;>-:\

am tliis

ratlicr jjlace.

doubtful, whether

Ahmed

have succeeded

1

Tiie passage runs tlius:

ijlj

U ^)lt< jOJk^4î^ w^ J^jfjr* t^'-'^J "^.iW*

jueans the hair, or 'xool, of animals

;

also

if

them

the

enemy should

effectually.^

Our

the Tungbuddra, and arrive at that

Abdiil

will join you].

chastise

but

Khan,(-*) together with his

must he taken into custody, and dispatched

family,

(2)

€.

;

(\9th August.^

to

Nugr.

in

giving the exact sense of

la

^^

^îXxs-

tijc origi-

JjL^ JU- J^li ^Jl i^«w//)«

J^îj

strictly

o"^^

nap or down.

Tiic word

is

clearly applied in

contempt. (1) Original

{2*)

one of

I

suspect

t!ie

^\j

"

truly, really, signally, soundly."

liiat tliis is tlic

sons of Ab'lul

same person elsewhere called Abdul Sumv.d Khan, and

Hakeem Khun

is

mednt.

tiiat

TirPOO SULTAN.

385

LETTER CCCXLVIII. 7o Syed Ghuffar

The

;

same Date.

chastisement of the enemy's cavalry

shortly cross the Tunghuddra,

Mere hearsay

the enemy's forces

You must

view them with your

without addition or diminution.

We,

approved.

own

We

deen, directing the punishment of the

eyes,

is

too, shall

What

and arrive [or join you].

amount of

?

is

(19th August.')

not entitled to

credit.^'^

and report what you

some time ago wrote

the

is

see,

to Burhanild-

Jowkdar [or captain] of the Jyshe.

OBSERVATIONS. The

task here assigned to

Indeed

The

is

it

inconceivable,

difficuly would,

how he

could execute

no doubt, have been

less,

amount of an European army,

the

inspection,

Syed Ghuffar would appear

to

have been no easy one.

it

with the accuracy required.

if

he had had to estimate, by

the regular array of which

But, even supposing an army, constituted like

favorable to such computations.

that of the Mahrattahs, to be viewed, under every possible advantage, observer, such as his

Syed Ghuffar must necessarily have been,

power to determine

its

numbers with any degree of

it

one founded on the " hearsay intelligence

by

exactness'.

" alluded to

A

lested

from one army to another.

Here

who

itinerant Fakeers or Jogien,

in

judgment

least, as liable

by him

which he probably meant the reports of neighbouring villagers, of casual and of the

a distant

would hardly be

formed, in the manner prescribed by the Sultan, would seem to be, at to error, as

is

;

and by

travellers,

arc usually permitted to pass

unmo-

"'

follows in the manuscript a letter addressed to the

Ddroghas of the Tosheh-

khdneh, containing directions for the composition of a particular dentifrice, with 3 (1) {'2)

Original Ii is

j,1jcJ_^Lj:I

owinij to

spies luost coiiiuioiily

tlic

D

which

^â-ô

iinnrmiiy ciijoyc.i by the Fakeers ;m;J Jozies,

assume those

cliaiactcrs.

in tiiis resj)cct,

tlut

386

SELECT LETTERS OF

which the Mahls or Harams

at

Seringapatam and Bangalore were to be supplied,

for the use of the ladies occupying

Some

in English.

my

by

curious document,

them.

I

am

inability to give the

of the composition

is

prevented from translating this

names of the ingredients

specified,

ordered to be sent to the Sultan.

LETTER CCCXLIX. To BuRHANUDDEEN

By

dated 23c? Hashimy.^^^

;

the Divine favour, the passage of the Tungbuddra

two or three days, please the Almighty, we

in

(24th August.')

shall

is

effected

j

and

summon you and

your army to the Presence.

Proceeding by the road of Nushapoor,^-^

and arriving

your camp, we shall send for you.

in the vicinity of

If,

Hurry

the meanwhile, any other force besides Ilolkar's [as that under

make

Pundit, &C.3 should

its

appearance in any considerable numbers,

with a view to attacking you, you must withdraw three or four take up a position

among

the woods

army, keep on the

;

coss,

and

but if a superior force should not

:

advance against you, and Holkar's only should present

remain where you are

in

itself,

you must

and procuring constant intelligence of the enemy's

and write regularly [of what passes]

alert,

to the

Presence.

OBSERVATIONS. Another

letter appears,

" hanuddeen,

Budr

ul

dated 29th

Aman

Hdshimy (30th August)

directed to " Bur-

Khan,"^ and the Sipahddrs" announcing, in

like

manner (1)

This

letter is

dated from a

j)lacc

probably situated on the west bank of

seem (2)

(3)

yet

I

to have passed about this time

:

tlic

uncertain.

This

not the only place in which this

is

not without a suspicion that

it is

wliic!)

may

Tungbuddra, over which

perhaps

Name am

^jj

written

this

be variously read. riv-er

the Sultan

It is

would

very day.

name

(so like tliat of

Budruz Zuman) occurs:

an error of the transcriber for BudrClz Zuman.

TIP POO SULTAN. manner is

387

preceding one, the passage of the Tunghuddra

as the

some mistake

during the period between the 23d and 29th of Hdshimy the 23d

may be supposed to have been

so that either there

must have occupied the Sultan

or this operation

in the dates,

;

in

:

which case the

written on the passage of the van of the army,

and that of the 29th when the whole of the army had crossed the latter dispatch the *'

Wc

Sultan says, "

shall

have been

river.

yet he would appear, by another

encamped on the banks of the Tunghuddra

still

7th of tVdsaacy (or 6th of September). crossing the river, might have been for

In the

proceed from hence to-morrow or the

And

next day, and soon arrive with you."

letter^ to

letter of

as late as the

Possibly, the line of his march, after

some days

in the direction of its course.

Tippoo, in his Memoirs, plumed himself considerably on the military operation in question, and, apparently, not without reason at a time

when

the river was at

its

his account, in the face of the theless,

The

following

It

greatest height,

it

was performed, according to

main body of the enemy's army, which, never-

would not seem to have offered any opposition is

the

manner

" Marching from thence "

since besides being undertaken

;

which the Sultan

in

[/.

Adoni]

was now the rainy season, and the

" boats from the country

I

states this occurrence

arrived

river

was

:

on the bank of the Tunghuddra. at a great'^' height.

of crossing [the river]

,

I

commanders

of Nûgr, and consulted with the

" Usud-Ilhye army on the subject

movement.

to this bold

when

all

sent for

of the

of them stated

"

it

"

'

as

"

*

Khun,

to the

"

'

forces,

were posted on the opposite

"

'

passage.'

"

*

the rains were extremely violent; and that, as the

army

"

'

be obliged to cross in small bodies at a time,

was to be feared that] the

"

'

enemy, apprized of

"

'

force against [the divisions as they crossed].'

to be their opinion,

'

that the attempt was on

To

amount of

this

Original

^\m

banks are overflowed. *'

advisable,

inasmuch

Hurry Pundit Phurkia, and the commanders of the army of Nizam a

hundred thousand horse, besides numberless

they added,

'

this circumstance,

bounds."

whicli,

The

1

D

[it

its

foot

greatest height; that

of the Sircar would

would bring a heavy

[/.

(c

2

Ali

purpose of preventing our

side, for the

that the river was at

3 (4)

no account

e.

superior]

Disregarding

believe, strictly implies, that state of a river in wliicli

expression

is

figurative,

tlic

its

word ^XjG meaning " passing

SELECT LETTERS OF

388

" Disregarding**' these opinions, and " barked, early

in the

morning of the second day

" of the Tungbuddra],

" took post " be

in a favourable situation,

By

erected.

where

evening, the passage of

" with their guns and

stores,

I

all

"

shall

"

viz.

"

happen

by

first

to be

the

similarly

crossing

I

arrival

on the banks

crossed the river,

and

army

to

the remaming Kushoons, together

On

was accomplished.

four days

three or

in

my

caused the standards of the

" being distributed among the cavalry, the " and

[after

two Kushoons, with which

^vith

em-

collecting all the boats together, 1

rest

the following day, the boats

of the

army began

Hereafter, let whosoever

whole were over.

proceed in the same

circumstanced,"'

cross,

to

manner,

and afterwards the cavalry and

the infantry in force,

others. *'

Hurry Pundit Phurkia, and the other commanders [of the enemy], on

" hearing of the passage of our army, retired with their forces to the distance of

"

four coss,

" whence,

and encamped on the

skirts of the

[adjacent] hills

and woods; from

end of three or four days, they came and drew up before our

at the

" army, with their guns and other appurtenances of war, [apparently] with the

"

Whereupon, giving

orders to the eight Kushoons

to hold themselves in readiness

[for action], I advanced, in

intention of offering us battle.

'•'

that were with

me

'*

person, with a

Kushoon of Usud-Ilhyes and another of Jyshe, towards the

" forces

" on in

:

before which

front,

" at this

movement, however,

which had been pushed

a picquet,

was obliged, by superior numbers of the enemy, to

moment

1

arrived,

and opened a

" and rockets, which soon made them

fire

infidel

fall

back.

upon the enemy from some guns

flee in

disorder."'

" a day, the

infidels

" when the

Usud-Ilhye army met them as before,''

After an interval of

once more advanced with the intention of attacking us

Original i^j^^

(6)

This advice

is

i^^,\jj'i^ ^} " not giving ear

to be

:

and they, according to

"

(5)

Just

to tliese

their

words."

understood us addressed to the Sidtans

own

family, for whose

exclusive benefit these Memoii-s would appear to have been written. (')

Original jJOyw ^licJl cl>Ij Jiojl^j,. "turned their face to

lation of the bear,"

(8)

Original

/'.

,c«;jo

e.

scattered like the stars

" according

to custom."

composing that

flight, like

constellation.

the constel-

TIPPOO SULTAN. '*

their usual practice, turned their backs,

389

and withdrew

confusion to their

in

" camp.^*'

"

On

the following day, about five o'clock in the afternoon, making ready three

" Kushoons, and placing them under the command of

" directed a night

assault to

be

"

me

The

signals.

" advanced

a few

[only]

" stopping short, opened a

"

stance of

" advance " signal

" them "

my

fire

troops keeping

them

to our

I

halted,

to

rejoin

I

keepino-

a [single] gun, for the purpose of

Mah

the detachment under

from their guns.

up

making

Mirza ^Khan]

I

'"'

and

concluded, from the circum-

cannonade, that they did not mean'" to

this

farther [to the attack of the

for

The

[i. e.

Here

approaching the enemy's army became alarmed,

but on

;

men and

Sirca?-'s troops

Mirza Khiin,

made [on the enemy], and proceeded myself

" with this detachment halfway towards their camp.

" with

Mah

enemy], and therefore

I

fired the

me, which they accordingly doing,

gun, as a

returned with

I

camp, which we reached the following morning.

next day, in order to strengthen the

" presents of horses, money, gold and " lack of rupees, among the

oflicers

hearts^'"'

of

silver wrist-rings,

my

people,

I

distributed

&c. to the value of near a

and men of the three Kushoons, accordino- to

" their respective merits.

" The following day the Mahrattah army, with " presented

itself in

order ef battle before the

a train of artillery,

Usud

llhije tygers,

on

came and

whom

they

" commenced

(9)

Original

u-uV-O

i- c.

witlidrcw

"

in a

mass, or pell-mell

;"

where, by

tlie

bye,

seems iinprojierly used, since, if I am not mistaken, it should never be any but a good or favourable sense. It is possible, however, that as the Sultan here speaking contemptuously of the Malirattaiis, the word jiây be used ironicallv, and

the verb

employeil is

Jj Jyc^

jj^jj^ in

perhaps as a jingling

antitliesis to

^

the

common

expression of jJoô J

(10) Original

Ôyii

(11) OrigiiKil

jJ^lAi i.::,^ju3il^\ji^*:;^ljuj

(12) Original

^-'j/

\i>\

1^

(^yj

Jj

<»^

\^

u-w^'

jAi\^Jj^ ^Jji J^j^ -;J

II"

I

understand these three several passages rightly,

they plainly denote some back^vardne^.s on the part of the SultarCs troops to ut ,.- k the Mahcamp and yet it seems somewhat straniê, that he should huvc taken such an occasion

rattah

:

to reward his troops.

This aijparcnt inconsistency

ni.ikes mc very douhtfal, correctness of the manuscript, at least of the accuracy of ray uiierpretation.

il

not of the

390

SELECT LETTERS OF

" commenced

a distant

" army hereupon

fire

from two or three guns.

The men

of our victorious

placing themselves in a state of preparation, received the enemy,

" with the same kind of cry [or noise] that

" away] hogs and the

"

fully

"

burial place,"" they

"

owls, and took

like

;

employed

is

to frighten [or drive

upon hearing of which, the enemy returned shame-

by the same road they had come.

After remaining another day in their

marched the ensuing morning,

up a position

many

ill-omened

at the distance of eight or ten coss

from their

like

so

" former camp."

The

Sultan next proceeds to relate his further operations against the enemy, in

the same barbarous and perplexed

whence the preceding

style,

till

gives an account of the general

bourhood of that

city,

and of which

narrative from

Nothing, however, of any moment,

extract has been made.

or indeed very intelligible, appears,

he

which distinguishes the

the period of his arrival at Shdnoor

engagement which was fought in

I will,

when

;

in the neigh-

proper place, present the reader

its

with a translation.

LETTER CCCL. To BuDEuz

ZuMAN Khan

The list of Soandeh said captives

dated 29th

among

HAshimy.

(30th August.')

and other captives has been received.

must be dispatched

with the Usud Ilhyes females

;

;

afore-

and [there be] incorporated

to JViig?;

to such of

The

whom

as are without wives,

tlie

the prisoners are to be given in marriage.

Entrenching yourself

you

strongly,^'^

will

remain [at

all

times] in rea-

diness to co-operate with Biirhanuddeen in the chastisement of the enemy.

(13) Original

of the

enemy was

ill^^^Xo to

by which metaphor the

be considered, owing to their

(1) Original ij^jji J^^s^""^ \^jij where

the English) to

mean " entrenchments."

I

Ji/Z/a/j

means

to intimate, that the

camp

ill-fortune, as the place of interment.

conceive the word ''batteries" (adopted from

TIPPOO SULTAN.

LETTER To

KiLAADAR of PuTN

the

391

CCCLI. SeringapatamJ

fi. 6.

same Date.

;

(30th Augmt.)

On

the subject of getting four intelligent children

band [or body] instructed wise called Hhdt.

of the Usud Ilhye

the encomiastic Itaikhtelis [or odes], other-

in

Desiring copies of the collection of the said odes to

be made from the

with the present

set transmitted

Another copy

to them.

(')

to be given

dancers

[or superintendant] of the

may

order that the latter

to

Uzeemuddeen, the Tauliikddr

there

(^>

and delivered

letter,

\j. e.

at Sei'ingapatani], in

teach the same to the said dancers.

OBSERVATIONS. Of for

the encomiastic odes here spoken

which

am

I

kindness of

my

indebted, as for

of,

many

in the

Hindivy

which

dialect,

number

odes are ninety-six in

;

is,

and

to the English,

tlie

is

I

will not

and cursory perusal, or

to

copy

With

the exception of the

in Persian, the rest of the composition

These

on the one hand, of the most fulsome

and on the other, of disparaging

Mahrattahs, and the Nizam.

and though

in possession of a

other interesting communications, to the

consist,

praises of the Sidtan,

;

am

indeed, denoted by the term raihhteh.

and hyperbolical

polished

tliink I

Lieutenant Colonel Ogg.

friend.

concluding distich of each ode, which is

I

The

style

allusions

extremely un-

is

pretend to have given them more than a superficial

understand perfectly

all

that

I

have read,

I

have no

hesitation in affirming, that they are utterly destitute of every kind of poetical

merit.

Of at

these curious compositions, which were set to music, and sung, or recited,

appointed seasons and hours of the day, the following extracts

may

suffice as a

specimen.

" (1*) OrigiiKil (2) Original

J:^\j ^J^^j

^\

xJ\ ^}j^

uaJcr

tliis

When

j^

general term was included singers as well as d.inccrs.

SELECT LETTERS OF

392

****** «

the Rdstum-hejiried king rushed forward [or charged] on the Rukhsh'^''

When

Europe of his an"-er, then did the hearts of the hons of

•'

[i, e.

the EngUsh] qiiakc

with dread.

'•

•'

" The

flash of his sabre struck the

Munro

to

"

Lano-'s heart

On

by

•-•

shed

was fixed a lament

There follows here an

stain,

like that of the

like a hyacinth."

but

;

I

am

tuhp

it

:

caused

Coote was made,

:

'*'

Matthews, who

allusion to General

is

distinctly

too doubtful, regarding the sense of the passage in

introduced, to offer a translation of

named,

Bussy and Lally are likewise men-

the nature of which I do not comprehend. tioned

like lightning

resembling the drops distilled from spring clouds J*'

tears,

this calamity, to

army of Bailey

which they

are

it.

******

"

When

army of our King, the dread

the Mahrattahs behold this

" causes them to

thereof

flee like deer.

" The Frlngy

[i. e.

Nizam

the European] and

lil

Mulk

pass night and day

together trembling with fear of our King.

*'

******

"

The kingdom

" ficence and

flourishes,

justice.

muni-

increases daily, through thy

******

" The Hujjdms " army " he beholds the

and the army

flees

through dread of thee,

as the

when

hunter does

lion.

" The (3) Jxukhsh (4) I \

is

"

.,

M

am

tlie

I

have rigluly understood the

April or spring clouds, are fabled

by

first

hemistich of this verse.

the Persian poets to

distil

The

a vapour, which

converted into pearls on alighting iu the oyster, so that the expression might be rendered pearly drops or tears." (5) I

indeed,

am is

equally doubtful whether I have here correctly rendered the original, which,'

not perfectly legible in this place.

meant for something (6)

it

happened

The

else.

Tiiou^h the Xizdm

because {

of the horse of the Persian hero, or champion, Rustum.

name

not certain that

e.

i.

was

is

Thus

the word, which I read

slain of the tulip refers to the black spots

distinguished

by

to suit the measure.

his title in the

He

is

on

its

may

be

inside.

preceding verse, that was only the

generally, as in tins place,

aibcr) and Uujjdin Nulli, being a play on his proper

J-x-

name, Nizam AU.

ca.\\e
Hujjchn

T

I

PPoo

s

ir I,

" The Nazarenes, on contemplating from " forget their own schemes and counsels

TA

tlie sea

[j, e.

393

\.

shore the sagacity of our king,

despair of their success].

******

"

"

When

mankind behold the

exclaim with one accord,

" Socrates, Hipjwcratcs,

and munificence of our king they

liberality

Hatim was an

'•'

all

absolute miser

~'

compared

the sages of the earth, appear before

to

him

him." like

to

" the most ignorant children.

" Mars dwindles " and

Rustum,'''

before the valor of our king to a

mere infant

:

Sam, Nurcemiin,

no account."

are of

******

But, perhaps, none of the

flights,

with which this extraordinary performance

abounds, are equal in extravagance to the following one, with which

I will

close

these extracts.

" Owing

" the

lion

to the justice of this king, the deer of the forest

and the

and

tiger,

2t>

BuRHANi

Your humble [therein given]

pay

CCCLir.

ddef.n; dated 4fh U'âsaaey.

"

write, also,

*'

[in garrison] at

Orijrinal

or statement "

u:,-.!^^!!?

"became

became known,"

or

"

in story lor

iiis

understood

munificent

;"

known:"

for tiie verb

close of the sentence, agreeably to the established Persian idiom. (2) Originiil

JU. " now,

at this time."

Kilaaddr

spirit.

Persia.

visible, clear, manifest, is

sent orders to the ''

them celebrated champions of ancient

(1)

^^^

E

was an Arabian Prince, celebrated

All of

imderstood.*^'^

you have since 3

(3)

is

NergUnd, from the

that in addition to the month's pay already issued

to the ahove mentioned troops,

{!) Ilitini

and the account

of the enemy's force, and of the issue of two months'

produce of the collections of that place,

You

(^d September.^

address has passed undei- our view,

Jyshe troops stationed

to the

their pillow of

and the panther."

their mattress of the leopard

LETTER

make

t::.^

that is

is,

the account

postponed to

tlic

SELECT LETTERS OP

394 ''

Kilauddr of Nergund to give tlicm another month's pay, and [at the

" same time] have desired a small advance " troops " us,

but as

:

that

tlie latter

It is

known.

troops of the

to

to the

Ehshdm

belong [properly] to Nugr, you suggest to

Budruz Zumiin Khan should be

" pay of these people

made

to be

directed to transmit the

them."

A\gr and Nergiind are one and the same/^> Let Ehshdm be paid out of the collections made from

the the

depending on Nergund, in the same manner as the Jyshe have

districts

been paid.

Our lustre

special retinue has passed the

TanghuddrUy and

will shortly

shed

on that quarter.

LETTER CCCLIIL To the same ; dated

A PIECE of

Huhry has been

You must

our eyes. N.B. A

"Jth

TVasaaby.

[or

get a vest

herewith] sent for that light of

is

made of

similar letter follows here,

(6fh Septetnler.')

it

for yourself.

addressed to

Meer Moaayenuddeen

Kliin.

OBSERVATIONS The Bubry was a stripe,

a kind of printed cotton, of a particular pattern

;

consisting of

resembling in form, and sometimes in color, the stripe on the skin of a

tyger, one of the

names of which animal

Bubr.

is

of his

to have considered the tyger as emblematical

probably on account of

its affinity

has been distinguished.

by the same name,

that

it

tiger

own

by which

to the lion,

Indeed the

Tippoo Sultan

is

well

known

family or government

appellation the Caliph Ali

and lion are so often called in India

would have been quite uncertain which of the two animals

(j)

Original ij:^ ^s^\^ Ss~

iiguiative

c.si

rcs.ion,

literally,

"

is

one command."

annvering to our piirasc of

'*

It

is

an

one and the same thing."

idiomatical or

TIPPOO SULTAN.

395

animals in question was meant by the Sultan, under the appellation of Bubr,

mark

the distinctive stripe,

him. jilate

may be

in short,

Tippoo

who

;

Hence and

of the stripe

caused

or armorial bearing, of

said to have constituted the crest,

to be introduced into almost every article belonging to

it

woven

fire-arms,

in his standards, &c.

mark of the paper manufactured Orders

This

had not placed the matter out of doubt.

was found stamped on the binding of his books, engraved on his

it

his

if

for the fabrication

even formed the water-

It

for his use.

and distribution of Biihry cloths appear

the letters forming the present collection.

I believe

in several of

constituted the uniform

it

dress of a considerable portion of the Sultans regular troops.

LETTER CCCLIV. To Ghous

It

Mahommed Khan

trnd

Mahomjied Aka, Daroghas of

the

JixsY TosiiEH-KiiAXEiT ; same Date.

lias

come

to the

(6ih September.')

knowledge of the Presence, that the Ddroghas and

MiUusuddies, as well as Suddunund, and other servants of the jewel

do not attend [there properly], one day

is

in

office,

consequence whereof the business of

protracted to ten. Those [persons] must be strictly enjoined [or

severely admonished]

:

they must

nay,

l)e

scourged,

[due] attendance, so that the jewellery article

employed] may be speedily

(')

and made

[upon \vhich

to give

tliey

aie

finished.

LETTER CCCLV. To Monsieur Cossigny

We have heard, past,

at that

;

d«Ued I8th IFasaaey.

that a Mahrattah Vakeel has resided, for

place

\i.

e.

Pondkherrif].

3 (I)

ner as

Original

Jj

*J, plural of J.

in the

(Vfh September^

wMch

enumeration of men,

is

^\j

E

As

this

some time

circumstance

not

suitable

2

applied to jewels and in tliat of cattle,

is

&c.

tlic like,

in

the

same man-

SELECT LETTERS OF

396

suitable to tlie friendslilp subsisting between the Sircar

Hdjah of the French, we therefore write [^T'âkeer]

may be

What more

to desire,

us] and the

[i. e.

that the aforesaid

dismissed, and not allowed to remain [there anv longer].

shall

be written

?

OBSERVATIONS. The

style of this letter

remptory

;

and was,

must be admitted

certainly, but

ill

to

be sufficiently arrogant and pe-

calculated to conciliate the good-will of the

French governor, however

it

the power of the writer.

Either the Sultan must have trusted greatly to

might serve

to impress others with a high notion of

M.

Cossigny's ignorance of the Persian language, as well as of the respect due to his

rank and station

must

or else so deep and inveterate

;

his dislike to

Christians of every denomination, whether friends or foes,

could not always abstain from letting

when

it

was palpably

(as in

it

Europeans or

have been, that he

appear in his intercourse with them, even

the present case) his interest so to do.

be doubted, whether he hated the French

less

than the English

:

It

may

indeed

and however he

might wish and hope to render the former subservient to*his views against the latter,

still

he would never seem to have forgotten, that they were both Nazarenes,

and enemies of the true

faith

;

and,

consequently,

alike

the just objects of his

abhorrence and contempt, I

do not possess the means of ascertaining what degree of attention,

paid by the French governor to the extraordinary

demand contained

if

any, was

in the foregoing

letter.

LETTER CCCLVI. 2b

You

MuLAiM Jung

;

dated \2th IVasaaby.

(\\th September^

have humbly stated, " that you have instructed

" Usud-Ilhye band [or corps] in the royal

praises.*^'^

five

It is

youths of the

known and approved.

(1) Original

i>. 1 ,

\;nV*.

,_;^v

These are

njost

probably the odes mentioned in Letter CCCLI.

TIPPOO SULTAN. approved.

Herewith

397

sent a copy of encomiastic odes,

is

which you are

likewise to teach to tliose five youths.

LETTER CCCLVII. To BuRHANUDDEEN

You

write,

;

dated will nÂSAAEY.

" that you have determined

" of amercement, from

" been

commanded by

excited the quarrel,

made

placed,

by way

to stop a month's pay,

" meed, and the Sipahddr, Syed Ghuftur." " the Joivkddr who

September.^

those concerned in the late brawK') [or disturb-

ance] of the two Kushoons

''

(lOt/i

his escape the

the Sipahddr, Syed

You moreover

whom

and over

state,

Hu-

" that

a guard had

second day after, being the day on

**

which you had the engagement with the enemy, (') accompanied by

*'

guard, Avhom he had contrived to seduce." It

is

Where

known.

the persons in question us.

Take a muster

specify distinctly, in

the

are the

?

women, the

relatives,

and brethren of

Ascertain this point, and report accordingly to

and other

also of the troops, muskets,

directed,

transmit the aforesaid

stores,

and

a memorandum to be transmitted to the Presence,

number of muskets, of men, and of cartouch-boxcs.

some time ago,

his

and we now write again

to

You

were,

direct you, to

memorandum.

OBSERVATIONS. Neither the cause, nor the nature, any more than the extent of the disturbance alluded to in this

letter, is

any where stated

:

but there

is

no reason

to

suppose, that

% (1) Original (2)

No

*--r'

particulars of

tlie

engagement

iiere

alluded to appear.

SELECT LETTERS OF

398 that

was any thing more than a private dispute between some individuals of the

it

two Kushooiis

by one

question, fomented

in

troops would not have been expressed by the

of their officers.

A

mutiny of the

word kuziah.

But of whatever kind the disturbance was, the punishment of those concerned in

it

was not light

;

and

a

more rigorous course was probably adopted

still

regard to the fugitives, whose offence

some way

to visit, in

or other,

however, no particular injustice

but too usual with

all

is

in

appears to have been the Sultans intention

it

upon

their innocent families.

In this instance,

imputable to him, since similar proceedings are

the native governments of India.

not quite clear, whether or not the muster, or inspection, directed to be

It is

taken in the foregoing the same letter

;

letter,

had any reference

to the disturbance

but the following dispatch, to Budriiz

most probable that

it

Zuman Khan, makes

it

was unconnected with that occurrence.

LETTER To BuDRUZ

mentioned in

Zuman Khan

;

CCCLVIII. same Date.

We have received your humble address,

(\Oth September.')

Avherein

you soUcit the favour

of some muskets, for the use of the Usknr troops") [under your com-

That eminent person

mand].

We

m\ist remain vigilant

wrote some time ago, and

beloved

son,<^^)

we have

and

careful.^-)

now^ written again, to our

Burhanviddeen, desiring him to transmit to us a return of

muskets, cartouch-boxes, men, and stores, Scc^^

After receiving the

aforesaid return, the muskets [you require] shall be granted you, from such

(1)

/. e.

the regular troo;

(2) Originiil

as

if

he had said

Aiib tLia^l ^ •*

*js? ^^lij c:^xj^

J

jc;b

This seems to be meant reprovingly,

lock to the security of your po>t, and do not agitate other matters."

{''>)

Origiiiiil J^-ji

(4)

This

is

s.

whieh has been already explained.

the oidei- in which each article occurs in the original

TIPPOO SULTAN. such place

[?'.

e.

399

At

store] as shall appear expedient. ^^^

present there are

no superfluous [or spare] muskets with the victorious army.

LETTER CCCLIX. To Rajah

Ram Chundur

same Date.

;

(lOlh September.^

(Extract.)

Two

Urzddshts [or humble addresses] transmitted by you have passed

You

under our view. **

''

**

"

rations

"

write,

that, agreeably to

and monthly pay of the Ahmtd'ies belonging to Little Bala-

poor, Hilscotah, and

Khun

Khdnhulli/, are issued, at the computation

of thirty days [to the month] i\\e

;

but that having heard that Pitumber,

jiumil o^ Yousufdhdd, had [lately] received orders to issue

" of the ylkmedies [depending on

"

our directions, the

his jurisdiction] at the

tlie

pay

computation

of thirty-six days [to the month], you were, inconsequence, doubt-

"

ful

"

thirty-six days,

whether

It is

known.

liave received.

others

to issue the

same

[for the future] at the rate of thirty ov

and would act therein

Do What

as

we should command."

you act conformably with the directions which vou have you with [the orders given

business

to]

?

OBSERVATIONS. In regulating the monthly pay of servants and others in India, the length of tlie

month

Indeed,

it

is is

not necessarily delerniintd, either

h}'

the lunar or solar reckoning.

very rarely that either domestics or military persons, in the country

service, are paid at so favorable a rate.

On

the contrary, the

month

is

sometimes arbitrarily

(5) Orij-inal

Jk.ii

jji'^^ ui^vti-^ u:-~*1

" wlicrc till musketb .lie, or may be, " Mowed." Tills is a vtiy iisii;il idi..in as well as

I

^-V'^J Jrl-'W lo

be kucm,

'''^

oVj'

[riKiici.]

'''erally,

shall

"

of the Poisiuii, the scope of which

could in the text, but wiihoui being satisfied that

1

fio.ii

l!iu

[il.ico

thuy be graciously bcI

have ex|)rcssej

have entirely succeeded.

SELECT LETTERS

400 arbitrarily

made

to consist of forty days,

means the

this

actual

falls

far

Thus

and very commonly of

short of the nominal pay

month, being no

forty days are assigned to the

Ol"

less

a Sepoy, apparently rated at twelve rupees a

when

the difference,

;

By

thirty-five.

than three months in the year.

month, would,

in fact, receive

only nine.

This practice, which does not obtain among the English

when he wishes

master,

either to reduce or raise the

without making any alteration in

so,

though there

in truth,

is,

its

in India, enables a

his dependants, to

pay of

established or nominal

no delusion in the device, there

is

amount

something in

appears to gratify the vanity, both of the servant and of his employer

;

:

it

do

and that

the impor-

tance of each being supposed to be increased, in a certain degree, by the ostensible

amount of the regulated

However

officious or supererogatory the representation of

might have been, master

But

it

this

is

among

more prone

at all times,

received from his

a variety of similar instances, of the excessive irri-

tableness and austerity of the Sultan's disposition,

him,

it

tendency was to effect a reduction of the public expence.

its

only one,

Ram Chundur

Rajah

hardly merited the shai-p reproof which

especially as

;

salary.

to censure than to

which seems

commend

to

have rendered

his servants.

LETTER CCCLX. To

Mahommed Ibraheem, Aumil

of

NJgmvngul ; same

Date.

(\Ofh September.') write, " that Poonia [or Pootia], the Serishteddr of that place

You

Ndgmungul^

"

\i. €.

"

to

"

flight

him

[/. e.

is

an unfaithful

person,^')

and that the

Bijots,

owing

to his mal-practices], will [assuredly] turn their faces to

[or abandon

have to write [on

the country]."

this subject], let

It is it

known.

be written to

Whatsoever you tlie

Dewdn

of the

mansion of sovereignty, Putn. (1) Original salt

4,\j^

one has eaten

:

CS^

literally,

making a had,

llencc, figuratively,

"

faithless,

"unlawful or prohibited

salt,"

i.e.

not deserving the

or ungrateful, return for favours or protection granted,

fraudulent, ungrateful," &c.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

401

OBSERVATIONS. It

must not be inferred from

this letter, that the affair to

intended by the writer to be referred to the decision of the

was

far

which

Dewdn.

it relates

was

The Sultan

from being in the habit of delegating his authority on such occasions

:

nor

does he, in general, appear to have had any objections to being addressed directly

on matters of business.

On

the contrary,

which was calculated

practice,

His object

in

he seems to have encouraged

to operate as a check

upon

this

his official servants.

the present instance was, probably, to obtain fuller information,

preparatory to the enunciation of his pleasure on the subject. It

is

who was meant by

not certain

the

Dewdn

of Seringapatam

inclined to think that the designation could apply only to

Meer

;

but

I

am

Sadik.

LETTER CCCLXI. 2b BuRHANUDDEEN

Your

letter,

;

JFasaaey

dated \2lh

containing an account of

triumphant army, and of the

flight

of the

Fursimg,^^^ has passed under our view.

the

enemy makes

his appearance,

effectually, in the

the favor of

God

reward of their

Fursung

victory obtained by our

enemy

You

must, hereafter, whenever oflfers,

chastise

same manner that you have now defeated him.

him

By

the Aider, the infidels here^^) shall also receive the due

misdeeds.^^^

[or

Fursukh, as

it is

F

also written) is usually considered equal to tbrcc

coss.

(2)

That

(3)

Original Jl)J .iJ

is,

to the distance of a

and an opportunity

3 (1) T\\&

tlie

(\\th Septemhev.')

those immediately opposed to the Sultan himself.

SELECT LETTERS OF

402

LETTER CCCLXII. To BuDRUZ

ZuMAN Khan

We have received

dated \Zth

;

your three

letters,

WAsaaet.

together with those addressed to

you by AU Rajah(') and the Kdzy of Nugr, and

also the statement of the

peculations of the Kilaaddr of BullaraedoorgS^^ aforesaid Kilaaddr

*'

is

a

cheat^^^

(I2th Septemher.^

You

and an oppressor

write,

;("*>

and

'*

that the

that,

with

" our permission, W you will appoint and send [thither] Kureem Khan, " who, agreeably to our orders, has [lately] joined you from Lud" dasheoo-ghurr." It is

known.

It is well.(^)

Displace the aforesaid Kilaaddr

according to your proposal,(^> appoint and dispatch the above

[Kureem Khan]

On

;

and,

named

to [take charge of] the fort [in question.]

the nightW of the 13th of the

make

KusJioons [with orders] to

month JFdsaaey, we detached two

a night-attack upon the enemy.

The

detachment accordingly surprized the enemy,(^> poured such a discharge

among them,

of cannon and musquetry

that the

reprobate crew,^"'^

unable (

1

That

is,

the Beeht/ of Cannaiwre.

(2) ProbabI}' the Bullalraedooi-g of Colonel Wilks's (3)

Original

jU.

(4)

Original

^jL^

(5)

Original C:^

"

dishonest, fraudulent."

from ic^^\ "vexation, oppression," &c.

J^f\

(6) Original

t:;,-«jl^

(1) Original

4sy-A<=j^

(8)

By

map.

literally,

literally,

it is

better," or

" your own humble

the night of the 13th

the morning of the 13th.

"

"if order be:"

is

Sham,

i. e.

"

it

"if is

it

be ordered."

very wcU."

representation."

here meant the time between the preceding midnight and or evening, comprizes the time

between

sun-settliig

and

midnight. (9)

Original *y^j«fcU^

"

going, or falling upon, the head of the

expression a sudden or unexpected attack (10) Original

ii\î3J

is

meant.

enemy

:"

by which

TIPPOO SULTAN. unable to support

[it],

with cropped ears and

fell

into the utmost disorder,

This

tails/'^)

LETTER To

the

Write

Kazy

is

to the

and

dispersed(">

written for your information.

CCCLXIII.

Bangalore ; same Date.

of

and send

out,

403

(\2th September.)

Presence, a copy of the

HuJcm-ndmek

[or instructions] with which you have been graciously furnished, the

same being wanted, to the

for the purpose of bestowing

Kdzy of Zuferdhdd.

Zuferdhdd

[i. e.

transmitting]

Observe that the name of the Kuchurri/ of

to be inserted in the [first] line of the first

is

name

copy], instead of the

Kdzy must be and whatever

omitted.O

it

and that the name of the

of Bangalore ^

For the

rest, all

that relates to fees, &c.,

must be copied

else is written tlierein,

page [of the

verbatim,^^^

and

transmitted to us.

Let the copy of the Hitkm-ndmeh [herein-mentioned] be previously to

its

N. B. There

bound,^^)

being dispatched to us. Syed Peer, the Kilaaddr of Bangalore,

follows next a letter to

informing him of the orders sent to the Kdzy, and desiring him to see that they

The document

were duly complied with.

in question was,

when

ready, to be

forwarded to the Presence by him (Syed Peer.)

3 (11) Original

xsijiijcj J!i

(12) Original

jcci)

SAi

The word

As.

perfectly.

Jj* j_^j^j Jj;

i. e.

" a blank must be

"

as

(2) Original

^^..^.js^.

(3) Original

j&i-LjJjsr*

or pages, as

many

to stitch tljcm.

of those

2

* J whicli

I

am

particular, standing, as

in

volving the passage in an obscurity that (1)

F

I

am

far it

from pretending' to understand

docs, in construction with

*j

in-

unable to dispel.

left for it."

it

is," or

The

"just as

it

is."

instructions in question consisted, perhaps, of several leaves

documents

did.

In this case,

it

was usual

to bind, or, at least,

SELECT LETTERS OP

<04:

OBSERVATIONS. might be iufcncd from the foregonig

It

Kdzy

to the

letter,

of Bangalore had been preserved, and that hence arose the necessity

of calHng upon that officer to furnish one

with which

Tippoo

that no copy of the instructions

but, considering the great regularity

:

documents, in general, appear to have been registered under

official

Sultan's government,

it

can hardly be imagined, that an entry of the in-

structions in question should not have been duly

Nor

proper department.

for the present directions ter,

is

such a supposition

since there

;

no

is

made among

at all requisite, in order to

no doubt, a copy would be more

case,

Bangalore than from the letter before us,

for the

ject of the

Kdzy

of Ziiferdbdd

:

contains, for sending the instrument

it

for such

minute instructions given on

would be necessary, on the the blanks

and speedily obtained from

thing chiefly remarkable, therefore, in the

the direction which

is

easily

left in it,

and

Seringapatam, in

left at

form which should save the trouble of preparing

specified, in a

copy

The

capital.

account

difficulty in conceiving, that the regis-

containing the document wanted, might have been

which

the records of the

would seem

this head.

receipt of the

By

document

to have

this

camp any

other

been the sole ob-

means, nothmg more

in question, than to

and signature

to affix the usual seal

in

to

it.

fill

up

Such an expe-

economizing of time and labour, would scarcely occur to any but a

dient, for the

very eccentric mind. It

might have been expected, considering the particular design which the Sultan

would appear

to

have had in requiring the document in question, and adverting to

the minuteness of his directions respecting order a blank to be the

Kdzy

to

whom

left for

that he

it,

would not have forgotten

to

name

of

the date of the instructions, as well as for the

they were to be transmitted.

But

this omission is

only one

of various instances of similar inadvertency and inconsistency, with which

productions of his pen abound, and which tinctness of his views, subjects. still

To

may

and the crudeness of

all

the

be safely referred to the indis-

his conceptions

on the generality of

the same causes (originating in an understanding naturally contracted)

more, perhaps, than to caprice and

and indigested

regulations,

as well as

levity, are to

many

be ascribed most of the

of the inconginaous

and

measures, which marked the course of his bustling but ruinous reign.

trivial

vacillating

TIPPOO SULTAN.

40c

LETTER CCCLXIV. To

KiLAADAR

the

of PuT.X CSeRIXGAPATAM^)

;

cluted 15th

JFJSAAEY.

Q.'^th September.^

The

abstract of this letter, as given

in the manuscript,

ajjpears to have

been

inaccurately copied, for which reason I have not attempted a regular translation of

The

it.

subject of

it,

however,

is

too remarkable to be entirely passed over.

It

relates to the establishment of a

kind of school in certain of the R'mdlas composing

the garrison of Seringapatam

and from the context

:

question were

some of the Usud Ilhye or Ahmedy

in each Risdla

was fixed

at twenty,

promising youths belonging to

who were

is

infer, that the

corps.

Risdlas in

The number

of pupils

ordered to be selected from the most

Besides being taught to read the Koran, they

it.

were to be instructed in the Persian language and

There

I

reason to conclude, from a curious

in accounts.

memorandum among

the Sultans

papers, in which the qualifications of several of his principal servants are specified, that those of the military class were, for the most part, utterly illiterate.

probably, therefore, with a view to the correction of this tion of a

more

intelligent

the schools here spoken

and respectable description of

of.

I

regulation, or whether, indeed, It was,

am it

unable to

state,

what

evil,

was

It

and to the forma-

officers,

that he instituted

effects resulted

from

this

continued in force long enough to lead to any.

no doubt, well calculated,

if steadily

pursued and duly executed, to pro-

duce a considerable improvement in the character of the superior ranks of the

army

;

and

garrisons,

particularly, if

among which

whether or not

The lowing **

"

letter,

this

it

was extended, or intended to be extended,

the Ahmedies and

was the case

I

Usud

to all the

Ilhyes were distributed.

But

have no means of judging.

which we are now considering, contains

also a

paragraph

to the fol-

effect

You

did right, in couunitting rive youths to the charge of Uzeeiii-

uddeeen,('> for the purpose of their l)eing taught the encomiastic odes

;

" hut (!)

Sec Letter CCCLI, wlicrc

the dancers and sinircrs.

it

appears that

this

UzccniQddecn was

siipcriiitcndarit

of

SELECT LETTERS OP

406

no need

*'

but there

**

are sufficient."

is

for adding four

more to the

Th^ former

number.(*2

LETTER CCCLXV. To NuBBY Shah,

You

write,

*'

at

Bangalore ; same Date.

in front of the blessed

"

that the

Aumil will

not resign [to you] the ground [on which

when you must annex (')

[usual]

the

same

requested of us

«

[or shrine] has been demolished, but

The Anmil will make over

known.

You have

Durgdh

fees,(^*>

to put

&c."

you

It is

it

stood]."

the aforesaid ground [to you],

to the premises of the

Durgdh.

to issue our orders to the jiumil of

*'

in possession of [or continue to

known.

be directed on the subject of

custom to repeat our

September.')

Pagoda which was

that agreeably to [our] orders, the

"

It is

(14M

fees,

Selim

you] the

Whatsoever was thought proper to &c. has been directed.

It is not

our

orders.^'^

OBSERVATIONS. Whatever might have been the bigotry of the Sultan, the general style and tenor of the foregoing

hood was not of a nature

it

would appear, from

that his respect for the priest-

letter,

to prevent their experiencing, occasionally, together with

the other orders of his subjects, that acerbity of manner, which so

much

distin-

guished

(2) It

is

probable that Uzcemftddeen had applied for the additional youths, here

tioned, through the Kilaaddr, Syed (1) (i!*)

tion

Name

uncertain.

Original

of some

^jr^ ^ (>y^j i^r^^^^

particular fees or

Oriijinal

^_}>-

\^\^.

The

application

endowments which had been

^

x^y^ iJ^J^ ^-r^.jjjj^ '- ^•.'•^ jy^^ ^/'^ the subject]." and over [on same write ov«r (3)

men-

Mahommed.

**

may have been

for the Jw/ora-

abolished. ''

'^

not

customary [with us] to

TIPPOO SULTAN. Nubby Shah

guished his character.

is

407

whom

one of those, to

the circular pro-

clamation, or manifesto, against the infidels (inserted at page 293) was forwarded

and was, probably, the governing Although the present is

collection furnishes several instances,

seen to repeat orders already issued, yet

habit of doing so

" not

;

and that

probably

is

all

it is

Bangalore.

he was not in the

by saying

in general, too

consequences of disobeying them too well understood, to

at

which the Sultan

in

certain, that

that he meant,

His commands were,

his custom."

Durgdh

priest of the principal

;

"

that

it

was

peremptory, and the

make

it

often necessary

to reiterate them.

LETTER CCCLXVI. To MusHEER UL

MuLK

J

A

[After compliments] which

I

{\Qth September^

dated \9th fVAsAAEY.

long period has elapsed, during

have not had the happiness of hearing the glad tidings of the

health and welfare of the Nabob, [person].

May

It is a [just]

Nizam ud Dowlah, and of

the cause which has prevented

that exalted

be no other than good.

it

ground of wonder and amazement,(') that at

this time, the

above described^^^ Nabob should unite himself to the rulers at Poonahy

ship subsisting between us,

against n)e.

Some time ago

after personally explaining to

and friend-

to the infraction of the treaties

and without any cause proceed

and determine upon committing

Mahommed

I dispatched

him various

hostilities

Khan,

Iftikhar

particulars, calculated to pro-

mote and preserve the mutual friendship and

interests of

both our states, as

(1)

Original j«^

.

i^,-,.*?^

These words, though usually considered

a sliadc of dilTcrciice in their meaning

;

the latter including, in

alarm, uneasiness, or consternation, as well as (2) Original

4_j^^

t_>\ J

where though (_J^k

suited to llie relative situations of the

to be addressed as superior by the tension.

tl)at

Nizam and

latter

;

who,

fjXf.o (praised) would have been a

in

more

as

synonymous, have

some degree, the idea of

of surprize. is

a

polite

the Sultan general,

I

:

tlic

expression,

former of

it

is

whom

hardly

claimed

believe, ac(]uiesccd in the pre-

respectful phrase.

SELECT LETTERS OP

408

as well as that of Poonah.

If the aforesaid

Khan had

faithfully detailed

these particulars, there can be no doubt that the above described

who

is

a great

Nahoh,

[or nobleman] and a profound statesman/^)

lord(')

have acquiesced therein

;(^)

and

would

liaAC applied himself to reconcile the dif-

ferences which have arisen at this time between

me and

the people of

Poonuhy^^^ to strengthening- the foundations of union between the three

and

states,

The made

to

promoting their joint prosperity and splendor.

case, with regard to

pacific propositions

Adoni,

founded

briefly this.

is

in reason

and

How much

soever I

sincerity, the ministers

on that side [or the court of Hydrahud'] constantly returned harsh an-

The

swers, calculated [only] to embroil^''> [matters further].

would require a long explanation, and All the particulars will be

made known

Luchman Rao, who is a man my confidence. You will be

to

is

beyond the

you

verbally,

limits of

business

a

letter.

by the MUtusuddy,

of understanding, and a person possessing pleased to

make him acquainted with

the

views and wishes of the above described Nabob, and send him [back] speedily hither.

A

Mt'htdhij dress

For the

rest,

may

is

herewith sent, in token of our abundant regard.

joy and happiness be yours

I

OBSERVATIONS. Musheerul Mulk was,

at this period,

and continued

year 1805, the principal minister at the court of

to

be

till

his death, in the

Hydrabad; having been con-

firmed in that office by the present Nizdm, Secunder Jah, on the accession of the latter (3) Original

j-^ j^^^

(4) Original

j^Si

(5) Original

«j^jjl^_ji>

(6) Original

AJy

(7)

l-Û

^jjlib

literally

" knowing

Jj>\

Original S)dc^juf« ^jti>J,;),^^j'^.^fr-

in difficult counsels."

TI Musmid,

to the

latter

which thougli

by untoward

in

PPO O

his long administration,

in the

main prosperous, was, nevertheless, considerably checquered

events,

he steadily and successfully cultivated a good understanding

and

finally the credit

inasmuch

upon the

erected

is

whom

and

his

own

court he had

satisfaction of establishing the strict alliance

and which

it

between

;

subsisting between them,

It is

409

During the whole of

1804.

with the British Government in Lidia

as

SULTAN.

now

happily

the more likely to prove permanent,

is

basis

of reciprocal advantage

and

security.

not pretended, that the views of Mushcer ul Mitlk, in this instance, were

influenced

by any

feelings arising out of private partiality for the English

;

though

there wants not ground for believing, that this minister not only duly appreciated

the character of our nation, but also entertained sentiments of personal regard for

many

individuals of

was guided

But, on the occasion at present under consideration, he

it.

by the suggestions of

solely

that, placed as the state of

neighbours,'*'

nancy in

its

liis

pohtical sagacity, which taught

Hyderabad was, between two powerful and encroaching

both of them watchful for the opjjortunity of acquiring a predomi-

councils, or, in other words, of rendering

their interests, there

was no

the independence of

its

it

entirely subser\'icnt to

security, either for the integrity of

sovereignty,

he never appears vours to attain his master

it

to

have

lost sight,

and to which,

;

was engaged,

:

dominions, or

an object of which

though repeatedly disappointed

it is

at the date

its

but in the protection of the British govern-

This, then, was the object of his constant solicitude

ment.

him

in his endea-

probable, that the events of the war in which

of the foregoing

letter,

more than ever disposed

him.

Of

that letter

may be

it

remarked, that

it

seems to indicate a desire in the

writer to open a negociation for a separate peace with the court of

which purpose

it is

also not improbable, that

specific propositions.

sion of that agent,

become

rather

it

was the object of the Sultan,

certainly failed

since the

in the

;

common

Namely,

ilic

in the

mis-

Nizdm, though, perhaps, now

cause, did not absolutely

abandon

it,

or

the Sultan, but in conjunction with the Mahrattahs.

3 (S)

for

Luchman Rao was charged with some

If such, however,

lukewarm

make peace with

Hyderabad ;

Maluattalis anil

Tippoo

G

Sultiui.

The

SELECT LETTERS

410 The Mahommed

Khan, mentioned

Iftikhar

Mangabre

period of the negociations at

him Muftukhir Khan same

at the

was the

in the foregoing letter,

or minister, of the court of Hyderabad, residing with Tippoo, at the

Vaheel,

calls

OF

The

17'84,

in

Sultan, in his Memoirs,

and on occasion of his dismission (which took place

;

that the majority of the English prisoners were released, in

tinie

consequence of the treaty of IMangalore) speaks of him in the following terms

" At '•'

Sending, in consequence, for the aforesaid,

audience of leave.

" with

"

Muftukhir Khan, the Vakeel of Hujjam Nully,

this period

On

a Khilaat

and

thousand rupees

five

demanded

this occasion I

To

" time employed about?

"

the season of the

" moment

"

'

of the No-roze,

"

'

he

"

said not

is

sit,

money, and gave him

in

Muftukhir Khan

I

rejoined

all standing, or is there

comprehending what

replied, that as

:

'

my

"

I said,

" *'

his master,

on

his first arrival in

by desiring him

upon he

said, that his

" most

my

his master

master was ready, on learning

" he entertained the hope, that as I

heard

at length, the

which he had delivered

my

[or amicable]

this,

I

would join with him said,

I

give

I

'

you

To

:

and

full

this I

me

power

which

Mahrat-

(10)

This appellation

The

It

was

(11) Original

^-

^---^

have rendered

this

tukliir

Khan

than

most Maliommcdan courts

instituted

\%j ij ^Ji

to me.

I

at the

commencement of

the

by the ancient Persians.

j

jJj lJ};^

i^ XiA)

passage as closely as

it is

on

'

been explained before.

festival celebrated at

vernal equinox.

I

lias

me

to decide for

" (9)

thfe

bind

to

in return for

in chastising the

me

Here-

wishes, to give

disposition,

said,

to

had proposed.

" himself to the performance of his engagements by oaths

As soon

In this man-

Presence at Mangalore.

what

to state again

satisfactory proofs of his pacific

" tabs.

afore-

and being covered with shame and confusion,

drift,

replied,

when,

:

The

'"'

repeated his former answer.

that he wished for an answer to the propositions

" from

was then

any elevated structure upon which

State every particular at large.'

?

it

at that

does your master, on occasion

" ner we two or three times bandied the subject about

" Vakeel perceiving

his dismission.

master was most probably seated at that

his

Hereupon

seated during nine days

an

him

presented

him what Hujjam Nully Khan''' was

this

No-roze,'''°^

Durbar],

[in

of

I

solicited

suspect,

I

could

;

y

>••.;'-«< ^-*^ i^^ * -Vi nj/î^ /kUj j^j J but it was not more unintelligible to MCif\'.

however, that there

is

some indecent

allusion in

it.

TIPPOOSrLTAN. "

'

on

"

'

master,

who

"

'

others.'

To

"

breasted,^'-'

"

'

liar,''^*

"

'

his sons as hostages

*'

'

consideration] from acting

"

'

put the smallest confidence

this occasioiij

and

to say

has in so this

how

many

I

Muftukhir Khan, who was a man of

replied,

that

'

your

instances violated his solemn engagements with

was no doubt]

[there

'

[for his ill.

good

strict veracity

and pure-

master was an established

his

faith],

would not be restrained [by that

Never should you pay the any of

in,

his

'

"

conversation with Muftukhir Khan,

the world, I could place any faith in

However,

words or

how, when such was the estimation

"

all

to trust to the pacific professions of

and evil-minded [person]^ who, though he should give one or two of

" demanded, by

am

411

may be

diflficult it

I

him

actions.'

which

in

?'

least regard to, or

Upon

his master

this I

was held

Finally, having

had

this

dismissed him."

to believe that

Iftikhar

Khan

should have so far

betrayed the trust reposed in him, as to have expressed himself, regarding his master, in the gross terms ascribed to

hand, be owned, that lattcr's

it

him by

would not be easy

the Sultan,

to assign

any

it

must, on the other

satisfactory reason for the

absolute fabrication of so extraordinary a story, which

somewhat resembles

the account he has been seen to give on another occasion, of the declarations of

the Mahrattah lâkeel with respect to the rulers of the state. be,

it

does not appear probable, from what

is

However

this

here related, that Iftikhar

may

Khan

should have been charged with any communications to the court of Ilijderahad, of a tendency

much

calculated

to

conciliate

" preserve the mutual friendship and

its

good

interests of the

will,

two

or " to

promote and

states."

LETTER CCCLXVII. To Syed Mohyuddeen, Avmil of JIuscoTAH ; dated 2\d JVasaaew QZOlh September.')

Your

letter,

representing

" [corps stationed

iti

" that the Bisdladdrs of the Alimedij

your jurisdiction] refuse to receive any other sort

3

G

2

^L

(12) Original

ij.^

(13) Original

^£^ 4_jj'i

and ^^.asr^

'^''''

"V

' of

OF

SELECT LETTERS

412 " of Ddl than [that

must serve out

called]

Toor" has

Ahmedy such Ddl

to the Risdladdrs of the

procurable, whether

Moong,

be Toor,

it

You

passed under [our] view. as

may be

or 3IdshS^'>

LETTER CCCLXVIII. Khan

To Shumsuddeen

TosHEH-KHANEH

at

a7id

Ghulam Hyder, Daroghas

Seringapatam

;

of the

dated 22d IVasaaey.

(2\st

September.^

Directing them

to advance to three certain

three hundred rupees

[i.

approaching marriage

;

injunctions to the

e.

Usud-Ilhyes the

sum of

one hundred to each], on occasion of their

and, moreover, instructing them to give strict

Ddrogha of

the Mint to furnish every thing necessary

for the celebration of their nuptials.

OBSERVATIONS. This

letter

additional proof of the

furnishes an

have always considered with peculiar self-complacenc}', as bearing

appears to

indubitable testimony to his zeal for the propagation of the

various

observation

occasions,

is

applicable to the Ahmedles, for

au equal

Even

partiality.

instance of this favorable disposition towards if

by the

the establishment of which he

Sultan, in whatever related to this favorite corps,

The same

interest taken

livel}'

any other description of

his troops

Noor Ullah, when

:

for

whom

CCCLXN'II, it is

religion.

he manifested, on affords

an

highly probable, that

had presumed to express the same

faction with the rations served out to them,

of this body, they

them

Letter

Mahommedan

dissatis-

which was declared by the Risdladdrs

would have received a similar answer

to

that given to

Shah

the latter ventured to represent the badness of the rice delivered

for the use of his retinue (see Letter

CLXXVII).

Here, on the contrary, the Sultmiy

(1)

These are the names of

diflerent kinds of dry pease.

TTPPOO SULTAN.

413

Sultan, so far from reproving the complainants, seems to have been sufficiently

Ddl of

willing to indulge their preference for

be in the market or

to

Toor, provided that article happened

in the public store.

LETTER CCCLXIX. To Syed

Ahmed Saheb

Desiring him

dated 22d TFasaaey.

('^ ;

(2\st September.^

to offer itp his prayers for the prosperity of the faith>

and for the destruction of

its

enemies.

LETTER CCCLXX. Run MUST Khan Behadur,

To

(2\st

Chief of

Kvrnool ; same

Date.

Septeinher^

In conformity with your wishes, orders have been sent to the Fuujddr of Adoni^^*^ desiring him to give particular instructions to the persons

employed by him territories], to Sir,

in collecting

horsemen [for our

proceed in the business with

hkewise aiding and assisting on

all

service, within

possible secrecy.

Be

your you,

this occasion.*-^

OBSERVATIONS. It appears

by

this letter, that

though the chief of Kuvnool had found himself

under the necessity of i)ermitting the Sidtuns tories,

officers to recruit

within his

terri-

he was not without ajjprchensions of incurring thereby the displeasure of

the court of Ilyderuhad, whose vassal he was.

While, however, Tippoo seemingly

(1)

This was

;i

Diirurii/i, or devotee, with

the place of wliose residence

<]>iaiiitcd.

(1*) Mcaniii;^', of course, Kiltb id (2)

Midk.

Original ^,.'jt
Iain

uiiac-

SELECT LETTERS OF

4l4

ingly concurs in the reasonableness of the Patan's desire to guard against any suspicion of acting coUusively in this aifair, he," in the

that chieftain to promote

its

which, with whatever secrecy still

by

success, it

same

instant, calls

and influence

his personal authority

might be employed, could not

fail

more, to the imputation which he was so anxious to escape.

upon

to expose

Whether

him,

this

was

merely one of those inconsistencies, or contradictions, which so often marked the conduct of the Sultan, and so frequently occur in his writings proceeded from a latent design of embroiling Runmust

by

and,

or whether

Khan with

it

the Nizdm,

compelling the former to throw himself upon his (the

that means,

Sultan's) protection,

;

a point, which

is

it is

to determine.

now, perhaps, impossible

LETTER CCCLXXI. Ghulam Husain, DJrogha

To Meer

Fleet

Your

',^'>

"

dated 25tk TVasaaey.

letter, reporting,

" elapsed without Onore,^^^

Mahommed

whither,

(24th September.}

All Khan's

making

his

appearance at

however, he had sent his brother,"

What business is aforesaid Khdn comes or

it

of the

other things, " that four months had

among

received.

the

Cor Superintemhnt)

has

been

of that asylum of nobleness, (^^ whether

stays

?

Do

you apply yourself

diligently to

the discharge of the trust reposed in you, and see that the ships are

equipped with the utmost dispatch.

You

must,

moreover, take care

that they are coppered, agreeably to our former orders.

(1) Original

oU,! o^

Armada ;

a word adopted, probably, from the Portuguese.

been ordered to prepare to proceed to Pegu, and that the vessels proposed to be employed on this expedition (which (2)

There

is

reason to

tliink,

that

was subsequently relinquished) were (3)

Original

to a person of

iU good

u:^lsi ,.rwhich birth.

thisIMahommed

Ali

Klian

iiad

at Onorc.

is

superior a conunou Ulkdb, or form of address, from a

TIPPOOSULTAN.

41

OBSERVATIONS. am

I

ignorant of the amount, as well as of the nature, of the Sulfan's naval If

force, at this period.

we were

has thought proper to apply to

place,

first

tion

on

it is

this object

must have been very

;

pretty certain that

and

means

either time or

known

or seen of his

of 1792

it is

to

is

led to conclude, that

drawn from

safely

was of

for believ-

insignificant at the time referred to.

Hyder

Ali had bestowed

little

In

or no atten-

equally clear, that his successor had not hitherto had

do much in pursuit of

after

it

so slight a

more than one reason

Besides, nothing was either

it*

Armada, during the war which ended

and though,

;

we might be

while, on the other hand, there

;

ing, that his marine

the

it,

by the designation (Armada) which he

But no inference can be

considerable strength.

circumstance

to judge

that event, he

in the partition treaty

applied himself seriously (as will

appear by Appendix K.) to the formation of a respectable navy, he had, happily, not been enabled to efi'ectuate his purpose, before his restless and impatient spirit

plunged him into another premature war; in the short course of which,

was heard of his navy

during that which preceded

as

as little

it.

LETTER CCCLXXII. To BuRHANUDDEEN

07k/

BuDRuz ZuMAN Khan

same Date. In a

(24fh September.^

which we dispatched

letter

(of the Same tenor);

you by Eecroo Pindarch,(') and

to

the Hurkdrch, Munchajee, you were furnished

vvitli

a route.

You

must,

accordingly, proceed, cither by the route indicated in that letter, or by

some other road, leading through a

[close or]

woody country

;

and

taking up a position within six or seven coss of Deogurry,^^ where our victorious fl)

Pindiirch

Kuzzdk and (2)

which

This place is,

is

a term chiefly in use with the Mahrattalis, and

is

of

tlic

same import

as

Lootj/. is

situated about twelve miles S.S.E. of S/idnoor,

perhaps, the river

ailiidetl to in tlie

next

letter.

and very near the JVirda,

416

SELECT LETTERS OF

victorious arifly

[at present]

is

encaniiicd,

report your arrival

the

to

Presence.

Ghazy Khan(^)

is

a person of extensive knowledge and experience, and

He

[particularly] well acquainted with the roads [of this country].

on

this

has,

account, been sent with his Hisd/a to join you; upon his doing

which, you are to regulate your march by his advice and opinion.

LETTER CCCLXXIII. To BuRHANUDDEEN

Four Khan.

;

(251 h September.^

(hied 26th TJ^Jsaaey.

Kuslioons have likewise been dispatched [to you] with

You must

leave all the

women and

other

ruhbinh,'^^^

Ghazy

together

with the supei-fluous baggage belonging to your army, at Umvutti/,^-^

and crossing the

river with the above-mentioned

[Ghazy Khan], by our

directly to the Presence, instead of halting [as directed

repair

of

letter

yesterday], at the distance of six or seven eoss from the victorious army.

You

will bring

on with you, however, your light baggage, as well as

all

your warlike apparatus,(^*> with the exception of one of your three great This, with whatever spare wheels you

guns.

with your heavy baggage

:

to

liave,^^)

you must leave

with which, such of your bullocks as are

bad condition must, likewise, remain.

in

may

The two

Z,umchws''^^ are

accompany you. Khan was

the principal Pinddreh

(3)

Gliazy

(1)

Original tl/liU-^

(2)

Name

,_^

I

in

Tippoo

Sultan's

employ.

»f^ j C'li!

uncertain.

(3*) Original iXw»- t_?L-l (4)

commander

think, but

am

i.

e.

guns, tumbrils, ordnance stores, and the

not certain, that

tiiis

is

the

like.

meaning of the passage, which

is

not

perfectly legible. (5) I take the

Lumchur

to

have been a long gun, calculated

for distant

cannonading.

^

Tirroo suLTAK.

417

OBSERVATIONS. On

the 25th of IFdâaey (or 24th of September), the Sultan had determined

Ghazy Khan, with no more than

to send

Burhanuddeen's division

to join

:

his

own Risdla

of Kuzzdks, or Loofies,

but, either in consequence of

some inteUigence of

the enemy's motions, received subsequently to the dispatch of Letter

CCCLXXII,

or with a view to render the junction of his brother-in-law with his

more secure and

easy,

he next day changes his plan, and resolves on reinforcing

the latter, to the extent which has been seen.

correspondence or from the Sultans this time, or

when

own army

It

does not appear, either from the

own Memoirs, where Burhanuddeen was

his junction with the

" victorious" army was

at

effected.

LETTER CCCLXXIV. To

Rajah Ram Cuundur

Your

letter,

;

dated 2Jth TVJsaaey.

(26ih September.)

acknowledging the receipt of our orders

Meer AH, the second Bukhshj of

the

Ehskdm,

for

puttino-

into possession of a spa-

cious dwelling-house [at Bangalore'], has passed under [our] view. state

"

You

that the aforesaid BukJishj has pointed out the house of the

on account of

**

Khidmutgdr Behddilr,

•*

the accommodation of his numerous family, and that he has accordingly

"

applied for the same."

as being,

its

size, well suited to

You must inform us, [previously to our giving our orders in

which ward, and what

how many N.B.

A

fountains, and

letter,

written to Peer

street, the

house

it

Khan, the Kilaaddr of Bangalore.

as well as

to this house,

may hence

was

be inferred,

accommodate the Bukhshy with

a suitable residence, suspected the one pointed out

3 II

It

;

contains.

same information with regard

that the Sultan, however willing he might be to

this sul)jcct\

in qixestion stands

how many apartments

requiring the

on

by the

latter

himself to be too

good

SELECT LETTERS OF

418 good

for

sino^le

It also appears, that

him.

report of

Ram

the Sulian did not think proper to rely on the

Chundur, even

in so trivial a matter.

LETTER CCCLXXV. To Syed Mahommed, Kilaadar of Seringapatam ; dated 28ik TVAsAAEY.

September^

(2'Jtk

Buhauddeen and Kustoory Runga, who were sent [some time since] to Bengal, for the purpose of procuring silk-worms, are now on their reway

of Sedhout.

must ascertain from them the proper

situation in

turn [to Seringapatam'], by the

said

You

worms, and provide accordingly.

their food [leaves ofj the

wood or wild

On

their arrival,

you

which to keep the afore-

must, moreover, supply for

mulberry-trees, which were for-

The number of

merly ordered to be planted [for

this purpose].

worms brought from Bengal must

likewise be distinctly reported to us.

We desire, also, to know, in M'hat kind of place

it is

recommended

silk-

to keep

them, and what means are to be pursued for multiplying them.

There

is

a vacant spot of ground behind the old palace,

lately

used as

a Tosheh-khdnek, or store-house, which was purchased some time ago with a view to building upon situation, for the

it.

Prepare a place somewhere near that

[temporary] reception of the worms.^'^

OBSERVATIONS. When

the peculiar circumstances, under which the foregoing letter was written,,

are adverted to,

it

will,

no doubt, be allowed

to furnish a striking proof,

both of the

(1)

I

because

have here introduced the word temporary, though not authorized by the original;

we must

either conclude this to have

guilty of the absurdity of

first

silk-wormi;, and, in the next

nication he had required.

desiring to

been the

Sultayi's

meaning, or suppose him

be informed wliat was the proper situation

moment, determining upon

it,

without wailing for the

for the

commu-

TIPPOO SULTAN. the coolness and activity of the

mind.

Sttlfari.'i

419

He

was, at the date of

only deliberating on the measures to be pursued with respect to Shdnoor

ning the future operations of the war

in

which he was engaged

Burhanuddeen's army

for the safety of

;

but he was, in

Yet

general engagement with the Mahrattahs.

;

fact,

and

;

not

it,

in plan-

in providing

on the eve of a

these important and urgent

all

considerations united, were not capable of diverting his attention from any of the

minor

objects of his interest.

Thus,

in the bustle of a

and was

camp, and

in the face of

composed, to meditate on the

an enemy, he could find

leisure,

rearing of silk-worms.

This, indeed, was a very favorite, though,

unsuccessful pursuit with the Sultan establish,

no

less

sufficiently

who

;

I believe,

an

actually established, or proposed to

than twenty-one principal stations within his dominions, where

the breeding of the silk-worm was directed to be attended to with the utmost care

These

and diligence.

tions issued to the

stations are specified in

Meer

one of the sections of the instruct

Asof, or revenue department, in the year 1794.

LETTER CCCLXXVI. To BuRHANUDDEEN

We in

;

Same Date.

(^'Jth

September^

hear that, besides Holkar, another body of the enemy's force

motion towards you

:

have dispatched Gliazy Uniting

this

you must, therefore, be extremely

Khan

with four

detachment to your army, you

Kmhoons will

vigilant.

is

We

to re-inforce you.

come on [towards us]

with the utmost circumspection.

2o Meer Ali,

LETTER CCCLXXVII. Second Bvkhshy of EhsuJm at 2d ZuBURJUDY.

Your two

letters,

Baxxsalore ; dated

(\st October.^

(Extracts.) accompanied by a sample of the provisions

at Sdwundif-doorg [Sevendoorg],

3

laid in

and by an inventory of the same, have

H

2

been

SELECT LETTERS OF

420

The answer, however,

been leceived.

contained in those dispatches, to your

is

to all the long

and tedious stories^

to be found in the written

Kuchurry [department].

Peruse,

and act

instructions

in conformity with

them.

You *'

write,

"

that the Piddehs

who

wounded, from Sadd7ni/ , are without

KUaaddr

to

buy arms for them, and

by instalments, from

their pay.

let

arrived there arras."

It is

[at Sevendoorg'],

known.

Direct the

the price of the same be deducted,

This, too,

is

contained in your instruc-

tions.

After inspecting Sevendoorg, you must hasten back to Sangalore, and there apply yourself, conjointly with the First

Bukhshy [of

Elishdtn\j

Turbiyut Ali Khan, to the examination and settlement of the accounts of the several

forts,

go about singly

How

&c.

can these accounts be adjusted, while you

to the forts.

LETTER CCCLXXVIII. To Syed Mahommed, Kilaadar of Serjngapatam; dated 6th

ZvBURJUDY.

By is

(5ih October.^

the favor of the Divine Aider,

what you

related respecting

Roopa

Almighty God has always governed, and mil con-

about to take place.

tinue to govern, the seven climates('*> of the earth, by the hands of his

own

[true] worshippers.

The Nuzr of

five rupees,

which you sent on

occasion of the aforementioned omen, has been received.

(I) Original

(1*) Original

Jj^j JjLUk^ ,yi\

^j;

-°^

the geographers of the

climates, tliistcrmis, of course,

employed

East dividing the glohe into seven

to denote the earth at large.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

421

OBSERVATIONS. Tij)poo Sultan

placed great less

fuitli

well

is

in

known

to

have been extremely superstitious, and to have

dreams and omens

and Syed

;

prone to believe in them than his master.

course, an auspicious one

;

would be supposed

been in part

to have

and,

Mahommed

The omen

accordingly, fulfilled,

was, probably, no

here alluded to was, of

whatever

the prognostic,

it

was,

by the victory which had been

obtained over the Mahrattahs, only a few days before the date of the present letter,'*-

and of which we

shall

soon have occasion to take more particular notice.

LETTER CCCLXXIX. Mahommed Ushruf, Detfan

To

Date.

What

in

(5M

Khan, the Jagireddr of Adoni,

state with regard to

;

saine

Octohey.)

you mention, respecting your having advanced

rupees to Kutbuddcen

you

of Fyze-Hisar CGootv)

fifty

as

thousand

vvêll

as

what

your having seventy tliousand rupees more ready,

your Tosheh-khdneh [or treasury], and to the dispatch of your people

[into the country], for the purpose of collecting the revenues, has afforded

us satisfaction, and meets our approbation.

You

write,

" that, owing to the want of rain,

" that there may be some delay

You must

^VTite to the

distribute grain, &c. in

in

is

to be

realizing the revenue."

Awnils of the charity.

it

several Tuahtks,

Alnn'ghty

God

and

apprehended It is

direct

will, in his

Namely,

tlic 7tii

of Zilhljjch, or 1st October.

them

to

great good-

ness and mercy, bestow the rain of his bounteousness [upon us].

(2)

known.

SELECT LETTERS OF

422

LETTER CCCLXXX. 7o Monsieur Cossigny; dated Wth Zuburjudy.

At

Poonah, notwithstanding the innumera-

this time, the rulers of

ble fiivors [for

Nizam

which they are indebted to us], uniting with the forces of

Khan, came and confronted our

Ali

power of God, we were enabled,

aid and

(lOt/i October.)

victorious army.

With the

in a single assault, to establish

our camp on the ground which they had occupied, and to give them a

Upon

signal defeat.

a

this they

took to

and we are now engaged in

flight,

close pursuit of them.

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

probable, that the action, here alluded

to,

was brought on by an attempt,

on the part of the Mahrattahs, to prevent the junction of Burhanuddeen with the

army

However

of the Sultan.

this

may have

been,

it

seems pretty

clear,

from

the words, " came and confronted our army," which occur in the foregoing brief notice of this engagement, that the Mahrattahs had advanced to meet the Sultan^

in the position which the latter had taken up near Shdnoor.

In a

addressed to the Governor of Madras, under the same date as the

letter

preceding one to affirms, *'

M.

Cossigny, and written on the same occasion, the Sultan

" that his quarrel with the Mahrattahs and the N'lzdm had arisen without

any cause

:"

that

is

to say, without

any provocation on

his part.

He

likewise

(speaking of the battle which had recently taken place) observes, " that, actuated *'

by the hope of being enabled

" would

fain

" armies "

foundation

The

sition,

:

accommodate matters with the enemy, he

have restrained his troops from attacking them

are brought to

cable."

to

but

confront each other, this

former of these assertions it

will

be

is

is

not,

difficult to give credit to

;

but that,

when two

a thing absolutely impracti-

perhaps, entirely destitute of

the

latter,

on any other suppo-

than that of his being anxious to conclude a speedy peace with the

rattahs, in order that

pnglish.

Mah-

he might be the sooner in a condition to make war upon the

This suggestion, indeed, derives considerable support from the following

TIPPOO SULTAN. iug passage

by the Sultan, soon

of a letter written

423 after settling his

differences

with the enemy.

" In the end, by the divine power and " firm faith of

Mahommed,

" our holy religion],

strength, and through the aid ot the

joined to the auspicious intercessions of the sages [of

the enemy,

after sustaining

repeated

and being

defeats,

" driven to the banks of the Kishna, implored peace of us, in the most earnest and

" humble manner.

"

I

" of Injidels.

success of the

" behevers

The

M.

to

cause

do you, reverend

case,

champions of the

to the

end that the

faith,

of

it

is

Mahommedan

contains a

inserted here

more

several others, to

whom

these that

religion

month

particular account of the

he thought

it fit

November 1786, and

of

is

my mind in

may

who pro-

is

now

intent.

prayer for the

later

than the foregoing one its

engagement

Mahommed to

flourish."

proper place), be-

in

in the dispatch to the

announce

which number was the Emperor Shah Allum. (Tth

those,

and who are the most inveterate

,

(and consequently out of

was addressed, mutatis mutandis, to

of

fixed determi-

and the destruction of the wicked un-

following letter, though dated nearly a

Cossigny,

my

and now

:

employ yourself

Sir,

immediate consequences, than that given

its

It

;

prayer [from the Minarets^

It is on the utter extirpation

" Such being the

me

chastisement and extermination

to proceed to the

is,

hibit the calling to

"

having in view the ease and security of mankind,

this,

granted them such terms as were agreeable to

" nation "

Upon

It

Baig

question, and of

French governor.

Khan Ilumdany, and

his recent successes

;

among

bears date the 9th Hydery, or

to the following eflfect.

LETTER CCCLXXXI. To

Mahommed Baig Khan Humdany

and

others;

dated 9th

(6th Noveynher^

IIi'DERY.

(Circular).

Not

long since, the ministers^') of the state of Poonah, forgetting

innumerable obligations to

ine,'^)

and joining with

tlieii

Nizajji Ali Klian, ad-

vanced (1) Original ^J}>i/)^J^ literally " transactors of business, (2) Original jlji^rij J

*'

your friend,"

or,

"

this friend."

SELECT LETTERS OF

^4

numerous train of] arvanced with a hundred thousand horse, and [a to me, spreading destruction wherever tillery, into the country belonging

Upon

they came. the

first

zam

Ali

this I

marched

to repel the aggression

proceeding, in

instance, against Adoni, a strong place in the possession of Ni-

Khan,

which

to

I laid siege.

About the same

time,

Nizum

All

for the security of his nephew, and of the females of

Khun, apprehensive

were then shut up

his late brother's [Bustilut Jung's] family, Avho fort [oi

;

Adonf], dispatched

Moghul

fyouno-est] brother,

whole army, under the

his

in the

command of

Ali Khiuijfor the purpose of removing

his

them

This army proceeded accordingly by a route leading along

from thence.

the skirts of the mountains, which served to cover their march.

In this

manner they reached Adoni [in safety], and taking from thence Mohabut Jung(3) and the women, hastened with them, night and day,^^> and [as before] under the protection of the mountains, to

Hyderabad.

the fuo-itives to the banks of the Tunghnddra

much

and of

cattle falling,

Adoni was I

next

;

marched

chastise

to

gether with the forces

of

on

of their baggage fort

of Pooiiah, who,

to-

people.

this occasion.

the ministers

Nizam

pursued

The

by the way, into the hands of

likewise captured

my

I

Ali Khan,(*> had established themselves

(3) Molifibut

Jung,

Rachoor constituted death of the

liis

called also

Daia Jah, was

appenage, which on

latter, iiowever,

the

Nizam

his

the son of Busalut Jung,

^doni and

death passed to Mohahiit Jung.

did not think proper to confirm his son,

Upon the GhQiam

whole of his inheritance, but confined him to the possession of Jiac/iooi: of Ghiiliim Husain Khan, in \196, against the government of rebellion open This led to the be hereafter continued beyond the present volume, it will should Hyderabad. If this work appear how much this rebellion was secretly fostered by Tippoo, notwithstanding his being

Husain Khiin,

in the

GhOlam IIGsain was, however, after standing a siege in then at peace with the NizSm. an English detachment, under the command of the lute the end, by in compelled, Rachoor, Lieutenant Colonel Dahymple, of the Madras Establishment, to surrender that place, and to throw himself (4)

Orin-inal

upon the clemency of

»_^\-i which

strictly

his great uncle.

means "

all

the night."

He Sultan has here fallen into one of those self-contradictions, so usual with him. proceeded rcXicH /Idoni, had to the oi Nizam the of whole zxmy had just before said, that the (5)

The

after

TIPPOO SULTAN. my

dra with

On

[or near] Shdnoor.

selvesC') at

whole army and

425

artillery

and proceeding with

in boats,

On

rapidity against the enemy, suddenly appeared before them.

Zilhijjeh [1st October 17^6] an

my

troops could

come

leaving their

camp

engagement ensued.

infidels to the

the 7th

Before, however,

to close action with them,^''^ the fire

numbers of the

sent such

Tunghhu-

this occasion I crossetl the

from our guns

abode of perdition [or

hell], that

standing, and abandoning great part of their baggage,

they took the road of

Shd)ioor became, in consequence, an [easy]

flight.

Please God, the Aider, I shall again apply myself, after the

conquest.

AH

celebration of the Mohiirrum, to the chastisement of the enemy.

these particulars have been communicated to give delight to your odorife-

rous [noble] mind.

The

following passage from the Sulfaris

Memoirs

will

be Found to contain some

further particulars, respecting his operations against the Mahrattalis at the present period.

It

is

in

immediate continuation of the extract formerly given under Letter

CCCXLIX. " Having, "

in this

manner, put the enemy to

in the afternoon [of the

" former ground. suing

*'

"

my

coss, of

On

the following day

moved, coss in

at three o'clock

advance of

proceeded three coss farther a position

on

this side,

;

my

and, pur.

and within one

Shdnoor.

nitely stated to

had returned

have been

In

Ijotli

"By

I

to Ilj^dcrabaJ.

at Shdnoor, to

in that interval.

which point

Here the Nizam tlicy

s

forces are indefi-

could hardly have advanced from

cases, his evident object

was

to niagnify the

number of

enemies.

(6) Original *'

I

march, on the third took up

after effecting wliich tbey

Ills

I

same day], and encamped three

3

Hyderabad

flight,

,V"rM

.'

J'

>^

'^^-^

" "

''°

'^'^ fixed their

miserable equipage,"

"

taken up

their wretclied quarters." (7)

Original 0^

*X-^ Û- ^ ^.JU^ jl^ jjiA

" sword aud bayonet."

literally,

**

the business had not yet arrived at

426 •

SELECT LETTERS OF

By

"

movement, the death-devoted Mahrattalis, who, favored by the Ski-

this

" noor-man/"^ had estabhshed themselves behind

"

Shdnoor, were placed in the situation of an

*'

whose own

feet

may be

said to conduct

it

which passes

a stream

ill-fated

to its

doom

bird, ;

<''

close to

caught in a snare,

the fact being, that

" Shdnoor [where they had voluntarily cooped themselves up] did actually prove " such a snare to them.

"

being an established rule under

It

" cover

camp with

its

batteries,*'"

I,

my

government, for every Kushoon''°^ to

in pursuance of this system, caused en-

" trenchments to be thrown up around and in front of

" Having done

"

allotting

of

my

ing, besides six

" and

proceeded to attack the enemy,'"' with which view, after

I

lines

and camp,

irregular cavalry,

I

''

across the river.

*'

upon the enemy's was

Ehshdm

command

placed under the

third,

I

my army

formed the remainder of

for the

(consist-

Kushoons of regular infantry, of [a considerable force in] regular

"

"

position near Shdnoor.

two Kiishoons of regular, and ten thousand Ehshdm infantry,

" protection "

this,

my

Another left

troops,'"^ &c.) into four divisions,

of

Mah

division,

flank

while

;

A

to attack their right.

Mirza Khan/'*'

whom

one of which

I directed to

charge

conducted by Burhanuddeen, was to

Meer Moaayenuddecn,

at the

fourth division'"' was led

fall

head of the

by myself. " Every

(8)

Meaning

(9) I

original,

some measure, from the letter, though, I trust, not accortiiug to which the bird's own feet arc made to conduct

where

its

destiny

proved a kitchen, or,

in

spirit,

my

of

*<«=^

to the kitclicn

to liave

Hukeem Khan.

have been obliged to depart,

from the it

AbdCil

in

is

obvious.

In like manner, Shdnoor

is

represented

other words, a slaughter-house, to which their

own

steps

had led the Malirattahs. (10)

That

is,

(U) This

as I suppose, xchen

is tlie

word employed

Marchhig on actual

in the original,

service, or in

by which probably

time of war. is

meant

field-redoubts

or entrenchments.

(12) This account

is

at variance with that given

*f Madras, and referred (13)

No number

(14)

1

suppose

is

to under Letter

(!

o)

Governor

here specified.

this to

be the same person to

whom

Letter

CXIX

is

addressed.

I

am

MoaayenGddeen but conclude, that neither of them when Scringapatam was captured, their names not appearing among commanders who survived that evcpt.

living at

those of the

in his letter to the

CCCLXXX,

ignorant of his fate, as well as that of

was

by the Sultan

tlie

;

period

Forming, probably, the principal attack.

''

TIPPOO SULTAK. " Every thing being

thus ])reparcd, and the third

" Shdtioor being dark and " troops in motion

42/

and therefore

rainy,

enemy's position.

for the assault of the

" the two armies not exceeding

a

[or

co.ss

f\ivorabIe to

my

after

niii^ht

arrival

my purpose, The

put

I

at

my

distance between

two miles], the advanced picquets of

" each were posted close to one another. Upon my reaching those of the enemy, " the latter, to the amount of about two hundred horse, came forward, and " demanding who we were, and what we wanted, forbad our advancing.

I

"

myself, at this time, in front of the

ques-

"

tions

"

still nearer''"'

no one presuming to reply without

" pany

of

my

and repeated

to us,

instantly discharged

"

victorious

"

I

Upon

their enquiries.

this I directed a

when

''"

ivith Jire

com-

a volley

was

to their

Of

hell.

the

while others of the infidels were

own camp,

prisoners.

followed the fugitives signal

by

till I

approached very near their camp, when

gun'"' for the other three divisions of the

To

with speed [to their respective attacks].

" being **

authority, those scorpions advanced

army, which sent numbers of the said scorpions to

" [appointed] •*

tliese

amongst the scorpions by the foremost company of the

" remainder, some escaped

" made

my

advanced guard to reply to them

"

To

column thus challenged.

was

given,

I

army

)iiy

w ay

enemy's camp

to the

;

"•

repeated the signal to the three other divisions, which was

*'

of the commanders, but

" these circumstances, " the enemy] should

I

slip

still

no notice was taken of

became apprehensive through

my hands 3

^x<\j;jji\ JcjJi

where

I

:

lest

''**

(18)

There

is

tlicrc is that

is

I

on reaching which

I

now answered by one

by the other two.

Under

the opportunity [of attacking

exclaiming, therefore, Allah-ydr

'

[or,

kind of play upon the words

t//l)-«i
was very fond.

^Îjl

some

ditiicully in undcrstandinp; liow a signal h)'

fusion of a night attack, could be distinguislied from

(19) This

it

failure.

2

(scorpions) and Ukrahtur (iieaier) of which the Sultan

Original

to advance

concluded they must have encountered some [unforeseen obstacle,

" continued, nevertheless,

(n)

made the

however, no answer

this signal,

such as a] river or mirey road, which had occasioned their present

(16) Original

I

any

gun, mado during the con-

otiicr liring of

nearly literal, the original being jj,-^ il:..^Jj1 u:^j

<»^

cannon.

SELECT LETTERS OP

428 "

[or,

God

our friend

is

" opened upon them

I

!]

rushed forward into the

[brisk]

a

from

fire

my

camp

Soon

artillery.'*"'

after

had thus

I

" penetrated into the enemy's camp, the commanders of two of the other " likewise arrived "

It

there, at the points respectively assigned to

was just day-break when

I

" had only about three hundred Jyshe and " however, joined by "

kites

and crows

;

The

others.

camp

entered the

a single

divisions

them.

of the infidels, at which time I

gun with me.

flight of the

and

of the infidels,

I

was soon

after,

unbelievers resembled that of

and, after some time, they stood viewing from the summits

" of the distant eminences, the plunder of their deserted camp. "

An

hour and a half

after the victorious

" enemy's camp, the fourth

" army of Holkar, " About nine

" bling

like so

vicinity of Shdnoor,

o'clock in the forenoon, the

many

gnats and

" cannonade from

six

" throw away

ammunition

their

had

fallen

possession of the

Mah

upon and routed

advanced towards

flies,

;

commencing,

pieces of artillery.

" approached extremely near

in this

On my

:

and drew up, as

us,

same time,

at the part, I

forbad

this manoeuvre, was, to

"

pieces with

"

to us,

the infidels believe that

when, suddenly opening a heavy

The

all

make

This notion would encourage them

" foresaw.

infidels

them completely

came

four divisions of the

" agreeably to

my

a distant

people to

ni\'

close

up

fire

object, in

had none but short

I

when he

first

thought] to draw nearer

[I

It

to our line, in the

happened exactly

as I

manner of crows; when

their long guns together, gave

instructions, such a general discharge, as instantly

must have been when he had collected the whole of entered the enemy's

field

upon them from our long guns, we

to the route.

army opening

My

them,

made them *'

(20) This

as

and, even in this case, they were ordered to dis-

"

sure to put

with

upon such of the enemy

charge only a single shot at a time, and that very deliberately.

" should be

if

manner, directing that the short light guns

*'

"

tlie

whole of the unbelievers, re-assem-

to the dift'erent divisions should alone fire

me.

Mirza Khan,

likewise joined me.

" an intention of oflering us battle

" attached

under the the command of

division,

" which, proceeding from the

army had taken

disperse

his division together, as

camp he had only one gun with

liim.

TIPPOO SULTAN. "

disperse on

and

all sides,

429 same crows,

a flock of the

flv in dospair/-'^ like

in the

" midst of which a stone has been thrown. " In

"

this action

tlie

enemy

lost

about two thousand horse and three elephants,

" killed by cannon shot: great numbers of their people, horse and

* speeded on

"

The remainder

this occasion to hell. '"

of

tlicir

army, turning their

where they again

faces to flight, retreated to the distance of four or five cnss,

encamped.

*'

" where

'•'

I

this

I

my

also shifted

" the purpose

camp, and took up a

of celebrating

it

" whole of the Behropeahs

*'

had moved river

new

to a

on their

being at hand,

I

lialted

so,

I

Kushoons, and throwing

my

The moment

the

when they

again halted.

fled,

tiie

^bjj

X' j.i ^Jci']^ ij}

tor ihougli

:

ui-^wJ

"

L::-vij

^

i-S^- l!Jo-j ilj

biting the

without

In the meanwhile,

"

with

with the

movement, they withdrew what troops they had placed in

fighting, to the distance of six CO**,

bear u lueiai translation

for

prepared the

my army

and then, taking the SMnoor-mdin along with them,

(21) Oiigin:il

Upon

flank.

left

advanced against the enen)y.

I

position, near

two or three days,

and having accordingly done

;

At

fresh j)osition directly in their front.

in front of the difTerent

" right flank upon Slidnoor,

" Shdnoor,

[entrenched] camp,

For- this purpose, drawing up

for action.

infidels perceived this

my

could ascertain where the infidels were.

that they

festival of Zilhijjeh

" following day

"

army, returned to

where they were encamped, with the

" Here, the

"

till I

received intelligence,

S/idiioor,

"

wliole

continued two days,

I

" length

my

with

also,

I

likewise

foot,

Ji.«

back of the hand"

I

would

wliich

common

a

is

encamped

natives of India, to denote despair or tiisappointaieiit, the expression

not

action

would not so

well apply to a flock of crows.

Though

(22)

cstablisiics tiiat i\\c

the SulUtii has not given the da'c of this action, the context sufficiently tiie

lih Ztlhijjth, A.M.

(23) Original

" "

v as

it

low." hell,"

Ill

last

or

I.'OO,

^JjUl

this

one referred

Ji-j\

sense

1st

"

whom

the meanest of the

sometimes employed

according to Mr. Gilchrist, the

period, and one to

CCCLXXXI,

as iiaving taken place

on

October 1786.

literally,

it is

to in Letter

first

to

mean," or " the lowest of the

denote

hell,

or

"

Hindoostany jjhilologer of

the lowest

this or

i)it

of

any other

the students of that language arc under similar obligations, to those

which the Persian scholar owes

to the oriental labors of Sir

William Jones and of

Sir

John

Richardson. (24)

I

am

not clear with respect to the meaning of this word (supposing

written), but think

it

likely that

it

may

be another term

for

it

to

be correctly

Bandars, or rockct-nicu.

SELECT LETTERS

430 "

I

'•'

encamped near the grouucl which

OP

enemy

tlic

liad occupied, still covering

my

right flank with Shdnoor.

"

was on

It

this occasion that the destitute chief of that place,

who had allowed

" himself to be seduced [from his allegiance to me] by the insidious representa-

" tions of the Mahrattahs, experienced the nature of the protection he had " expect from these perfidious

friends, to

" wether with

effects.

his family

and part,

" carried off some of the

women

clothes than those five

" the same " After

lately

removed, to-

the latter of these he was

now openly who even

the Mahrattah army,

The

belonging to him.

next day, this senseless

with what remained of his property and women, and with

creature,'"^ together

" no other " o-uard of

Of

by the people of

" plundered of the chief

"

whose camp he had

which they wore

thousand horse, to Mirich.

at the time,

was sent

The Mahrattahs

off,

under a

themselves made, at

'•"' time, two or three successive marches [in a retrograde direction].

this,

breaking up

my

camji at SMnoor, and leaving a small garrison in

"

that city, I proceeded to the [adjacent] town of Bunkapoor, near which

*'

encamped during the

"

the mournful ceremonies of the season.

first

fourteen days of

Muhurrum, performing at Here

" Hydery army presented me with three Nuzrs " of the prince -"' Nizam uddcen another, for my ;

" account of the Eed "

It

" the

was

at this

infidels,

" pursuance of

:

I

came

this design, I sent a

{25} Original

late victory

;

and the

to the determination of

on

communicating with

spies, to

person of

respectability,''*'

my

mind.

In

accompanied by one

Tukojee Holkar, who had the reputation of being « the

line of their retreat is not indicated.

As, however, they subsequently ap-

peared in the quarter of it is probable that they retired in that direction. >jlj ili

That

is,

" king's son."

Sulkai's so plainly laying claim to the royal

(2S) Original

third,

JiuJ^jjJi*-*

The exact

Original

this place

one on occasion of the birth

Kopul, wlicre another engagement took place between

{21)

lay

(or festival).

time that

my

I

commanders of the

also the

on certain points which had suggested themselves to

" of the chief of

(26)

to

iô\ ^>ij«

title.

This,

I

believe,

is

the

first

the

two armies,

instance of the

T1 " the most " message "

'

valiant

among

O

P PO

U LT A

S

N.

43 1

whom

the infidels; and to

directed

I

to be delivered.

Nizam

Ali

Khan,

whom,

to

if

he had been here,

should have addressed

I

"

'

myself,

'*

'

'

should we any longer suffer hundreds of thousands of

"

'

'

wounded

"

'

'

is

not present.

in battle

What

?

reason

It is for this

is

send to you to say,

I

most desirable

that

is,

****** *****#

sequel of this

men

'

wherefore

to be killed

you and

I

should draw

lines

"

curious and interesting passage

is

unfortunately wanting,

in

two

My re-

having, as already alluded to in the Preface, been torn out at this place. collection of

and

"

up our respective armies

The

the following

what followed the words with which the preceding extracts ends,

enables me, however, to state generally, that the message in question convej-ed sucIj

another challenge to Tukojee Holkar, as that which was sent by the Sidfan (according to his o\vn account) to General Macleod, during the siege of Mangalore,

in

1783, and of which a translation has been given by Colonel Wilks, in the Intro-

The two

duction to his valuable History of Mysore.

armies were to be drawn up

opposite to each other, for the purpose of witnessing the combat ever, they were,

contending

on no account,

states

set

it

;

was not the custom of

in

which, how-

questions in dispute between the result of the battle;

that

was to accede to such pretensions, or demands,

up by the

the proposal with derision

"

The

were to be decided according to the

to say, the vanquished party

been previously

to interfere.

;

adversary.

had

Holkar, as might be expected, treated

observing, on the occasion

(among other

things),

his nation to refer their claims to the issue

" engagement, but, on the contrary, to attack and " the nature of circumstances required."

as

is

Such

is

retreat, retire

" that

of a single

and advance,

the substance of what

I

as

remem-

ber of this singular occurrence, as related by the Sultan himself: the deficiency in

my

account of which will,

Wilks, from the Sdltdn

which

is

it

ilt

may

be hoped, be supplied

Tuivdreekh, referred to

are other copies of the Sultatis

At

all

Memoirs

due season by Colonel

by him

very likely to have recorded the transaction in

similar bravado already noticed.

in

in his

Prtface,

question, as well

events, there can be

little

and

as the

doubt, that there

in existence, besides the mutilated

one in

my

SELFXT LETTERS OF

432

my possession.

In the case here supposed,

that this curious

document

a

may

still

be reasonably presumed,

future period, be offered to the public, in

some

and connected form, than that in which

have judged

it

have not, at this moment, the means of ascertaining what credit

is

more

perfect

to exhibit I

will, at

it

it

in the present

I

work.

Sultans account of the treatment experienced by Abdul hands of

his

ported, in

and bad writer

allies.

The

faith.

It

is,

at the

due

to the

Hukeem Khan

at the

probability of the fact

some degree, by the general character of

may

The

Mahrattah

convenient

same time, very

is,

no doubt, sup-

that people for rapaciousness

possible, that the prejudices of the

have betrayed him into some exaggeration on the occasion.

Sultan would not seem, even by his

own

narrative, to have followed

up the

advantage which he states himself to have obtained over the Mahrattahs at Shdnoor, either with the celerity or the vigour

which might have been expected.

Besides

the delay occasioned by the celebration of the festival of ZUhijJeh, he remained stationary during a great part of the ensuing month, for the purpose of fultilling

Though not acknowledged,

the customary rules of the 3Idhurrum. theless, not unlikely, that

may have

stition,

tendency to

enemy,

damp

to recover

led

some other

from the

never-

considerations, as well as those of super-

to this extraordinary inactivity

the zeal of his

it is,

own army,

;

which,

at least afforded

if it

had not a

time to that of the

effects of their recent discomfiture.

LETTER CCCLXXXII. To Meeb, Ali, Second Bukhsuy of Ehsiiam ISfh ZuBURJunY.

Your

going about to the

forts

at

JBaxgalore ; dated

(17 th Octohcr.^

by yourself, and your investigating the

accounts of the same, without being accompanied by the is

not proper.

of that liim,

fort,

Repair to Bangalore, and after proceed with the

first

first JBuk/ishj/,

finally settling the

accounts

Bukhshi/, and in conjunction with

examine minutely into those of the other places [within your juris-

diction].

N. B.

Several

oo

TIPPOO SULTAN. N. B. Several

letters

Nuzrs transmitted

of

Mahrattahs.

appear at this period, acknowledging the Sultan's receipt

him,

to

compliment

in

to

In one of these, addressed to Rajah

Bangalore, he approves of that occasion,

and

desires

43."

him

recent victory over

Ram Chundur,

the

the Dentin of

having distributed sweet-meats on that

officer s

to do the

his

same thing

in future.

LETTER CCCLXXXIII. To BuDRLZ

Do

ZuMAN Khan

you remain on

who

wretches

dated 23d Zubuujudy.

follows here an order to

in his

Budruz Zuman Khan, directing him spot, situated in a part

government (but the name of which

where the Sultan seems

I

proximity to the frontier of the Kukun.

is

army proposing

am

Indeed

it is

to

of the country unable to

been desirous of erecting a

to have

possessing great natural strength, the position was further

route for an

8fc.

to the effectual chastisement of the turbulent

examine and make a report on a certain

out),

Ocioher.')

infest those parts,

N. B. There

comprehended

(22d

borders of Soandeh, Kittoor, Dharivdr,

tlie

and there apply yourself

;

fort.

make

Besides

recommended by

its

intimated to be the proper

to penetrate into that country.

Budruz Zuman Khan

accordingly instructed to procure and transmit to his master, the fullest informa-

tion in his

This

power on the

letter

subject.

then proceeds as follows

Demolish the

fort

:

of Kittoor.

Seize upon the

country, and incorporate them with the Ahmedies

mans of them]. to the

Write

Polygar of

letters

Name

not legible.

[/. e.

of peace [or amity], in the ,('^

3

(1)

disturbers

of the

make Musulfirst

instance,

and afterwards, sending a person of

K

respectability

SELECT LETTERS OF

434 respectability

Having done

this,

there are in the

You

thither.

ject]

;

bring him over to the interests of the Sircar.

him,

to

you must ascertain [through him] what strong

Kokun, and what

occur in the road leading

villages

are to be very particular in your enquiries [on this sub-

and you are

You

to keep the matter quite secret.

make your communications

to

forts

to

us,

regarding

it,

arc, moreover,

in the Persian lan-

guage.^^^

OBSERVATIONS. Whether Budruz Zuman Khan joined Bluhanuddeen, and was now sent back along, continued there,

of his not being

I

am

named by

army

the Sultan's

to his

at the

same time with

government; or whether he had,

The

unable to determine. the Sultan, in the

latter's

all

circumstance, however,

account of the battle of

Shdnoor, strongly indicates, that he did not participate in the honors of that day,

he had been present,

since, if

it is

most probable that he would have had a conspi-

cuous station assigned to him on the occasion.

Kumruddcen Khin was

at this period

:

but as

it

been employed on a separate command, some appeared in the collection,

upon the Sultan is,

it

is

most

am

I

may be presumed,

would have

he had remained in attendance

There

indeed, reason to believe, that although he was occasionally placed at the head

much

trusted

by the Sultan, who appears

entertained no very favorable opinion of his talents.

is

he had

since the time of his return from the siege of Nergilnd.

of an army, he was never

in

that, if

letters to his address

likely, that

where

equally ignorant,

some minutes of

a consultation, dated in 179-*} i"

pretty plainly insinuated

appears, by this

(2) It

persons,

who were

language.

This

is

tlic

have

particularly evinced

which the Meers incapacity

by the majority of the subscribing

and other passages of

to

counsellors.

correspondence,

that even

tliosc

capable of writing Persian, did not always address the Sultan in that

TIPPOO SULTAN.

435

LETTER CCCLXXXIV. 7b MoN'SiEun CossiGNY

The

;

dated 24fh Zvdurjvdy.

(23d October.^

persons to be dispatched to Europe have been fixed on by

and

Preseiice,

will accordingly

When

Pondicherry].

Europe,

along with

soon proceed from hence, and arrive

they arrive

M.

t/ie

Perron,<'^

[there],

\jxi

you must send them to

who [we understand]

is

about to

repair thither.

LETTER CCCLXXXV. To Syed Ahmed Saheb, Boodhun Shah, Nubby Shah, KuleemVJLLAH Shah, and others (Peer-zadehs or Devotees)

SuAXOOR, 24(h ZuBURJUDY. £^//

By

the blessing of

God and

o/"

;

dated from

(23d October.^ the

same

tenor.~\

the aid of the Prophet, the forces of the

accursed having experienced a signal defeat and chastisement, have turned their faces to flight, leaving the troops of Islam victorious over the ene-

mies of the

faith.

Thus has the arnjy of the accursed

infidels

been

trodden under foot by the hoofs of the horses of Islam, and rendered

and miserable

;

while the religion of

Mahommed

has been thereby

vile

made

to flourish.

You,

Sir, are

apply, with

all

one of the elders [of the

Tliough

Monneron.

this

will

therefore

of administering to the support of Islam.

3 (1)

and

your heart, to the best means of advancing the religion of

Mahommed, and

for

faith],

name

is

K

2

very disiinctly written,

I

am

inclined to think

tliat it

was meant

436

SELECT LETTERS OF

N. B. Here follows an inventory addressed;

by which

of the presents, respectively, sent to the persons

would appear, that the highest

it

in the Sultan's estimation

Boodhun Shah and Nubby Shah.

wei-e

LETTER CCCLXXXVI. MOHYUDDEEN AlI KhaN, DeIVAN of KuiiPAH, ChISHTY-YAR Khan, Rajah Ram Chundur, Nursia, and others; dated from

To

Shaxoor, 26th ZuBURJUDY.

(25th October.^

(Circular.)

A Paper,

containing the Khiithah [or form of prayer to be read in

the mosques],

is

Give

enclosed.

strict orders to

the Khdtihs [or reciters

of the KhutbaH\ belonging to your Kuchurry, to recite the Khiitbdh regularly, after the praises

of

God and

the Prophet, according to the

accompanying form.

OBSERVATIONS. The form that If

it

of prayer here referred to does not appear

appointed the Sultan's

such was the case,

it

own name to be

may be presumed,

;

but

it

is

substituted in place of

that, although

tliis

most probable,

Shah Allum's.

measure seems to

have been determined on by Tippoo, so far back as July 1786,'" he had not hitherto carried

it

into effect

Being now elated with

his

;

at least not

throughout the whole of his dominions.

recent successes

against the Mahrattahs,

he might,

perhaps, think the occasion peculiarly favorable to the complete and final execution of his purpose.

(1)

See Letter

CCCXXXI.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

43/

LETTER CCCLXXXVII. To the SHANOOR-Man

e.

(J.

Abdul Hukeem Khan)

;

same Date.

(25th October.^

Your

intention of

coming [hither] has been verbally communicated

Kurecm Khan, and

us by

the account has afforded us pleasure

:

to

notwith-

standing, the ungracious proceeding^) of which you have [recently] been guilty

My

is

such, as I could never have imagined to be possible.

friendly disposition towards

with a confident mind.

fore,

The remaining

you

still

continues

The house and

particulars will be imparted to

:

It is well.

repair hither, there-

place are both yours.(->

you by the bearer of

this

letter.

OBSERVATIONS. Whatever message Abdul Hukeem Khan may have cult to believe, after

sent to the Sultan,

what had passed, that he should have entertained a

intention of putting himself again in the

power of the

latter.

have been disappointed in his expectations from the Mahrattahs

knew

the Sultan too well, to hope for any better treatment, in

return to Shdnoor. till

it is

Be

this as it

might,

it is

certain that

He ;

diffi-

serious

may, indeed,

but he probably the event of his

he did not return thither

the conclusion of the war.

(1)

Original

(2)

This

is

however, be

j^.I
tlie

usual answer giving to a person proposing to visit another.

uii(Jcistood,

and was, perhaps, meant

in

a

literal sense.

It

may

here,

SELECT LETTERS OP

43»

LETTER CCCLXXXVIII/'^ To R.C JAH

Ram Chukdur

Directing him

;

dated 1st Hydeiiy.

(29tk October.

to issue strict orders to the different

Aumits within his

jurisdiction, to enroll [or impress] all such Piadehs^^^ in the dress [or

might be found concealed

")[

and Coolies

as

under the disguise] of peasants.

OBSERVATIONS. This

would seem

letter

government

to press

(a

fighting

men,

this

it

was not unusual with Tippoo Sultan's

into the public service,

not only labourers and carriers of

custom, by the bye, very generally obtaining throughout India}, but also

burdens

from

to show, that

for the

purpose of recruiting the army.

It

might likewise be inferred

document, that neither of the oppressive practices

affect the

real peasant.

I

conclusions would be correct

am, ;

nevertheless,

doubtful,

and am, indeed, rather led

was

liable to

far either

of these

in question

how

from various

to think,

passages in the correspondence, that there was no period of the Sultans reign, in

which the peasantry,

or

exempt from compulsory

Ryots

(as

they are called in the original), were bond Jide

service, as laborers or artizans.

It

is,

on the other

haivd,

not impossible, that the present order for impressing soldiers might be no more

than a temporary expedient, suggested by the exigencies of the war rate,

it

would appear to have extended only

to such persons as

:

and, at any

had formerly borne

arms, but were become, from whatever motives, averse to the resumption of them.

LETTER CCCLXXXIX. To

the JBvKiisuY of

Directing him raised the

head of

Ehsham at Gooty ;

same Date.

(29th October^

to chastise the turbulent [or seditious] wherever they revolt

;

and after making them prisoners,

to place

those (1)

This leUer

is

preceded in the original by two others,

dated 29th Zuburjudy (or 2Sth

Octtbei) addressed to two Pcer-xddchs, or devotees, and requiring, in prayers lor the destruction of (2)

That

is,

"

tlie

usual term?, their

the rejecteU infidels" and the prosperity of Islam.

Peons, or foot soldiers, of the irregular classes.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

439

and

those under age [or of tender years] in the Ahmechj band,

to

han^

the remainder.

LETTER CCCXC. To Rajah

What

Ram

Cjiundur; dated 4th Hydery.

you have represented, regaiding the

flight

November^

(\st

of the Ryots belong-

ing to the district of Great Balapoor, on account of

tlie

increase of six

or seven thousand pagodas produced in the revenue, in consequence of

our having fixed the exchange of the royal pagoda^^^ at twelve Cantarai

fanams, together with the excuse which you have on the

occasion,*^^^ is

Where

understood.

is

the hardship or difficulty in a

JRi/ot

[or renter, having] to pay an additional

rent,

which

is

the most that can

[complained of]

is

divided

among

fall

offered for the Ri/ots

upon the

the whole

fanam

or two upon his

individual,

when

the tax

?

LETTER CCCXCI. To MoHYUDDEEN Ali Khan, Deti'As of

Hydery.

Your men] view.

letter,

(

1

(2)

(Ath November.^

house and gardens, has passed under our

Bdnddrs are entertained

services

dated ^ III

praying to be allowed the use of ten Bdnddrs [rocket-

for the services of your

for fighting,

You must employ

and gardens.

KuRPAH ;

not for looking after houses

the Piddehs stationed with you in the

you mention.

Original

>lJ,j\j

This passage

is

.

j»

by whicli was probably meant the

rather obscure iu the original.

S'iiltdny

pagoda.

SELECT LETTERS OF

.440

LETTER CCCXCII. Meer Moaayenuddeen Khan

To

Send and

;

same Date.

(4th November!)

station the bullocks belonging to the great guns,

those attached to your

own

drivers, into the rear of

our special tents [or of the head -quarters],

a spot abound-

is

ing in grass, which will afford the cattle [good] pasturage. friend's present situation, there

Here

into

it

is

at

good condition.

them

also

Kiishoon, together with their Ddroglias and

where, at the extremity of the army encampment, there

tance.

and

hand

;

When

is

no grass but what

by which means the

is

In that

at a great dis-

cattle will [soon] get

you march again, or

if

you should want

any particular purpose, you can send and order them to rejoin

for

you.

N.B.

A

similar order appears to have been addressed, at the

Burlianuddeen

and reported

;

but afterwards revoked, in consequence of

to the Sultan, that the situation occupied

its

same time,

to

being ascertained

by Biirhanuddeen afforded

sufficient pasturage for the cattle of his division.

LETTER To

Mahommed Ushruf

Your seded

letter,

Aumil

;

CCCXCIII.

dated 9tk HyderyS^^

(6th November.)

enclosing a statement of the demands against the super-

of

Siimi'putn,^'^^

has been received,

acquainted with the particulars of his embezzlements. the Sircar upon the aforesaid

Aumil and

and has made us

Let the claims of

others be realized, by

means of

flogging. (1)

Two

letters of the

same date with

this

arc omitted,

it

being sufficient to mention, that

one of them directs some elephants belonging to Abdftl HQkeem Khan, and which had been seized at Shdnoor, to be sent to the Sultan's camp, and the remainder to Seringapatam. The other letter announces the abandonment of the intended embassy to Fegu. (2) Bulhdrx/.

TIPPOO SrLTAN.

441

LETTER CCCXCIV. To Zynui- Aabideen, Taal6kdar of GvlsuumAbad

;

same Date.

(6th Nôvemhcr.^

(Extract.) In compliance with your application for an order Khan-Khanhullt/, to furnish you with two more iron

boilers/'^

represent to be necessary, on account of the increase in the

horses under your charge, site letter to

we have

boilers in question must,

whom

however, be imid

of

which you

number of

and now enclose, the requi-

written,

the aforesaid Aumil, to

Aumil

to the

you

for, at

will

forward

it.

The

the time of their being

delivered to your people.

OBSERVATIONS. There appears to have been a great iroti-foundery and manufactory established

Khan-Khanhully ,^^^ the business of which was, and

some

for the exclusive benefit of, the Sultaris

difficulty in

and ybr

understanding

why

an

article,

I

believe,

conducted on account,

government. purchased, in

his service, should be actually paid for in

There fact,

is,

no doubt,

of the Sultan,

money, when a simple order to

the directors of the works to furnish such articles, would apparently have answered

A

the purpose as well.

similar practice, however, seems to have prevailed in other

departments of the government

;

and the object of

it

might possibly have been

to

preserve the accounts of the proceeds or profits of the monopolies in question, as distinctly as possible.

3

(1)

Used

in boiling the

(2) Usually written

Gram

(a

Kan-Kanelly.

L

kind of horse bean) with wbicli horses are fed in India.

SELECT LETTERS OF

442

LETTER CCCXCV. To SooJAN Rae a«c/MoAL Chund, Agents

at

Dehli ; same

Date.

(6th ôvember.^

After Baig

Mahommed CCCLXXXI),

a similar account of the battle of Shdnoor with that given to

Khan Humdany and

under the same date

others,

(see Letter

the present letter proceeds to give some immaterial orders, respecting the periodical

of the

new

notation, according to

and years of the Malabar

The

letters to

including

Of the two

Koran.

cycle,

last

^J

and of which

this is the substance.

(Idm-aliJ) and

mentioned

The powers

(humza) a quarter.

representing units (he) inclusive,

The

;

letters,

s.

foreo-oinf rule

is

;

the

c

do no great

"i,

the

in

represented a half, and

or

nine, to j (zal) inclusive,

^

;

the third series to

(ye), standing for a thousand. verses,

which are inserted here

Whether they may be

reader. I

first

inclusive, tens

conveyed in the following

specimen of the Sultans poetical talent be, they

be thirty

(humza) which occur

the former, or

(ain)

last letter,

for the gratification of the Persian

stated to

of the remaining twenty-eight letters were regu-

the next nine, to

hundreds

an explanation

which the Sultan had recently named the months

lated according to their order in the alphabet; the

i

follows

which numerical powers are assigned are

being the number,

s

Then

dispatch of Kdsids (or messengers) from Dehli.

cannot affirm

credit to their author.

c_>U^ J-L-t uJ^ (t^

;

but,

considered as a

however

this

may

TIP POO SULTAN. It

would appear by these

at least, first estabHshed,

name of Hisdb of

e Zur,

verses, that this

months and

many

as

possibly have given

it

or,

the

or the golden computation, in allusion to the circumstance letters

the case in the Ubjud scheme, as

The remainder

scheme of notation was invented,

by Tippoo Sultan, who may

being composed of the

its

443

of this letter

by

is

used in the Koran

;

which

that both Idm-alif and

is

not so exactly

humza

are rejected.

occupied by an enumeration of the names of the

years, according to the

new nomenclature.

The

former of these, and

of the latter as were deemed necessary, have been already given in ano-

ther place.

LETTER CCCXCVI. To

Mahommed UsHRUF

Your

Wth Hydery.

dated

;

(8th November.')

under our view, by which we per-

hiiinble address lias passed

ceive that you have dispatched the account [of sales] of the shops^)

belonging to the Sircar

You

write, that

to us].

[/. c.

" there

is

no JMiUusuddi/ appointed for kecj)ing the

" accounts of the Toslich-khdneh, and " **

enij)loy

that, with

a Serh/iteddi<-^ for the purpose

;

our leave, you will

otherwise, you request that

some one may be nominated and dispatched from the Presence."

known. will

find

If you will refer to your Ililk7n-nd)nch [or instructions] you it

written there,

"

that a separate

*'

accounts of the losheh-khdtieh

"

to be performed

" [or revenue

is

Mutusuddy

for keeping the

unnecessary, and that this duty

officers]."

That you should propose, notwithstanding

employ a separate Miliusuddi/, can be attributed to

no other cause than ignorance and want of understanding. insti-uctions,

is

by one of the numerous Serishteddrs of the Mukdis

this [regulation], to

your

It is

and act agreeably 3

(1)

Sec Letter XCVIII, to

('_')

Revenue accountants.

Ri'ijah

Rim

Look

to them.

L

2

Cliundur, on the subject of

tlicsC

shops.

into

SELECT LETTERS OF

444

LETTER CCCXCVII. To Rajah

Your

Ram Chunduk

letter,

;

dated I9th

Hydery.

(I6th November^

Aumil of Kunucly, on

enclosing one to you from the

the subject of the disturbances excited by the fugitive Polygar of that

What

has been received.

district,

are you

and Turbiyut Ali

Khan

about, that you do not issue the most rigid orders on this occasion, and see this business properly settled

?

LETTER CCCXCVIII. To BooDHUN Shah

;

dated

from ShJnoor, 22d Hydery.

(19 fh Noveinher.^

The names

who

of the chiefs of the enemy,

ing under the wounds inflicted upon them weese^')

and

Madho

Rao^-^

Be your

are, at this time,

"by us,

suffer-

are Balajee Phurnu-

reverence earnestly intent on [pray-

ing for] the confusion [or disgrace] of the enemy, and the splendor and increase of the true religion of

Mahommed.

LETTER CCCXCIX. To Monsieur Moneron, Fringy,

The humble

at

Poxdicherry; same Date.

address which you sent [to us] has passed under our view

and what you represented therein has been comprehended.

Your

ac-

count of passing occurrences, and of your having written, and dispatched to Eurojie,

all

particulars relating to our friendly disposition [towards the

French nation], coming

as well as your information regarding the ships of

to these parts, are all

war

made known.

You (1)

The

(2)

The Paislma.

celebrated Maliiattah minislcr,

Nana

Furnaveese, and

TIPPOO SULTAN, You

" whenever the

write

" bassy to Europe, " them *'

tliither,

station]."

shjill

with

It

em-

Sircar, selected for the

M. Cossigny

arrive at Pondicherry,

will dispatch

the respect and honor [due to their rank and

all

known.

is

chiefs of the

445

we Ma-

In conformity with the orders which

issued in your presence, and agreeaJjIy to

what you have written,

houimed Durwaish Khiln, Akbar Ali Khan,

Mahommed Othman, and

other chiefs, charged with letters and presents, have set out [for Pondichei'ry'],

where they

will [in

due time]

We

safely arrive.

have no doubt

that you will take care that the above mentioned chiefs are properly supplied with whatever they

may want, payment being made

and

that, providing in the best

will

convey them

manner

in perfect ease

for their

same

for the

accommodation, you

and comfort, along with yourself, to

Europe.

We have learned

by

letters

from Ghulam Ali Khan, Lutf Ali Khan,

NoorulUih Khan, and other Sirddrs [or chiefs] formerly sent [to Europe'],

of their safe arrival at the port of Pussorah, and of their departure

from thence

You

[in prosecution of their journey].

" that during the stormy weather which

write,

" [about

this time],

" months longer, **

the coast]

;

prevails at sea

and which may be expected to continue

for

two

ships cannot remain at their [usual] anchorage [on

but that

M. Cossigny having [some you orders

time since], with a

*'

view to

*'

good ship from the Mauritius, you should accordingly arrive from

" thence

known

:

this circumstance, given

at

Pondicherry with one by the

and we assure ourselves,

in

first

to prepare

and bring a

"^'^

of.

It is

consequence, that you are by this

time arrived at Pondicherry with a good ship.

We observe the desire you Pdjah

in

have expressed, that we would write to your

recommendation of M, Cossigny's confirmation

in

the govern-

ment (I)

The name

(April).

of the

month

is

not quite legible, but

is,

apparent! v> intended for Clwiler

SELECT LETTERS OF

446 nient of Pondicherry

;

and we have, accordingly,

in the letter

uhich we

have sent to your Hd/ah by the Sirddrs of our Sircar, not only made the request suggested by you, but have, nioicover, taken that occasion to

speak [in due commendation] of the courage and knowledge of busincss^^)

which distinguish the

We

received the copy which you sent us of

Nizam AH Khan and are become

You

said Monsieur.

known *'

write,

to the Mahrattahs,

and

M.

all

Cossigny's letters to

the particulars thereof

[to us].

that five thousand soldiers' musquets will arrive

imme-

"

diately, either at Calicut or

'*

thousand more along with yourself, when you return [to Pondicherrif]

" from the Mauritius."

TaaMkddrs of musquets you

It

Mangalore ; and

is

understood.

Calicut and 3Iangulore,

may

send,

whenever they

that you will bring five

We

directing arrive,

have written to the

them

to receive the

provided you shall have

fixed a proper [or just] price npon the same.

LETTER CCCC. To Shumsuddeen,

a}id others

Seringapatam)

;

dated

(Daroghas of

the

Tosheh-khaxeh

from Shaxoor, 22d Hydery.

at

(19th Aô-

vemher.')

(Extract.)

Your humble

address, accompanied by a statement of the quantities

of gold and silver remaining in the Tosheh-khdneh and mint, together

with an account of receipts and balances, has passed under our view.

We wrote

some time

to you,

since,^')

together, in a separate coffer, the

directing you to prepare and keep

sum

of

five lacks

of rupees, which

it

was (2) Original

^^L^li

(1) It has not

been thought necessary to

_,

about a fortnight before

ti-^L--

tlie

present one.

insert the letter here referred to,

which was w

rittcn

Tirroo SULTAN. was our intention

44]^

to appropriate to the construction of a canal [or aque-

This money was to consist of such Ilyderies,

duct] at the holy IVujuf.

half rupees, and quarter rupees, as were in the treasury or the mint, or

might come those orders

in ;

and

also direct that, having placed the

you

in a distinct coffer,

" In

words.

a lahel on the said

affix

this chest are deposited the rupees

" be appropriated "

Not a

lias

money

is

money

coffer,

now

repeat

in question

containing these

composing the Nuzr to

to the construction of an aqueduct

to the sepulchre of the holy Ali."

this

We

with the collections from the country.

single

[from the Euphrates^

Ddm

[or farthing] of

expended [for any other purpose than the one which

to be

been indicated].

OBSERVATIONS. Notwithstanding these ostensible, and, perhaps, sincerely-meant preparations executing the pious work alluded

V here

stated, that

it

to,

there

was never carried into

LETTER 7« Ghulaji

Am

Your humble

is

for

reason to believe, as has been else-

effect.

CCCCI.

Khan, Lutf Ali Khan, and Shah Noorullah same Dale. Qdth November.^

;

address was received [by us] on the 5th of Ihjdery [2d

Novendjcr] of the year Dullu.

" God, you were

well,

and

" 1200), and that you were " of the same month." (')

at

You

write,

Muscat, on the 22d of Jaufunj (A.H.

to proceed

You

" that, by the blessing of

onward

to

refer us, in the

Bussorah on the 25th

same dispatch,

'*

for

" further (1) In

Sultan

Letter

tells

CCCXCIX,

to

M. Moncron,

of the same date as the present one, the

the latter, that he had learned from GhCiliun Ali Kliun of their arrival at Bussorah.

SELECT LETTERS OF

4-18

"

furthei' particulars, to

"

lillah

5

" mitted

a separate

by a pair of Hurkdrelis, an account of your

to the Presence,

arrival at il//«cf/#, together with

"

details [of

We desire is

two other packets, containing copious

your journey and proceedings]."

Hurkdrehs have not hitherto

[which

addressed to us by Shah Noor-

and moi'eover mention, your having, some time before, trans-

"

said

letter,

you to

on

its

us

let

It is

afore-

arrived.

know what

persons you have sent by the ship

It is astonishing,

return hither].

The

known.

that notwithstanding

the written instructions [which you have received on this head], you should, instead of writing to us in detail, refer us to a letter from Nooriiilah.

It

appears by

that you never look at your instructions

this,

agreeably to the saying, " the epistles of lovers [are

"

Do not

deer's horns."(->

Shah ;

hung or placed] upon

again lose your wits in this manner, but act

according to your instructions.

You have

written,

" that Mubaruk Khan, the Jowkddr,

is

dead

;

and

" that you will, with our permission, promote Mahommed " in his room." It is understood. We have invested you with

full

according as you

may

powers

;

you should, therefore, act

in all matters

think best suited to the circumstances of the moment, and not wait for

our orders.

We have, arrival in

at this time, in consequence of the late period to

which your

Mahommed

Durwaish,

France

will be protracted, dispatched

Akbar Ali Khan, Othman Khan, and other French, for

whom

to proceed in a

Sinldrs, to the lidjah of the

they are charged with letters and presents.

French ship from Pondichernj.

This

is

They are

written for your

information.

We sorah.

These accounts seem

to

be at variance, since the

letters, referred to in

to M. Moneron, were muit probably those acknowledged above. material, and is, most probably, an error of the transcriber. (2) Original

meaning of

o>\

^li

j

this allusion.

ÛiU

cjIj

Burdt

I

am

The

obliged to acknowledge

also signifies a draft, or order, for

the dis|)alch

contradiction

my

is

not

ignorance of the

money.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

449

"We have learned from report, that one of the elephants which you took

\\ith

you died on your way

to

Muscat.

It is

astonishing that you

should not have mentioned this circumstafjce.

N.B. There was added Shdnoor with that given

to the foregoing letter a similar account of the battle of

in Letter

CCCLXXXI

and others.

OBSERVATIONS. It

is

remarkable^ that although the Sultan had, at this time, dispatched another

embassy, by

France, he does not, on the present occasion, intimate any

sea, to

intention of recalling

Ghidam

Ali and his associates.

of their arrival in France as an event distant.

The

the contrary, he speaks

in his contemplation,

new embassy, though appointed and now

Pondkherry, was

likely to

actually

its

on

its

road to

be detained a considerable time at that place, and might,

a variety of accidents, be eventually altogether defeated.

take

though apparently

reason, perhaps, of his not yet revoking the mission of the latter,

was, that the

by

still

On

departure from the French presidency

LETTER Aumil

To Urshud Baig Khan,

till

In

fact,

it

did not

the middle of the year 178^.

CCCCII.

of Calicut ; dated 25lh Hybery.

(22d Novemher.')

Enclosed

is

a

letter

which we have received from Gopa, the Aumil

of Koorumndd, relating to the depredations of the robbers and highway-

men [who

infest that district].

Such of the authors

of^'^

Peruse the same, and

settle the business.

[or principle actors in] these flagitious pro-

ceedings as have been already killed, are killed.

But why should the

remainder of them, on being made prisoners, be put to death is this.

larly dispatched to

SeringapatamP^^

3 CJ,!^ j oLj ibU

îCi-J

(2) Original

\ji\^ ^ jji^

JS^ ^

Their

Let the dogs, both hluck and white, be regu-

proper punishment

(1) Original

?

M

SELECT LETTERS OP

450

OBSERVATIONS. As we may be

pretty certain, that

it

was not the object of the present order

extend any lenity to the offenders in question, sort of is

punishment was intended

for

it

them upon

equally difficult to explain, what the Sultan

meant by black and

to

me

on the coast of Malabar being alluded

to

by the

fact

;

which

black as any other people in India

:

latter

is,

is,

it

must be

that the Christians in question are as

so that, if they were in the contemplation of

way

of meto-

or as another designation for Nazarenes or Christians.

LETTER To

dogs

by the wldte dogs, he

the Sultan, he must have employed the words " white dogs " in the

nymy,

ivhite

It

term) would not seem

This supposition

could intend the native Christians of Malabar ?

owned, opposed by a strong

what

(namely, that of the European

Is it possible that,

to be admissible in the present instance.

to guess

their arrival at Seringapatam.

which occurs

since the solution of the matter settlers

would not be easy

to

Mahomme©

Eesau,

Aumil

Hydery.

The

CCCCIII.

of

UfzvlJbJd Nvgr

[i. e.

dated 2'Jth

(24/h November.')

account of the cardamum reaping

[some time since] gave

;

made over

is

fully understood.

to] you a

When we

[numerous] body of

the sect of Shaiklis, and others, our intention, in that measure, was purely this cultivation,

:

that lands should be assigned to the people in question for

and that the business of the cardamum reaping should be

entrusted to them [exclusively.] It

would seem, by the account you give of the excesses committed by

the robbers in your district, that the latter were become very desirous

of being incorporated with the Usicd Ilhye band. wish.

It shall

be as they

TIPPOO SULTAN.

451

OBSERVATIONS. by another

It ai)pears

letter in

which

the collection,

I

have not thought

it

necessary to insert, that the class of people usually employed in reaping or gather

ing the cardamums, had been recently detected in embezzlements of the produce to a considerable

This circumstance had probably led the Sultan

amount.

to

transplant a colony of Shaikhs, and other Mussulmans, into the district in question, with a

view to their superseding the ancient laborers in thi# particular branch

of agriculture, which constituted one of the principal monopolies of the govern-

What

ment.

no reason

efTect

Hindoo,

this

expedient

Mahommcdan

to believe, that the

bis trust than the

affirmed

was produced by

whom

i-eaper

he displaced.

by a very respectable authority,

I

that

do not know

proved at

On

all

:

more

the contrary,

" although

" Amulddrs under the Sultan's government were Moormen,

but there

is

faithful to

has been

it

the jisqfs and

all

who were seldom

**

chosen for any other reason than their being Mahommedans, and although the

**

whole of them had an oath of

" of public revenue, by the " amounted annually to

several

fifteen or

Beatson has also informed

" of the Sultan's

fidelity

us, that

regulations,

administered to them, the embezzlement

classes of

servants,

is

supposed to have

twenty lacks of Cantarai pagodas .^

'^^

Colonel

" notwithstanding the severity and minuteness

no prince was ever so grossly imposed upon."

"'

LETTER CCCCIV. To

the

Deifans of ZufeuabJd (GurramcooxdahJ TifLOOEY.

Informing them, Poll/gars,

that

the

(\)

management

the last (2)

tiie AlVairs ol'

War

[or

chastisement]

and other turbulent and contumacious

Sec letter from Captain

with

M

tribes,

in

Colonel J5catson's

Tippoo Sultan, page clxx of

Vide Colonel Beatson's View, page 150.

of the

belonged

2

to

the

(now Lieutenant Colonel) William M'Leod

Mysore,

dated 1st

(28ih November.^

3 sioners for

;

View

to tlic

of the Origin anil

the Appendix.

Commis-

Conduct of

SELECT LETTERS OP

45i?

the province of the Duklisht/ of

Ehshdm, and not

to theh's

that the

;

above mentioned JBiikhshy was accordingly engaged in that business that the charge of the defence of the

forts

and of the

general], likewise appertained [exclusively] to the

same

;

and [in

district

officer.

LETTER CCCCV. To MAHOMaiED DuRVVAiSH, and

France

We

have

;

dated 2d Tulooey.

Rumna, an Hurkdreh

Mahommed, our special

must open

the joint charge of

in

this casket,

same

in

which

is

casket, having

enclosed a diamond ring.

and taking from thence the ring which box of jewels intended

in the

Yunkut

and of Kumal

Mudur, a

of the brotherhood of Shaikh it,

to

(29th November.^

of the brotherhood"^^') of Pota,

seal affixed to

deposit the

you,

lately dispatched to

Vakeels proceeding

the other

it

You

contains,

for the Rdj'ah of the

French, which you took with you from hence, and which has also our special seal affixed to

it.

You

are, at the

the said box the ruby ring which you m the casket

now

same

ill

time, to take out from

lind in

sent to you, to which your seals

and placing

it,

must be

it

in

affixed, return

the said ruby ring to us by the two aforesaid persons.

Having deposited the diamond

ring,

now

you were originally charged, you are to

sent, in the

affix

box with which

your seals to

it,

and take

great care of the same.

As

there

was from the beginning a diamond ring

you took with you], there

will

sent to you, be two, which

is

in the

box [which

now, including that which has been just the

number of diamond

rings specified in

your Hilkm-ndmeh [or instructions], as you will perceive on a reference to the latter.

(1)

Original

^^Jj

rendered

literally in tlic text.

It is

equivalent to clan.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

453

LETTER CCCCVI. Ghulam Ghuzunfur

To

;

(\st Decemherl)

dated Ath J'vlooey.

(Extract.)

What

you write,

banker, to

fulfil

The

stood.

his

the promise of Wunkcisli Doob, the

respecting-

engagements

course of fifteen days,

in the

is

under-

same

aforesaid has, for six years past, constantly given the

assurance at the end of every fifteen days.

must not mind

his promises

for his settling,

;

He is

a great

liar,

and you

but, at the expiration of the time appointed

compel him to do

by proceeding very vigorously

so,

against him. It has

come

newspapers,

and

age,^')

to

that

our knowledge, through the channel of the Canarese

Mohyuddeen Ali Khun,

notwithstanding his great

his experience, during his recent visit to us,

sition in this

respect,(^)

of our dispo-

has forgotten himself so far as to resume his

former passion for the exhibition of dancing, which he knows to be highly repugnant to our pleasure. wealth.

27iw

is

a sign [or proo/"] of supei'Jluous

But wherefore have you remained

why have you

on

silent

this occasion

not forbidden his pursuit of this amusement

;

and

?

LETTER CCCCVII. To BuDRUz ZuJiAN

We some

Khan

;

same Date.

time since wrote to you with our

(\st December.^

own hand, and we now

again write, to desire that, after properly arranging the business of your

army,

*'

(1)

Oriijinal

(2)

Original

his

JâJl)

j u-i-y b literally

l::..^! iiij

JJ^J

JU-

having himself very lately

" toothlcssness."

iSjyîja^ j\j ^ l^^J.J ^^JuJ i-J^j

witiiossoil (or

beheld) the

meaning, the particular manners of the court, and sonant with the sentiments and wishes of the Hultan.

tips

\i

i.

e.

"

notnitlistaiiding

and downs of the Prescnec

esperiiilly the sort of

;"

conduct most ton-

SELECT LETTERS OP

454 army, you

will leave the

same

in charge of your son,

and repair to our

Presence, through the interior of the country, and by a close or route, in

company with Khizr Khan,('^ whom we have

You must

hundred horse to join you.

sent with

two

proceed with expedition, but [at

the same time] with care and vigilance.

remove from hence

woody

Our

special retinue

is

about to

to the pass of Kurk-ndtli.

LETTER To TuRBiYUT Ali

Khan

;

dated

CCCCVIII. 5t/i

Tvlooey.

(2d December.')

(Extract.)

Your representation,

with regard to our not honoring your

[regular or early] answers,

ing Turbiyut Ali

Khan]

is

eats

occupied,

two or three times a day,

leisure,

from morning to night,

we

with

That great person ('*> [mean-

understood.

and amuses himself with conversation.

letters

We, on

with business.

sits

at his ease,

the other hand,

are

Whenever we have

attend to the answering of your dispatches.

LETTER CCCCIX. To M.\HOMMED DuRWAiSH and others ; dated 6th Tulooey. (3d December.)

Directing them his

to speak to the Rdj'ah of the French,

and [through

means] to procure [and bring with them from France] a

skilful

physician

(1)1 believe (1*) Original

tliat this

Lj

Khizr

t::^v*lac

Khan was a commander

j

of Kuzsdks, or Looties.

which though a common form of address from a sovereign to ^J,

a servant, or other person of superior rank and consideration, jneant somewhat sarcastically.

seeuis,

in this place,

to

be

TIPPOO SULTAN. physician

a pharmacopolist,

;

455

thoroughly acquainted with, and capable

of preparing, every kind of medicine

known

in

Europe

lastly,

an

from near

the

and

;

able surgeon.

LETTER CCCCX. To

Dettan

the

of Chittledoorg and others;

TuNGBUDDRA, 14M TvLOOEY. Directing them

to send

dated

(\\th December.^

intelligent agent to the

an

Pay en-Ghaut,

with instructions to invite into the Sultans dominions [such] well-born,

and other unprovided persons [as might be found disposed to remove thither].

Enclosing, moreover, a passport for the agent proceeding [on

this service] to the

Puyen-Ghaut, and desiring a particular account of

every individual agreeing to repair to

Mysore

to be transmitted

to the

Presence.

LETTER CCCCXL 2b Monsieur Lally ^'>

same Date.

;

You must allow no more than a single sliop the vending of spirituous liquors

;

(\\th Deceinher.')

to be

;

it

M.

Lally

your camp for

any but the Europeans

being a rule in our victorious anny, that no shop

of this kind shall be permitted to be established in

(1)

in

and over that you must place a guard,

For the puqiose of preventing the sale of spirits to

belonging to you

opened

commanded,

at this liuie, tlie party of

it.

Europeans

in the service of the Sultan.

SELECT LETTERS OF

456

LETTER CCCCXII. Goverxor of Madras ; Ghulam Ali Imam of Muscat; and others: dated \%th Tulooey.

To Monsieur Cossignv

Khan;

the

the

;

(I5ih Deceinher.^

(Circular.)

The

[main] body of the accursed ones/') joined by the forces of

Nizam AH thousand

having

Klian,

and

horse lately

amounting

and

together

by

accompanied

foot,

with

approached,

[a

train

liundred

of ]

artillery,

within

intentions,

hostile

a

nearly

to

or

ten

twelve coss of our victorious army, which lay encamped near Shdnoor

we no

sooner received intelligence of this movement, than taking

guns and baggage with

we

us,

completely surprized.

we advanced

rapidly against the enemy,

The engagement which took

"^^^

The

when

swords and bayonets, fire

had not yet arrived

action, however,

the enemy,

from our guns, involuntarily

(^)

whom

December

[the clashing of]

at

no longer able

took the road of

our

place upon this

occasion was fought on the 11th of Sufur, A.H. 1201 [or 2d

17S6].

all

flight

to support the ;

upon which

they were closely pursued for two or three coss by our victorious army,

who

slew and took prisoners great numbers of the fugitives, besides ob-

taining possession of the whole of their baggage.

three thousand camels, bullocks,

five

In addition to

laden with various articles,

elephants with

canopies,

twênty

drums, and seven or eight thousand horses,

fell

this,

twenty thousand

standards and kettle-

into our hands.

Our (1) Original

(2) Original (3) ««

Originiil

to fly."

^j^ ^s^jj^y.

l^\

\JJi>\

^ that

is,

\z^^j^j_ tjwJ ««

had no other choice;"

or..

" were

irresistibly

compelled

TIPPOO SULTAN. Our

victorious

blessing-

army

of the enemy, and, with the

in close pursuit

is still

45^

of God, the Aider, having driven them

Hyderabad,

vvliich

account of

far

as

Poonah and

are the places of their residence, wê shall

communi-

That eminent person being among the number of

cate the same to you.

we have thought

our friends,

£is

it

proper to give him the present detailed

this battle.

OBSERVATIONS. It

may be presumed,

that

the Sultan had taken any guns upon this occasion,

if

he would not have omitted so material a circumstance or " letter of victory," which, for this reason,

exaggerated his general success

and pompous,

enemy

in this last action

suspected to have somewhat

is

it is

certainly less inflated

usually the case in similar productions.

that the advantages which he obtained over the

which preceded

Memoirs, entered into a

Snfur,

than

Futah-ndmeh,

were of a more decisive character than those which had

resulted from the battle his

may be

though, on the whole,

;

in point of diction,

would, at any rate, appear,

It

in the present

It

it.

fuller relation

than that contained in the foregoing

of

probable, that the Sultan, in

is

the engagement of the 11th of

letter

but, unfortunately, that jiart

;

of his narrative was included in the portion of the manuscript destroyed by accident already alluded to.

This, however, as well as

many

other defects of the

present work, considered in an historical light, will, no doubt, be hereafter,

by the able and elegant

historian of

the

Imdm

" Enclosed "

is

1

Ith Sufur, the Sultans

of Muscat contains the following paragra])h

a letter to

to Constantinople],

Ghulam

which you

Ali

amply supplied

Mysore.

In addition to the foregoing account of the battle of the letter to

the

:

Khan, and the other Sirddrs,

will forward to

[proceedino-

them.

" Agreeably to your own proposal, you must send a I'akeel [or minister] to

" our Presence "

fail

at the

beginning of the ensuing season.

to Gstublish Victories at our different sea-ports

" resolution, that not a single grain of

rice shall

^

^

;

You must

and

be sold

as

likewise not

we have come

hu our country]

to the to

any

" Nazareiies

458

SEI.ECT LETTERS OP

" Nazarenes coming from Muscat, " of Muscat, you,

bound

'•

therefore,

may

" Procure and dispatch " breed of

vvliich

you

them

certificates

from our Vaheel there, in

be enabled to purchase and carry away [without obstacle]

whatever commodities they

'•

must give orders to the merchants of that place

to bring with

to our ports,

" order that they

or to any others but the [bolid Jide] merchants

may

to us

require.

some

saffron seed,

are acquainted

\i. e.

and

also

some mules, with the

which you can recommend

as

being of

" a good breed].

N.B. Wrote

to the

same

who was

agent at Muscat,

the above to

effect as

also desired to

LETTER To

We

Ghulam Ali Khan

;

Meer Kazim,

buy and send more

the commercial

pearls to the Sultan,

CCCCXIII.

same Date.

(I5th December.^

which we have received from the

Imdm

and from the Khulfdr [or minister] of Muscat, that one of the

vessels

have learned by

which proceeded

Avith

letters

you from hence has been burnt.

It

is

very as-

tonishing that you should not have mentioned any thing of this matter.

Communicate

to us all the particulars of

proceeded onwards from Sussorah.

know, what things you stand

in

need

it.

We conclude

Let us know. of,

that they

may

that you have

Let us Hkewise be sent to you.

LETTER CCCCXIV. To Chishty

Yar

Kh.\n, Deiâx, and

of the EiiSHAM of Chjttledoorg

Zynul Aabideen, Bvkhshy ;

dated 19th 2(1 looey.

(IQth

December.^

Your of

the

letter,

congratulating us on our [late] victory over the enemies

faith,

and

accompanied

by a Nuzr of twenty rupees,

has

passed

TXPPOO SULTAN. passed under our view.

It

behoves

459

Mussulmans liumbly

all

to address

themselves to the Almighty Presence, and to implore, that the forces of the accursed

may

be always confounded and disgraced, and the army of

Islam be always victorious and triumphant.

LETTER CCCCXV. To MoHYUDDEEN Ali Khan,

KuRPAH ; Your

dated 24th TuLooEY.

relation of

become duly known

Deuan, mid Ghulam Ghuzunfur,

at

(2]st December.^

your late encounters with the enemy's horse

^'^

is

and we are much pleased with the account you have

;

given of their chastisement, and of your having taken six prisoners and twelve horses from them. descent and of your

Lei

This behaviour >vas worthy of your noble

fidelity to us.

and

the prisoners be strangled,^-^

let

the

twelve

horses, after

being valued according to custom, and paid for to the captors, ^^^ be taken into the service of the Sircar.

N.B. By some

letters

which follow here, but which are not deemed

interesting to be inserted,

it

sufficiently

appears, that the Sultan was, at this period,

occupied in dedicating shrines, &c. to the principal

Mahommedan

saints.

much

Whether

as

an expression of his gratitude for the benefits which he might suppose iiimself

to

have recently derived

intercession in his behalf,

(in

the instance of his military successes) from

(1)

Most probably

alludes to

Kurpah, during which Kurpa/i

;

the}'

render them propitious to his ulterior

or in order to

3

their

N

2

views

some irruinion of the Nizam's troops 'Snto the province of

would appear to have plundered the /"a/M, or outer town, of

but the passage relating to this point being

somewhat obscure,

the translation. (2) Original

jL> Job ^1^ |^1^\

(3) Original

Jj,l

on which word see Letter

XXXIF.

I

have omitted

it in

SELECT BETTERS OF

460 views and wishes,

not stated.

is

bv both

the occasion

however, that he was actuated on

It is probable,

considerations.

LETTER CCCCXVI. Khan

To Shumsuddeen

You

;

dated 29th

and

silver

(26fh December.')

" that the people of the jewel

represent,

" goldsmith's workshop have applied *'

Tv looey,

necessary for

to

jewellery,

**

this time, either

making up the PuduJcs, and other

on account of the

receipts

collections, or

tlie

articles

coming

of

in at

from the Surrdfs [or

" money-changers] superintending the Dukdns [or

" of the

and of

you to be supplied with the gold

which have been ordered, but that no

*'

office

retail

warehouses]

you do not possess the means of answering the de-

Sircar, '^^^

**

mand

**

been already furnished for this service by the mint, which has not yet

*'

been replaced." It is

besides which,

:

known.

twelve hundred pagodas weight of gold has

In the Tosheh-khdneh [or treasury], and in the depart-

ment where the

elephants' teeth^-^ are kept, there

the amount of several lacks

(^^

gold and

is

weight of pagodas, appropriated [some

time since] to the coinage of gold mohrs, pagodas, &c. that gold and silver

something

from

this

else

?

still

This

in the

is,

same place

truly,

;

and

;

silver

after seeing that

!

may be

it is

On

(2)

Elsewhere called

(.'5)

A

lac/c is

a

hundred thousand of

anj' thing.

to be

take

required for the

carefully assayed, deliver

the subject of these warehouses, or sliops, see Letter

" the ivory apartment."

it

You must

the same to the workmen.

(1)

Is not, then,

or do you imagine

a subject for wonder

apartment whatever gold and

purpose in question

silver, to

XCVIII.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

461

OBSERVATIONS. Notwithstanding the wonder here expressed by the Sultan,

at his treasurer's

not having taken upon him to break in upon a hoard of bullion, distinctly stated to have been appropriated to a specific purpose, if that officer

had presumed to do

It is true, that if

sion.

so, his

we were

to

it

may be

fairly

doubted, whether

conduct would have escaped animadver-

judge by the occasional intimations of the

kind here conveyed, and which occur in the course of the correspondence, we

might

that the public functionaries under

infer,

considerable discretionary powers

which the

instances, in

:

but,

Tippoo Sultan were invested with

on the other hand, how many are the such a power has brought upon them

slightest exercise of

the severest reproofs of the Snltan,

who was

"

them "

ever directing

for

and

to abstain

from pursuing their own conceits."

reposed in Shumsiiddeen

Khan was

of a peculiarly delicate nature

their instructions,

;

and

to

mind

The

trust

he had

if

ventured to act in the manner which his master affects to insinuate he should have

done, and had so acted with impunity,

it

must be admitted, that such a

would have materially altered our view of the Sultans character, particular, at least

;

since

would have shown him

it

in

one important

have been of a

to

fact

more

far

confiding and unsuspicious disposition than the general tenor of his actions imply.

The

safest guide,

however, to our judgment, on the present occasion,

dent backwardness of the treasurer to exceed the

he had very

The favour

No

doubt,

Sultan appears to have distributed, about this time, various marks of his

among

his princij)al

commanders.

To some

he gave

' Budruz

Among

Zuman Khan Bchadur;"

wh\ch the Ut\c oi Behddtir

is

called in

Puduks

the original

or

names of the persons thus

the

Pu-

distin-

these was a cornelian, with the inscription

being the

aj)])licd

presented, at the same time, to certain ficial seals,

These tokens of approbation consisted

and what are

seal-rings, with

guished engraved upon them.

in

of his orders.

the evi-

sufficient reasons for this cautious conduct.

chiefly of gold chains, rings, (iugs.

letter

is

first

by 1

instance, if

ij)poo to

Kt
some made of gold and others of

silver,

I

any of

am

not mistaken,

his servants.

He

or divisions of the army, of-

and having inscriptions en-

graved on them, alluding to their services in the cause of Islam.

The

Kux/ioons-

composing

SEI-ECT LETTERS OF

462

composing these Kuchurries (namely, the second and third Kuchtirrles of regular infantry,

and the second and third Kuchurries of Bdrgeer cavalry) had probably

particularly distinguished themselves in the late actions with the Mahrattahs.

LETTER CCCCXVII. To Monsieur Cossigny

What

(28th Decemher.')

you wrote, respecting the departure of M. Monneron, on the

12th October, from the port

A

stood.

dated 2d Yoosvfy.

;

o't

month has elapsed

Pondicherry for the 3Iauritius, since

the

is

under-

persons appointed by us to

proceed to France were dispatched from hence.

Accordingly, having

reached Bangalore, they afterwards pursued their journey from thence,

and

due time] arrive [at Pondicherry].

will [in

wiite recommending, " that

You [i. e.

<'

above-mentioned Monsieur."

God, the

said

Monsieur

have, in the

They

AnHntgeenj.

them

You

mean

will

while, agreeably to your

will

" that a

establish a

" people." is,

With

the blessing of

humble [for

suggestion,^')

the present] at

proceed [to Pondicherry'] whenever you shall

to, do so.

write,

" should

arrival of the

tlie

soon return in safety from the Mauritius.

strict

friendship subsists between the Hollanders

and the Rdjah of the French

*'

It is understood.

the aforesaid persons to remain

sent orders to

desire

direct the aforesaid persons

the Vakeels] to remain at Selim or Eeloor\\\\

<<

We

we should

It is

;

and that

is is

expedient that we, also,

good understanding and correspondence with that

comprehended.

Whosoever

is

united Avith the French,

in fact, united with us.

The ( 1 )

Original

UJit

t^t^

i

TIPPOO SULTAN. The

barometer^')

which your humble

No

send us has been received.

463

attachraent^^^

doubt, you will, also, after getting

prepared [or made up], dispatch to us the

which you have promised

You engage

prompted you to

of

it (*>

us.

[a great share of] our attention

:

be [therefore]

in all

respects easy in your mind.

A

N.B.

letter,

of the

and the other Vakeels,

same date

as the above, directs

Anuntgeery,

to halt at

till

Mahommed

desired

Durvvaish,

by M. Cossigny

to

proceed to Pondicherry.

The

following passage, though inadvertently inserted in the letter to the Vakeels,

appears to belong properly to that addressed to

The barometer which [you] in all respects very complete,

which, owing to fore,

its

stead, that has been

:

made

Cossigny.

sent us in charge of [your] Hnrkdreli

is

excepting in the article of the quicksilver,

oldness, does not

returned [to you]

M.

move up and down.

It is,

and you must send another good one

therein its

in the present year.

LETTER CCCCXVIII. 7b Urshud Baig Khan, Foujdar of Calicut; same Date.

(28M December.^

Abandon

your vain idea of proceeding [on a pilgrimage] to the Holy

Temple, and apply yourself, according to custom, to the Sircar.

(2)

This

This

is

is

of the

the most advisable thing you can do.

the word

(3) Original

aftairs

CÂJtf

employed ^.jLiyus

<0

in the original,

wiicrc

whicli has

'"'-t_.n.r

:i^\j

denotes the attachment of an inferior to

a superior. (4)

The

original

Perhaps, the

is

first is

written

meant

^\J jjo uuj^ for carh'y or

which

map.

I

take to be intended for French words.

464

SELECT LETTERS OF

OBSERVATIONS. This

from other parts of the correspondence,

officer appears,

some improper female connection, which the Sultan had

The

ing.

on

by announcing

lover resented this interference,

a pilgrimage to

This

Mecca.

fluence of temporary

case

sort of declaration

is

upon

have formed his renounc-

his resolution to proceed

often

made under

the in-

chagrin or disappointment, and sometimes without any

serious intention of fulfilling

Whatever the

insisted

to

and with no other view than that of intimidation.

it,

might be with regard

Urshud Baig Khan, he ultimately

to

relinquished his purpose (whether real or pretended), although the object of his irregular attachment had,

The

the town of Calicut.

was accustomed

by order

to proceed

of his sovereign, been publicly banished from

following letter will

on occasions of

show

what manner the Sultan

in

this kind.

LETTER CCCCXIX. To

the

Dejvaxs of Calicut ; same Date.

Dissuade Urshud Baig Khun from the

House of God

the effect of fair persuasion

;

and

You

of necessity, confine him.

who

Try, at

[_3Iecca'].

has been the cause of this

N.B. Upon Urshud

Baig's "

(28th December.^

his vain purpose of repairing to

first,

if this

as far as you

may be

able,

should not succeed, you must,

must, hkewise, imprison the courtezan,

aft'air.

coming again

is

expressed in

in question

was released,

to his senses," as

the original, he was restored to his office; and the

woman

it

and " driven " from Calicut.

LETTER CCCCXX. To Monsieur Cossigny

There

is

barometer,^')

;

dated 3d Voost/py.

(2Dth Decemhcr.^

a book which comes from Europe, and

wherein

it

is

written,

that at certain

vvliich treats

of the

[stated] times the quicksilver

(l)

Original Uj Ld literally,

"showing

[the state of] the air.

TIPPOO SULTAN. quicksilver rises a certain

a person

afflicted 'ndth

a paroxysm of

his

number of degiees

;

465

and that

if,

at

any one of certain [stated] disorders

during

shall,

hand on the barometer, the

place his

complaint,

such times,

degree to which the quicksilver may, in consequence, ascend, will indicate the state [or height] of such person's disorder. translated into Persian,

and send

it

Get

this

[book]

to the Presence.

LETTER CCCCXXI. To Shumsuddeen

Khan

dated

;

from near Kopvl,

5th

Yoosufy.

Becemher I786.)

(Ûst

(Extract.)

The

leather basket, containing [our several] treaties with the

rattahs,

which you

by the post, has reached us

sent

Mah-

[safely]

from

Hwry-hur.

OBSERVATIONS. The

Sultan appears to have sent for the

sequence of some overtures of peace

made

treaties here

to \\m\

mentioned, either in con-

by the Mahrattahs,

or prepara-

tory to the discussions which he might expect to take place soon on that subject.

LETTER CCCCXXII. To MusHEER

ulMulk;

Bubee vl OuiruL,

dated 4th

The MUtusuddy, Luchman Rao, was pose of ascertaining

why

the Nahoh,

3 (1)

Corresponding, as well as

I

is

sent by me, merely for the pur-

Nizam AU Khan Behadur,

O

can compute,

culation be correct, the present letter

.^.//. 1201.0)

withstanding

wiili tlic JUli

not exactly in

not-

its

December 1786.

place.

If this cal-

SELECT LETTERS OF

466

withstanding the contract of mutual union which took place between us,

through the medium(-) of Mahomnied Iftikhar Khan/^) had suddenly

and without any cause [or

confederated with the people of Poonah,

provocation on

my

dispatclied with

any other view.

part], advanced into

my

dominions.

He

was not

I have, at this time, indirectly learned,<^*> that that friend has placed

guard over the above-mentioned MUtusuddy surprising

that such really

and though

:

conduct

I find

it

This circumstance

.

difficult to believe

not usual with great

is

is

a

very

the account, seeing

persons,

yet if

should

it

be the case, [I desire you willj dismiss the said Mutusuddy.

LETTER CCCCXXIII. To

Ghulam Hyder, Aumil

of Bangalore; dated 9th YoostiFT.

(4th Januanj 1787)

The account,

stating you

had

strictly prohibited

the distilling and vend-

ing of spirituous liquors, and had, moreover [in pursuance of the same object],

made

the whole body of vintners enter into written engagements

[to desist from selling such liquors], tlistillcrs

is

understood.

You must make

the

execute a similar engagement, and then oblige them to take up

some other occupation.

LETTER CCCCXXIV. To Syed Mahommed,

Kilaadar

of Seringapatam ;

Katvrky, near Kopvl, \Qth Yoosufy.

A

God

!)

and which was

first

from

(5th January.^

SHIRT, formerly belonging to the Holy Prophet (on

peace and blessing of

dated

whom

discovered at

be the

Kurpah, from

(2) Original

^bj

(3)

See Letter

v4)

Originul

literally,

" by

the tongue."

CCCLXVI. ~)^j\ " from without,"

f. c.

not immediately from

Luchman Rao

himself.

TIP POO SULTAN. from whence,

in process of time,

came

Tliis precious rehc

dispatched to you. priests, to

it

whose care the [other] holy

46/

into our possession, has been

must be deUvered

charge to the

in

traces [or remains] of the prophet

have been already consigned, with instructions to place and keep

it

along

with those.

LETTER CCCCXXV. To Yakoob, and

Armenian Merchants ; dated 16th VoosifFr.

other

(11th January.') (Êntitled a

The

duties

KofrL-NAMEH,

or Engagement.)

upon [such] goods [as you may import into our dominions]

are, without exception,('> [hereby] remitted. tire confidence to

[as you

may

Bring, therefore, with en-

our ports, and into our kingdom, either by sea or land

think proper], your silk

there [freely] buy and

stuffs

and [other] merchandize, and

Wheresoever you may [choose

sell.

goods, there a place shall be assigned for your residence at

any time, be

in

want of workmen or

laborers, the

:

to] bring

and

same

if

your^

you should,

shall be fur-

nished you, on hire, by our Taaldkddrs.

OBSERVATIONS. I

am

not enabled to account for the sudden and extraordinary encouragement

here held out to the Armenian merchants alluring that industrious race of

men

to

;

nor do

Mysore.

I

know how

The

far it

succeeded in

immunities offered to them

were, no doubt, apparently tempting, since they greatly exceeded whatever had

been hitherto granted, either Still,

to their fellow

to

any other

foreigners.

however, the promised advantages were but loosely and generally expressed

and certainly were not intended

to

admit the adventurers 3

{\)

countrymen, or

Original

l::..^^.^)^^

"

O

2 *

completely, entirely."

to a particijjation in those

branches

SELECT LETTERS OF

468

branches of the trade of Mysore (as sandal-wood, pepper, &c.) which were rigorously monopolized

of his kingdom.

by the Sultan,

as constituting the chief

of what country

not appear,

It does

commercial resources

Yakoob was

a subject or

resident.

LETTER CCCCXXVI. To

MeER M0AAYEÛDDEEN, BuRHANUDDEEN, MaH MiRZA KhaN,

and HusAiN Ali

Khan

;

dated the Night^^^ of the VJth Yoosvfy.

(\2th January.^

(Circular.)

Directing them to prepare two divisions,

batteries^-) in [front

according to a plan transmitted to them, and to place two guns

and a company of regular infantry N.B.

A

of] their respective

few words follow

Something appears

to

in each.

here, of

which

I

am

unable to

make any

sense.

have been omitted.

LETTER CCCCXXVII. To Shumsuddeen Kuan, &c. Haroghas of

the

Tosheh-khaneu,

Treamry, at Seringapatam ; dated 22d Yoosijfy.

or

(VJth January.^

(Extract.) In addition to the camels which were some time ago sent to you, for the conveyance liither of certain articles of our special

we have now

You must,

dispatched

fifty

camp equipage,

others, for the purpose of bringing treasure.

accordingly, dispatch the tents on the former, and on the

latter the treasure.

(1)

There are no

(2)

Batter}'

is

less

than five different dispatches dated on this night.

the word used, as formerl}', in the original.

TIPPOO SULTAN.

469

OBSERVATIONS. The

most probably, designed

treasure here mentioned was,

and appears, by a subsequent

letter, to

for the

Mahrattahs

have consisted of 3,88,971 /Jflôâ* of sorts,

and 72,000 Pondkherrij rupees, making together about thirteen lachs of rupees,

which agrees pretty nearly with the sum

stated (as will be presently seen)

Sultan himself, as the amount of what he paid to the Mahrattahs

by the

at the conclusion

of peace.

LETTER CCCCXXVIII. To the Dejvans of Zuferabad

Having made

;

dated 29th Yoosvfy. (24th January.')

up, according to the established system of our govern-

ment, the account of pay due to the Jijshe, the Piddehs, Coolies, &c.

you must that

is

same

issue the

to say, the

presence.

There

in the

manner prescribed

whole body are to be paid, man is

pay to the Kilaaddr

in hi/

your instructions wiaw,('>in

your

no necessity for your consigning the amount of be distributed by him].

j^to

own their

If you do so, you shall

be punished in the manner specified in your Hakm-ndmeh.

LETTER CCCCXXIX. To Rajah

Ram Chundur

;

dated from An.igooxdy, 3d Eezudy.

(28th Ja?mari/.)

Authorizing him

to take

[from the public money] two thousand

rupees, as a gift from the Sultan, to enable

him

to celebrate the

marriage

of his nephew, and to send for his connexions and relations from the Carnatic. (I) Original

u^ôj y:.^J

**

from hand to iiand."

:

SELECT LETTERS

470

OS*

LETTER CCCCXXX. To BuDRUz

Having

ZuMAN Khan we

read,

Same Date.

;

(28th Januaiy.')

transmit for your perusal [two] letters, brought to

us by a pair of camel couriers, from

Rao Rasta and

hkewise sent to you the two camel couriers [in question]. after looking at these letters,

camp] with the

:

but as

mounted

[i.

e.

to the

You

have must,

Mahrattah

couriers above-mentioned.

A cornelian seal, Putn

proceed thither

We

Holkar.

it

with your name engraved upon

was not

as such,

we have

a ring,

set for

and when ready

it

shall

has arrived from

it,

ordered

it

to be properly

be dispatched to you.

OBSERVATIONS. It

would appear by the foregoing

jnoirs, that

letter,

and

Budruz Zuman Khan was chosen

pending with the Mahrattahs. dispatch, that

if

It

he was not named

eligible person that could

may

confirmed by the Sultan's

Me-

to conduct the negociations

now

is

even be inferred, from the terms of this

in the letters of Rasta

and Holkar,

most

as the

be employed by the Sultan on this occasion, he was, very

probably, mentioned as the individual

who would be most

agreeable to the

Mah-

rattah chiefs.

Similar suggestions often proceed in India from a hostile power

but when this

is

the case,

superiority in the latter.

such a pretension,

it is

it

If

:

generally denotes either an actual, or an assumed

Tippoo

tacitly yielded, in

the present instance, to

not unlikely that he was led to do

so, as

much by

his

impatience to prepare for a fresh contest with the English as by any other consideration.

Except with some motive of

to a measure so liable to

of a person of

(I

ci ipt

)

this nature,

he would hardly have consented

be construed into an act of submission,

Budruz Zuman's rank

to the

Mahrattah camp would

For some additional observations on the above Letter, the reader subjoined to Letter

CCCCXXXV.

as the deputation

i.s

be."'

referred to

tiic

Pqst-

TIPPOO SULTAN.

4^1

LETTER CCCCXXXI. To Meer Ibraheem

You must

not, in

Yours

future,

to

is

revenue, and other

dated 6th

Eezudy.

(2\st January.')

form the design of chastising either the

This business appertains to the Foujddr of that

Nairs or Moplahs. quarter.

;

apply yourself earnestly to the collection of the

fiscal

matters.

LETTER CCCCXXXII. To Urshud Baig Khan, Fovjoah of Calicut; dated 8th

E ezvdy,

(2d February.)

You

must give the most

strict orders to all the

inhabitants of that place [Calicut~\, neither

English factor

who

is

whatsover, to him.

remain chases,

?^')

He

to

merchants, and other

buy any goods of the

come

thither, nor sell grain, or

any other

articles

How

long [in this case] will the above

named

will, in

the end, despair of

making

cither sales or pur-

and depart from thence.

OBSERVATIONS. It

be

will

amounts

sufficient

to a gross

to

remark on

infraction

this

letter,

that the order contained in

of the eighth article of the treaty of Mangalore,

concluded between the English and Tippoo in March l/S-l.

(I)

That

is,

"He

it

will soon, in this case,

be compelled

tn depart."

SELECT LETTERS OF

4/2

LETTER CCCCXXXni. To KuREEM Saheb

Your humble

same Date.

;

(2d February.^

address, accompanied by a

Nuzry on account of our

cliastisement of, and [late] victory over, the enemy, has passed under

What you

our view.

write, respecting your intention of repairing to

our Presence, and the re-establishment of your health,

and has special

we

With

afforded pleasure to our mind.

is

understood,

the blessing of God, our

retinue will soon shed lustre on that place [^Seringapatam~\

shall

when

have a meeting.

OBSERVATIONS. Kureeni Saheb was the second son of Hyder Ali by a concubine, but was

Begum

adopted by Medina as

;"'

who,

I believe,

Fukhurun Nisa Beeby, the mother

his brother, after

of

1808.

He

is

as well

survived

whose death he came under the protection of the British govern-

represented to be of

weak

and was

father's family,

intellects

;

still

and would not,

living

at

any

have been entrusted with authority by his father, or to have

period, appear to

been an object of jealousy to his brother. to his address

Kureem Saheb

Tippoo Sultan.

ment, together with the other branches of his in

was a lawful wife of Hyder,

which appears

The

foregoing letter

in the present collection.

date, acknowledging, as this does, the receipt of a

There

is

is

not the only one

another of a prior

Nuzr on occasion

of a former

victory.

(1) Kliiiii,

was a daughter of Medina Begum, b\' Hyder, who was married to Abdfd Khyre the Nabob of Sliunoor, and not an own or full sister of Kureem Saheb, as elsewhere

It

erroneously stated.

I

have been enabled to correct

table of the family of tliis

work went

to press.

Hyder

Ali, obligingly

this mistake,

by means of a genealogical

communicated tome by Colonel Marriot,

since

SULTAN.

TIPPOO

4/3

LETTER CCCCXXXIV. To Mahommed Durwatsh,

&c, dated 20th jEezidyS^\

(I4th Fehruury.^

You

did right in apprizing Monsieur

Pondichemj], act

as

tlie

Cossigny, the Governor [of

of your arrival at Anuntgeerrj

aforesaid Governor

and must, hereafter,

;

recommend

sliall

[When you

to you.

resume your journey] you must proceed to Pondicherry, without stopping

How

by the way/^>

are the

thing belonging to you

Enghsh

open and search any

people^^^ tp

K"*^

OBSERVATIONS. It

would appear by

this letter, that the

Vakeels had, in their dispatches to the

expressed some apprehensions of being stopped and searched by the

Sultan,

English, in their passage through the territories of the affects to treat their fears as chimerical

Sultan thought

much

it

possible,

as

cherry.

advisable

He

and with

this view^, directs

had previously,

letters of

some part of

any particular

and 14th of February 1787).

It is

val with the ncgociations of peace,

On

but, nevertheless, seems to have

them

as the context leads

3

No

The

of Arcot.

that they should elude the observation of the English as

dispatches to be concealed in

(1)

;

Nabob

tiie

tlic

to

to Pondi-

suspect, caused their

their apparel, or bedding.

By between the

tliat tlic

8ili

Sultan was

conclusion of which

the 14th Etzuli/ (or 8th of Fcbuury)

me

by night

P

interest occur

probable

to travel

is

and 20th of Eezidif (2d

much occupied

announced

in this inter-

in tiic

next

letter.

Sullan appears to liavc been encamped at

Ku-

nuckgheerif. (2) Original (3) Original

(4)

That

original.

is,

Jc»-|^ ^c.s?isi .0

y,Jj\ •'

k_^Li>

i.e.

*J^ which may moan

" you must proceed

all

night to Po/iJ/t/if/vy."

the persons belonging to the English.

they will not presume to search."

This passage

is

not very clear in the

SELECT LETTERS OP

474

By

a subsequent letter

it

appears, that

Vakeels should remain at Anuntgeery

On

Mauritius.

"

well,

selled

" always

this occasion the

and

M.

Cossigny recommended, that the

the arrival of

till

Sultan observes, that

a good man, to whose opinion

is

to conform."

He

M. Monneron

M.

Cossigny " has counwill

it

from the

be proper in them

concludes the dispatch, here alluded

to,

with exhort-

ing them to approve their zeal and fidelity in the execution of the commission entrusted to them, and with promises of high reward and favor on their return

from their embassy.

LETTER CCCCXXXV. To KuTBUL

MuLK Mahommed Kutbuddeen Khan Behadur (\4:th February.^

same Date.

The

enemy, after

flying,

;(')

in consequence of tlie successive chastise-

ments they have received [from us], as far as the banks of the Kishna, found themselves in the end reduced to such a helpless

them

to sue to us for

The

manner/^^

result

state, as

compelled

an accommodation in the most humble and earnest is,

that a treaty of peace, entirely conformable to

the wishes of the

Usud Ilhye

Sircar, has been concluded between us.

In consequence [of

this treaty],

we

of Adoni It

is

:

but

shall

have

to relinquish the possession

we will bestow some other country upon you

in its stead.

therefore written, that you must, with the utmost expedition,

collect all the

money you can from

the country.

You must, moreover,

completely encompass two or three totvns, and getting together Jive or seven thousand people, report the particulars to vs

;

as

men are

tvanted [at

The form

(1)

liJ

•

<

to the (2)

J^»c

.

of Ulluib, or address, used in this letter to KutbQddecn,

tiJLjur-wJr* being exaetly

tiie

same

witli that cniiiloycd in Letter

King of France. Original

iMS

l»

j

(ri:,^v^V'

jJ^^\^.Ju^^

is

i^ }f-

'ij^'f^

f-\

^Jjvt j Lr-v
CCCXXXVI.

TIPPOO SULTAt!. [at this time]

for the Usud llhye

A

corps.

Whatever

about to be dispatched to you.

that quarter/^) you must chastise

473 further reinforcement

is

may appear

in

hostile force

and

effectually,

it

level

it

[with the

earth]. <^)

OBSERVATIONS. Although the

would seem

treaty, recently

concluded between the Sultan and the Mahrattahs,

to have provided for the restoration of

the Nizd/n, yet

it

is,

formally acceded to

Adoni and

nevertheless, probable, that the latter

it,

had time

or even have

do

to

its

dependencies to

might not yet have Here, then, we see

so.

Tippoo, with his characteristic perfidy, eagerly endeavouring to

avail

himself of

the short intenâl which might be expected to elapse before the completion of the general peace, in order to impoverish and depopulate, as

country he was about to relinquish.

I

am

much

as possible, the

ignorant of the success of the Sultati's

barbarous policy upon the present occasion.

It appears,

however, but too probable,

that the inhabitants of Adoni, and of the surrounding country, would have reason to deplore, for a long time, his temporary occupation of

A

few other

letters follow

it.

here to different persons, aiiiiouncing,

iil

terms nearly similar to the preceding part of the dispatch to Kiithuddeen, the termination of the war.

of the same date,

Shah, Syed

Ahmed

already been given

It

is

only, however, in a circular letter

to the Peer-zddehs^

Saheh, and at Letter

Boodhun Shah, Kuleem uUah

Nuhhy Shah, of which an

CCCLXXXI,

that he

determination to turn his arms against the English,

" forbid the practice of

which terms Christians

Musulmans,

as well as

calling to prayers in

(4)

The

^j\^ji\j sjyti

or " those

from the Minarets

by Tippoo.

P

2

hostile force here alluded to was, of course,

Original

announces his

who ."

in

general are frequently described by othei-

3 (3)

extract has

^\j i^,

one belonging to

tlic

A'izdin.

SELECT LETTERS OF

/^'JS

HAVING

brought the correspondence of the Sultan to the close of

war, with the early operations of which

tlie

it

commences, I cannot,

perhaps, better conclude this work, than with the only remaining frag-

ment of

Omng

his

Memoirs, which

to the

to

it is

my

purpose to lay before the reader.

chasm which has been already accounted

much

extract will not throw so

light

for,

the present

on the progress of the war, subse-

quently to the action of the 2d of December, as could be wished

what

is still

more

to be regretted

is,

that after reciting the

;

but

first article

of

war was terminated, and preparing the reader

the treaty by which the

continuation of this interesting document, the original abruptly

for a

passes to an exaggerated picture of the miserable condition to which the at the period of the pacification.

Mahrattah army was reduced,

operations which followed immediately after the rejection of the

The

Sultan's challenge by Tukojee Holkar are wanting, the remnant of the

manuscript beginning as follows " *'

On

:

the following morning tliey rejoined the victorious army, bringing with

them the whole of

I

their booty.'"'

now

halted for four or five days on the

" ground which had been occupied by the enemy, during which time

"

some.

Kuzzdk

[or Looty] horse, to procure intelHgence of the infidels.

" returned with an account " Behddilr-bundeh, "

On

that they were posted

in the latter of

receiving this information,

" near to which

I

encamped

;

I

on the other

which they had placed

a

sent out

I

This party

Kopul and

side of

[strong]

garrison.

proceeded by long marches to Behddiir-bundeh,

sending forward, at the same time, a division of the

" army, so close to that side of the place [which communicated with the country]

"

as to prevent its receiving succours

"

circuit of Behddilr-bundeh,

«

to be small, but of

most

from the unbelievers.

After this, I

and [narrowly] viewed the place, which

difficult access, there

The

I

the

found

being no [visible] path by which

" ( 1 )

made

a

Sultan had probably been describing some partial attack upon the enemy.

human

T 1 P P O O SULTAN. "

a

human

" be

creature could ascend to the top of

erected,

one against each angle of the face next

" inggunsin each. " the

now caused two

I

it.

477

to us,

and placed six batter-

then had ladders prepared for scaling the opposite side of

I

fort."

The

by which,

Saltan here proceeds to detail the means

night, he

made

in the course of the

whence he was enabled ta

a lodgement at the foot of the fort, from

Previously, however, to attempting an escalade, he tried the effect

fix his ladders.

of his batteries, but apparently with

success, the walls of the place having.

little

been hewn out of the rock, and rendered by himself, before Mahrattahs,

own

This

extremely strong.

verification of the proverb, *'

batteries to

creating."

only of three

In the

which

" there

no help

is

furnished

a

for the evil of one's

mean while the Mahrattahs were encamped

watching

coss,

capture by the

the Sultan observes,

case,

says,

its

at tlie distance

opportunity of relieving the place.

for a favorable

" Under these circumstances," continues the Sultan, " not thinking a further

" delay of two or three days " with which view

I

advisable,

I

determined on an immediate assault

prepared three hundred men, composed of regulars, of

" and of Ehshdm, who being placed over night *'

would be made

signal

"

besides the

"

placed in the plain before the

"

to

keep up such

" and thereby

" arrangement, " were opposed

**

from the

fire

selves

fort,

walls of

[colonel]

which they were ordered

should prevent the garrison from mnnning them,

a

dawn

infidels,

of day

;

but

who planting them-

which had been breached, and by which the large stones, besides pouring

heavy discharge of musketry.

who had mounted

the sherbet of martyrdom.

Agreeably to this

the assault exactly at

upon them from thence

all sides,

when

caused eight pieces of light artillery to be

with great firmness and courage by the

assailants advanced, hurled

jirayer,

In aid of this enterprize,

purpose.

upon the

commenced

at the part of the wall

" a Teepdur

morning

the progress of the storming party.

the latter

" amongst them, from

*'

batteries, I

a close fire, as

facilitate

for the

Ji/i/ie,

lodgement made at the foot

of the fort, were directed to rush forward at the hour of

" a rocket

"

in the

On

this occasion

the wall, as well as several others, tasted

All this time the besieged, notwithstanding the

" heavy (2)

The

reason of

given of them wliich

I

1113'

;

omitting these details

do not clearly understand.

is, ,

tiiut

there

is

some part of

the account

-

SELECT LETTERS OF

4/8 " heavy

which poured upon them hke rain from our guns, continued

fire

" themselves, vrherever they could " direction of two guns, " movement.

At

find

any cover

at length, I

:

from them at every

fired

to

myself taking the

man who made

the least

time the governor of the place stood concealed

this

defend

[as

he

" thought] behind one of the bastions, from which situation he viewed what was.

" going on.

Here

him on the head

a shot striking

him

sent

" which the whole of the garrison immediately demanded a " were [in consequence] removed from the "'

by the "

•'

The

Sircar.

Two

advanced against

" nounced the approach of the enemy,

" meet them

;

but

it

which was taken possession of

had only

fired a

The

us.

army

the whole

fort,

the vanguard of

" being, *'

I

encamped

coss

my

to

whom

right and

"

after

"

*

is

I

army proceeded

to

to their

Two

camp.

beyond Kopul, the enemy

fifty

Here

from thence.

at the distance of four coss

formed four parties of cavalry, each consisting of

" men, '•

at this time,

of the infidels,

{ew guns at them, when the accursed crew,

marched and took post two

after this I

own army.

cavalry picquets having an-

" contenting themselves with what they had done, returned " days

They

capitulation.'*'

following day I sent the garrison back to their

days after the capture of this

preparing for battle,

fort,

upon

''''

to hell;

horse and four rocket

gave orders to proceed and show themselves severally on the

left flanks,

and

in the rear

and front of the enemy's position

;

and

throwing some rockets among them, to cry out, 'behold the victorious army

arrived

!

If

you value your

safety,

" was accordingly exactly executed " whole

force of the infidels,

:

fly

speedily from hence.'

the consequence of

commanders

as well as

This order

which was,

men, obeying the

that the directions

"

of the horsemen of the victorious army, took instantly to flight, and proceeding

'

all

night, did not stop

cursed both

till,

by God and man,

^''

they had got

" (3) Tlie Sultan appears to

repeats

it,

saying,

"

in

have been so enamoured of

this

phrase,

to the

distance

that he immediately

the same instant that he was sent to (or arrived in) hell, the garrison

" demanded," &c. (4)

Original

Jc.i»jlji.

Jy That

fcrn-d, from the circumstance of

the garrison were granted a capitulation

tlicir

may be

being sent the next day to their own army.

fairly in-

Tlius

it

appears, that the place was not taken by storm, but surrendered, in conseijuence of the death of the governor. (5) Original

jjjoj^ jL^-^jlU

^^_j*l«

TIP POO SULTAN. "

distance of ten coss.

They

^'

a great amount, and

among

" *'

pack up the baggage,

" and "

behind them in their camp

a half before sun-set.

night

their horses all

" the approach of the

and load their

if,

victorious

" another,

" At *'

army, they Mould immediately take to fifteen

flight.

times in the course of a single

did not prevent their plundering one

as often as a convenient occasion for the purpose occurred.

who

length Tukojee Holkar,

chiefs of

" point of

birth, to

held a superior rank

together with Rasta,

people,

this

Madho Rao

who

situation, addressed Urzies "* to

*'

two horsemen."

Paishwa)

humble themselves

in

worthless

was, in fact, not inferior, in

our sublime Presence, which they sent us by

Tippoo then proceeds to give the substance of the writers, as usual,

among the

himself, conceiving a just alarm at their [perilous]

"

(the

with them, every day, an hour

while they slumbered, any one gave an alarm of

however,

All this vigilance,

night.

cattle

months,

last four

In this situation they would continue mounted on

and

:

various stores to

the rest a quantity of shot and powder.

" This they would frequently repeat ten or

"

^'

had been the constant practice of the enemy, during the

It

to

left

4/9

to the dust,

making the

letters in question,

and speak of their own sovereign

terms of disrespect, utterly incredible.

They

are

made

to con-

clude by imploring his compassion for themselves and his unworthy son,'^ and intreating tations

him

to send a confidential person to them,

" Budriiz

On

Zuman Khan,

*

in

compliance with their

we

are servants.

desire,

The camp

Probably the hideen. (7)

is

'

our master stands in the place of a son to yours,

Pardon us

for the evils

which we have,

by our own

alVair

The

here spoken of

is

Jj—jLi U j

Tippoo, or rather

J.^H jj^ji by Hydcr Ali.

Original bju.^

•

and fault,

brought

" hmying-place."

the battle of Kopid, alluded to in the Futhid-Muja-

I.)

letter of an inferior to a superior

(8) Original

(9)

here, as on other occasions, called their il^.,yj^ or

(See Appendix

sent

the Mahrattah leaders ad-

" (6)

I

Ali Riza, and other great men,*'' to negotiate with them.

the arrival of the latter in the enemy's camp,

" dressed them, saying,

"

represen-

and proposals.

" Accordingly," continues the Sultan, "

"

to receive their

;

an humble address; a petition or memorial.

alluding to the pretended adoption of the

rau/iuaUy

480

SELECT LETTERS OF

"

'

brouglit

"

'

present our master, according to custom, with a Httle money, and one or two

"

'

villages

"

'

his father.''"*

upon the country

this being

:

To

;

and

by way of sweetmeat,

your sovereign,

no more than such a favor as a son

is

entitled to claim

of

they added a declaration, that they were the victims

this

" of Nizam Ali Khan's seduction.

"

let

In

many

they made

fine,

humiliating pro-

testations of this kind."

In proof of the constant terror which the Mahrattahs were under, of being surprized

by the Sultans army, Tippoo proceeds

for peace, intelligence

happening to be conveyed to them by some of their

make

that he was preparing to instantly sent for

to relate, that during the negociations

upon them, Holkar and the

a night attack

Budruz Zuman Khan and Ali Riza,

inteihgence which had been received, conjured

them

and

Riistas

them of the

telling

two camel couriers

to dispatch

immediately to their master, to intreat that the intended attack might be quished,

declaring,

at

whatever demands the

"

Sultan,

the same time,

latter

it

"

It

was

in the report

The

Mahrattah camp.

"

stances, beseeching

in vain," pursues the

which had been brought to them, and that

my

aforesaid chiefs,

persisted in their

nevertheless,

people, for the love of

God, to do

as

Thus importuned, the

aforesaid persons

" wishes of the Mahrattah commanders, tents,

at length agreed to

saying, that they

and immediately write the necessary

" the others observed, that much time would be " treated

my

lost in

ujjon them.

comply with the

would return

writing

to their

Upon

letters,

this

and in-

people to dispatch at that moment, and in their presence, a verbal

" message on the subject,

nothing else could

as

" confidential servants perceiving that the

" them

fall

on the occasion.

letters

in-

they required, and

" by this means save them from the ruin which must otherwise

"

comply with

to

was impossible for such a thing to take place while they continued in the

*'

*'

relin-

that the aforesaid persons [his Valieels\ assured the chiefs in question,

" that there was no truth

"

that they were ready

might make on them.

spies,

distrust the

at ease.

My

the Mahrattah chiefs

made

set their

fears of

minds

promise which they had given to write, determined, in the

" end, (10) Original xvliich the

ij->ji='

^r:^ ^ J

It is

not improbable

tliat

Mahr.Mtalis were willing, at this time, to place

as the territorial elaiuiSj whicli they

still

continued to

tliis

tlie

might be the footing upon

pecuniary demand, as well

make upon

the Sultan,

TIPPOO SULTAN. " end,

to satisfy

" of camel message

*'

them

in their

own way

and, for this purpose, sending for a pair

;

they dehvered to the

couriers,

to us, purporting that the

*'

begged that we would not

*'

conducted by a party of the enemy's

*'

pursued their

*'

o'clock in the morning,

way with

camp

in the utmost distress,

These

that night.

new

Kimucligheery, to a

" was abundance of

The

(11)

at three

message with which they had

to us the

answer, and the three coss from

position along the banks of the Tuniihuddra, where there

pasture.*"*

circumstance, which gave vise to is

related

by the Sultan

The

Q

3 tahs on this occasion,

couriers being

camp, where they arrived

" been charged. I sent them back at day-light with a satisfactory " same morning moved, as I had previously determined, about *'

and humbly

horse beyond the Mahrattah camp,

great speed to our

and delivered

in the hearing of the chiefs, a

latter,

enemy was

assault their

481

intelligence conveyed to the Mulirat-

thf. false

in

terms to the following

Contrary to

eflect.

had given orders, over night, that no foragers should go out the following morning, as it was his intention to march. This order coming to the knowledge of the Mahrattah spies, who were harboured secretly in the camp of the Mahrattah Bdrgeers, or his established custom,

lie

liircd cavalry, in the service of Tijipoo,

they converted

den attack upon the Mahrattah

and hastened

The

mation.

»y!///(/«

position,

had with him,

at this time,

upwards of

had served himself and

his father

after the occurrence

which has been related.

" the It

was

infidels

was *'

pressly says, that, excepting

in the instance

communicate the orders of march iti

is

•'

hour

*'

cade [or retinue]."

falling into

Since that time," observes the Sultan,

my

movements."

own admission

the Sultanas

mentioned,

it

had been

and never verbally.

his

The

:

general,

morning, and the assembly at five.*

it

line of

in his

These orders, whicli

commanding the pre-

seems, was accustomed to beat at three o'clock

in

the

After the inadvertency, of which he confesses himsclt'

Among

Memoirs)

he ex-

for

uniform practice to

such an march, follow our special caval-

to have been guilty in the above-mentioned instance, the Sultan ticular on this point thiin ever.

one was (as stated

in question, ;

to

your proper station on the

who

he disbanded soon

whom they were always delivered at nine o'clock "To-morrow the army marches. Parade at tenor

and corps,

This was their

ceding night.

whom

by the Sultan, on the occasion

This

xcritnig,

in

of

all

the Persian language, were sealed, and directed to the several

officers of divisions

and

"

;

have ceased to receive intelligence respecting

contrary to his established custom."

;

thither, accordingly, with the infor-

about seven thousand of these horse,

fifteen years

said above, that the verbal order issued

were written

into a notice to prepare for a sud-

it

became more

strict

and par-

other regulations which he framed on this occasion,

to give scaled roulci, to officers in the

command

of marching corj)s.

•

and

Though I do " assembly,"

were intended

to

not

know

yet there

that is

any terms were applied by the SuUan

no doubt

ansnci the same

that the

purjjoiic.

two diMinci

to these signals,

notices mciitioni J (and

corresponding with our

"

general,"

which weie given by the kciilc-dium)

482

SELECT LETTERS OF

The

Sulian, after giving the foregoing account of the alarm occasioned to the

Mahrattahs by his intended movement, and of the

which *'

it

my

Mahrattahs

*'

received from us,

;

by a conduct

" expect], had advanced

[into

entirely the contrary [to

my country],

by just

much chastisement

to repel their aggression,

*'

thetHy

•*

to this point, I agreed to an accommodation,

**

rtqfees.

and make them

The

I sent to

had a right to

judged

it

necessary

Having brought the business accordingly

peace.

and

to give

them twelve

lochs of

Lewai Madhee Rao,^'"

him, together with a Kulgy and Surpaish of precious stones,

and an elephant.

I also sent

the same to

an elephant, with a dress and jewels, to Tukojee

Rao Rasta and

to

Hurry Pundit.

These presents

I

forwarded by the hands of confidential Vakeels.

**

**

"

I

as should suffce to satisfy

treaty being concluded, I wrote [a letter] to

" Holkar ; and

**

solicit

so

what

I consequently

*'

*'

gone to war with the

intention, in the beginning, to have

but when they, thinking proper to requite the favors they had

**

" which

manner

suggested to him, proceeds in the following

was not

It

and regulations

reflections

The

treaty concluded

on

this occasion

Nizam All Khan and Madhee Rao,

by the embassadors of the

consisted of three articles to the following

Tbe^first stipulated, that on this side the Nurhudda,

eflfect.

Sircar, with

Nizam Ali Khan,

**

Pandit Pordhan, Madhee Rao, and the Usud-IUiye Sircar, should

**

ronain united together, each ruling over his proper

'*

fourth person should

^

the «lli^

^

disagreement might hajîen to subsist

**

provided, that the disagreement in question shoold be suspended £diiiing the

**

omtinaanoe **

Tbe

all

make an

[hostile] attempt

territories

:

all

and that

three if

any

upon the country of any one of

three were, in sodi case, to join in repelUng the same, whatever

ol*

b^ween them

at die time;

being

it

the estemal danger or aggressionj.

ft^ws :........*

seoood artide was as

Here, f«vê&.

to

T%Kse rcmties Kêre

'wrlbk^

tt3»e

corps

wtip

K^T,

tiM

ttiicQir ;o'incn!iiii)(d,

i^tte.

tiiil

ianuS

sa •tsm,

lotaiamiaSsiisn'

Ak

fJLS])

m'jss

mmiiiDbsiwIioin tibe

tm povioeed vm

TUvese mcwices, ^x

ttbe

omtade, 1,2,3, 4,Suu tbe Srst

£rst

rantcTs,

day ; wore

ttlie

XMat to

be opemed tilll due

aind, in CaOt, oonuiiDQiKKid tibcmr oSa^^s iiiwir^. "T^ffiytfT liiiinff
iwfis jtctiuiilllj xDt mmotaicnn, tSoeine

km igiumuDoc

lof

wsss idae Ikss (dauber

sftucif^

secoi»i, its
tie

of a

ui^ t3ae place

on

tlic

foiUow-

timopsliaiiS

moTed

As, by iMs cuniu ifaiace, &c&n

pokiiit

its>

wliadh

Ibe wras

to nuuicii

preanaubDure dusoiinncirjf
dec-

T^ SaMaa esvsv wibene cMt die PMulmt, ySstMsesz ^^mmmamF^ mtsaesA s£ JiMhosi).

TTPPOO SULTAW. Here, as before

said, the

483

manuscript abruptly passes to a description

of the miserable condition to which the Mahrattahs were reduced by the war.

On

this

subject the Sultan asserts,

that the Mahrattah chiefs

themselves assured his Vakeels, that independently of those fallen in battle, they

since the

ally consisted

near a hundred thousand

the Sultan's

of four or

was continued

Mahrattah war. though,

lost

men by

sickness,

commencement of the campaign.

Here my copy of

rative

had

who had

if

Memoirs

five leaves

at present ends

:

but

it

more, in the course of which the nar-

for a short period

beyond the termination of the

I apprehend that the Sulta7i never completed the

I recollect rightly,

found among his papers. doubt those documents

origin-

some memoranda

work

for the purpose

were

If this should have been actually the case, no will, at

some future season, be communicated

to the public.

3

Q

2

SELECT LETTERS OF

484

POSTSCRIPT.

Afteh

the preceding sheets

had gone

I

to press,

Warre Malet with some communications,

Charles

the peace announced in the foregoing dispatch.

was favored by

Sir

relating principally to

These, though received

too late to be applied, in the proper places, to the elucidation of those parts of the Sultan's correspondence which they would have served to

explain or illustrate, appeared to suppressed.

I

me

of too

much

value to be altogether

considered that the diligent reader might

pleased, convert

them

to the use just adverted to;

still,

he

if

and that they would,

at least

form a record, of which the future historian of the period

in

question

might

have, for these reasons, thought

it

avail

himself

1

proper, with the permission of Sir Charles Malet, to insert

them

in this

place.

The

docviments, here spoken of, consist of translations of five curious

letters

from Tippoo Sultan to Budruz Zuraan Khan, and of an extract

from the private journal of the Resident, commencing the 20th December 1786, about which time the Sultan appears to have made some overtures of peace to his adversaries, which were rejected by the latter

but of which no trace

is

discernible, either in the correspondence or the

it is

clearly

Budruz Zuman Khan

to the

memoii'S.

Indeed,

CCCCXXX,

shown by the journal, that the mission of Mahrattah camp, mentioned

must have been the second on which that

employed, although of his former

fruitless

in Letter officer

embassy no notice

is

was any

where taken

Of

TIPPOO SULTAN. Of the

five letters to

Budruz Zuman Khan/') mentioned above,

given only one (which, in

CCCCXXX) much

4i$

tlie

I have

order of time, immediately follows Letter

the others, though not less interesting, belonging to a

;

later period than that

being no reason to doubt the authenticity of the

on the contrary,

is

There

embraced by the present pubhcation.

strongly confirmed by

letter in question

(which,

conformity, in point both of

its

matter and manner, with other productions of the Suliaiis pen), I can

no otherwise account posing that

it

my

for its not appearing in

may have been deemed by

collection,

than by sup-

the writer of too delicate (or

rather indelicate) a nature, to be entered in the usual registry of his

coiTcspondence.

must,

It

same time, be allowed, that many

at the

things are preserved in that record, of which the Sultan had

still

greater

near Kopul, 4th Eezidy, year

Dullo

cause to be ashamed.

LETTER daied from Hucly,

(or 29th Janua7y l/S/.J **

" person of palankeen rank,

" Huninunt Rao was

sick

;

and three others belonging

" Bhao's thus

;

service.

while

Tell Ilolkar and

thei/,

He

**

Rao

old are of

would advise them

origin, I

to get

is

become

useless.

Rasta, that princes and great chiefs act

It

is

no use

some of

" named Ghulam Mohyuddeen, who "

Mahrattahs.

to the

says he has two brothers in Pursaram

on the contrary, have carried

" and Aum'dddr, who being

Rao, a

but has bad due attendance, both in medicine and

" provisions, and was then sent back.

"

Hunmuut

In these days some of our cavalry have taken prisoners

is

off

from Surhutti/ the Kilaaddr

to the Sircar, but being of a noble

Also a Kilaaddr,

their offspring.'**

young

;

the custom with them

but, being [*. e.

wounded

in the foot

the Mahrattahs] to get the

" breed (1)

Although Sir Charles Malet has forgotten by what means these

possession,

Zumrm

it is

not improbable that

Kiiaii, at the

time

ih:;i

tiie

originals ihcniseivcs, or copies of them,

That

is,

letters

came

In this case,

it

is

easy to conceive

might reach the hands of the

from the Mahratiah women.

into

liis

were found among the eHccis of liudrQz

that ofliccr, after the surrender of Dhrirwar, in 1791,

shamelully pillaged by the Malnattahs.

{'2}

originals

how

was so

either the

British resident.

SELECT lsttehs

4S6 " breed ef h©fiei '*

)

thtrefore

it

right that they have'tcept ihete people also for a

One Kishun

Doubtleii their offspring will be good.

breed.

He

" been detained by the tbove.

" Btahmem employ him " useless people, *•

ii

01^

and

:

they please, send them

have a great

as I

who may

also,

if rigidly

Let the

many

SuUan

be employed in

really intended that his embassador,

pregcribed, to the persons with

whom he had

leemi too extravagant to be admitted

lam,

:

offensive

employed in

language here

to treat, yet the supposition

therefore, inclined to think,

that if the letter before us proceeded from any thing else but a ebullition of spleen, raillery, in

it

was probably meant

« 20th Dietffiber lfS6» **

Khin

**

Tlpp6©j with

**

1

**

Pmmh

**

will

arrlN^d at

**

ft

Tukê©

Mmdent

tleni

" 28th

Charles Warre Malet,

Mahmitah

and

Pqonah.

at

On

C5a»«jt>.—

retinue ©f flv© hundred horse and a

if

the 17th BudrGz

Zum&n

Helkar's eamp, in this army, as embassador from

8th Hurry Pundit gave him an audienee.

" 30th

to display that talent of coarse

fi'Qm th^ JousNAii of Sir JBttrt^

e©me

mere

the exercise of which he was particularly fond of indulging.

EXTRACT

I

other

understood, the preceding letter would warrant a

a peaeei ihouid actually hold the

tiigdciating

do not want.

(Written by Mirz4 Husan.)'*^

the

belief, that

in getting children

I will, if

the same way."

Although,

likewise, being old, I

Rdo, likewise, has

An

company of

Sepot/s.

The

express was immediately sent to

a favorable answei' arrives to Tippoo's proposals, Biirhfmiiddeen

t© lettle the eenditiens of peaee.

Deeeffiber.

M&kmtiak Campt

five

miles east of

K^hI.

—^The proposi^

made by Tipj»© Sultan being rêeted by the Malirattah Government, the initant hii

FaAeel had his audienee ef

leave.

is

but espeeted to depart, unless his master consent to the terms ofiered

**

stiU here

**

by the Mahi^ttah gevernment and Nii4m AU KhAn.

*^

the TkH^^vtiMhti six

\

Tlie Faketty however,

Tippoo

is

encamped oa

seven leagues ofll

« 14th iî)

fefte)

^my ©f i^ fe,y tfee

'Skiiiim''%

Mim'^

w

im^ts a» wÛ

as ©ther ^p«(^, at* subscribed, like the present

*e«retary» em^by«ij| t©

|^

it.

TIPPOO SULTAN. " **

14tli

Mahraftah Camp.

January 1787.

Bundeh while

his

487

—^Tippoo having attdcW

Fakeel wa« in the Mahrattah army, llarry PonUlt Furkia,

« the commander of the Mahrattaiu, was \&ry much displeaied

"

instant, at midnight, dismissed the f'aheel,

**

enemy's camp by a body of horse.

" from BehdMr Bundeh. '^

B^liMdr

On the

7*^*

who was escorted mthio siflU @f th«

On his arrival,

lOtli

and m) tbg

}

the trenehtf w<ê withdrtwi*

an expess arrived from Tippoo {

supposed the answer was unfavorable, as on th^ 12th Tippoo

httt it i»

rmm^

\m

fim

" on BehdMr Bundeh, which was taken by assault ih& Idtli^ tliougH 0»r n^rmy " was within four or five leagues of it- A pestilential di«or4er prevsib in i\m ^rmy**

21st Jannaiy.

MaJirattah Camp.

—Tlve enemy having a4y«8«^

camp, we broke »p abowt eii^t

**

tioa to attack our

"

retreated to KunuchgJieery, diirty co««

**

we now

**

The enemy **

Tbae

are. is

no

i»

talk

of

m wi»*g o'dwk

from /M^>^ and t©»

j*eace at j>reseat.

i»te»-

9i »ifht>

«s^

Mmdgul, yAwrs

frofli

The

**'ith

skkness giiW peysijis.

about eleven cm$ from ««,

4th February.

—Iamio<;linedtothi»k,

Poonah.

among the

that what with
and Mahrattah £î^$, the

of

ttn^ p^sti

-

**

diat prevail

<<

leac£,

**

ben of the va^ army

**

expected from

**

ancfa progrei* to 4h
**

by

**

and t«ndker tbem masters of

**

inovalfj. <*

**

>loghtil

and the iocompeteoey of

wfagidi

it.

At the

be wrodd give

fiume tim<; I

tijke

«llli£«

»iU

so

Fondi^s a«»th(^ty

hk emamsmd, »o

a.«»embk«I tindar

d& tiM. limk

oppsxibiwtiity

ov^

tJj^

^mi nnm'

f»ig»t ^^f^rt^Lpn i$ 69

Tiipp«io

mil im

h#

»^ i9 imiss

m^mm^m^ hk

<<>>f

s^mfiy§f

t^ adv,ai3iUb^ ^mtf £r
PxmhmJL lOdaFdMvary. MaAra/taJkCkimy.'-^tM.F^bmsacy,

^
t|ielaterîadw«of Tippoo*« ptioposaKhe^tiilprofl^^

-^ ralttahetioaiia^j«eaoei3t; '^

Hony

ravaf)gs

ElKsIkar,

b»

asidkwiiig(a«(evyinadj;a|9peaa%)(WiaM^

asalnffiador,

Bodmuz Zntaoaa

lyikttfii^

m csmi^ »^m

asrmaii

itam

ttHtkt:

« 234 naSitaiBiKi, •iraida AB Biizi, f(MiHM.T!)y^ "of Arml. Om ^tiii bs tnnffi, itikuKU^ " lAsMtsef* ae£aitk«iL, adixuMied tto ao avHfifiiiKie (of Hiuiry PtuoidiX;, miA âs ftensab' tlbiie

"^ «<

swna to
tnedUHtada ibiiU

|iiReB£aait

libe furtilKir id«itier«umatacca

piTic^»»a!k

;

and,

(OOHKbrary

to

>cif

:gocHennaDi«xKt «ati Ate â^ôitfied <«»

ntîNiiRtie

'Wstne

ji»)eA'.aSeut

SELECT LETTERS OF

488 " 17th February.

Mahrattah Camp.

—The

"

poo's last offers, his ambassador has left

*'

settle

the conditions.

" rupees

**

camp, and

with which

past,

and

now broken

" 5th March.

Poonah.

" Nana, informed,

that

to

pay three crores of

The

campaign.

months

afflicted for three

reported to have

is

he has taken from the Mahrattahs

for the expences of the

we have been

returned to his master to

is

announced, that Tippoo

is

for all arrears due, the country

" these ten years *'

It

Mahrattahs having accepted Tip

pestilence,

and

past, has subsided,

is '

out in Tippoo's army.

—On

for

the second instant

he had just received a

by message from

was,

I

from Hurry Pundit,

letter

the camp, he had received a letter

*'

mentioning that since Tippoo's Vaheel

*'

from him, advising that he should soon return, with the necessary documents

•'

for the conclusion of peace, as

"

master's signature,

"

the principal articles were the surrender of Nergitnd*^ and Kiftoor, the payment

*'

of the arrears of

" Ghiir

to the

" That

after

left

they were

dra\vn

all

which he expected would soon be

for his

them.

That

affixed to

and the confirmation of Bdddmy and Gnjiindur

tribute,

Paiskwa,

up and prepared

and the

restitution

Adoni

of

Nizam

to

Ali Kh^n.

being sent to Hurry Pundit, they would be forwarded for the

*'

consideration and ratification of the

"

part, as they

Durbdr \_Paishwas]

final

own

but, for his

;

were not yet signed by Tippoo, he could place no reliance on the

*'

VaTieeVs communication to

*'

state of the negociation,

Hurry Pundit, and had thus mentioned the

present

only as a mark of his confidence and friendship.

—This day,

be-

" tween the hours of twelve and one, Tippoo's Vakeel returned, with three

ele-

army

will

" Poonah.

*'

Mahrattah Camp.

7th March.

26th February.

phants and several camels, loaded w ith money.

" shortly march

to the

" 14th March.

is

reported, the

Kishna to await the second payment.

Mahrattah Camp.

(No

date).

—Five miles South of Moodgul.

" The treasure that arrived with the ambassadors

"

It

is

thought to be no more than

fifteen lacks.

" 24th

ditto,

" proper to inform

" any degree of

To

Poonah.

me

Governor General.

of the terras of the treaty

certainty,

is

the

payment of the

;

—Nana and

all

has not yet thought

that

I

can

collect,

with

tribute for four years, at eighteen

" lacks (4)

The Nergiind of the Correspondence.

TIPPOO bULTAN.

489

" lacks per annum, including Durhdr charges, and the surrender of Nergiind,

" which was reduced by Tippoo two years

(N. B. This peace seems to

ago."

have been mediated by Holkar and Rasta^ and was reported not to be approved oF by the Sindian party at the Durbdr.)

" 10th April.

To

Poonah.

the same.

" hgence from Behro Pundit, " arrived

camp, but that the

in

" 17th

Poonah.

April.

—On

half of Tippoo's

that

ratified treaties

— On

the Sth instant I received intelstipulated

payment had

were not yet exchanged.

day Nana assured me, that to the 13th

this

" instant the definitive treaty with Tippoo was not exchanged, though Tippoo *'

had written on the Sth of February

" Madras,

that

was

all

" 21st April.

" Sth May. "

"

To

Governor General.

To Governor me, that

ter formally acquainted

after

[Mahrattah] has

this place.

—On the 30th ultimo the minis-

General.

much

prevarication

on the part of Fut-

made with

that prince, and the

(Tippoo), peace was at length

''

—The army

march from the South towards

its

Poonah.

" tah Ali Klian

Ali and to the Governor of

settled to his satisfaction.

Poonah.

" certainly commenced

Nizam

to

exchanged, including, in one part, the Paishwa and Nizam Ali

ratified treaties

" Khan, and on the other Futtah Ali Khan.

Khan was

pay four

The

conditions of which were, that

years' arrears of tribute

due

*'

Futtah Ali

"

part of

*'

months; that Adoni was

"

to be surrendered to the

"

minister paused

*'

cation was to be understood as comprising the whole of the treaty

**

so, as the

•'

ing Shdnoor, and the discussions relative to Futtah Ali Khan's

to

which had been already paid, the balance

;

and

I

Paishwa,

who

be discharged in six

to

Mohabut Jung; Nergdnd is

Paishwa,

also to retain

doid

Kittoor

Here the

Bdddnvj.

was surprised, on enquiry, to find that this communi;

the

more

Paishivds surrender of Gujundur Ghiir, some circumstances conccrn-

" were matters of public " noticed

to be restored to

to the

in this formal

notoriety,

and which,

He

communication.

my

I,

titles

and address,

of course, expected would be

also declined

any formal congratula-

"

tion to the Paishtva,

"

scrupling to exj)rcss his want of confidence in Tippoo for the observance of

" peace thus concluded.

on

I

on the occasion,

part,

effect."

3 This was,

I

tlie

subsequently, by message, on the 3d, applied for

" further information, but without

(.5)

as too unimportant, not

believe,- a title conlVvicd

R upon Tippoo by

« Sth May. Sli.'ih

Alluni.

SELECT LETTERS,

490 ''

5th

May.

Poonah.

" from Tippoo " following

is

— Received

this

day from Secretary Hay, copy of a

Governor of Madras, dated

to

8tli

letter

February, from which the

extract.

" The Poonah army being pursued by mine has crossed the Krishna, and peace " has taken place between us

in the

country, and

own

manner

I

purpose returning to

*'

returned to their

"

a week, after quieting the disturbances raised

N. B. This

*'

letter

I

They

wished.

have, accordingly,

my

capital in about

by some Polygars

in these parts."

contained applications relative to some refractory boundary

" chiefs.

" 3d June. "

To Governor

Poonah.

to the late discussions

on Tippoo's

" hitherto the Paishiva used

first

"

to

him

"

if

a male, after a famous

of which, as at his birth

it

titles,

to address

" that he had now desired to be

"

General. -În reply to

stiled

relative

the minister has informed me, that

him by the name

of Futtah Ali

Tippoo Sultan Khan Behadur.

Khan,

To

the

had no relation to royalty, but was actually the name given

by

his mother, in

consequence of a vow to name her child,

Mahommedan Peer,'"'

at Colar, in the Carnatlc,'^'^

" name was Tippoo Sultan, no objection could be made.

" formerly joined

my enquiries

to Futtah Ali,

That KJian,

was nothing new, and, in

fact,

" royalty that might otherwise be imputed to the word Sultan " appellation of Behadur was the only word of additional dignity " Paishwa's future addresses

to this prince,

who

is

did

as

whose it

had

away any

;

and that the

to

be used in the

not even styled

Nabob by

this

« Durbdr."

The Peer, among tlie Mussulmans of India, is a kind of guide. The word properly signifies an aged person, an elder. (6)

(7)

That

is,

the Balaghuut, or higher Carnatic, in which

ghostly father, or spiritual

Mysore

is

comprehended.

APPENDIX.

J

^^'^"^cy-'A^î^jj^:

>J

-.

'0 ijh^j'.^

^. ^^.^r-^-V^-^^^-"^ r

/

/

/

fit

^

^

"

APPENDIX. APPENDIX, (Referred

Trakslation of

1^0. 1

to in the

A.

Preface.)

of the aiviexed Plate, being the

Memorandum

of Tirpoo Sultan.

"In

the y&iv Sehr, 1220 of the il/ott-foof/y tl"-! Ctl' of the monlh RnbbAny

[i.e.

the birth] of Mahommed,''' the

Ff}n"'l/

" Enghsh

,^

and the

Dewdn

Ndhub, Nizam

of the

Ah Khan, named Ghiilam

" Syed [and also called] by the title of Sohrab Jung, and Hurry Pundit " Phurkia, all these three persons came together [or united] to make war and " [after] taking Bangalore, Sawantydoorg, and other places, came to the royal " residence of Putn, when peace, upon the condition of [my] giving three crores ;

" and

thirty lacks of Imaumies [/. e. rupees] was settled, of which [sum] two " parts [/. e. two-thirds] were taken in money. And, at the time of [making] " peace, they did abundance of deceitful and bad things,'" of which there would

" be no end to the recital/^' In fine, after the peace, [they] took two of my " sons, Aabdul Khalik and Moizuddeen, in pledge [/. e. as hostages] and, toge" thcr with Ghiilam Ali Khan and Ali Riza Nurwail, took them away. And on " the 5 th of the month Rubbdny, corresponding with the 3d of the month Rujub, " year

a (1) If the year Sehr,

the appearance of the ttie

M.

1220, was meant to refer to the event stated immediately after, namely, before Scringapalam, the

memorandum

event in question did not take place in Schr 1^20, but

when he Sehr,

or

in

set

Zuburjui

out wiih a mistake

12I().

The

j

since

Sultan however,

took up his pen, might intend to begin with the mention of some transaction of the year but changing his mind,

1220,

commencement of month Rubbany," 1

A.

allies

memorandum. may be observed,

the it

have

With

passed abruptly

regard

that that

to

to

the subject

the interlined

which occupies the

and erased

was the day (corresponding with the

date,

" 5th of the

2(ith

of February,

792) on which the hostage princes quitted Seringapalam, and were delivered into the hands of Lord

Cornwallis.

It is

but, changing his (2) Original

probable, therefore, that the 5a/;a« was, at

mind

first,

about to mention that circumstance

again, proceeded to relate the previous appearance of the allies before

xiC>f \^\ uS'^j

^J ^Jj^

<3) Literally, " to where must

we

write

W '•

?

" ^^Y

iiis

;

capital.

"sed abundance of bad and deceitful words.".

APPENDIX.

11

1220'*'

year Sehr,

And l

Otli

Mahommed,

birth of

en

the above-mentioned sons, tlie tnonth

of

liujub, currcspondiii g'

M o nd ay

,

yea r

^2

1

p roceeded to the of the birth of

e.

settled]. -

t

he

being Monday, 1220 of the birth o f

Madras]

wi t h th e 24th of th e

,

and on the

month

2.')d

mon t h

of th e

Kihi/, year Sdhir, be ing

Mahommed, coming forth from Chinoputn and -trfter-s ome da 3- s arr tvedHn the P re s e nce at

V of-tho birth of

r iebe n c e,

on the 4th of

YoosiiJubiUl,

[j.

[or

Shuvwal, corr es ponding with

th e 9th of

Befuin/, year Scfir,

Malioiuiiied, enteied Chinaputn

peace was concluded

the

r,

month

Ruhbdny,

year

Ziihurjud,

1219

corresponding with the 2d of the month Riijub,

Mahommed,

A. H. 1206j proceeded from the royal residence towards the Nusdra [i e. the and on the 9th of the month Tukhy, year Sehr, 1220 of the Nazarenes] birth of Mahommed, answering to the 7th of the month Shuvwdl, A. H. ;

1206, entered

[or arrived at]

Chinaputn

[i.

e.

Madras]

:

and on the 27th

month Rdzy, year Sdhir, and 1221 of the birth of Mahommed, corresponding with the 25th of the month Shaabdn, A. H. 120S, being altogether twenty-two months and eighteen days, they came forth from Chinaputn and on the 27th of the month Ruhbdny, year Sdhir, and of the birth of Mahommed 1221, arrived in the Presence, -vvit4v Dov c ton, th e E nghsh^rmgy,

of the

;

at Yoosufdbdd, with

The

foregoing

Doveton, the English Fringy."

memorandum

is

followed

by

a minute (also in the Sultan's hand-

writing) wherein the Sultan, after stating his own opinion pretty fully, calls upoa with regard to the measures proper to his counsellors to deliver their sentiments, at this period (viz. the return of the

be pursued

hostages)

;

after whicli follows

a

and apparently designed to set the note of dates, furnished by Ali Riza Khan, Sultan right, with respect to some of those given in the engraved memorandum. The dates in question relate, 1st. to the arrival of the hostages at Madras ; &c., 2d. to their departure from thence

rence

and

;

specifying precisely the day and hour of each occur-

differing considerably, in both articles,

from the Sultans statement.

Translation

(4)

Here

the

SuUan

deliber.ntely

and

explicitly states the peace to have

should unquestionably be

Ztti«r/'H(f,

been concluded

A.M.

1219.

By

in the year

the peace, ihe

it or A. M. 1220, whereas to which, however, he does not give the date assigned to Sullan clearly means the preliminary articles ; to have been signed on the 22d February them in the definitive treaty, where they are distinctly stated

Sekr

Jumddihsdny, A. H. I20t> (and 1st of Rulbany, year Ztdurjwl, 1792, corresponding to the 28th of He probably reckoned the peace from the day on which his sons proceeded to the or A. M. 1219). actually executed. English camp, and not from that on which the preliminaries were

APPENDIX. Teanslation of Ko. 2 of Note, containing the joint Ali, on the *'

" " " " "

Minute or of Gbvlam Ali «>?(/ Syed Fuzl

the amjexed Plate,

opinion

being a

Colonel Doveton's

(question respecting

The humble

Ul

representation of your slaves

Nazarenes come along with the princes/"

He may

of no consequence.

is

it

If one person of the

this.

is

reception.

be

both honoured with an interview, and amused*' with the words of friendship,

Whatever

is

in the heart,

it

may

[nevertheless] remain there

and whether

:'"

[On

the interview takes place at Bangalore, or elsewhere, does not signify. the other hand]

*'

in case his

coming should be

some

set aside, it will excite

mistrust in their minds.'*'

" The humble representation of Ghulum Ali and Syed Fuzl

The

Ali."

manuscript, from which the two foregoing articles have been taken,

composed of

forty

of European paper,

leaves

of the size of quarto post

though several whole leaves and some pages are blank,

many

minutes here inserted,

it

:

is

and

contains, besides the

other curious and interesting documents, chiefly

questions proposed by the Sultan to his ministers, on political subjects, with their

answers subjoined, in their respective hand-writings.

APPENDIX (Referred to

The first

in the

Pheface).

account of the Sultans march from Seringapafam to B'uhiore, and of his

operations against General Matthews,

the manuscript,

which contained those

accident noticed in the Preface.

armies had been described follows

B.

;

Some

is

unfortunately wanting

having been destroyed

details,

previous skirmishing between the hostile

but what remains of

commences

the narrative

"A

a 2 lajh jli There are numerous proofs, besidei

a certain degree, the title of seals,

Shah, B&dshah, or King.

It

is

i^\ J'^J-'j " ^''a'ev'

>»

but he allowed himself to be addressed by

(2) Original

cVc^

(3) Original

u:_^«js u:

(4)

Jjlj

*»

as

this,

true

discharge

of the 5tt/
he did not

insert

it

on

his coin, or

on

it.

i5=>->^ \^Jr'Ji\ai fc

<^

u;îf J-sy-j^jSÛ-yJ ty "

manner.

by the

:

(1) Original

liis

that part of

;

will pass into the

mind

'" '^'^

in a

''^*''' ''

manner,"

'" ''•"

that

is,

"an

unfavourable

APPENDIX.

IV

"

A discharge of

artillery

" the French

on/''

Then

of

"

at the distance of

Immediately on hearing

musquetry.

a hundred yards)

loss

the troops of the Usud-Ilhye,^''

people, advancing on each side of the road,

"

" about

and musquetry succeeded, which occasioned the

who looked

of a few of those

*'

and

gave another discharge

this discharge,

I

(being then seated

advanced rapidly with a division, when

The

sixty of the English people were sent to hell.

rest being

pursued

" behind them the two guns they had previously seized on and thus the " Nazarenes were driven back, discomfited and disheartened, to [the :

" occupied by] their worthless leader, who thereupon, with

left

aforesaid

position

all his forces,

sought

" [refuge in] the fort and batteries. Writings of the said worthless leader were " found in the pockets of four of the English Sirdars [or officers] who were among " the slain. '^' On this day about three hundred Nazarenes were made prisoners " and twenty guns taken. On the second, or following day, 1 myself, taking two " thousand light troops with me, attacked and gained possession of a large povvder-

" magazine at some distance from the fort, and of a magazine of grain close to it. " Six hours after the capture of these two places, the enemy sent about four " thousand men to attack us. This force advancing by a concealed route [or " secretly^, an action ensued between them and the Usud Il/ii/e army, in which " both parties, passing from the fire of musquetry, fought with the bayonet and " sword. On this occasion, also, about two hundred of these good-for-nothing people were sent to

**

A

hell.

few persons,

too,

" Sircar tasted the sherbet of martyrdom " wounded, was carried off by the Nazarenes.

of

army

the

and one Risdladdr,

;

Ahmedy

of the

after

being

" The third day I had all the powder and grain removed from the said maga" zines, and lodged in a place of safety. On the same day, the Nazarenes set " fire to the palace of the Rdjuh, and to ten or twelve other noble buildings ; " keeping

up,

"

the wall [of the outer town] which was not reached by their shot.

sjxice of

also,

such a

fire

[from their guns],

that there was not a span's

« (1) Original •writer

^^L-j

liUj "

beholders

of

the

By

spectacle or diversion."

probably meant to convey the idea, that the resistance

made by

On

expression

the

the English, on this occasionj

was

this

trilling.

(2)

This term seems

converts to the (3)

to

seals

cap.ible of reading

troops in general.

to

and from English

and explaining their contents,

or,

to obtain a translation of

officers

in

letters

Either he had no persons about if

he had, he did not

any of these

of the

command, were found

letters,

ch'ise to

trust

:

at

who

liini

ihem.

by means of his English

unknown but it is probable, that if he luul fallen on this expedient, nnd had found many of them would not have remained unoptrncd to the day of his death.

is

answer, so

tiie

have derived any information from the intercepted

of which had never been broken.

Whether he ever endeavouied

not the particular body composed of

elsewhere called Usud Ilhyes, but

Great numbers of dispatches,

Seringapatam, the

prisoners,

througliont tliese Meinoirs,

faiih,

Tippoo would not appear

Engliib.

were

to imply,

Mahomnaedan

it

to

APPENDIX.

V

On the fourth day, carrying on my approaches in front of the Ddrdl " Imdret, and in front of the mosque, and by two other sides, I erected "

'

"

batteries close to the fort, in

*'

to be

"

I

removed from the walls of the Aazarenes had conveyed

I'lie

" the

which

city],

about

fifty

placed

some

which

large guns,

I

had caused

city.

into the fort, from the different magazines [of

and a

thousand shot,

The

vast quantity of powder.

remainder, consisting of about two hundred thousand shot, one hundred " thousand nils- of lead, and five hundred thousand ?///** of powder, besides an " innumerable quantity of other stores, fell into our hands. *'

" Having next fixed on a high sjX)t, " mounted with guns, at sight of which

1

caused batteries to be constructed and

the Nazaroies, witlwut religion, opened " a very heavy fire. When the said Nazarenes became tired [of firing], the " batteries of the Ustdd Ilhye opened their fire, discharging from four to five " thousand shot and in this manner did the firing continue, on the part of the " Usud- Illiye Sircar, for five or six days. As to the Nazarenes, they did not fire ;

" a

single shot from the fort

" the

What

on the second day.

(ire

they kept up was on

first day the reason of which was this. The fire from without was so hot, " that no creature within the fort durst approach their guns [for the purpose of " working them], while General Matthews (the name of their worthless leader) :

to be made, crept or slunk into the same. There was " not, in short, a span's space throughout the fort, which the shot of the Usud " Ilhi/e guns did not reach, or where the blood of the Aâzarenes was not spilt. *'

causing a

'•"

"

On the fifth day the Nazarenes, during a stomi of rain, rushed from a " concealed place, and attacked our intrenchmcnts but the Ahmedy troops being " on their guard, the infidels were repulsed at the point of the sword and bayonet, :

" many of them being seized by the legs, and " people of the Sircar into the trenches. The " them, iled in confusion into the fort.

thrown by the

in that condition

leaving their

rest,

wounded behind' « After

(4)

i. e.

(5)

1

either a

"

the liouse, or place, of nobilily."

Probably, the principal edifice in the

have elsewhere supposed, that by the word

much

liere

given,

^\

we

^%\

utl,

a

maund

(or

smaller weight was intended by that term, or there must be

since

these carry

should read

^lU

the qnanlities of

r«
weight equal to eighteen

might be meant not the Benoal Baznr mniind, of forty

maund oftworulls and

powder beyond

lead and

82

some

seers, or eighty :

was meant;

error in the

credibility.

ounces avoirdupois

three quarters, or three pounds avoirdupois

lbs.)

foit.

;

Perhaps for

or, possibly,

by an ull

pounds avoirdupois, but the Mocha

1 incline,

on the whole,

to the latter

explanation. (6)

The word which

I

have

left

untranslated

is

not legible

;

but

numbers

ul least I

can

make nothing of

it.

APPENDIX.

VI

" After

this,

my

pushed on

I

*'

every other side,

"

up, that not a single

nearer

still

man

;

approaches before the gate of the

and caused such

a fire

fort,

and on

of musquetry to be kept

of the Nazurenes, within the

durst ascend the

fort,

"

walls, or come near their guns. In this manner did the Nazarenes altogether " make three sallies, in considerable force but were each time repulsed with great " loss, and compelled to slink back, like mice, into the fort. Thus did hostilities ;

continue during ten days. On the eleventh day the Nazarenes begged for " quarter, and sent me the draft of terms of capitulation, consisting of the seven

*'

*'

following articles

"

Article

'

1.

Neither the troops of the Sircar of the Usud-Ilhye, nor the

"

'

inhabitants [^Ryots] of the country of the Sircar, shall, after

"

'

fort, spit in

"

"

'

"

our

Article 2.

'

'

Article 3.

stores,

"

'

"

'

"

'

we

"

'

ment you please upon

be in our possession, we

us.

left to

us

;

up the same

will deliver

:

and

may

take with

;

consent to be considered criminal.

Inflict [in that case]

"

'

Articles.

Let some ships of the Sircar be

" "

'

Sircar, at a fixed price.

"

'

price of the

"

'

men

"

'

embark on board of

"

'

escort.

home]

'

'

:

and

Article 6,

us, as

lent to us

[for

conveying us

us be favored with grain, and other articles of provision, by the

same

shall

Ships

shall [chuae

Article 7.

with

let

whatever punish-

us.

Let us have a safe-guard to the sea-side.

'

guns, musquets,

Damn or Dirm''^' of money or goods and if, upon search by the people of the Sircar, any thing of the kind should be found upon us,

Article 4.

"

let

we should

if

us to the value of a

'

"

and

belonging to the Sircar,

cattle,

"

'

evacuate the

&c. be taken by the Sircar.

Whatever money, goods, or

'

" "

wound

Let our private property be

money, goods, military

"

"

or abuse us, or

faces,'"'

we

Two

we

own

arrive at our

be furnished

to

to]

After

embark.

for the

amount of the

conveyance of whatever number of

But those who may not consent

by land

ship, shall be dispatched

Sirdars

hostages,

place, the

be sent.

until

[i. e.

officers of

Bombay, under an

rank] of the Sircar shall remain

our embarkation

Whenever

to

[or like] to

;

and two Nuzarene Sirdars to

'

remain with the Sircar.

'

the Presence, the two Nazarene Sirdars shall be dispatched [or sent back to us.]

the Sirdars of the Sircar shall return to

" (7)

Of

this strange stipulation

it

may be

sufficient to observe, that

it

is

much more

I

agreed

credible that

ehould be an exaggeration or oiistatement (not to say an absolute invention) of the Sultan, (hnn that should have actually proceeded from Gi?neral Matthews. this

volume, that the Sultans regard to truth was

occasion on which he was so likely to deviate fronj (S)

The

lowest denomination of money.

far

it

We

have abundant proofs,

from being very

as in speaking

strict

:

in

it

it

the course of

and perhaps there was no

of the English.

APPENDIX. "

vVl

agreed to these proposals, and, according to the request of the Nazarenes,

I

" caused two

treaties, one in Persian, and the other in English, to be drawn up " to which were affixed my seal and signature, and, in like manner, the seal and " signature of the Nazarencs. One of the treaties was kejit by the Sircar, and " the otiicr was given to the Nazarenes. The following morning the A'azare7}es :

" preparing [or assembling] all their people within the fort, loaded such parts of " the Tosheh-klidneh of the Sircar as consisted of specie, on mules, horses, and " bullocks, bearing the mark^' of the Sircar, and distributed the

rest

of the

" articles amongst their people On after which they came out of the fort. " passing the gate, the worthless chief of the Nazarenes first, drawing his <' sword, delivered up the same with his own hand after which, all the rest, " amounting to about two thousand two hundred Aâzarenes, and ten thousand " infantry, native troops, grounded their arms, and proceeded to the encamp" ment assigned them without the city. Tlie next day, sending for Matthews ;

:

" (the name of their worthless leader) and their other worthless commanders, I " demanded of them, whether the treaty which they had executed the preceding " dav was right [or valid] or not right. To this they all answered, that on that

"

Here-

point there was not any doubt, and that the treaty was right [or valid].

" upon I sent to them about twenty principal men and Sirdars of the Sircar, " through whom I thus interrogated them. " "

'

M'hat

the reason that, contrary to the treaty, you have taken with you

is

money and goods

[of the .SVrcar],

'

the

" " "

'

the Sircars country, dressing

'

reason that

'*

'

"

'

'

and

them up

also the prisoners

in

made by you

your own apparel

?

What

is

in

the

you have loaded cattle, bearing the mark of the Sircar, with specie, and carried the same away ? Finally, why, at the time of your evacuating the fort, did you distribute among your people the Tosheh-Midneh of the Sircar

?

" Their answer "

[to these

demands] was,

'

that tlicy had no knowledge of the

' matter and that if the Sircar had any suspicions, and did not put trust in " ' their declaration, a search might be ordered by the Sircar.' To this 1 replied, " through the Sirdars, ' that it would be best for them to issue positive orders to " their people to deliver up to the Sircar whatever coined money of the Sircar, ;

'

"

" " "

made

in the territories of the Sircar, or cattle, goods, &.c. they

had

'

captives

'

taken with them.'

•

nor any of their people, had a single duitm or dirm [farthing], or retained a

'

single hair of

In reply to this they declared,

any inhabitant of

this

country

;'

'

that neither themsilvcs,

proposing, at the same time,

" that (9)

of

The mark

j-!S*=^

here alluded to probably consisted either of

llie

lyger stripe or the letter

ilyder), both of which were emplcycJ by the Sultan for such purposes.

_

(the

initial

APPENDIX.

Vlll

" that a guard of the Sircar should be placed over them, and that a search should " be made, and [every thing] taken [that might be found]. After much " altercation on their part, the Sirdars of the Usud-Ilhye took from them, and " brought [to me] a writing to the above

" accursed, worthless. Sirdars

" they then occupied by them]

"

in the road,

as a

Hereupon

dismissed the

I

and on the second [or following] day, having

:

" surrounded them with guards,

*•

effect.

caused them to march from the

1

to the vicinity of another spot

The

burying ground.''"'

encampment

[which had been appropriated

Sirdars of the Sircar, placing themselves

examined them, one by one,

as

The

they passed.

accursed ones

"

were, in consequence, found to have concealed in every seam of their clothes, " Hydei'y Hoons [pagodas'\ and jewels. They had also made holes in sheep's " heads, which they had filled with pagodas.'-"' Some had concealed pagodas in

"

loaves of bread

;

others within

Hukkah

snakes, and

Hdkhah bottoms

while

;

" several had even resorted to the most indelicate means of concealment :"'

all

of

" which were detected by sweepers, and other Sdmries, appointed for the purpose " by the Sircar.'-''' Many young people, also, male and female, natives of the " country of the Sircar, were found disguised in the dress [of the Nazarenesl. " These captives, of their own accord, set up a loud cry, [by which means] about " five hundred were discovered. The search being over, I had the worthless

" Sirdars placed separately, the Nazarene people separately, and " separately and as they had not acted conformably with their

the other infidels

;

written engage-

" ments, I made the whole prisoners, and distributed them throughout the " country. During the investigation, ten or twelve Musulman women (Syeds and *' Shaikhs) who had been made captives, or slaves, by the infidel Nazarenes, at *'

Sural and

in

among

Bejigal, were found

their people.

"

likewise separated from the Nazarenes, and restored to " permitted to depart. " After this, passing the Ghauts, I proceeded, by five or

"

which

fort Kdridl-biinder [Mangalore],

is

an excellent

These persons being were

their freedom,

six days'

marches, to

fortress, erected by'"" the

" Ahmedy ajJJWj^ s^^jJl* ^li

(10) Original

(U)

This

(12) That (13)

been

is

a doubtful passage.

is,

by

is

>ij>iy_

to say, that the outcasts only

JuJo w/jj

i^^

*'\*~'Ji

^^^ ic^J'^ iJj^ rL)}-' i^^
were employed

in this service, as

any others would have

it.

(14) Original

tijljc^!

y

literally

" n^M'/y

the period mentioned immediately after,

meant by the expression, not built

^Xd ^j\ji ^j\>- (JJi>^J <-^.'^j'

The original

according to the original,

He means

defiled

i'^

(as

I

erected ;" which, however, not agreeing very well with

have,

in

my

translation, omitted the adverb.

might be supposed) that the

fortress in question

by himself, but sinre the acquisition of Canara by bis father.

The

had been

Sultan

recently

APPENDIX. " Ahmedij Sircar, and on which,

IX

in tlie course of five

An

and twenty years, about

who had

''

twenty

•'

been honored with the

**

Here I arrived and on the second [or following] after crossing another Glmut [or passj situated two coss on this side of the said fort, encamped near the city. The worthless Nazarene, who commanded in the fort, had erected a battery of heavy guns on an eminence near the fort, ia which were placed about three hundred Nazarenes and a thousand other troops. After I had taken uji my position, I dispatched a Kushoon to occupy the town. This division, passing the outer-wall, was attacked by a body of Nazarenes^

of

laclis

dehvered

it

up

have been expended.

riipecji

government of

it,

them.

to

ungrateful rogue,

had invited the Nazarenes, and

;

" day, " *'

" " "

" posted

there by the enemy between whom and my people a sharp conflict was " maintained till evening. Having, during the same day, collected the necessary " materials for the purpose, I erected a battery in the night, opposite to that of :

" the Nazarenes, in which I placed fifteen guns and sending a storming party " of two Kushoous, I posted them in a hollow, where they remained till the hour " of morning prayer when, after firing a volley [from our battery], and crying :

;

" out ' Allah 1/dr,'^"' they rushed forward, and with great slaughter drove the " Nazarenes without religion, from the eminence they occupied taking also ;

"

many

prisoners,

" of which

my

and pursuing the

fugitives to the very gates of the fort, in front

people maintained themselves,

till

such time

as,

with the divine

"

assistance, I was enabled to entrench them. In the course of the two next " days, every thing being prepared for the purpose, I invested the place, and " mounted two batteries. A very hot fire was kept up on both sides the first day.

"

On the second day the gunners of the Hyderij army served the batteries in such " a manner, that ten guns of the fort were dismounted and shattered to pieces, and " a great number of Nazarenes sent to hell. In the end, the Nazarenes aban" doned all their guns, and were no longer able to appear on the walls while I ;

*'

had two or three other

batteries erected, in

which placing

six mortars, I

caused

"

Hereupon the Nazarenes without religion large stones to be thrown from them. " dug trenches widiin the fort, into which they slunk [for shelter]. " In this conjuncture the rains of that country, which continue for six months,

" set in. At the end of two months, " ing the violence of the rains, to the " time the besieged had made two

" these occasions " I had taken up

I

happened

my

" quctry than usual,

(15)

is

our friend.

my

ditch of the fort

sallies,

at the

when hearing

approaches, notwithstand;

in the course of

which

On

one of

hour of midnight.

a

in which more continued report of mus-

house

hastened, in the midst of the rain and darkness of the

b God

had carried

to be seated near the trenches, in a

residence, I

I

"

night,

APPENDIX.

X "

and said to the Sirdars of night, to the support of the people in the trenches " the Usud Ilhye arniy, ' that, with the divine aid, I would the following day, " ' when the sun was in the meridian [or at twelve o'clock] cut off the heads of " * the infidels within their own ditch and batteries, by the hands of my foot " 'troops;'"' and, in this manner, retaliate their tldef-lihe action of coming ;

Accordingly, under God's assistance, and the pro-

against us in the night.'

*'

*

**

tection of our Prophet,

formed a party of thirty Ehshdm

I

" twenty other persons of approved courage which " I sent one of them, consisting of twenty-five men, ;''^^

soldiers ''"

and

dividing into two bodies, in noon-day, against the

" gate-battery, and the other twenty-five men into the ditch where each party " falling upon the infidels without religion, they cut oiF the heads of about forty ;

" of those impure-minded '•

into

falling

the ditch and other places,

" concealment] into " returned with the '*

were reduced

hats,

" '•'

and bow

One day

him

fire,

and crept

in safety.

In

resembling

fine,

[for lions,

the Nazarenes

that they no sooner saw one of the

to his shoulder, than they

would take

off their

an ape.'"'

the JVazarenes, at break of day, attacked and penetrated into the

musquetry and of men,

instantly attacking

" and made some of

I

customary took

found

I

was

I

ditcli.

my

just performed

" the trenches, where '*

like

trenches at the edge of the

" having '*

to

by our

musquet

a

lift

edge of the sword, ''''

like chickens,

fled

had made

prisoners thej straits

as escaped the

The Uaud-Ilhye men,

the nearest holes.

such

to

" Hijdery people

"

Such

[people].'"'

tlie

a

seated, at tlie time, in

exercises,'""

company of

my

when hearing

Usud-Ithj/es,

Nazarenes standing.

The

quarters,

the noise of

and ran on foot

to

Usud-Ilhye people,

them with sword and bayonet, sent several of them to hell, them prisoners. The remnant of the sword took to flight. " In

(16) Original infantry

(17)

would be

*'.ijv^

meaning,

^ls_»'^

I

suppose, as

if in

contempt of

his

enemy,

that his irregular

suflicient for the purpose.

The Elisham were sometimes employed

They were most commonly,

for the purposes

I believe, stationed

in

of parade, constituting

a sort

garrison, but occasionally acted

of guards.

with the array

in the field.

(18) Original

^j)

^jkJ,*

(19) Original

^bj-ls

Cjb

(20) Original

1^.

W
(21) This ludicrous

literally,

I believe,

"

the remnant (or remains) of the sword."

representation it is

is,

called

no doubt, (i. e.

occasionally taken off with the

z^J

same view.

Jm

founded on the practice, not

uncommon

dropping the head) to avoid shot or shells

presents rather a conspicuous object to a marksman,

J:.jjj

a respectable person.

li

soldiers ai sieges, of lolling, as

(22) Original

" manly man,"

it

may be

easily conceived, that this

:

and

with

as a hat

might have been

/

fi^)/i-jy^y.jj}

i

\

w^^

-^

/

t

APPENDIX. " In

short, during three

XI

months, such was the slaughter on both

sides, that

the

" trenches exhibited nothing but a mixture of mud and clay with the blood and " flesh of men. The toes of many were completely rotted, in consequence of the " excessive

"

rains,

and owing

stantly forced to stand].

mire [in the midst of which they were con-

to the

Often of a dark night, and [wading] through the

"

floods occasioned by the heavy rain and wind (which here always exceed any " thing known in other parts of our kingdom), I say, often during this time, " have I, both by night and day, gone the rounds, to see that the necessary *'

" " " "

works were properly carried on, and that the Ahmedy people were duly watchful. In consequence,

it

happened that two or three Sirdars, and

darkness of the night, into wells,

others,

which were then quite

martyrs, without any one's knowing of the accident.

full,

fell,

in the

and became

Moreover, at

this time,

the water lay on the ground knee-deep."

What

immediately follows here,

in the original, has already

observations on Letter

CCCXXXVI,

words " Carrying on

a mine, &c."

to the

King

been given, in the

of France, beginning with the

and the passage following that appears in the observations on Letter \'III, to Mahommcd Ghyas Khan and Noor Mahommed Khan, beginning \\\\\\ the words " Previously to the resolution, &c.'*

APPENDIX, ( Referred to imder

A Fac Simile

of Tippoo Sultan'.s

C.

Letter

I.)

Engagement

with his

Father.

See Plate annexed.

APPENDIX, (Referred

An

Historical Sketch of

to

under

the

D.

Letter XVI.)

Patan Principality of ShJnoor.

INXnODUCTIGN.

The to

following

me by my

memoir

is

taken from a Persian manuscript, kindly communicated

friend. Lieutenant Colonel

b

M'Kenzie. 2

The

author

is

Meer Husain Ali,

APPENDIX.

xli

Musulman,

employ of that ingenious and indefatigaIf it be little more ble explorer of the history ai^ antiquities of the Decan. than a genealogical sketch of the distinguished family of which it treats, it pos-

AHj

a very intelligent

sesses, at

least,

in the

the merit of being derived, as far as

it

goes,

from information

obtained chiefly on the spot, and therefore the more likely to be authentic.

Its

principal defect consists in the total want of dates throughout the earlier part of

the narrative

the

;

first

one with which we meet being that of the succession of the

fourth chieftain, Bhulool

And

Khun,

to the

government of Bunhapoor,

though, after this time, the number of years that each chieftain ruled over

the principality

uniformly expressed, yet neither the commencement nor the

is

close of the respective administrations,

nor any of the few events recorded regard-

ing them, are marked by the specification of th© occurred

as well as I could

preceding writers,

and

severally

may be

I

may happen,

my own from

therefore, to differ, with respect to dates,

beg to be understood to do so with suitable diffidence, and not

I

my

author.

proper to observe, that with regard to the manner of writing the

of Shanoor,

have, throughout the present article, conformed to the ortho-

I

graphy of Meer Ilusain, which sometimes written be meant

have endeavoured to supply this omission

I

difficulties.

to pledge myself for the accuracy of It

which they

but have- net always been able to do so entirely to

;

When

satisfaction.

name

}'ear in

while even the few dates, deducible from the general narrative, are liable

;

to considerable doubts

less

A.H. 1022.

in

I

most general

believe to be that in

JL

in the Persian

.A^ or Shdiioor,

or Sdnoor,

For though

use.

may

neverthe-

^

the difference consisting merely in the diacritical points of the

;

or sh; the occasional omission of which, in the hurry of transcribing,

As

happen.

easily supposed to

to Siwanore,

it is

maybe

evidently an Euroiiean corrup-

tion of Scluoor.

which

I have only another observation with strictly

speaking, the term Principalitif

a state as that of Shdnoor

;

since

its

may

to detain the

reader.

not be properly applicable to such

chieftains have never,

I

believe,

tinguished

by the

appellation of princes, though as well entitled to

individuals

among

the Nâhohs and Rdjahs of India,

bestowed

it.

on

whom

Put an

been as

dis-

many

As, in most respects, however, they exercised sovereign power, and

allowable to follow the example of other writers

to give the

it

Europeans have

virtually, at least, transmitted their possessions to their descendants, I it

Perhaps,

name

in question, not only to their

chiefships of

who have spoken

fief,

have thought

of

them

;

and

but likewise to the two other

Kurnool and Kurpah.

The

APPENDIX. Tlic

Patan

family, of

which

here proposed to give a brief account, and

is

it

Xlll

which, during a period of nearly three centuries, make a conspicuous figure in the

common

annals of the Decan, afTect, in

with every ^tfghau'^ tribe throughout the

who was one

origin from Khalid-bin-Walid,

East, to derive their

celebrated of the companions of

than this boasted descent,

What

Mahommed.

that they justly reckon

is,

is

among

Musulman kingdom of

of the principal nobles of the

more

of the most

however,

certain,

their ancestors

Of

Beejapoor.

some

these, the

acknowledged founder of the dynasty, was

Jdn-nisdr-Khun,

1.

who

distinguished himself during the reign of Ismael Adil Shah,

first

Omra

he was raised to the dignity of an remarkably swarthy complexion,

under Ali Ibraheem Adil Shah,

attaining,

the

first

army

of

ofhces of the state,

Nizam

Shah.^''

He

he

was succeeded by

of Futah

title

;

the reign of Ali Adil dignity, of an

Omra

Shah

'

nature,^''

After

the successor of Ismael, to some of

lost his life at

2.

who, under the

appearance and

of Kala-puhar, or the black mountain. *'

whom

Being of a

of one of the liigher orders.

as well as of a savage

him the name

the Decanese gave

by

*'

Ahmed Nugr,

with the

in a battle

his eldest son,'"'

Uzeez Meea,

Lushkur Khan, acquired great celebrity, during from whom he received, besides the Musnud, or

of one thousand five hundred, the

of the standard and kettle-drum.'*'

He

much

coveted distinctions

closed a brilliant career, in the course of

which (1) The nation, or people, here spoken of, are indifferently denominated Palans Though fond of being considered the descendants of Khiilid, they are not satisfied with

pedigree, and therefore derive tliemselves from the

still

higher source of Judah

:

or ylfghans. so

modern a

nor are there wanting

circumstances in their history and manners, that strongly favour their claim to Jewish origin. (2) Ismiel

was the second of the Adil Sbtkhy Kings of Bejapoor, and reigned from A.H. giG

or from A.D. 1509 to A.D. 1534, being cotemporary with (3) Original

" man

which may be read

to

941,

Henry Vlllth of England.

so as to signify either

" an Ethiopian daemon " or

"a

of a wild or savage nature."

(4)

He

(5)

This was another

reigned from

knowing more of them, (G) Jan-nisar

A.H. 941

to

965, or from A.D. 1534 to 1559.

Mahommedan is

Khin had

dynasty of kings of Dican.

The

reader,

also

known by

who

is

desirous of

referred to Scott's Ferhhta.

another son,

named Nubby Khin, who was

the

title

of Run-

must Khan. (7)

He

(8)

That

reigned between the years 965 and 988 of the Higera, corresponding with A.D. 1557 and 1580. is,

the privilege of carrying a standard and of beating a kettle-drum.

APPENDIX.

xlv

which he was no

eminent

less

ably in battle, as his

3.

who was

so favoured

by

success to the

would appear

to

He

fortune, that he

have been

his son,

No

said to have never failed in

is

any military

doubt he owed much of this extraordinary

enthusiastic attachment of his followers

valor and prudence,

inspired, in the first instance,

and subsequently confirmed by

By

occasions, for their ease and comfort.

all

was succeeded by

Juhhdr Meea 3Ieedneh,

which he engaged.

enterprize in

than as a warrior, by falling honour-

as a statesman

father had done.

these

an attachment which

:

by

their confidence in his

on

his earnest care to provide,

means he soon outstripped, in

reputation and influence, the most eminent of his cotemporaries at the court of

Beejapoor.

This was manifested in his appointment to the government of Bunhapoor, and in his elevation, at the same time, to the dignity of an Omra of five thousand, with the command of four thousand horse. The SoubaU^' of Bunkapore, as it was then

called,

annual revenue of

grounds

of rupees.

fifty-four laclis

what footing the Patan received sufficient

for believing, that the tenure

this mit^ht be,

affairs,

of his

and remarkable

was of the

in

in attendance

:

on

his

and being, moreover, of a huge he received from his

the Canarese dialect, dirtt/ or Jilthy.

of extraordinary intrepidity,

which

universal terror

He

;"

was a

but of a sanguinary and cruel disposition.

Hateful, however, as his character was,

by the

it

Rugty Kala Puhar, or " the dirty black mountain

the word riigut signifying, in

siderably,

by which he held

for the squalidness of his usual dress,

subjects the appellation of

man

but the Narrative affords

Khan, to take possession, and administer This Bhulool Khan was, like his name.

his great-grandfather, of a sable complexion stature,

;

Jubbar Meea, remaining himself

new government

an

to yield

does not distinctly appear, upon

'°'

sovereign, dispatched his son, Bhulool

the

It

important charge

this

nature of a military Jageer, or fief

However

and was estimated

comprized twenty-two Mahals,

it it

would appear

to have

inspired, to the early

conduced con-

and advantageous

settlement of the country committed to his care.

Jubbar Meea

is

stated to have fallen in battle, like both his predecessors,

have been succeeded,

in the

Bunhapoor, although denominated

a

Which

consists of lands,

Moghul

granted partly at a

conquest.

mark of

personal favour, and partly for the pur-

pose of enabling the holder to maintain a specific military force for the service of the

'esumable

at

the pleasure of the sovereign.

BhUlool

Soulah, or province, under the jidil Shdhies, ranked only

as a Sircar (or subdivision of a SoubahJ after the

(10)

to

year 1022 of the Higera, by his son. 4.

(9)

and

state.

They

ar«

APPENDIX.

XV

JBhillool Klidn,

4.

wlio would, hereupon, appear to have removed the seat of his government from

the town and fortress of Bnnhaponr, to a place in the vicinity thereof, called

Sdnnor, or S/idnoor-hulfi/ of

its

environs and

city, to

his

own

tlic

to

;

which he

salubrity of

is

its

and

several

Here he founded and peopled

air.

which he gave the name of Shdnoor residence,

have been attracted by the beauty

said to

;

erecting in

commodious bazars

a

it

handsome palace

rapidly to decay, so that there

is

for

(or market-places) for the con-

Bttnkapoor, being thus abandoned by

venience of the inhabitants.

a large

hardly a trace of

it

its

chiefs, fell

to be seen at this day.

The

fate of Shdnoor itself has been little better, " that delightful city being now " reduced," says our author, who wrote only about ten years ago, " from an

" earthly paradise, surrounded by pleasant gardens, abounding in fruits of various " sorts, and fertilized by numerous canals, to the condition of the meanest of all " mean places."

Nothing further

is

recorded of Bhiilool Khan,

till

the period

appearing in the Decaii, at the head of the IVIoghul forces, the

now

declining

to consult their

kingdom of Bcejapoor began

own

to

when Aurungzcbe

many

of the nobles of

swerve from their allegiance, and

personal interests, at the expence of those of their natural

Among

sovereign and native country.

these was Bhiilool

Khan, who, no longer

keeping any terms with his court, but repairing openly to the camp of the prince, presented the latter with a Nuzr of three lacks of rupees and other costly gifts, in return for which he obtained an imperial patent of confirmation in the Souhahddry of Biitilaipoor

for

;

formed against

by

it

He

adequate force.

protection of which

tlie

appears, about the

Sircar of Kurnool

;

in

now proceeded

his justly incensed sovereign, he

his credit with the prince, in favour of

Khizr Khan Beeny

from any attempts that might be

who

same time,

to

an old friend and fellow student, named

obtaining, through the recommendation of Bhiilool, the

Jagecr, together with the dignity of an

Bhulool Khan, exclusive of the term of

Omra

;

upon

his death 5.

otherwise called Dileer

(II) Sni)posing

A.H. 1071 (A.D.

my

Khan

;

orio the

first

a succinct account

deputy,

Shdnoor during a period of forty-

he was succeeded by

his son,

Duk'C'l Khdn,<''y the latter being a

author's dates to be correct,

ICiOO)

of the empire,

his administration as his father's

stated to have ruled over the principality of

nine (lunar) years

an

have successfully employed

became the founder of the Patan dynasty o{ Kurnool, of which is given in Appendix G.

is

to raise

it

title

conferred on

him by the Emperor

follows, thnt Diilcel KhAi) luccecdcd bit father in

year of the second Ali Adil

Sh.'ih.

APPENDIX.

XVI

Emperor Allumgecr, on the occasion which will be presently mean while, he is said to liave appUed himself, with unwearied improvement of

his

Jageer

:

and though

noticed.

diligence, to the

his father had, long since,

his allegiance to his legitimate sovereign, the present chief thought

make

a

show of submission

adopted

;

but

it

is

he maintained an

certain, that

Secunder Adil Shah,""' which was deficient however, throwing off

all

in

3Ius)iiid,

and

correspondence with

epistolarj'

nothing but sincerity.

further disguise, he repaired with

expedient to

not distinctly

reign, does

SliTdi's

renounced

Whether he

immediately on his accession to the

during the remainder of the second Ali Adil

appear

it

to the feeble authority of that prince.

line of conduct

this

In the

In the end,

two thousand Afghan

horse, and from three to four thousand well-armed infantry, to the standard of

the

He

Emperor Allumgeer, by whom he was

received with distinguished honour.

subsequently consummated his treason and ingratitude towards the royal race,

through whose unbounded favor himself and family had attained

eminence and power, by

to their present

the reduction of Beejapoor, and in the con-

assisting in

sequent extinction of the dynasty of Adil ShTdiy.

The Emperor's to reduce

son. Sultan

Moaazim, being

sent, after the fall of Beejapoor,

Ahmeddhiid Beder, that place soon opened

quence of the sudden death of explosion

its

its

Hubshy, occasioned by the

governor, INIirjun

Here

of a powder-magazine."^'

weak

this

gates to him, in conse-

prince,

yielding to

the

suggestions of a wild ambition, and to the interested advice of evil counsellors,

formed the extravagant project of wresting the reins of government from the hands of a parent,

whom

and no longer Klidfbah'''' to

fit

he was taught, by to rule.

be read

his authority in

in his

Ahmed

He

his flatterers, to consider

announced

own name

The Emperor, upon

of these proceedings, assembled together his principal

what had occurred, demanded,

them who would undertake

same

at the

by causing the

and by attempting

at Beder,

mtgr, Jilnair, &c.

superannuated,

as

this rebellious purpose

time,

if

to establish

being informed

Omras, and stating to them there was any one among

to bring the deluded prince (for

notwithstanding his outrageous conduct, his father was

whose personal

still

safety,

anxious) alive and

All present at this auilience, with the single exception of

unhurt before him.

Dulccl Khan, appearing to shrink from the arduous task proposed to them, maintained (12)

He was

the last of the Adil Shahy kings of Beejapoor.

and terminated with the

fall

of Beejapoor

to the

Moghul arms,

(13) Beder, upon this occasion, received the

name

His reign begati A.H. 1083 (A.D. 16/2) in A.H. 1097 or A.D. lG85.

of Zuferalad, by which

it

is

still

occasionally

distingaished.

(14) That

is,

in fact,

caused himself to be proclaimed emperor.

mediately following, entirely en the authority of Husain Ali,

trom some of the

local annals

who

I

give

this,

and the account im-

probably derived his information

and family memoirs, collected under the direction of Colonel M'Kenzie.

APPENDIX. He

tained a profound silence. readiness to his zeal

and

fultil

XVtt

alone, without the

the Emperor's wishes

whereupon Allumgeer,

;

him by the

intrepidity, immediately saluted

declared his

least hesitation,

in admiration of

of Dileer

title

Khan

(or

the valiant Lord), and disj)atchcd him, without delay, on the service which he

had so promptly undertaken.

Khan

Dileer

followers, '"

(as

he must now be

called), putting himself at the

head of his

proceeded the same night from the imperial camp, and taking the

road to the rebel army, addressed a plausible letter to Moaazim Shah in which he pretended " to be disgusted at the neglect which he had experienced from Allum;

"

gcer,

"

in the fortunes of his Highness."

and to be desirous of attaching himself at the

recently passed

The

imperial court,

to the cause,

and

unsusjiicious

accepted the insidious overture of the Patan, to

urging him

hasten his arrival.

to

and of participating

credulous prince, ignorant of what had

whom

of treachery, joyfully

he immediately wrote,

Khun, having, by these means,

Dileer

intro-

duced himself into the camp of Moaazim Shilh, contrived, in the course of the interview to which he was soon admitted, to

good graces, that the

The following day being appointed for the march Khan repaired, at an early hour, to the tent of the

own.

of the rebel army, Dileer jjrince;

mount

who was

easily

progress in the prince's

gave directions for the Afghan quarters to be estab-

latter

lished contiguously to his

make such

persuaded, in order to do honour to the

the elephant of the Patan, by

w hom

it

new

favourite, to

had been pre-concerted that Moaazim

Sh-ah's personal retinue, together with his baggage, should be completely

sed by his

own

troops.

In

this array, Dileer

Khan

encompas-

himself being seated

behind

the prince in the Khmvdsi/,"^'' the party proceeded for some time, without the least distrust, either

on the part of Moaazim Shah, whose attention the Patan took caro

efToctually to occupy, or of

any of

his

immediate attendants.

The

elephant on

which he rode being remarkably swift footed, and the driver being directed in his route by occasional signs from his master, the army of the piince was quickly left far in .the

entered

At length some of

rear.

upon

the

road

the royal retinue, perceiving that they had

leading to Beejdpoor,

proclaimed the treason of the

Patan, and attempted to impede his progress: the causing the most active of them to be put to death,

The Patan now

design immediately ceased. rage his captive, with

whom

Jatter, all

however, instantly

further resistance to his

applied himself to console and encou-

he proceeded, by rapid marches, to Beejdpoor, where he

c

(15) Consisting, ai hat been seen, of two thousand Afghan horse and from three to four thousand well

armed

foot.

06) The Khuwasy to the

is

so called,

from

back of the elephant) assigned

the Hoivdeh, the plain open on«.

its

being the part of the

to tlm

KUuwas,

Umary or Howdek (i. e. the litter fixed The Umary it (he canopied litter;

or attendant.

APPENDIX.

XVJll

he soon delivered him,

and surrounded with

in perfect safety,

the hands of the overjoyed monarch.

amply requited the

latter

and important

delicate

Khun on whom,

occasion by Dileer

It is scarcely

indeed, he

;

his usual state, into

necessary to add, that the

service rendered

said to have

is

on the present

heaped such unpre-

cedented honours, as excited considerable jealousy in the breasts of the other

Omras

of the imperial court.

After this, Dileer

Khan

distinguished himself, in an eminent degree, at the

Golcondah and Doivlutdbdd, as well

sieges of

He

on various other occasions.

as

displayed, in particular, considerable talents and address, in the course of the operations

which he was employed

Shoolapoor

;

whom

he reduced

conduct against Yunkut Naig, the Polygar of

to

to

such

straits, as at

length compelled that stubborn

chieftain to acknowledge the imperial authority, after he resisted, for three years, every effort of

Dileer

Khan now

Allumgeer

retired to the seat of his

to

had firmly and successfully

subdue him.

government; nor would either he, or

the other Patau chieftains of the Decan, appear to have taken any part in the succeeding troubles, excited by the various intrigues and factions which distin-

his rule over the

Shdnoor

of

whom

he was succeeded by his son,

principalit)^,"''

6.

at length, in the thirty-second year of

Dying,

guished the period in question.

^bddl Ghuffdr Khdn,

nothing in particular

is

recorded,

period he paid his court so effectually to late

till

the death of Allumgeer, at which

Khan

Jehan, the foster-brother of the

emperor, and governor in chief, or viceroy of the Decan, on the part of the

new emperor,

that he soon obtained from

him

the requisite patents of confirmation

in his Jageer, or principality.

After some time, taking offence at the great state assumed by

Daise-pdndeh'^' of

Serhuttij,'^'^^

who was

Khan Gooreh,

the

a tributary of the Shdnoor government,

he Or

(17)

in

(18) This

A. H. 1103,

is

an

office,

corresponding with A.D. iGgi.

corresponding,

from the Mukuddum, or head man of a

As

(19)

the chiefs of Serhutty

and Lukmaiser (ihe

Tippoo

Sultan,

"

the period

make some

in

that of PuUail,

and not

differing

materially

Hindostan.

figure in the history of the Decan,

and

as both

Serhutty

of which depL-nded upon Sirhully) were included within the dominions of

may not be displeased with the following short account of them, eitracted of Meer Husain Ali when Enkus Khan,- a distinguished nobleman of the kingdom of Bccjnpoor, was :

invested with the charge of the Souhuhddry of

" populous and

"

believe, with

the reader

from the collections

" At

latter

I

village,

flourishing town,

he chose

it

Uunkapoor and

its

dependencies, Lukmaiser* being a

for the seat of his government.

the village of Serhutty, whither the governor occasionally resorted,

Not

far

from thence stood

either on business or for pleasure.

" On • S
is

situated, according to the

Lukmaiier, which

is

map

prefixed to Colonel Wilks's Hislory of Mysore, about twelve miles north-

placed about twcety miles iiotth of Sh-inoor.

APPENDIX. he sent a numerous

himself to he surprised and shamefully defeated hy very

;

numbers,

inferior

fell

wounded

avowed purpose of redeeming the credit of

" " " " " "

manner

requite in the most absurd and extravagant

with a Jageer of

" "

trifling service

in

from the Pullail of the

He

the village*

him

did not forget

at

continued

in

him

since, sending for

;

open Durldr, conferred upon him the

village

office of

of Khan-gooreh, or, as

title

but bestowed upon him, at that

his death,

he

the following day,

Daise-pdndeh of Lukmaiser,

may be

it

high favour with Enkus Kh;ln during ihe

moment,

These honourable pledges of

elephant, together with his standard and Nolut.-\

" esteem,

efl'ectualiy chastising

his

thousand rupees, and gave him the

five

Lord of

who

the latter,

and of

Linqayet, named Soampa) which some superstitious notion appears to have led him to

a

pubtickly adopted him,

state

his arms,

of these occasions he happened to receive a

interpreted.

This misfortune did

c 2

'

" (who was

enemy.

into the hands of the

prevent Aljdul Ghuffar from assembling another army, with the

not, however,

" On one

under the direction of his nephew,

force against that chieftain,

Kh&n Meea who, allowing

XIX

life

his

of

own

their patron's

constituted, henceforward, the chief pride and most valued distinction of (he Khdn-gooreh's

family; who, to

memory of

hold the

this day,

their original benefactor in such reverence, that they

never light a lamp or candle of an evening, without invoking his name.

" The Khnn-goorehs (who

are also sometimes called Kunchun-goorchs) continued in the undisturbed

" possession of their oflice and lands, from the time of the transfer of the Sonbah of Bunkupoor to the " Patan chieftam, Jabb.lr Meea, till the administration of Abdul Ghuffar Khan ; who, as above related, " involved himself in a frivolous quarrel with "

"

" the medium of agents deputed

" "

his displeasure

and

;

conciliate

his

of

its

rushed suddenly,

lamented donor,

" a thousand foot, upon the Afghan forces, " in the text, and thereby reduced the Patan " honorable peace. " Dud Khan Gooreh was, some time "

"

the fourth son

" tained from the

of

3-

who

Soampa,

lacka and sixty thousand rupees,

" "

Maiirattah government.

Hyder

successes of

•

I

am

Ali

by no mcan^ confident that

having given any txj'ljnalion of

f The Nobul J

The Teekah

this

is

the

line

the Daise-pdndeh,

whom

fixing

the

and invoking the assistance

no more than

the head of

five

hundred horse and

he obtained the signal victory mentioned ultimate necessity of

him an

granting

succeeded by

Chuk Khdn Gooreh Behddilr, himself

to

the Mahrattah chief,

of which he agreed to pay one lack of

not only

the

in

force

till

Patan chief of

the sense in which the appellation

Balajee

Rio,

ob-

the year

Shdnoor,

in question

rupees annnaWy to

when the

1/64,

but most of the

was employed,

"

Poly gars

my

author not

it.

which

Iliiidcos

and other musical instruments, which an Omra may be privileged draw, on certain occasion^, across their foreheads.

with a consecrated eailh, somtlimcs with a prepaialiou of sandal like the present.

(except that of discontinuing the

despair,

chieftain to the

after this,

obliged,

consists of the kettle-drum, is

at

vainly endeavoured, through

by Enkus Kh'ui) to appease and

to his family

This arrangement continued

Khan

who

;

the entire district of Serkutty, yielding a yearly revenue of

" two the

Soampa

prove to the Patan the unreasonableness of

urged by

over

attaching

the farm of

latter

to

Gooreh,

waving the interdicted banner,

forehead,

his

or

bequeathed

At length,

superior.

offvinded

Khan

sought every practicable means

as vainly

teekah J of sandal on

Dud Khdn

first

the purpose,

for

use of the standard and kettle drum,

" " "

2.

and successor of the

the eldest son,

;

the latlci being used only

on very

It is

to use.

made sometimes

particular occasioiu,

APPENDIX.

XX his successful adversary

but learning, in the mean while, that the Mahrattah?,

:

whose power had, by this time, become extremely formidable to their neighbours, were preparing to march to the GooreJis assistance, he determined, with more prudence than of a trifling

from

from the contest

sum of money, agreed

his

all

spirit, to retire

late

;

by

to be paid

arrogant pretensions,

and accordingly, his vassal,

in consideration

he not only receded

together with an honorary

but,

dress,

corresponding assurances of future favor and protection, conferred

accompanied by upon the Daisepctndeh the

additional title of

Behddur. '^"^

Khan Jehan dying about this time, was succeeded in the government of the Decan by Meer Husain Ali Khan, the younger of the two ambitious brothers, celebrated, in the history of this turbulent period, under the a])pellation of the

Hereupon the Patan

of Bdrheh.

the Simtih'

Ghufoor Mcea,

to

chieftain

dispatched his

son,

BiMidnpoor, with a considerable Niizr in money, and other

new

valuable presents for the

ment, confirmed him dio^nities enjoyed by

his

ease and dissipation,

and

viceroy,

who, in return

in the possession of his

for this seasonable

After this he gave himself

predecessor.

at length dying,

comple-

Jdgeer, as well as of the other

in

up

to a life of "''

the twenty -eighth year

of his

government, was succeeded by his above-mentioned son,

Ghufoor Mcea,

7.

who was

scarcely seated

on the Musnud, before he was called upon

invasion of the Mahrattahs, headed

by a

to repel an

chieftain of the Rasta family,

by whom great

"

Serhiithj

a grandson of

Chak Khan Gooreh

" on condition that he remitted

" *' • '

the Mahrattahs, allowed the

encourage

this

period,

the

Mas

" •'

At

Polygars of the surrounding country, to submit to the conqueror's authority.

" Daise-pandeh of

him

;

4-

who

Dud Kunchun

Goorek,

throwing himself on the prelection of Hyder, the

in future to

to retain possession of his Taaluks.

neighbouring PolygoTi,

latter,

Scringapatam the same tribute he had hitherto paid to

treated

considerable distinction, and finally dismissed

Hyder moreover, with

him, while he remained

him with

various flattering

in the

marks of

a

view to

Mysore camp, with his favor-

" Tl»e Daise-pandehs of Serhutty continued, from this lime until the year 1792, under the protection " of the Mysore government. They then became once more subject to the authority of the " Mahrattahs; who, by virtue of the partition treaty of Scrbi£opalam. acquired possession of all the " country

" appear (20)

It

situated to the

to

have taken

northward of the Tungiuddra.

Since this period,

no further change would

place in their condition."

appears to have been somewhat early for the Nabob', or governors, of such districts as that of

Bunhapoor,

to

have exercised the prerogative of bestowing

titles

of honor.

It

must, however, be

admitted, that the imperial authority of the court of Dehli was already on the decline, and that even the

more immediate powers of

the local Soubahddrs,

or viceroys,

nor respected, by their nominal deputies or subordinates. (21) That

is

in

AH.

1131, orA.D, 1719-

were neither uniformly acknowledged

APPENDIX. some time, committed

great ravages were, for

Ghufoor Mcea, encountering the enemy

them

a considerable defeat

XXI

in the

Patau

territories.

At length

in the environs of

Misry-Kotah, gave which, however, only obtained him a temporary

;

respite from hostilities, since the fugitives, having procured a reinforcement

Gropaul Rilo Ghoarpurrch, the

Ndzim

(or governor)

renew their depredations on

condition to

own

adjoining to their

the

of

M'trij,

Shdnoor

from

were soon in a immediately

districts,

which they accordingly continued to harass for At the end of this period the Patan was glad to avail

frontier,

nearly two years longer.

himself of the mediation of Gopaul Rao, in order to effect an accommodation

with the invaders, who, upon his paying them about

and money, and ceding withdraw from

From

them the

to

ninth

place in the

Meea remained

year of his

district of

goods

Mlsry-Kotah, agreed to

at peace until his death,

which took and during the Nawdb, Asof was succeeded by

government,'"'

He

Jah's,'" viceroyalty of the Decan.

^kiai Mujeed

8.

who

and

his dominions.

time Ghufoor

this

fort

a lack of rupees, in

K/i(hi,(-^>

already aspiring to complete independence, omitted paying his court to Asof

Jah, and rashly assumed the management of his patrimony, without applying for, or obtaining, the customary patent of confirmation from the viceroy. By this

conduct he drew upon himself, as might be expected, the displeasure of Asof Jah, who had, about this period, transferred the seat of his government from

Aurinigahad

to

Hyderabad, and who

contumacy of the Patan.

With

Hidayet Mohyiiddecn Khan Jung)

take possession

to

this view, after

(better

known

of Beejapoor,

in

preparing to chastise the

having dispatched his grandson,

afterwards

he marched

by the

title

of Mtizuffer

himself directly

a"-ainst

many

Shdnoor,

He

army.

no time

lost

of the districts of which he resigned to the depredations of his was, on this occasion, eagerly joined by the disaffected Daise-pdndehs

of Serhiifty,

and other Po/ygars

(iiiduh,

;

who, stimulated by their habitual

omitted no means of inflaming his resentment against Asof Jah, however, was too wary and experienced, to allow

hatred of the Afghans,

Abdul Mujeed.

himself to be swayed by the interested representations and suggestions of these people and having nothing in view but to bring the Patan tu a proper sense of ;

his (22) That

is

in

AH.

(23)

More commonly

(24)

On

1 1

10,

called

other occaions,

or

A.D. 172S.

NizSm

as well

61 Miilk. as the

present,

my

author has omiltcd (o mention the degree of

consanguinity subsisting between the successor and his predecessor. safely

In such instances,

presumed, that the successor was the son of the person he succeeded.

it

may bo

APPENDIX.

XXU his duty,

he readily admitted of the mediation of the chief of

purpose.

Thereupon

Mujeed's paying two

lacJis

Kamool

and the negociation terminated

hostihties ceased,

of rupees to the

Nizam

to

;

whom

he

made

also

for that

in

Abdul various

valuable presents, in return for which he obtained patents of confirmation in his possessions.

make

It

being thought proper, on this occasion, that the Patan should

a visit of form to

tiie

Viceroy, he only consented to do

condition of beinsi received in a

among

the

Omras

manner

of the empire.

suitable to the hifrh rank

to the

Diirbdr

Huhkah during

as his

official

superior,

this interview

He

and when he did homage

:

" the wisdom

to

to

Asof Jah,

In short, Asof Jah omitted no attention

towards him, which could gratify his pride or vanity

'•'

was even permitted

by presenting him with the usual Nuzrs, the Viceroy

condescended to receive them standing.

observes)

which he held

where, on his arrival^ the

;

Viceroy seated him on the Musnud, with himself. his

on the express

so,

Accordingly, Nasir Jung, the second son of

Asof Jah, was deputed to conduct him

smoke

all

to

" having"

:

our author

(as

think, that the attachment of so powerful a chieftain

would be cheaply purchased

he mistaken in his calculation

Nor was

at the price of such trivial concessions." ;

since the

Patan was

so highly pleased with the

gracious and flattering behaviour of the Viceroy towards him, that, from a contu-

macious

vassal,

he was suddenly converted into one of the most useful and zealous

adheients of that celebrated personage.

accompanying Asof Jah,

This was soon

in the year of the Higera'-''''

expedition of the latter to the

Payen Ghaut Carnatic

by his

after evinced,

115/ (or A. D. 1^44) in the

;

where himself and followers

acquired considerable renown for their valor on several occasions

;

particularly at

the attack of Nuthurnugr (or Trichinopolij) , at that time in the possession of

Murar Rao Ghoarpurreh. Asof Jah wa s occupied

nerly three years in the settlement of the Carnatic,

during the whole of which period Abdul Mujeed length having reduced Trichinopoli/, and

made

Khan

him

and other Patan

in his expedition, to repair to their respective

Asof Jah dying about four years

after this,

'"'

Hi/derabad

chieftains,

At

;

at the

who had

same

attended

homes.

was succeeded,

Decan, by his second son, Mecr Ahmed, better known by the

who being

train.

a satisfactory adjustment with the

several Poli/gars of the Carnatic, the viceroy returned to

time permitting Abdul Mujeed,

continued in his

as Souhali of the

title

of Nasir

Jung

;

shortly after directed to repair to the court of Dehli, appointed his

nephew, (25) Or, accordfwg to oilier authorities, in A. (26)

He

died the 4\h oi

Jamadus Sany, A. H.

age of one hundred and four, as year.

H. 1156, or A. D. 1743.

Dow

1

l6l (or 2-Jth

and others have

March 1/48), not

inadvertently stated,

at

the extraordinary

but in his seventy-seventh

APPENDIX. nephew, Hidayet Mohyuddecn

Khan (more commonly

the temporary charge of his government.

memoir

XXlll

It is foreign to

the object of the present

which followed

to enter into a detail of the events

Muzuffer Jung) to

called

:

may

it

suffice to say,

that Hidayet, availing himself of his uncle's absence, and yielding to the persua-

assumed the

sion of traitors,

of Soubah

title

and that Nasir Jung,

;

on being

apprized of his nephew's proceedings, excused himself from complying with the imperial

summons, and hastened back

time in advancing against the rebels

only pretended to do

Palan

so, for

who

in this fatal expedition

Meea,

at the

head of a

fell

no

the latter were

former, however, declining to do so

;

Kureem

of sickness, and sending his son,

(whether truly or not) on the ground

soon after

Among The

Kunwol, and Kurpah.

accompany the Soubah

did not himself

lost

either sincerely espoused his cause, or

the purpose of betraying him.

chieftains of Shdnoor,

thence he

being previously joined, on this occasion, by

;

the different feudatories of the Decan,

the

From

Hyderabad.

to

suitable force, in his stead. "^

Nasir Jung, as

is

Pntan commanders

a victim to the treachery of the

well

of

:

known,

whom,

Kureem Meea and the chief of Kurnool being slain, in the sanguinary feud which arose among the conHence it appears, spirators, within two months from the murder of Nasir Jung. that these writers were mistaken, who have represented the actual ruler of SMnoor however, only one lived to return to

as an

his capital

;

both

immediate accomplice in the treason of the Patans.

whether he was,

any measure, privy

in

Abdul Mujced would not appear

to

It is

even uncertain,

to the designs of the conspirators.

have taken any share in the troubles which

followed the transaction just related, and which continued to disturb the tranquillity of the

Decan

his death,

for five or six years after

nor do we hear further regarding him,

:

which took place in the thirty-second year of

his

government,

till

when

^''

he was succeeded by 9.

ylhddl Ilukeem

not long after whose accession

Nizam

Khdn

Ali

Mced)}chf-'>

Khan (who

had, by this time,

seized

conjunction with the Mahrattahs proceeded

upon the government of the Decan) in against Shdnoor, with the avowed intention of overturning that the murder of the former's brother, Nasir Jung.

state,

and avenging

In pursuance of this purpose, the

(2")

The

author of the Maasir ul

Omra

(a

biographical

work

of

tlic

first

cstimntion and authority,

is among ihc principal Oricnt.i) desiderata) calls the son of and adds, thai contingent on this occasion, BluMool Khia Shdnoor the commanded Mujeed, who Jung. life of Nisir against the the design formed to privy beginning, Mujeed was, from the

and a judicious Iranblation of which

;

(28) Thatisin A.

H.

117'2, or

:

but

it

is

Abdiil

A. D. l/iy.

(29) Here, again, our author has omitted mentioning, in

predecessor

Abdiil

most probable that he was

gaged in the conspiracy against N^sir Jung.

a

what

relation

Abdul Hukcem stood

younger brother of the Kureem Mp«a,

to his

who was

en-

APPENDIX.

XXIV

the confederates entered and laid waste the

months

in

;

Patan

the course of which the ]\Iahrattahs also

Abdiil

jjossessed themselves

of

Guddnch, and other places depending on the Shdnoor

Serhuffi/, Misry-cotdh,

principality.

Hukeem, being

and addicted

of an indolent character,

and despairing, moreover, of being able

pleasure,

territories for the space of three

to

to cope successfully with such

now encompassed him, deterniined, if possible, to save himself With this view, he solicited and obtained the mediation of Busby alut Jung, the brother, and of Ruknud Dowlah, the Dewdn (or minister), of the Aizdm, who was prevailed upon, at their instance, to accej)t of two lacks of rupees from the Patan, as an atonement for what had passed. The Mahrattahs, howsuperior forces as

submission.

ever,

though with

Hukeem

less

cause of complaint, were not so easily satisfied

;

Abdiil

been obliged to relinquish to them, in perpetuity, the sixteen Mahals, of

which they had made themselves masters in the course of the late irruption. " The heavy misfortunes," observes my author, " which thus befel, and had " nearly overwhelmed, the Patan state, were, at the moment of their occurring,

" very *'

generally regarded (and especially by

all

devout Musulmans) as a judgment

of heaven upon that tribe, for the treacherous murder of Nasir

Jung

;"

of which

atrocious deed they appear to have been almost universally considered as not

the actual perpetrators,

would be

as

The same

but likewise the chief promoters.

only

reflection

naturally suggested (and probably was) on occasion of the rapid

dechne, after this time, of the two other Patan governments, of Kiirttool and

Kurpah

one of which was, ere long, completely subverted, and the other reduced

;

dependence and insignificance with that of Shdnoor, which however, had not yet fallen so low as it was destined to do, at no distant period.

to a similar state of

Hyder

Ali

Khan, having gained possession of the fort of Dhdricdr, through its governor, Rustum Khan''°' (who, on this occasion, engaged in

the treachery of

the service of Hyder) proceeded from thence against Shdnoor

keem, the

where Abdul Hu-

he could, dispatched them, under of Jubbar Meea, with orders to oppose the enemy's advance. The

hastily collecting together

command

what

;

two armies met

in the environs of

where Hyder completely routed the closely, that both Shdnoor and Bunkapore

Anwutly

Patans, and followed up his success so

were presently invested.

forces

;

Abdul Hukeem, alarmed

at the rapid progress

invader, determined to seek an accommodation with him

;

of the

and, for this purpose,

which Hyder, " moved," says our author, " by respect for the " honourable ancestry of the Patan, readily assented." This sentiment may seem

made

overtures, to

somewhat

at variance

with the general character of Hyder,

the usual nature of upstart power

:

if

not, indeed, with

but the issue of this very negociation evinces, that

he (30)

He

was governor of Dharwdr en the part of Ihe Soulah of the Dccan.

APPENDIX.

XXr

did hold nobility of descent in some estimation, since

lie really

it

was one of the

conditions of the treaty concluded on this occasion, that a double union, by marriage, should be

formed between

own

his

be thought, that Hyder was actuated

in

family and that of the Patan.'"^ this

It

may

proceeding solely by considerations

of policy, grounded on the notion, that such a connection was calculated to con-

duce to the consolidation of

how such

to show,

his

so depressed, as to require, this as

from

might,

it

usurped authority.

a purpose could be promoted

it is

It would be difficult, however, by an union with a state, now

instead of being enabled to afford,

certain,

assistance.

Be

that no benefit ultimately resulted to either party

this contract.

Our

author has not communicated any of the minuter articles of the treaty in

question

nor have

;

information. itself,

on

Mysore

It

I

been able to supply the omission from any other source of

may be presumed, however,

this occasion,

and

chieftain,

that the

Patan government bound

both to pay a certain annual tribute, or paixhcuxli, to the

him, when required,

to furnish

with a specific military

The former supposition is rendered probable, by the allusions, which we have made in Tippoo Sultan's correspondence with Abdul Hukeem, to his pecuniary claims on the Patan : while the latter conclusion is also, in some measure, warrantforce.

seen

ed,

by the

Hyder's having been accompanied, in most of his subsequent

fact of

expeditions, by a body of

Patan

horse and a thousand infantry,

Kurpah, and other his father-in-law; latter,

places,

^vas

Thus Kheera Meea, with

five

hundred

present at the reduction of Gooty, Bullu'uj/,

which submitted, about

this time, to the authority of

and though he was prevented, by sickness, from attending the

during his invasion of the Caniatic, yet on that occasion,

Patan

stipulated contingent of the

among

troops.

state,

also,

did the

headed by another conunander, apjiear

the auxiliary forces of the Mysorean.

Previously to his departure from the neighbourhood of Shdnoor, in prosecution of his ulterior plans of conquest, article

Hyder (whether

in

conformity with any private

of the treaty, which has been alluded to, or merely at the subsequent

solicitation

of his

new

ally,

is

in possession of the greater

uncertain) undertook to put the latter, once more, ])art

of the districts, which, as has been seen,

been wrested from him, a few years before, by the Mahrattahs.

had

This object he

accordingly accomplished to a certain extent, recovering some of the districts in question by force, and others by bribery.

Nor

is it,

by any means, necessary, in

order to our admitting the probability of this statement, to suppose, that

Hyder

d

and

(31) Abdiil

Hukeem, on

this occasion,

SAheb, whose

sister (by the

same mother) was bestowed upon Kheera Meea, the

chief.

gave his daughter

in ninrriage to

Hyder's second son, eldest son of

Kureem llie

Patan

APPENDIX.

XXVI and the Mahrattahs were, kind here spoken tains in

at this juncture,

frequently take place

of,

uar; since aggressions, of the

at

still

among neighbouring

without leading to a positive rupture,

India,

They

between them.

chief-

or to general hostilities

mere border

arc considered, perhaps, as

and

states

disputes,

and are

not uncommonly adjusted without any serious or formal appeal to the sword.

We hear nothing further of Blusnud

Abdul Hukeem

till

the death of

Hyder

Ali, at the

and the consequent accession of Tippoo Sultan to the

close of the year 1/82,

on which occasion, though the commander of the Patau contingent,

:

Mysore army, took upon him

serving with the

with the

to present the Sultaii

Am3/' and other compliments customary in such cases, no

letter of congratulation

came from Abdul Hukeem himself. 1 his omission gave great oftence to Tippoo who, however, did not judge it convenient to take any immediate notice of the :

affront. It

was about

this period, that the

Wang

famous Dhoondy Jee

He

rendered himself conspicuous in the Decan.

(or

Wagh)

first

had previously contented himself

with petty depredations, in the course of yvhich he had fallen into the hands of the Mahrattahs, who, after some time, were prevailed on (probably restore

hmi

to liberty

In the

to repent.

a favour of

;

mean

which

it

by

bribes) to

was not long before he gave them cause

while, joining the expedition of

Hyder

Ali to the Car-

natk, he served, during the whole of the war in that quarter, in the Mysore army,

under the banners of an old associate of termination of hostilities in the

Badamy Bhishtapa. Dhoondy Jee, accompanied

his, called

Carnatic,

On

the

only by

about seventy or eighty adherents of the same desperate character as himself, hastened to Shd^mor

;

where suddenly appearing

palace, he declared that chieftain in a state of

at the gate of

Dhurna, or

his determination not to quit his position, until the

Patau

Abdid Hukeem's and proclaimed

siege,*^"'

cither consented to take

himself and his followers into his service, at the yearly allowance of a lack of rupees, or otherwise to bestow

were

districts as

readers,

it

will,

still

upon him the Deicdnij of such of the S/idnnnr

in the possession of the

no doubt, appear extraordinary,

of men, insulated and unsupported (as

may

vassals,

it

may be

of India, or

To

the generality of

not incredible, that a handful

should be able to give the law

to a chieftain,

surrounded by guards and

supposed, could have easily and signally punished the

temerity of the intruders.

who have

if

as these were,

be said) in his own capital,

who,

Mahrattahs.

By

those, however,

who

arc conversant in the customs

perused the singular report referred to at the bottom of the

page, the fact, here related, will not be thought irreconcileable with experience or probability.

Be

this as

it

may, our author proceeds

to say, that

Abdul Hukeem, impatient

(32) For a very particular account of the singular practice

of Dhurna, the reader

curious communication from Lord Teignmouth, iu the Asiatic Researches.

is

referred to a most

APPENDIX

XXVU

Impatient to get rid of his importunate and daring suitor, and, of the two evils

Dhoondy Jee, considering the latter as the least, conhim with the office he demanded, Dhoondy having, accordingly, obtained from the fears of the Patan the Stinuds (or patents) necessary for his proposed to his choice by sented to invest

what followers he could suddenly collect totrethcr, in addition to his original party (and in such a country, the temptation to plunder puqjose, hastened, with

would not

him many),

to procure

fail

upon the

question, seized

fortress of

money and

derable a booty, in

surprized two or three of the districts in

Misry-cotah, and finally acquired so consi-

effects, as

enabled him to send a

Nuzr

of two lacks

of Shdnoory pagodas, together with other valuable presents, to Abdul Ilukeem

uho

appears to have ratified

;

and irregular proceedings, not only by accepting a share of the plunder, but by bestowing on the plunderer, in return, all

his violent

an honorary dress, accompanied by other marks of distinction and approbation.

Dhoondy

After this,

two thousand though

it is

sort

of dej)re(lation, on the frontiers of the Mahrattahs

some ground

is

must be admitted, that

it

hundred horse and

Ilukeem, with regard

are circumstances

tliere

to this

for believing that

On

he did.

if

the

terri-

the whole,

the conduct of

in

famous free-booter, which,

and

:

not expressly stated, that he respected, on these occasions, the

Sliumor, there

tories of

his force to five or six

continued, for a considerable while, to levy contributions, and

foot,

commit every

to

augmenting

Jee,

Abdul

Patun did not

and wavering character, might well warrant a suspicion of collusion between them in the affair of the Dhnrna}^^^ '' 2 Things apjiear to have

(33)

It is

well

been actually of

known,

that the

a timid

famous adventurer, spoken of

in

spicuous, at a later period, during which he furnished considerable

Mystrelesly)

It

this occasion,

that

Lord Viscount Wellington (then

gave that earnest of the consummate military

aftbrded so

most

was on

many eminent

brilliant

Among

proofs,

in

the text,

skill

and enterprizing

the course of the Malirattah

evidence was reserved for another period, and a

the papers found at Serin gapatam,

there

is

Tippoo Sultan, on the subject of Dhoondy Jee Wag,

still

Llic

still

more con-

to the British forces in

Honorable Colonel Wel-

of which he subsequently war of 1803-1, but of which the more arduous ihealre.

a curious

of

became

employment

spirit,

document,

in

which the following

the hand-writing of is

nearly a

literal

translation.

" The

question [or case] proposed by the

"

departments of government,

"

ibis:

—

" Bishna

first,

the aforesaid robber has

Khodadad

Bishna Pundit,

many

Sircar,

for the consideration

and relating

that,

" country of Slu'inoor that person

was

if

;

told,

of

all

the four

Dhoondy Jcc, is through the medium of

to the robber,

times humbly represented,

Pundit, and once or twice in Urxies from himself [to us], (hat he

" Sircar, and "

and of

was the servant of the

were afforded him by the Sircar, he would [engage to] lake all the and [again], that he was the servant of the KhodAMd Sircar. In answer licrelo, a little help

once or twice, by

letter

from ourselves, and furthermore by diflercnt verbal

" communications, that as it was [a lime of] peace, we should [or could] positively afl'ord him no " assistance. To the same efFect we sent him word, about two months ago, by Futah Sh;Mi, saying, you " are a servant of the Khodudad Sircar, and our well wisher you must [therefore] never enter the '

"

'

:

iciritories

of the

Khodddud

Sircar, as, by your doing so, the peace

would be disturbed

[or broken]

"

'

;

but

•

••

AT PEN BIX.

XXVIU

in this situation in the principahty of Shdywor,

Things remained having made

till

Tippoo,

peace with the English, and established his authority in Bidnore, 3Iangalore,

" but you may remain in the territories of others, and do therein what you will-' This message " being delivered to him, he sent back, along with Futah Shah, an Afghan of the name of Omar " Khan, to whom hegave in charge a horse'and an Urzee for us- On the arrival of these two persons " in the Presence, we demanded of them an account of the situation of affairs in that quarter to " which Fulah Shah answered, that this was the intention of the accursed Rao namely, to introduce •

:

;

•'

" " " "

" " " "

" "

by whatever means might be [practicable], into the Presence, and there labour,

himself,

admittpd to the honor of Islamism, to attain distinction

and renown

;

after

being

and that he had, accordingly

Omar Khan, for the purpose of representing these particulars we summoned Omar Khan, together with Futah ShJih, to our

sent his confidential [friend or servant],

The following day we desired [the former] to state truly to us, and without lying, what Dhoondy Jee had Hereupon the aforesaid [Omar Khan] made a similar communication to us namely, ' that the wish of Dhoondy Jee was to obtain an introduction to the Presence, and by approving (after

to us in detail.

Presence, where said.

;

real

'

his admission to the

'

honor of Islamism)

'an honorable name-'

his zeal

The communication

of

tliis

and devotion

in

our service,

we After this we

wretch being concluded,

to secure

[being

still

to

himself

doubtful of

its

said [to him], well, but made him repeat it, which that nolody accordingly did. Byhiscoming, displeasurewillarise between us and the PoonnA people. wherefore does become hither? and we will secretly supply him with what money and other articles he may Let him remain there To this, that ass [or Omar Kh&n] rejoined, that he had [already] slated to us what the require." utmost wish and object of Dhoondy Jee was, and could only add, that he was actuated by no other.'

accuracy]

'

—

'

" ' " " " Hereupon we further said it is well do you go back to Dhoondy Jee, and s.iy to him, that the " ' first condition [prescribed by us] is, that he shall agree to embrace the faith the second, that he " shall marry [under our direction] into some respectable family furthermore, that upon his " ' receiving the honor of Islamism, he shall be put in possession of one or other of these two forts, " ' namely, the fort of Murugsera or Husmungy, together w ith a Jagecr [adequate to the maintenance] ;

'

'

'

:

'

:

:

•

:

"

'

of a thousand horse.

t'

'

be proper."

"

pleasure to him-

To

this

If

(we added) he does not agree

eflect

We even

did

desired

we him

to these things,

three or four times, to repeat

aloud what

sending for

we had

his

coming hither

Omar Khan,

stated to

him,

in

will not

signify

our

order that

" we might be satisfied whether or not he [perfectly] remembered, or had rightly comprehended, the " same whereupon that dog repeated the whole, word for word. What is here staled took place " three or four times. After this, giving that dog a horse to ride, we dispatched him, wiih directions " to be expeditious, and lo inform the ta/a7Hi7<; * (his employer), that on condition he embraced the " faith, he might repair to the Presence but that, otherwise, it would be needless for him lo come. " Accordingly, this accursed dog proceeding from hence [soon] returned, accompanied by Dhoondy " Jee: The aforesaid dog [i- e. Omar Kh;in] was no sooner arrived, than sending for him we said to " him having brought the catamite along with you, you have, of course, got hi;n to engage to " embrace the (aith, and have, moreover, made him acquainted with all our other orders." Hereupon " that accursed dog humbly set forth, that by the blessing of God, Dhoondy Jee had not only agreed " to embrace the faith, but to comply,! heart and soul, with every thing required of him, and, in '• On hearing this we were highly delighted, .ind said, this disposition, had repaired to the Presence. " ' we have ordained, that his name shall be Shaikh Ahmed. Let a time be fixed for his repeating the " Kulmah [or Mahommedan creed].' To this the infidel [meaning Omar Khan] answered it will " 'be ;

J

:

'

'

'

:

• Original

+

Original

«C'^ . ^

-^

or

.

-j

iirc

which

" head and

I

lake to be the

eyes."

word alluded

to

by Colonel Wilkt,

at

'

page xxiii of his Preface.

APPENDIX.

XXIX

Mangulore, and other parts of his dominions situated to the westward of Seringapafam, ^\hicli had manifested a disposition to revolt, lie now proceeded on his return

" "

'

be better

'if

he

"

signify.

"

again sent for on the third day,

*'

he meant

"

But on sending

to

for

them

delayed

repeat

will

the next day, the

we

caused

two or three

after

till

it

did not

Being

Meer Sadik

[i.

e-

"

every thing, declaring that he did not know, and had never heard, a

we

and that he heard them now

" The remaining

" " " •'

consequence] with the three

owing

to the confidence

" Kh^nJ "

that

we

sent for

to all of

;

whom

this

for the tirst lime.

If the above-named be kept [here],

down, what

speedily, in order

never communicated these things to hino,

Omar Khan] had

particulars [of this atfair] will be verbally

Riza, and Purnia.

therefore, write

\i. e.

it

Dhoondy Jee] plainly denied word of the matter. Aiter this

had the catamite examined by the Asof, by the Sudoor, and ;by others

nolody affirmed, that the Afghan

that

[Dhoondy Jee himself 3 when

to enquire of

*'

" "

said,

and to urge him to embrace

faith,

the Diirlur; but,

same reply was given [by Omar Khan]-

Hereupon the accursed dog

his Jageer.

visits to

Hereupon we

moment.*

this

it

be admitted to the honor of the

he might repair to

that

Kulmah be

repeating of the

if his

be required of him,

it

infidels;

* and

if

which we

Dhoondy Jee

no doubt

send him aw.iy,

strife

will

siill

placed in the communications of to the Presence,

in order that

Sadik,

[or enmity]

Mahommed

will arise [in

enmity ensue

you advisable and beneficial on

appear to

shall

we

made known by Meer

the reprolate

we might

j

you

occasion-

this

will,

It

was

dog [Omar

have an interview

with him."

Then

follows the opinion of the counsellors referred to, and of which a translation

Mahommed

appears to be in the hand-writing of

" The humble

"

that

to say, of the

is

" With

Riza

Meer Meeran,

%

NaLolJ

(the Binki/

representation (or opinion) of the slaves of

subjoined.

It

:

the three f departments of government,

all

the Asof, and the Sudoor,

Dhoondy

respect to the keeping, or sending away, of

is

is

this

:

Jee, as directed to

be considered by

" the Presence, there is no doubt, or question, that the keeping of him will be attended with complete " evil, and give rise to enmity [or disagreement] with all the three infidels. On the other hand, if " he be sent away, the same enmity will be produced. Therefore, what we, your slaves, humbly " suggest, is, that Dlioondy Jee be kept imprisoned, and never be released. The humble representation, " this 14th day of the month Tukky, year Eusikh, and of the birth of Mahommed 1222,§ of " Meer Mahommbd Sadik, /isof. *

«<

*

*

*

*

*

jl

" Ghulam Ali, Sudoor, " Mahom.med Riza" Ne.\.t

follows,

in

the Mahrattah

translation, in the hand-writing of

the opinion

language,

Mahommed

Rizi,

is

of

Bishna Pundit;

subjoined.

Here

is

to

which a Persian

the opinion of the Pundit.

" Dhoondy Jee is not a person of [good] faith he is without faith. He is not fit to be retained, " nor ought he to be released he should be put to death." The milder judgment, however, of the majority prevailed. Dhoondy Jee was retained in prison, :

:

and did not recover

his

liberty,

till

the day on which Seringapatam was stormed and taken

when,

;

availing

* Meaning

llie F.nglisli,

the Mahrattahs, and the

f

In the Sultan's reference to

i

That

is,

Mahommed

them ihcy

Nizim.

are said to

\>e

/our.

Rizi.

§ Coricspondinf; to the lOih June 1794. II

The

original signature, in ihis place, appears,

another signature rather obscurely written,

in

the

attending this opinion, in which ihc Muhrattahj arc called to believe

it

nas) by a Hiiuloo

!

Canarese character.

It

which may be read BudiOi Zumin. I'l/iir/i,

that

it

is,

It is

probably, that of Purnia. Theteis not the least curious circumstance

ihould have been subscribed (as there

is

reason

APPENDIX.

XXX return to

liis

which

])lace,

by the route of Rdny Bidnore.

capital,

which he thought ready

Kheera Meea, with

a

Nuzr

several rich presents for the offended Sultan, to

apology

he

could

probably, beyond

with

devise

past

his

neglect.

Patau s expectations

the

very gracious

a

for

reception from

his

;

for

Whether

his possessions.

all

to burst

the

In order,

him,

uj)on

he

of forty thousand rupees

whom

he

also sent the best

The experiment Kheera Meea not letters

succeeded,

only

met

but obtained from

brother-in-law,

him, before they separated, the usual Sumida, or father in

Musnud.

accession to the

at his

latter

to avert the storm

hastily dispatched his son,

and

to anticipate the effects of Tippoo's resentment of

he hud put upon the

therefore,

arrival at the latter

not far distant from Shdnoor, was the signal of alarm to Abdul

is

Hiikeem, who now began slight

His

patent, confirming his

or not the Sultan exacted, at this period,

any new concession from Abdul Hukcem,

is

not stated by

my

author,

who

is

also

entirely silent, with regard to the probable motives of Tippoo's moderation on the

present occasion.

But whatever these motives might

Abdul Hukcem, who had always, during

be,

the life-time of Hyder, entertained an equal dread and dislike of Tippoo, did not feel

entirely re-assured

by the

Burhanviddeen was dispatched,

Nergund,

is

it

not

awakened, by the

to

the

in

be wondered

at,

discussions,

between him and the Sultan, werq but accordingly,

therefore,

beginning of the year l^SS, that the fears of the

against

Patau were again

arrival of so considerable a force in the vicinity of his capital

especially, as the pecuniary

was,

When,

issue of his son's negociation.

under these

:

which look place about the same time ill

calculated to remove his distrust.

impressions, that

It

Abdul Ilukeem thought he

should best consult his safety and interests by joining the coalition, formed at this period

by the courts of Pouiiah and Hyderabad,

the ambitious projects of the Sidtan.

He

did not, however, openly renounce his

dependence on Tippoo, or seek the protection of the to be in full

march

for Shdnoor,

purpose of checking

for the

allies,

when he suddenly and

the ^m/âw appeared

till

secretly fled from thence,

accompanied only by a few of his most attached followers and of all the riches and valuable property, accumulated, during so many generations by his predecessors, taking with him nothing more than an inconsiderable sum of money, and ;

the equipage which conveyed

him

Sultan.

sister of the

av.iiling

to the

Mahrattah camp

and

and leaving behind his wife, the half-

he effected

his escape,

commemorated by

and collecting together a

which the recent subversion of the Mahommedan dynasty of Mysore made

force,

easy, nâde hea

;

Kheera Meea and

Tlie date of this precipitate flight has been

himself of the confusion of the moment,

rumerous

feated

him

the chief part of his family, including

I

slain,

for a considorable in

time against the British army-

He was

in the

an action with Colonel Wellesley, on the lOih September ISOO.

particularly

end, ho-.vever, de-

APPENDIX. by the following

satirical

dialect.

that

(34)

"

is,

Hukcem

XXXI

chronogram, composed on the occasion in the Ilindivy ^^,

J; .,^ ^ ^^ ^,^ j^ ^<^

Kiiun Meeaueli, abandoning every thing, ran away himself,"

or " saved himself by flight."

Tippoo, not a

astonished (or, at

little

of the Patau, immediately dispatched

pretending to be so) at the flight

least,

Meer Sadik

into the town, with orders to

sequestrate the whole of the fugitive's property, which was, of course,

Whether the

out opposition or difficulty, and, no doubt, with sufficient rigor. private property of the inhabitants at large

mentioned

;

was respected on

but as no blame was imputable to them,

mean

it

is

done with-

this occasion,

is

not

reasonable to suppose

Mcea, mounted on the only horse he possessed, and acconipanied by no more than two or three attendants on was spared.

that

it

foot,

hastened to

him

received

In the

make

while, Khcera

his submissions to his brother-in-law

kindly, and to have asked

who

;

is

stated to have

him what could have induced

his father to

"

1 had in no shape," abandon himself, as he had done, to ruin and disgrace. " molestation, slightest but, on the contrary, was Sultan offered the him said the " daily giving him new proofs of my favor and regard. Alas that notwithstand!

in"- our affinity, and mv uniform forbearance and good faith towards him, he " should have thus united himself with my enemies Never can such a man " behold the face of prosperity." To this harangue Khcera Meea is rejjorted to

"

!

have replied, " that

"

it

was but too

true,

that his father had acted wrong,

sacrificed both the fortunes and honor of his house in a

he added an assurance, " that he had been kept

" ignorance

near his own, for the accommodation of Kheera family,

These

who

attentions, however,

did

of despair

the last

and

:"

to

which

moment

in

entire

After this, the Sultan had tents erected

of his father's intentions."

svere likewise daily

to

fit

Meea and

the females of his

supplied with provisions from his

not prevent

him from adopting

own

table.

the necessary

precautions for guarding against the future escape of his voluntary prisoner.

Peace being concluded, soon

after this,

between the confederates and Tippoo,

the places taken on each side, in the comse of the war, were, for the most part, It was not, however, without considerable dillieulty'"' mutually relinquished. that

Pursaram Bhen and Rasta, who are

said

to

have exerted themselves

stre-

nuously on the occasion, succeeded in procuring the restoration of S/uhioor to its fugitive chieftain, who, it may easily be conceived, did not obtain this boon, but at the price of

many

fresh

and humiliating

sacrifices.

From (34)

Which, according

(35)

not stated

It is

course, on that of

by

Tippoo

to the t/ijurf notation,

my

.nmounts to

1

199 A.H.

author, on what side the difficulty, here spoken of,

Sultan.

hy

:

but

it

was,

of

APPENDIX.

XXXU From

we

time

this

hear nothing more of Shdnoor or

which period the Mahrattahs,

1/91, at

chieftain,

its

in pursuance of the

the yejlr

till

engagements which

they had recently entered into with the English, for the purpose of reducing the power of Tippoo Sultan,

not before they had

territory, in the possession of

year,

by

advanced against the capital of the

way

seized, in their

but

;

thither,

which they were formally confirmed, the following In the meanwhile, Abdid

the partition treaty of Seriugapatam.

dying,^^'^' after

latter

upon the whole of the Patau

Hukeem

a long but unprosperous administration, was ostensibly succeeded

by

his son,

10. Ahditl

commonly

called

KMn,

Khyre

Kheera Meea, whose inheritance was now reduced

to a single

Mahal, which the Mahrattahs had the generosity to assign him for his maintenance, and of which, if still living, he probably continues in possession at this day. His

had been withdrawn some years before from

wife, I believe,

her brother, in whose

Seringapafam with the (36)

Haram

when,

;

I

rest of the late

Meer Husain

would place

am

Sultans family, by the British government.

All says, that

he lived

Chief of Shdnoor,

five

years after his restoration

of the year 1/92.

at the period

It

would

to his princlpalily

also appear,

of Shdnoor

name of

chief,

;

which

from the same authority,

of the peace of 17Q2, was Abdul Khyre Khan.

Moore

(in his

I

am

interesting

the operations of Captain Little's detachment) of his interview, in April 1792, with the

narrative of

the

by

at the capture of

was pensioned, along

unable to reconcile these statements with the account given by Captain

Niil'ob

his protection,

if I recollect rightly,

also inclined to think, that she

his death in the early part

that the actual

she was found,

whom

he designates Abdul

the ruling chief;

Hukeem Khan.

and what favors

on the same occasion, the Irotber

{i. e.

this

It

conjecture

is

is,

possible, that

he may have mistaken

the circumstance of his calling that

the brother-in-law) of

Tippoo

3

an appellation which,

it

Hukeem, but to his son, Abdul Khyre. is " Political View of the Decan," of which I am not in possession, but which i» and Historical In the Hukeem Khan is said to have been " the seventh in lineal descent, as quoted by Captain Moor, Abdiil " occupant, and the fourth, as sovereign ruler of Shdnoor and its dependencies. The former part of evident, belonged not to Abdul

(bis statement agrees exactly with the detailed

genealogy given in the present

having been the seventh in descent from JubbSr Meea, the

What

is

Abdul Hukeem in

question.

is

not equally apparent; since Husain All

Abdul Ghuft'ir Khan's (who must have been the

Jirst of those rulers) having attained to,

meant by

nays nothing of

first

article,

occupant of the principality

or assumed, a state

his

being the /our/A ioi'erW^n ruler of

of absolute independence.

But there

the fourth chief of the Patan dynasty of Kurnool, which

is

it,

a passage in his

may

account of Ibraheem Khin,

serve to explain this point.

That chief

is

Khin Jehan Kokeh, the viceroy of the Decan, instead of the usual patent of confirmation in his Jdgeer, a new grant, in which the former stipulations,* whatever they might have been, were wholly omitted. Now, as Abdiil Ghuftar Kh;ln is stated to have paid his court to there said to have obtained from

not improbable that he was equally successful on that occasion with his countryman.

the same viceroy,

it is

But however

might be,

this

it is

certain,

that the claims of these chiefs to absolute independence or

sovereign rule, if ever advanced, were far from being recognized by the subsequent viceroys of the Decan• Original

APPENDIX. APPENDIX, ( li( firred to at

Lr.TTEn

XXXIU

E.

XIX.)

Commercial Regulations. The Sultans which

it is

different

regulations for the commercial department of his government, of

proposed to give an outline in the present

periods;

article,

\vere issued at

two

one section of them being dated the 14th of Ahmedif of the

A.M. 1221," and another, the 3d o^ Ahmed of the following year, They are introduced by two passages from the Koran, headed in the fol-

year Sdliir, or Rds'ikh:'^

1/

lowing manner " Two verses from the :

Word

of God, which descended [or were delivered] in

" honor of maritime commerce, are here transcribed." Then follow the verses in question, the first of which (taken from the chapter entitled the Bee),

"

to this effect

who hath

he

It is

is

subjected the sea [unto you] that ye might eat fish there-

and take from thence ornaments for you to wear and thou seest the ships " plowing [the waves] thereof, that ye may seek [to enrich yourselves] of his " abundance by commerce; and that ye might give thanks." **'

out,

:

The second is from the chapter entitled the Greeks, and is as follows " Of his signs one is, that he scndeth the winds bearing welcome tidings [of " rain], that he may cause you to taste of his mercy, and that ships may sail at *• his command, that ye may seek [to enrich yourselves] of his abundance by " commerce, and that ye may give thanks."^'' :

It

might be

present regulations, was to provide exclusiveljj for

of the maritime trade object,

it

will,

in the

inferred from this preamble, that the design uf the Sultan,

:

t!ie

jjromotion and encouragement

but though this was, no doubt,

nevertheless, appear, that

indifferent to, the benefits o( inland

at all times, his principal

he was not altogether unmindful

commerce.

Whether

or

of,

his manifest preference

of the former was founded on the distinction apparently conferred upon

it

by the

quoted passages of the Koran, or arose from a desire of becoming a maritime power, or was a natural consequence both of the

local position of a large portion

of his dominions, and of their particular produce,

determine.

It is

I

will not take

upon

probable, indeed, that each of these considerations had e

(1) Corresponding with 25th

Mnrch 1"93.

(2) Corresponding with the 2d April 1794. (3) See Sale's A'oran, Chapters

XVI

and

XXX,

me

to

more or less

APPENDIX.

XXXIV weight with him

less

besides which,

;

an intercourse with strangers, separated

from him by the ocean, was not hable to suggest to

mind, the same apprehensions of danger,

as

by whatever tended,

incessantly created,

in

and

his jealous

distrustful

were likely to be, and actually were,

any degree, to a

free

communication

with the countries immediately contiguous to his own.

The

regulations in question set out with describing the general duties of the of-

ficers at the

term in

head of the commercial department, which the 5«/â/i designated by the

jls^^ LliX<: .Cy

or the Mul'iMt Tiijdr department/*'

number, and appear

The more 1.

to

These

officers

were nine

have constituted a sort of permanent board, or college.

following were the principal objects to which the attention of this board was

especially directed.

They were

to see that the various articles required for

as silken stuffs, sandal-wood, pepper,

such

cardamums

commercial purposes,

(great

and small), cocoa-

&c. were duly provided [according to the nature of

nuts, rice, sulphur, elephants,

the commodity] as well for importation as for exportation/^' 2.

They were

to

draw foreign merchants

for that purpose, the

tection]

3.

most

to

Mysore, by transmitting to them,

and encouraging assurances [of favour and pro-

solid

.

They were

to seek out

and engage in the service [of the

state]

trust-worthy

and economical 3Iulitsuddies, and able and experienced Gumdshtehs, accounts and commercial

approved integrity and disinterestedness

aiad of

affairs,

skilled in

and having procured such, were to employ them in the several Kohties, or at home or abroad]. They were to pay the most minute

:

factories,

[whether 4.

department

;

attention to

all

the concerns of their

to investigate the various accounts thereof, in the

most rigorous man-

ner; and to be careful, that no frauds, or embezzlements, were committed by any

employed under them, whether

of those

in the foreign factories or in

the

home

depots. 5.

The heads

of the departments, as well as the various officers under them,

were to pledge themselves

most solemn manner, according

in the

to the forms of

their respective religions, to discharge the duties of their several stations, with the

utmost diligence, concord, and 6. If

any of the principal

fidelity.

officers

of the department should violate, or in any instance

(4) ITie

term MuUkut Tiijdr properly

exclusively,

(5)

I

Thus,

believe, to the chief, or, in

is

"

Prince of raerchanis," and

silk stuff's

For a more detailed

referred to Colonel Beatson's

is

a title given in Persia,

most favoured merchant of the kingdom.

the above enumeration, sulphur and

the rest being articles of exportation. the reader

signifies

at least the

list

were among the

articles to

be imported,

of the exports and imports of Mysore,

View, page l/l of the Appendix.

APPENDIX. instance swer\'e from, the duties of his station/'

shame and he might be

and

XXXV the rest were to unite in exposing

all

the offender to

disgrace,

in order that

signally punished for the same,

in representing his

conduct to the Presence,

and a

useful

example be

thereby afforded to others.

any of the

7. If

inferior persons, attached to the different Kohties, or factories,

should be guilty of fraud, or other misdemeanors, they were to be punished for the same, agreeably to the law of God.

In

cases of

or of

particular importance,

the heads of the department (excluding the Miitusudclies and others from their meetings) were to 8.

all

diflliculty,

and deliberate together on the same

sit

provided for the purpose, subscribing his

was till

name

his

thereto.

to be deposited in a box,

each person writing down, in a book to be

;

opinion

The

on the point under consideration,

and

book, containing these minutes or consultations,

which was to remain under the

there might be occasion to refer to

it,

[of the office],

seal

for tliejustifications or explanation of the

proceedings, or resolutions, of the meeting

;

which, in case of any difference of

opinion, were to be determined by the majority of voices. 9. They were to report their proceedings fully and regularly to the Sultan, whose pleasure on the occasion would be signified in writing, at the back, or at the bottom of the said report.

10. In

any transaction

relating to large pecuniary advances,

or being of such

importance as to require particular secrecy, the written documents, necessary to be submitted on the occasion, were to be written in the hand-writing of some

member

of the board, or of one of the heads of the department,'' and delivered to the

Sultan by such member himself; when a written answer, duly authenticated by the Sultans own signature, wouW, in like inanner, be secretly returned to him. Nubb^/ Mdtik [the Vrophet

11.*'

bearing the

which the

seal

Lord].

is

seal [of the

department]

AW

JIu km- ndme/is and other papers

Presence, mast be deposited in a box,

and signature of the is

to

be

affixed.

This box

the treasury at the seat of the empire [Sen ngapafani], where

charge of by the Meer Meerdn.

C<)j)ies

[taken, and] retained by the proper officers. 12. Care was to be taken, that

Such

?L%

all

the

[oidv, of these JS'iibhij

Mdlih

Mahommedan

it

be taken

will

documents] are to be

[as before].

officers

of the department,

the Mirzdey Dtijtur, &c. should be selected from the tribe of A'o/ewA, and e 2

(6) This case (7)

to

be lodged in

shall

That

is,

is

qualified by the usual deprecatory expression

" which God

Torbid!''

not by any clerk or secretary.

(8) This article

is in

the hand-writing of the Sultan.

well ai a
the

It

nppcars

NuLbj Malik, wnttcu

at

the cni/ of

in the contracted

all

form

Here

the Sutlan't usual signature

ihc oihcr articles. ol a cypher.

is

prefixaf ai

This signature consisted of

APPENDIX.

'

XXXVl

the sect of Sii/tuh, following the tenets of Hunifah, to the end that they might dcrree

the better tosethci-

Next

more

follow the

These are distributed into separate

department of trade. "'

numbered, are not

or detailed directions for the guidance of the

specific

titled

They, however,

or headed.

Of the marine force, Of the Koht'ics, or factories, of Of the appropriation of the III.

sections,

which though

treat briefly

I.

II.

IMuscnt and Kutch. fund, or capital, allotted for commercial

purposes.

Of the commercial

iV.

factors,

\

Of

.

and other

depots or marts established in Mysore

officers of

;

and of provincial

commerce.

the means to be pursued, with a view to the opening and establishing

of commercial intercourse with foreign countries.

Of

VI.

commercial deposits

;

or a plan for admitting the people at large to a

participation in the benefits to accrue from the trade of the country.

Of

VII. VIII.

Mulihlt rajdrs.

field

Miscellaneous regulations.

Of

I.

the

Marine Force.

Before proceeding to communicate the substance of this

proper to

article, it is

apprize the reader, that although, at the date of the following regulations, the

marine department was placed under the control and superintendanceof the MuUMt Tujdrs, or board of trade, yet it was erected, a few years after, into a separate and independent branch of the government, under the denomination of the Meer I'umm, or admiralty department

Appendix K,

of which

;

a

more

paiiicular account will be found in

including a detailed statement of the naval force at that time in the

Sulfanx contemplation. 1.

You must

set

about building a hundred ships.'""

completely manned, and equipped with warlike

sail,

In the mean while, ten

have been placed under

stores,

your orders. 2. (9)

Besides the instructions addressed directly to the Mulikut THjar department, other orders, re-

lating to the

ment.

same branch of the public

These

I

ticular class,

name of

service, are contained

have incorporated with the present

(10) In the original

the

It

in

the

regulations for the revenue depart-

article.

|û!l^ j_Cpii Khivies and Elidues, here meant

for ships

or whether there was any difference between them, does not a

prophet, sometimes confounded

specting the former,

respresents

him

as a sort

wiih

Elias

:

and as the

of tutelary guardian of

exclusively intended in this place.

appear.

tradition,

the waters,

reason of both of their names being used by Tipjjoo to denote ships of war,

what par-

but of

:

distintly

this

which

I

or is

Khizr

legend,

it

re-

probably the

suppose to be

A 2. It

is

in [naval]

I

XXXYII

X.

warfare [as

others conversant in the affairs of trade to

D

expected, that you will exert yourselvc-s to collect together [as inanyj

men, experienced

trusty

P P EM

;

may be

and that you

procurable], as well as

will labor,

with one accord,

promote the prosperity of the commerce of our do{ninions.

The wood,

3.

iron, rope,

and other

articles,

which may be required

construction of the ships ordered to be built, are to be bought

the

in

[in the countries

adjacent to the docks, with the assistance of the Asof's of the districts in question,

who

will receive the necessary directions for this purpose].

The workmen

4.

of every description

[employed on

paid with the utmost regularity, and the ships

"'

this

service]

be completed with

all

must be possible

dispatch. 5. If the necessary warlike stores should not

market], the same

is

when we will direct you [from our own magazines]. instructions to the Meer Asof,

to be represented to the Presence,

to be supplied with such articles as

The

be procurable for money [or at

you may require

four following articles are extracted from the

or revenue department.

The merchants

6.

established at Jumdldbdd, Mdjiddbdd, and JFdijiddbad,'^"' arc

to engage to build, with

masted

The merchants

7.

at

possible expedition, thirty-one three-masted and two-

purposes of commerce.

vessels, for the

Jumdldbdd, and ten

all

Eleven of these to be built at

each of the other places named.

building these vessels shall be allowed to lade them widi

cocoa-nuts, and any other articles [not reserved for the exclusive trade of the

rice,

Sircar\ After the vessels,

8.

shall discontinue

any

rate,

employing the small

are built, craft

the merchants building

which they now

use,

them

and which,

at

they are not to be suliered to send to sea after the expiration of a year All other merchants are immediately to cease from employing the

this time.

from

here specified,

small craft in question.'"' 9.

Whereas the

ships of China arc precluded, by the circumstance of not being

armed," from resorting to these seas, " some of ours must be sent to that country where due encouragement and assurances being given to the merchants thereof, ;

and the protection of our vessels being afforded them, they will be induced to repair These hither, with an abundant supply of the rare productions of that region. being (11^

Which,

(12) That (13)

On

is,

accordingly, appears in the initructioni to the Alter Asnf, or revenue department.

Mangalnre, Suddashuoghur , and Buscorijee.

account,

(1-1)

Literally,

(15)

On

it

may be presumed, of

the danger from pirates.

" not mounting guns."

account of the

j)iratcs

which iufetted them-

j

"

,.

''

APPENDIX.

XXXVIU being disposed

the vessels, so importing, are to be permitted to depart, when-

of,

ever the owners or merchants please, and are to be safely conducted, under a pro-

per convoy of our ships, to the borders of our dominions.'""

Of

II.

Though by an

those addressed to the

article in

by the Sultan

established

these, belonging

to

Meer

Chushmehs, was given

it

Asof

appears

Asofs, that tiiere were two factories

One

each of the ports of Muscat and Kutch.

at

Muscat, consisting of

placed under the orders of the four

of Muscat and Kutch.

the Kohties, or Factories,

not stated in the instructions to the commercial department,

of

of what arc called Ckushmehs, was

fifty

of JunidldhdJ : the other, consisting of thirty-

in charge to the Mulihiit Tiljdr department.

Again,

of the two factories of Kutch, one, consisting of twelve Chushmehs, w as committed

to

the superintendance of

the

oi JVdjlddhdd

Jsof

:

the other, containing

twelve Chushmehs, being subjected, like the inferior factory of Muscat, to the

What

authority of the commercial board. fountains)

I

meant by Chushmehs

is

cannot at present state with any confidence

that the term

may have

a reference to the

number

;

but

I

(springs or

think

it

probable,

w hich

of the commodities, in

the

dealings of the respective factories consisted.

The same relative to

instructions to the

the factories of

immediately to the 1.

Of

MuUkdt

the six thousand

Meer Asofs

Muscat and Kutch, not Utls of

to the 2.

charge

of,

to

five

ordered to be annually sent from

sulphur,

be delivered to the

Asof of Nugr,

remaining four thousand

inserted in those addressed

Tiljdrs.

3Iuscat, eight hundred Utls are

seven hundred to the

contain the following additional articles,

for the

Asof

of Jumdldhdd, and

manufacture of gunpowder."''

hundred Utls are to be dispatched

to,

The

and delivered

the Kilaaddr of Seringapatam.

The Ddroglias and Mdtusuddies employed

at the aforsaid factories are to be

changed every three years.*

The instructions relative to the factories MuUhlt Tdjdr department, were as follow 1. The factories of Muscat and Kutch and direction

;

and you

in question, addressed directly to the :

are, accordingly, to

arc hereby placed under your control

take charge of

all

the

Hdhn-mimehs,

as well as the official seals,"*' apiêrtaining thereto. 2. (16)

The meaning

is,

that ihey

were

to

be escorted

till

out of the reach of danger from

You

the pirates,

" who," says the Sultan in another place, " float on the waters of our coasts like so many air " bubbles, and for the destruction and capture of whom every possible stratagem must be employed." \o

(17) For the same purpose, 8l0 ulls were directed to bo sent annually by the Asof of Seringapatam JamalaLad, and 7200 a//j to Nugr: I suspect, however, that for 810 we should read 8100. For

some account (18) in the

The

of the utl, the reader

official seals,

present volumes.

is

referred to

Note 5 of Appendix

B.

here mentioned, are described in one of the Sultan's

They were

constructed and

tiansmilted

to

the

letters^

factories

not included

some time

in

APPENDIX. You

2.

XXXIX

moreover, dispatch thither trusty and able persons, selected by

will,

yourselves, to receive charge of the aforesaid factories

who

from the agents now there,

be directed to deliver over the same, together with

will

whom you

appertaining thereto, to the officers

the stores, &c,

all

nominate to supersede them,

shall

taking from the latter the necessary receipts for the articles so delivered.

You

3.

are to report unto us

sandal-wood, cardamums honey,'" that you

may

tions

may

the

round

of

quantities

and small), cocoa-nuts,

(great

black) pepper,

(or

beetle, rice,

wax, and

require [for exportation], in order that the necessary direc-

be issued to the Asofs of the Presence for assisting you in the purchase of

the same.

The profits

4.

and

from the

arising

No

5.

be regularly

sale of the aforesaid articles are to

and entered

faithfully accounted for,

in the

books of the respective

factories.

persons but your Giimdshtelis, or agents, at the aforesaid factories, arc

"' to be allowed to deal in the articles specified,

You

6.

of sulj)hur of the

Ufls'-''^

you

are annually to procure from the factory at first

quality,

and

N. B. Most

six

Khdm

thousand

same according

to dispose of the

be directed by us, upon your reporting

shall

Muscat

as

its arrival.

of the articles composing the preceding, as well as the following

end of each with the words Nuhby 3Idlik

instrnctions, are subscribed at the

(or»

the the beginning of year of the Higera

on

inscribed

"

being indicated by

"

notation

,'

" because,"

seals.

all

{1

the

as

the numerical value of

insertion

its

1201

unnecessary."

is

786-7)

:

but they were

Sultan says

in

llie

each inscription,

Thus

the

without a date, as alluded

letter

reckoned

inscription

on

"

to,

according to the

seal

of

usually-

the

year

the

Ztir

the Kulck

(the golden vase or vessel) the letters of which gave 1201: that bewas u^-î i—JJi> longing to the Juddah factory \ contained the words JU-jI-j i^J (the mansion, or city, abounding factory

in

which

wealth),

factory of A/usca/

amount

letters

indistinct

(ig)

the words

:

:

but though

.j.l^

-^

on the

to read

official

seal

of the remaining

(mine of gold) being alone (equal lo 0/)

have been meant for a

lo

were allowable

it

inscription

next word appears to be

mark, which may be supposed

number 1201

made of

The

The

1201.

not perfectly legible

1131.

to

the year

also yield

is

iZJj^ Ido

not

CJ

and

;

this

is

distinct.

These

followed by an

This would complete the

know

that

any sense could be

it.

The two

wax

last articles fviz.

ai.d

honey) arc added from the instructions

to Ihc

Mecr

Asofs, or

revenue dvpartment. (20)

The merchants

building large ships would, of course, agreeably to the stipulation contained in

the seventh article of Section (21) That

khdm

is,

an ull of

(unripe) and

I,

be exempted from this prohibition.

light,

poahhuh

in

(ripe)

note respectively small and great.

contra-distinclion to one of full, or complete weight.

when Thus

The

term*

applied to weights or measures of the same denomination, dea

poakhiek (or pucka) seer means a large

seer,

and a kftdm (or

kuchaj seer a small one. • See Prefatory Remarlts, on the SuUan's Kalendar.

f

Ttius

it

appears

tliat,

at this lime,

subsequently withdrawn, Ob no mention

the Sullan liad a factory at the port of Juddah, vrhicli, howcTer, is

made

of

it i

'he present icgulationi.

must haTC been

APPENDIX.

xl the Prophet of a cypher.

Of

III.

own hand, and formed

Lord), written in the Sultans

is

This was the signature by wliich he always

the ylppropriation

of the Fund, or Capital,

in the

attested

allotted

manner

his orders.

for Commercial

Purposes.

The sum

1.

for

of four

lacl
of Rdliities"

With

commercial purposes.

this

has been committed to you, in trust,

money ycu

make

are to

chases of gold and silver bullion,'"' cloths, elej)hants, &c. in readiness [for exportation].

Having

the necessary pur-

and to hold the same

the blessing (or aid) of

God

the most high,

hereby acquired.

coiDitlcss profit shall be 2.

With

"^'

stated to the Presence the

number of elephants,

as well as the several

quantities of sandal-wood, cardamunis (great and small), round (or black) pepper, beetle, cocoa-nuts

ricfc,

cial

p \rposes

e.

[/.

(dry and moist), and cinnamon,"'''

commer-

required for

for exportation], and having thereupon received from us the

necessary orders to the Asofs for assisting you in the purchase thereof, at such

by them, you

prices as shall be regulated

will

pay into the hands of the

said

Asofs

the value, as so settled, of every article with which you shall be supplied, taking their receipts for the same. 3.

All purchases of gold and silver, coined or uncoined, and of silken stuffs

whether on account of the Presence, of the Asof Kuchurry, or of the Sudoor Kuchurry, shall be paid for in money; and you

made

of your department,

mnst, in like manner, pay in the said Kuchurries. for three or four 4.

Gold and

If,

months,

money

for

purchase of

however, the payments in question should be postponed it

will

be of no consequence.

silver bullion, jewels, silks,

received as pledges for the

may

whatsoever articles you

payment of goods

and other valuable sold

may

articles,

by your agents

:

be

thus for goods

may be

valued at one thousand rupees, a pledge of the value of 1200 rupees accepted. 5.

You

on

are to pay the established duties or imposts

same manner

as

is

done by the Ryots

all articles,'"'

in

in general.

IV. (22)

A rahily

the

was the name given by Tippoo

to the Cantarai

Of

pagoda of ien fanams; consequently,

four lacks o( rahitus were equivalent to 3,20.000 slar pagodas, or j^l 28,000 sterling.

CJ^^^.^j^ > Cjf^-^ iij j ill? that is, " gold and silver, coined and uncoined." What was meant by purchasing " coined gold and silver,"' I do not clearly comprehend. Perhaps coins suited (23) Original

to foreign

markets might be intended.

(24) There (25) [

is

a fuller enumeration of the articles in question in other places.

By cinnamon must be meant

here, I conclude, the cassia lignea

believe, produced in ilysore.

(20)

Meaning, most probably, both exports and imports-

>

at

the true

cinnamon

is

not,

APPENDIX. the Commercial Depots, or Marts, es/ablislied in

Of

IV.

xli

Mysore ; and of Pro-

vincial Factors, and other Officers of Commerce.

You

1.

and

are to entertain in our service,

to station at the thirty places within

our doininions, hereafter enumerated, the necessary Gdmdshtehs and Miifusuddies, for carrj'ing on, to the extent suited to the place, a trade in such articles as shall

jneld a proper profit. 2.

The

following are the places within our dominions, where you are to estab-

commercial depots

factories or

lish

The

:

Nugr

Capital or Putn,

Suldmdbdd

or Sattimungalum,

Viziemimgul or Arivacoochy,

Soondeh,

Bangalore,

20. Koorldl or

5 Bdgloor,

Mangalore,

Khooshdlpuur,

.

Color,

Barkoor,

Murwdgul,

Gurwdr or

Muddnnpilly,

10.

or Bidnoref

Shihdrpoor,

Kiirivdr,

Jumdldbdd,

Zufurdhdd or Gurratncoondah, Punganoor,

25. Bhtif-Kidlah or Butcul,

Futahdhdd,

Fi/ze-Hisdr or Gooty,

Kuroor or Guroar, Gurrup or Kurriip,

Dhiirumivdr,

Bunwdsy,

Rachouti/,

Furriikh-ydh-HisdrovChittlcdoorg

30. Gurdoon-Shikoh or Nundy-doorg.

15. Bny-nuzeer'"'' or IJurridl, 3.

Other subordinate agents

are to

be employed,

for the like purpose, at such

places in our dominions (yielding proper produce for trade) as are not compre-

hended 4.

in the foregoing

There

list.

no objection to

is

These agents arc to be changed every year.''"* your disposing of the articles heretofore enumerated,

and being the produce of our dominions, to private merchants, who may be rous of speculating in the same on their own account.'"" 5.

rated,

Besides the Gdmdshtehs to be employed in the

you

deputy,

who must be

He

is

a trust-worty person, to have a

depots above eniune-

Asof throughout our dominion,

are to station with every

and condition.

difil'rent

Mdlusuddy

and for

an

a

man

a Ndib, or

of respectable character

Before dispatch mg

assistant.

f (27) This (28)

is

one of

Something

is

tlie

Sultan's

added,

new names.

respecting the

I

desi-

these

do not know to what place

it

was

emoluments of these Agents, whicii

I

.npplied.

omit, because

I

do

not clearly understand the passage. (29)

That

in question,

is,

the Giinuhhlehs,

or agents,

merchants

chose to deal

to such

any other manner, by the

as

of the board of trade,

restrictive regulations

in

of

might dispoie of the commodities

them, and were precluded Irom procuring them, in tlic

Sultan.

A

xlii

P rE K

D

X.

I

these persons, however, to their stations, you must obtain sufficient security for their

good behaviour, and then producing them in the Presence, procure our

special signature to their nomination. 6.

The

subordinate agents, mentioned in Article 3, are to be placed under the

control and authority of the Ndibs, or deputies, stationed with the Asofs. J. I'he aforesaid

Ndibs and MdfusuJdies

are to

accompany the Asnfs,

in the

annual attendance of the latter on the resplendent Presence, for the purpose of

Immediately on their

celebrating the Eed, or festival, of Zilhijjah.

you must examine

court],

pare an abstract thereof 8.

On

their accounts of receipts

[at

arrival

and disbursements, and pre-

for our information.

a certain day, to be occasionally appointed,

all

the

Musulman

officers

belonging to your department shall be entertaincrl, at the charge of the Sircar,

with a public repast, to consist of Piilhlo of the

The

first sort.

Mdtusiiddies and

others, being Hindoos, shall, at the same time, have a separate repast provided for

them,

and such other

to consist of rice,

The whole

articles as usually coiiipose their food.

of them, after this, are to be brought into the Presence,

above-mentioned accounts are to be produced and examined such verbal communications,

judged leaf,*'"'

9.

requisite.

make

to

You

relative

;

respective concerns,

to their

when

the

and they are to make as

may be

This business being concluded, they are to receive the pa«?rt

and

their obeisance,

to withdraw.

are to procure the special signature of the Presence to the afore-men-

tioned accounts, and to preserve the same in your office. 10.

You

to receive

are [periodically]

above-mentioned,

such

all

letters

and

back from the Ndibs and Mutusiiddies receljits [or

acknowledgements] whether

Of

formal or informal,^"' as you have previously written or sent to them.

you are to make a your are to deliver are

all to

list

[or abstract], which, after affixing a seal

to the said

be destroyed.

and signature

(30)

It is

usual to present

The

to

Ndibs, in lieu of the original documents, which

it,

last

"'

V.

there to their stations.

these

pawn

to the inferior classes

of public officers and servants,

superior orders receive, on such

occasions,

dresses and other

Of

on dismissing

marks of ap-

probation.

(31} Original

^ja»»

-^c

. ,_jJc»-)

"

attested

and unattested, regularly signed and sealed,

or

other,

wise."

(32)

The

object of this regulation

is

not very obvious-

accumulation of documents, no longer useful.

It

might be,

to prevent an

inconvenient

APPENDIX. Of

V.

the

Means

to he

xliii

pursued, with a view to the opening and establishing of a

Commercial Intercourse with Foreign Countries. 1.

You must

Urzies to the Sirddrs [or chiefs] of foreign countries,'"'

address

and send the same, together with [suitable] presents for the said Sirddrs, by the hands of persons of respectable character and condition. After applying to, and obtaining from, those Sirddrs, the necessary A'om:/-"' for the purpose, you will proceed to establish factories in their countries, by appointing and sending thither the requisite officers, duly provided with money. 2.

These

structed to

officers [or

they arc called in the original] are to be in-

purchase and send hither

all

on arriving here, are

countries, which, benefit].

Xaibs, as

In like

manner

the rare and curious productions of those

be sold [on our account, or

to

and commodities of

are the rarities

this

for

our

country

to

be sent to the aforesaid factories, and there sold [on our behalf]. 3.

The

number

factories to be thus established in foreign countries arc to be seventeen in

Kutch and Muscat, already

(including those of

following

existing) agreeably to the

list

Kurnool,

Utnee (belonging to the Rdsta),

Cheena-pufn or Madras,

Ndndair (depending on Hyderabad),

Pondicherry,

Humndbdd

Poonah,

liachore (Adoni),

Kurpah,

Muscat,

Nagore

Kutch,

(in Tanjore),

Kurachy-bundcr of Sinde belonging

IVyrdg (depending on Poonah),

Mdligong

(ditto

Pdgar Koteh 4.

You

to

Nuseer Khun Buluche,

on Hyderabad),

Mahd-bunder, to France.

(belonging to the Rdsta,)

are authorized to

(ditto),

expend such sums

as shall

appear necessary and proper

to you, for the purpose of establishing the aforesaid factories. 5.

Proper agents must be stationed

silken stuffs,

at

those places in our dominions, where

of a superior quality, are fabricated, whose business

make (Economical

contracts for the provision thereof.

then to be exported to the places where they

may be

The in

stuffs,

it

(33) It

is

by no means

of the countries

clear,

who

arc meant,

in question,

demand. 6.

in this place,

had been intended,

have addressed them on such an occasion. officers or ministers, were to be applied to,

by Sirdars.

it is

this

occasion,

If the sovereigns, or chief

is '.o

say, the necessary

their principal

the difficulty of reconciling such a pro-

ceeding with the usual policy of the Sullan, will remain the s.Tme. (34) That

Agents

probable that the Sultan himself would

But whether the chiefs themselves, or only on

be to

so provided, are

f 2

rulers,

shall

encouragement and assurance of protection.

APPENDIX.

xliv

6.

Agents must,

factures

be sent to those foreign parts noted

also,

which being purchased,

;

advantageous

are to be

manu-

for their silken

brought hither, and sold

at

an

price.'"'

7. Sending,

charge of your deputies or agents,

in

other countries,

to

the

produce of our dominioiis, and disposing of the same there, the produce of those countries must be brought hither in return, and sold at such prices as will afford [good] profit.")

VI,

Commercial Deposits

Of

;

ôr

a Plan for admitting the People at large to a

Participation in the Benefits to accruefrom the Trade of the Country. ^''^ 1.

All praise and glory be to the most high

God, who, breathing

handful of clay, which was before inanimate, gave

it

the form of

man

into a

life ;

and who

has raised some chosen individuals [of the species] to rank and power, riches and rule, in

order that they might administer to the feeble,

and promote the welfare of their people. In pursuance of this duty, we now decree as follows

the helpless, and the

destitute,

2.

That whosoever

:

with you any sum, from

shall deposit

Imaumies,^'' for the purpose of being employed in

traffic

five to

five

hundred

[on his account], such

person shall be entitled to receive [from you], at the end of a year, together with the principal amount of the said deposit, a profit, or increase, of half an

on every Imaumy so deposited or 3.

That whosoever

shall

make

thousand Imaumies, such person

a similar deposit, of from five shall, in

like

the end of a year, together with the principal

thereon of a quarter 4.

That

Imaumy on

for every

deposited, the person

every

Imaumy

5.

t\\

That

elve

hundred

manner, be entitled

amount of

to receive, at

his advance, a

increase,

to

Imaumies on every hundred Imaumies of such

be calculated principal.

'^'^

(35) Original

îj,

(30) Original

Ju/Li; A>\>

*^

(38)

made

Imaumy

is

«-»U,«

^î/

sufficiently

with that

is,

a profit

of

fifty

per cent.

(40) Being a profit of twenty-five per cent. (41

)

Or an

in the original, the title

here given

increase of twelve per cent,

it,

its

tenor will

title.

the term which Tippoo Sultan thought proper to substitute for rupee.

a rakity, or cantarai pagoda.

(39) That

That

'^^-^4/

(37) Although the present section does not bear,

found to agree

at

^"

remain in force from generation to generation. 6.

nevertlieless, be

profit

sum exceeding five thousand Imaumies which shall be so making such deposit shall be entitled, at the end of a 5'earj

this regulation shall

jj^

to five

so deposited.'^*

to receive, together with his principal, a profit, or

the rate of

Imaumy

advanced.''"'

Three of them

Ar

ND

That whenever any person, making

6. siiall

PE

xlv

X.

I

a deposit oF the nature above doscriber?,

think proper to applv for the restoration of anv part of such deposit, together

with the proportion of profit which

may be due

same

thereon, the

and a receipt

diately paid to him, without hesitation or dispute,

shall be

for the

imme-

amount be

taken from him. 7.

That

any person making a deposit of the nature

in the event of the death of

aforesaid, the heirs

and successors of such person,

department to the deceased,

time of

at the

shall,

on producing the

which were granted by the

ficates (bearing the seal of tlie Sircar)

his

making the deposit

certi-

JMidihiit Tiijur

in question,

and

on due proof being obtained of their being the rightful claimants, be entitled to

amount of the same [principal and Here follow some subsidiary regidations,

receive the

profit], Avithout

respecting the

accounts of these transactions were to be kept, which

it is

demur or delay.'**' mode in which the

not thought necessary to

insert. ^' 1 1.

As

Of

MuUhU

Field

Tiljdrs.

more Kushoous of the Afeer Meerdn department, together with two or more Kushoons of the Mecr Sudoor department, '^ are sent upon any service of the Khoddddd Sircar, there are to be attached to such force one 1

.

often as three or

Meer Meerdn

general officer

[or

one 3Ieer Sudoor, one Meer

in comraandj,

Jmf, (42) It

is

sufficiently clear, that the profit, or increase,

in fact, a stated interest,

which he agreed

As

footing of a commercial transaction.

pay or receive lyaz, or

But though the deposits

interest, in

to pay

a rigid

and therefore

spoken of

in the

on certain loans, proposed

foregoing regnlation, was, to

be raised on the ostensible

Musulman, however, it would not have become him to the word profit was substituted for this obnoxious terra.

question should have been really intended for interest loans,

appear, that the Sultan, supposing

him

to deal

by

his creditors with

good

faith,

to personal advantage in the transaction, since the «ett profits of the trade in question to the interest stipulated to

amount

might be with regard

was

to

be allowed.

would not

would hardly

be paid to the two inferior orders of lenders, whatever the case

to the superior class, to

On

it

could have had any view

the whole, therefore,

whom it

no more

may

th.in

the ordinary rate of interest in India

be safely admitted, that with respect to the humbler

description of subscribers, at least, the accommodation, thus placed in their reach, was sufficiently en-

couraging it

a

;

and

was possible

more

that,

for

beneficial

even in Ihe case of the more opulent of them,

it

may be

them, under such a government as that of Mysore,

manner, than the one here offered

difference in the rales

fairly

doubted, whether

to

have employed their capitaMn

to their acceptance.

Although the extraordinary

of interest assigned, respectively, by this regulation, to the sm.ill and great,

is

at

ntter variance with the principles which usually govern public loans in other countries, yet (here cao be

no doubt,

that the Sultan intended

it

as a pr.-'ciical

in the preamble of the present ordinance. hi*

good

faith, to avail

rich or

poor had

sufficient confidence in

themselves of the indulgence held out to them, or whether he did not, with bis

characteristic caprice, soon .ibandon the plan, I

(43)

proof of his obedience to the divine law, alluded to

Whether, however,

The Meer Sudoor department

am

equally

unabb

to say.

superintended the forts and garrisons, the latter of whith were,

for the most partj composed of the troops called Ehshdm,

APPENDIX.

Xlvi "'

Asof,

one Meer Khdzin,'*^- and one MulihU

Tiljdr,

who

are conjointly to order

pay and other disbursements, and to consult together on

issues of

all

all

matters

relating to the interests of the state, such as war, revenue, the state of garrisons,

&c.

on which occasions the

;

result of their deliberations

writing, according to which they are to act. deliberations,

to be deposited in a box,

is

directed in Article 21 of the

When

2.

first

The

^^

which

is

to be

committed to

record, containing the aforesaid

is

to be sealed up,

and lodged as

section of these Regulations.

one or two Kuslioons are detached on any

under a Buhhshy

service,

Meer Meerdn department, or when one Kushoon from the Meer Sudoor department is so detached, there must be sent with such Buhhshy or or Sipahddr of the

S'tpnhddr, from each of the departments of state above enumerated, a person of

respectable character and condition, and properly qualified for the situation

duty

it

shall

be to

assist in all

on the

deliberations

same manner, and with the same authority, Meerdn, &c. employed with a superior force.

You must

3,

accordingly provide five

affairs

as prescribed in the case of a

men

:

whoso

Meer

of respectable family, and duly

qualified for the occasional discharge of the trust in question, [for our approval]

;

of government, in the

and present them

which you must give them the necessary instructions for which they are designed, and hold them in readi-

after

their guidance in the service for

ness to proceed

on the same whenever VIII.

required.'"'

3Jiscellaneous Regulations.

Every possible encouragement was

1.

and black pepper

;

to be given to the culture of

sandal-wood

the Ryots' share of which articles of produce was constantly to

be bought up, on account of the Sircar.

The commercial

2.

Ndibs, stationed with the several provincial Asofs, were

authorised to employ Gumdshtehs, throughout their respective districts, for the

purpose of trafficking in

all

articles,

excepting those exclusively reserved for the

account of government (among which sandal-wood, and coined and uncoined gold

and

might

With

are particularly specified).

silver,

deal freely

^'

the exception of such articles, they

in all others, without let or hindrance

from the Asofs, who,

on {44) The Meer Asofs were at the

at

the head of the reveuue department,

the

Meer Meerans were

bead of the tnihtary department.

(45)

The Meer Khazins had

charge of the treasury, mint, &c.

(46) Although not expressly stated in this place, simil.ir occas'ons,

that this record

was

(17) T'hew^toi z Mulikut Tujar, rot

[as

Perhaps the

very obvious.

to contain

yet

it

may be

or any other

commercial agent, with

is

(as

I

a

military

expedition,

is

Sultan had no other view in the measure, than that staled in Article 4

and Note 51 of the following Section. (48) That

from other passages on

inferred,

each individual's opinion.

understand the passage) on iheir

own

account.

APPENDIX. on the contrary, were directed to be aiding

No other

The

employ

given to

and

in their

commercial pursuits.

free trade.

throughout the country, were allowed to

their oivn proper fy'"^ in trade;

th-e

to the

and were, moreover, exempted from the

duties.

Whenevtr

rest,

same

and Auinlls,

several Asnfs

payment of 4.

them

persons (except those to be presently mentioned), were, on any account,

to be sutiered to txercise the 3.

to

xlvii

Durhdr, or

a

was

court,

to

be held, notice thereof was to be

chief officers of the several departments of state

RLiUMt

;

among

and,

one of whom, acccmpanied by a Mirzdey

'IWjdrs.

Dnfiur,^'^''

a Hindoo// Di'ffur, was always to attend the Dui-hdr. on such occasions,

to remuin there

till

it

broke up

as well

:

in order

the

that the said JMulikiU

and

Tujdrs

might, in succession, acquire a knowledge of the general transactions of the government,'*" as that they might be enabled to state verbally to the Sultan, such matters, concerning their

own

particular department, as

might require

his atten-

tion. 5.

Elephants, required for expvirtatinn, were to be bought of the Sircar;''' and

such as

be wanted for the inimediate use of the Sultan, were to be pro-

niiiiht

cured from Mahmood-hunder,'''^' and other places. 6.

The Midilut

from the various

Tiljdrs were to collect factories un
coined to the fourth mint, lished mintage

(49) Original

*'

at

the gold and silver bullion they could

and to send the same to be

Seringnpatum, which was to be paid the estab-

on the amount.

J,!jJ ^).l«i< JiîUj c:J.'^\>o-

they might employ

all

their direction,

iheir

own money

in

JUjl

JW

j

^li-'l/l

commercial speculations, or

which may

traffic

in

either

mean, that

iuch comtuodiiies as they

possessed,

(50)

The Mirzdey Duftur was

a Musiilman,

and kept

his accounts in Persian.

(51) This implies, that the officers, so attending, were to be present at .ill discussions and deliberaIndeed, the Sultan hims'lf observes of this regulation, " thiit the adwhich might take place

tions

"

vantage to be expected from

«'

was, that, by

" and

this

all

the different departments of the government being assembled together,

means, each department would obtain an insight into the business of the others,

mutual counteraction and opposition

(52) That

(53) This

is,

is

were

to be supplied

be,

for the future, prevented.

from thcc caught on account of gorernment.

a sea-port town, in the district of Palamcoteh.

at the (54) There were five mints, one of which was appropriated to the coining of gold and silrer The first of these mints established was coined. within the was walls currency other four, the copper :

enclosing the palace. treasury.

The whole was

placed uuder the direction of the

Meer Khdzins,

or lords of the

APPENDIX.

Xlviii

APPENDIX F (Referred

to at

Letter XL.) to

relative

Copy of Instructions,

Daroghas

Intelligence,

HuRKAREHS,

of

(,

Instructions directed

to

are to go the rounds

and to report

[all

;

together with the spies,

to see with their

own eyes

occurrences] in writing.

Ahmed Ddrogha

Ghuliim

the

uiid of/wrsS^^

rThe Daroghas and Ndigs, [In the Sultan's own hand.'] ^

directed to

of HtirMrehs, and

Syed

Ddro'fha of Couriers, and Meer Baker, Ddrogha of the Paish-hheema, Shama Naig, and Shaisa Naig, and Sadaseo Naig, as follows

Ali,

<"

and

:

You, the above mentioned Hurkdreh Ndigs, must, during the space of one month, place spies throughout the whole fort, in the town of Gdjam, and in the two camp huzars, &c. and also over the doors of the great Meers' houses, and [by these means] gain intelligence of every person

and of what people say

;

who

goes to the dwelling of another,

and acquire knowledge of the true

state of things.

Ddroghas must write the occurrences of every day in three separate and you three Ndigs must, with your Persian reports, with your own hands reports, and bring and deliver them to the Canary own hands, write three separate But first you must give intelligence to all persons, that it is the order Presence.

You

three

;

of the Presence, that no one shall go to the house of another to converse

that whatever they Kuchia^ries.

If,

may have

to say

notwithstanding

must be communicated

this order,

but

;

in their respective

any person should go

to the

house of

you must, upon his returning out of the same, bring him that moment to the o-ate of the palace, and report [the circumstance] to the Presence. Durino- one month, you, together with your Hurhdrehs, shall perform the

another,

duty of spies intelligence,

and the next month you must communicate these orders, regarding to Akibut Mahommed, Ddrogha of Hurhdrehs, and Kadir Ali, ;

Yoosif, Ddrogha of the Paish-hheema, and Khan, Chik Naig, and Hully Narain, and Yar Singa Naig, Poota Naig, Nubby

Ddrogha

of Couriers,

and Meer

put them on the duty of

your functions

spies.

You

will then

remain in

[the execution

of]

at the gate of the palace.

After (1)

For the original of the present

article,

as well as for the following translation of

it,

I

am

in-

debted to Lieutenant Colonel Ogg. (2)

The Paish-kheema

marching.

is

the establishment of tents,

&c. sent in advance, for accommodation

when

APPENDIX.

Xlix

After one month, the aforesaid will report to you again the orders regarding

and you

intelligence,

must

relieve

will again

perform the duty of

each other monthly

:

spies. In this manner you and the orders of the Presence are not again

necessary [on this subject].

Written the 25th of the month Ruhhdny, year Shdd, 1223 from the birth of Mahommed, with the hand of Syed Husain.

To

this purport other instructions

have been written, directed to Akibut

med, Durogha of HurhdreJis, and Kader

Ali,

Ddrogha

Mahom-

of Couriers, and

Meer

Ddrogha of the Paish Kheema, to Singa N&ig, Pootah Naig, Nubby Yur Khan, Chik Naig, and HuUy Narain. Yoosif,

The

following

personage than

is

a translation of a

note addressed to Tippoo, by no

Mahommed Mukhdoom,

shows, that the Sultan employed spies of

the son of Lala Meea. all

less

a

This document

ranks.

" Cherisher of the World Health be unto you Your slave, as he was coming from the house of his brother, happened to *' meet in the way with Ghulam Hyder. Sitting down together, he told me that " the household effects of Husun Ali were about to be sent off that very day. I " answered, that I had heard the same thing, but not from any authority to be !

!

*'

" depended upon.

Now, however,

that your slave has received the orders of the

*'

resplendent Presence for the puqiose, he will be careful to obtain every possible

"

information, and to report to the sublime _Presence such authentic intelligence as

"

shall reach

him."

APPENDIX (Referred I

am

to in

Letter LXVII.)

indebted for the following explanation of the cypher, alluded to in Letter

LXVII,

to

Mr. Stewart, the Arabic,

Persian,

Honorable the East-India Company's College till

after that Letter

The

F.*

had gone to

verse, containing the

as follows

press,

it is

and Hindoostany Professor

at Hertford.

Not having

at

the

received

it

inserted in this place.

key to the cypher in

question,,

is

read by

Mr.

Stewart..

:

g

which

APPENDIX.

1

which may be thus rendered

:

The Units reach just to the line; The Tens not quite so low are seen The Hundreds to the right incline While Thousands

Thus

t'

\

VA ^ r rd 1 VA ^

f^r

f^

I

1

6

/A/**^/^^ Y'f^^

Or

CC

Hundreds

Lt

Thousands

J fj^

8

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

& 9.

Stand for 10, 20, 30, &c. to 90.

Stand for 100, 200, &c. to 900.

f..

the Hundreds and Thousands

do lean.

Stand for

N^

Vft^ b A>^

\

to the left

Stand for 1000, &c.

may

be thus denoted

:

t ^^ i

4.

&c.

But the XJbjud notation (according to which the several letters of the alphabet are to be denoted by figures, and, vice versa, the latter to be reduced to letters) not going beyond 1000, by which number the letter c is expressed, the foregoing scheme

is

applicable

no farther

what follows a thousand,

:

Thus

ployed only to denote numbers.

would not convey any other meaning.

The

following example

is

jbV or

w might

therefore, can

be used

for

3000

;

but

*^ for the better illustration of the

added,

be em-

cypher in

question.

Ghulam Hyder

—S^ And Tippoo •^^

This,

(jJua..

^

'

Sultan

^-—

I believe,

scription of the

Ai^

(^

..UaLi

would be thus written

f-

—^— or '

v^)

or instead of

was the cypher in which

works of Fort

/

may

this

V

this

/r may be used.

be used.

thus,

-W

'

instead of

St.

their residence at that presidency.

(as

V

mentioned at Letter LHI) the de-

George was written by Tippoo's fâheeh, during

APPENDIX. APPENDIX, (Referred to

An Historical Kurnool,

Sketch of

my

or, as

the

at Letter

U

G. CIl.)

Pat an Puincipality of Kvrsool.^^

Persian original has

it,

Kunnool,'^^

same time, the

Sircar, giving, at the

But however

to Adoni.

title

might

this

be,

by some

is

described as a Muhul, ov Purgunnah, of the Sircar Adoni

;

were included

Kurnool

is

in

its

it

is

certain that, as

Moghul empire, both

a

well during the

degradation

its

the districts in question

jurisdiction.

not particularly noticed in the annals of the

Aurungzebe's apjiearance in that quarter of India. part taken by some of

has conferred upon

The

it

of Souhah (as in the case of Runkapoor)

existence of Reejapnor as a separate kingdom, as subsequently to to the rank of a province of the

autljoritics

while others ~call

its

chiefs, in the

Decan

till

the period of

Since then, however, the active

subsequent transactions of that busy scene,

a considerable degree of distinction.

it

founder of the Patan dynasty oi Kurnool was, as has been eysewhere inci-

dentally mentioned,"' 1.

Khizr Khdn Punny,^*^

an Afghan, of the tribe called rank

in the

Poorif-ZyeS''''

Moghul army, when

He

had already attained

to

Khun,

g 2 The

(1)

given

following article

Appendix D.

in

uncertain,

tluit

am

free to

chiefly derived

from the same source as the memoir relating

to

If the chronology, however, of the latter be in general defective,

present sketch

of the

common

uatortunately constitutes too I

is

own, indeed,

on the whole,

is,

sliil

less

satisfactory.

a fault in most of the productions of the

that both the chronology

«ilher with Scott's Decan, or with the

some

the latter was joined from Hhdnoor by lihiilool

Maasir

ul

Inattention

minor

annalists

and the narrative of Meer Husain, when

Omra, should be

ShJnoor,

and often to dales

of India.

at variance

received with caution.

Meer Husain informs us, that this town (to which Allumgecr gave the name of Kunir-nuer) its Hindoo name from the beautiful cotton fabrics, such as Sailahs and others, for which it was formerly, and may be still, notjd Kundnuol signifying, in the language of that country, " fin« (2)

derives

;

"

Hence lame A'^nnou/ and Kurnoul:

spun, clear thread."

the dialects of India.

women

Kurnool

than for that of

its

See Appendix D, under

(4)

I

Scott,

(5)

am :

uncertain whether

and,

therefore,

I

"

Bhiilool

thus written in

my

author,

for

the

most of

beauty of

ii«

this

word

Khin." is

Punnij or Beeny,

the original being susceptible of both

have follosved the orthography which

the learned translator of Ferisklak, It is

the n and r being i)eriuulable in

not less celebrated, according to

muslins.

(3)

readings

is

my

manuscript..

I

find

adopted by Captain j<;nathaa

APPENDIX.

lii

Khan, between whose family, and that of Khizr Khan, a great friendship had always subsisted. The young men having, in consequence, been educated together, had contracted a strict intimacy, which was now renewed, and closely cultivated by both. Bhulool Khan happening, at this conjuncture, to stand high in

Khan Jehan

the favour of Aurungzebe, as well as in that of his chief counsellor,

Khan, employed

his credit with

them

so effectually in behalf of his friend, that

Khizr Klian, besides an augmentation of his immediate Munsuh, soon obtained the government of Kurnool in Jdgeer, upon the condition of his maintaining, for

the imperial service, a body of three thousand horse, and seven thousand foot.

The

limits of the Sircar of

Kurnool

on

(as it is

this occasion called)

fluctuated greatly, in the course of the various revolutions

They must,

experienced.

which that

me

at least, if the information before

at a

sum exceeding

The still

had

has

than they rated

is

thirty-four lac1
Moghul arms, but was

to the

occupied on behalf of the reigning sovereign of Beejnpoor

therefore,

to,

which Khizr Khan became master,

Kurnool had not yet submitted

fortress of

district

be accurate, have

beea considerably more extensive, at the period just now referred are at this time, since the revenue, of

have probably

to reduce

it,

before he could enter

upon

Khizr Klian,

:

new government.

his

For

this purpose, accompanied by Bhulool Khan, he immediately proceeded against

that place, the

commander of which was soon

convinced,

bribes and threats, of the necessity of surrendering

it.

by the

joint force of

After this, he would not

appear to have experienced any serious difficulty in establishing his authority

throughout the

and not

When

rest of the district.

before,

this object

was completely

effected,

own

Bhulool Khun, taking leave of his friend, returned to his

Jdgeer.

We he

is

hear nothing further of Khizr Khan, said

conducted by Allumgeer in person.

one day to pay

till

It

his respects to the

was

at this juncture that, while proceeding

Emperor, he happened

gateway leading to the Imperial residence. Shaikh Minhaj formerly of the

when

several years after this time,

distinguished himself greatly at the siege of Aurungahad,

to have

first

to encounter, at a

De

Rany, an Oinra

rank at the court of Beejapoor (which, with several other

nobles of that declining kingdom, he had some time before quitted in disgust), and

no his

less

celebrated for his bold and unguarded language on

intrepidity

in

the

subsisted between these situation

field.

Whether any

rivalry or

two great men does not appear

which has been mentioned, they engaged

;

all

occasions, than for

ill-will

had previously

but meeting

now

in a violent dispute

precedence, which soon terminated in the death of Khizr Khan,

in the

regardmg

who

fell

by a

wound

A wound,

K D I X.

lill

own

during the contest, by his adversary's

inflicted

nevertheless,

PPE

utterly

fearless

instantly repaired to the

hand.'^'

The

consequences of his sanguinary

of the

Imperial Presence; where, with a levity but

latter,

rashness, suited,

ill

he scoffingly related, " that having met, in " his passage througli the portal of the palace, with a kicking ass,'' he had either to the place or to the occasion,

" presently removed the

nuisance.""'

was

it

still

considering what

the allusion of the Shaikh,

The Emperor,

when the Urz-baigy^^

could mean,

by

astonished at this address, appearing, explained

weight and credit which he enjoyed,

Allumgcer judged

it

The

a circumstantial report of what had happened.

murderer, in the mean while, remained perfectly unmolested this time, at the

at

:

for such

was the

imperial court,

that

expedient to wink at his conduct on the present occasion.

It

was not thus, however, with 2.

Ddood Khdn Punny

Khan, who no sooner learned the fate of the latter, than, quitting Payen Ghaut Carnatic, which had been some time before confided to him by Allumgeer, he hastened to Kurnool ; from whence, after collecting together a considerable body of troops, and leaving his brother, AH Khan, in charge of his Jugeer, he proceeded by rapid marches towards Aurungahad, with the son of Khizr

the government of the

The

the avowed purpose of avenging his father's death.

by the Patau excited no small uneasiness justly apprehensive, lest

it

in the

desperate step thus taken

mind of the Emperor, who was

should produce a division, and perhaps a tumult, in the

imperial army, in which both Shaikh Minhaj and his adversary friends

and

partisans.

chastise his temerity,

authority; and

if,

he sent a force

If

oppose the progress of the

iiand,

he suffered the Patans,

disposition of their leader, to join the imperial

and bloodshed which were too

latter,

proclaim the contempt entertained

would be to

it

on the other

to

had numerous or to

for his

iu the present

camp, he anticipated the confusion

likely to ensue,

from the impetuous

spirit,

and

deep-rooted hatred of the contending chiefs, acting on the fierce and turbulent From this dilemma he was, however, character of their respective adherents. for the present, relieved,

by Zoolf kar Khan, the Khdtisdmdn

Asud Khan, who had been

the Fizier,

(or

house steward) of

the intimate friend and sworn brother of

Khizr (6)

A

diffl-rcnt

account

is

given of Khizr Khan's deaih

in

tliC

sfcond volume of Scott's Dccan,

page 38. (7)

In

flic

original

(8) Original

l-j^J^j>-

ci^-lbjJ ^\-^j\

or literally,

"

extermination, or putting lo death. (9)

The master of

requests or of cercmonie*.

lifted

from iLc midst/' an expreision uiually denoting

A

y^Y

PPKN

D

I

X.

Khizr Khan by whose sons he liad been, in consequence, always considered in Zoolf kTir Khun, avaiUng himself of this title to the deference the H"-ht of an uncle. of the Patan (and which, by Mahommedans in general, is deemed to be little or ;

nothino' inferior to the claims derived from absolute consanguinity), proposed to

write to justice

him

adoptive nephew, exhorting

his

to submit

himself entirely to the

of the Emperor, and dismissing the chief part of his followers, to repair,

in perfect confidence, to his (Zoolfkar's) quarters

;

whence he promised

to

conduct

him to an audience of his Majesty, and to procure for him all the satisfaction he Uaood Khan, yielding to the advice and entreaties of his friend, could desire. was immediately presented to the monarch who, besides a most gracious reception, gave him some wholesome counsel for the regulation of his conduct, which he ;

concluded, by assuring take

its

regard to his father's death, the law should

that, in

accordingly appointed for the pubHc

following day was

The

course.

him

In the

hearing of the cause.

mean

while, however, desirous, either for personal

or political reasons, of skreening the culprit,

geer sent privately for Shaikh Minhaj

;

if possible,

and

telling

from punishment, Allum-

him

that as, agreeably to the

law, he could not be convicted of the offence imputed to him, except

upon

admission, he (the Emperor) trusted that he would feel no hesitation, fronted with his accuser, in asserting his innocence.

have apparently assented

:

To

this the

his

own

when con-

Shaikh

is

said to

but however that might be, he was, no doubt, very far

from entertaining such an intention

;

since the next

morning, when publicly

on the occasion, instead of denying the crime laid to his charge, he loudly exclaimed, " that it was most true that he had slain the whoreson'"" in " question, with the identical poignard which he then held in his hand, and that he " was, in like manner, prepared to kill any other whoreson, who should seek to " avenge his death." So saying, he quitted the Durhdr, leaving the whole

interrogated

assembly in utter amazement the power of his father

;

Daood Khan

who,

to

at his temerity.

wreak

after this time,

Nor was

his meditated

it

any future period in

at

vengeance upon the murderer of

was always surrounded by a body of three hundred

well armed and desperate Decanies, whose particular duty

it

was to watch the

motions of the Patans, and whose vigilance and courage constantly frustrated every attempt of the

latter

upon

his

life.'"'

It (10) Original

iS^s;^

used by Tippoo Sultan.

,jU which has nearly the same

The former

is

said

by Meer

signification as the

Hiisain to be a very

^jlUiJjjU

common

so frequently

term of abuse with

the Decanies. (11~>

least to

It is a

remarkable

be expected, by

fact,

his

that the death of this turbulent

bestowing on one of

his

own

nobleman was

servants the

same

nt last

occasioned,

foul epithet

when

which he

Iiad till

APPENDIX. It is not stated

by our

what means were taken by the Emperor,

annalist,

perplexing predicament, to reconcile

hopes of public satisfaction

It

Daood Khan

in this

the disappointment of those

to

which he had been conappears, however, that the Patan continued with

for the

fidently taught to entertain.

the im})erial army

Iv

murder of

his father,

some time after which event he was slain in a sanguinary tumult, excited, as Meer Husain says, by the jealousy and hostility of a faction at court, who spared no means to effect his disgrace and the death of Aliumgeer

till

By

removal from thence.

other accounts, however,

an attempt which he had made to cut certain

upon

many Omras

that

is,

He

this occasion.

ruled between

Upon

him.

and

^\\(t

All

is

it

the Viceroy of the Decan.

issue,

Daood Khan,

was succeeded by

fell

in

What

is

their lives

his only brother,

recorded of

is

his son,

Ihraheem Khdn,

stated to have filled the office of SouhuJiddr of Adoni, durinsr the life-time

Daood Khan

of his uncle,

;

but whether on the part of the

immediate nomination from the Viceroy of the Decan, he must have held

incline to think, however, that

since their

is

after ascending the

Kurnool, the «

made

also

all

as

it

latter,

or under an

not mentioned.

is

I

a separate government,

know of, for believing that Ado)U constituted at any Kurnool. However this may be, Ibraheem Khan, soon

no authority, that

period, a dependency of

He

lost

during which period nothing

government devolved upon

his death, the

would appear that he

Khdn Punny^

six years,

4.

who

off

of distinction, besides

dying without 3.

who

;

Miisnud,

I

about rebuilding with masonry the citadel of

set

of which, before this time, appears to have consisted only of

considerable additions and improvements to the town

mud.

and applying

;

sedulously to the augmentation of his military force, and particularly to that part of

it

composed of Afghans of

his

own

tribe,

soon found himself at the head of a respectable

then so often used with impunity, both to high and low

till

tome

who had

ihe clerk,

prepared

with ne^jligence, applying to him,

it,

This drawing from

of abuse. exasperated

at

aggravation of

tlie

what he conceived accompanied

pellation, but

"

ilic

it

to

insulted clerk

bo

tiie

died of the

wound

disgrace already put

thus inflicted.

stant, a sacrifice to the fury

When

it is

incredible, (hat

a

it

is

related of Iiim,

at the

same time,

tli.it

h.iving,

on

passionately taxed

lie

his

customary term

respectful, but spiiitcd remonstrance, iha Shaikli,

insolence of his servant, not only repeated the o/Ten'iive ap-

with a slap on the face.

upon him, and

of life," suddenly plunged the pen,* with

•

for

:

occasion, discovered a slight error in an account submitted to his inspection,

The (as

poor MiilusuiUy, rendered frantic by this

my

author expresses

which he was writing, into the

It is scarcely

it)

" washing

his

side of his master,

necessary to add, that his murderer

fell,

at

the

hands

who

same

in-

of the surrounding attendants.

rccollc«teil, that the

pen spoken of Avas forined of a strong sliarp-poinlej recJ,

such an insuumcnt should have

infticicd a

niorul wound.

it will

not, perhaps, appesi

APPENDIX.

fvi

respectable army, with

which he was enabled

many

exact tribute from,

past, paid a very reluctant obedience to their

After

leaving his son, Alif

this,

by the advice of

himself,

Khan,

Khan Jehan

This he did so

Khiin,

Aurungabad, at that

new

grant, in

he returned

this object,

his Jdgeer,

to

over

Kurnool, where he occupied himself in the

Khan) tion

which he did while the

;

Khan

Ali

latter

affairs

of

was

still

encamped,

homage

to the

new

after his recent victory

nephew of the Umeer dl Omra, Syed Husain Ali Burhanpoor.^^'^ Here he met with a distinguished recep-

from Asof Jah, who, according in

stipula-

(the

in the vicinity of

Jdgeer

of five lackt

the appointment of the Ndbob, Asof Jah, to the government of

till

Aalum

Nuzr

Having accomplished

the Decan, upon which occasion the Patan hastened to do Vîceroy

for the pur-

time Viceroy of

which the former

whatever they might have been, were wholly omitted.

tions,

he proceeded

he obtained, instead of the usual

to the Viceroy,

patent of confirmation for his Jdgeer, a

to

rulers.

in charge of his Jdgeer,

who was

and

had, for some tima

successfully, that in return for a

which he presented

of rupees,

who

Mahommedan

his principal counsellors, to

pose of paying his court to the Decan.

to subject to his authority,

of the surrounding Polj/gars,

the terms of

that

to

my

author,

renewed the patent

for his

him by Khan

Jehan

which had been granted

Khan. Being seized, about this time, with a severe indisposition, he left his son, Alif Khan, in attendance upon the Ndzhn, and repaired to Kurnool, where he died, at the

end of three or four

years, after having ruled over the principality of

He

Kurnool somewhat more than fourteen years. 5.

was succeeded by

Alif Khdn Punny,

who

contriving to ingratiate himself with Nasir Jung,

Jah,

is

said to have

his son,

had a principal share

in

the Second son of Asof

seducing him from his duty and

alle-

giance to his father, at the time that the latter, being obliged to repair to Dehli, left

him

in the

temporary charge of the government of the Decan.

lowed, on this occasion, does not belong to the present narrative. to say, that Nasir

Jung was,

in

the end, reconciled to his father,

himself with manifesting his displeasure against those

by prohibiting

presence.

some of these, and

It is

probable, however, that for this

derations of policy, practicability, of

impunity,

less

who

contented

who had been most

mental in exciting him to rebellion,

were indebted

It

What folmay suffice

their

appearance

particularly Alif

instruin

hi«

Khan,

to the lenity of the N'lzdm, than to consi-

which might have suggested the inexpediency,

if

not the im-

punishing such jx)werful offenders in a more signal manner.

Am (12) This victory was obtained, according to the itfaojir or

some time

in

A.D. 17 20.

til

Omra, ou the 6th Sûud/, A.H. U33,

APPENDIX. Alif Khiin continued in disgrace with

Ivii

sop?rior,

Iiis

when Asof summoned

the period

till

Jah, turning his thoughts to the settlement of the lower Caniatic, "

the various Miumihddrs and Jdgeerddm, subject to his authority, to repair to his

On

standard, with their respective military contingents.

Bahadur Khan,

in the first instance, dispatched his son,

whom

he transmitted,

at

period, in attendance

of the latter, or, at

formal pardon

;

Nuzr

upon Asof Jah, had the

in

money, toge-

These submissions beiuf

Khan

Alif

it.

The

hastened back to Kurnool with the joyful intelligence.

whom

whom

he appears

he was received to

have continued

Carnatk, when he was permitted

manner

in a

obtained a

an honourable reception and dismission,

after

hereupon,

father,

leaving his son in charge of his Jdgeer, proceeded in person to the

Nizdm, by

at this

subduing the resentment

effect of

of inducing him to dissemble

and Behadiir Khan,

the Ndzitn, to

Shdnoor and Kurpah, who were,

offices of the cliiefs of

least,

to join

the same time, a considerable

ther with suitable apologies for his past misconduct.

seconded by the good

this occasion, the Patan,

camp

of the

and with

sufficiently gracious,

the termination of the expedition to the

till

to return to his Jdgeer.

Here he

shortly after

died, having ruled thirteen years, and was succeeded by his eldest son,

Behdddr Klidn,

6.

known

also

by the

title

of

Himmut Behiidilr,''"'

he was distinguished for his extraordinary which he carried on the internal affairs of

which he

whom Meer Husain

intrepidity,

and

for the

his government, in the

steadily followed the example,

But whatever

wisest of his predecessors.

of

and conformed to the

management

of

jjracticc,

of the

might

Nasir Jung, subsequently to the accession of the latter to the after

prudence with

his character, in these respects,

be, his conduct (as well as that of the other Patan chieftains of the

and soon

reports, tiiat

with regard to Miizuffer Jung

(a

Fs'dz'tm

Decan) towards

Musnud of Hi/derahad, own creation),

of their

exhibits nothing but a tissue of the blackest perfidy and ingratitude.

The

particulars of the transactions, here alluded to, are already too well It will

be sufiicient to

to require to bo recited in this

j)lace.

Meer Husain, it was by unfortunate Ndzim perished

the immediate hand of B;hadur

to

vive in

a

the

;

Khan

according

'

being himself

is

in

which took place

at

Rnechnoh/,

after,

between the everturbulent

A.D. 1743.

does not appear by wliom, or upon what occasion, this

title

wa? conferred npnn

(14)

It

(J 5)

This event took place near Gingec, on the 5lh December 1750

ibe

that the

about two months

slain,

•»

(13) That

known

and that the detestable traitor did not long sur-

victim of his treason,

sanguinary tumult

state, that,

Nabob of Kurpah the

assassio.

The Maasir

ul

Omra

:

BcluVlilr KiiAn.

other writers, liowcvor,

agrees with the account in the text.

make

APPENDIX.

Iviii

turbulent Afghans and their late accomplices in the atrocious assassination of Nasir Jung.-"'

Behadur Khan ruled over Kurnool between seven and eight succeeded, at his death, by his brother,

and

vva«

Miinuwer Khdn Punny,

7.

who happening

years,'"^

to reside, at this period, at

Nundidl, the Polygar of Gudduck,

encouraged thereto, and assisted by the French, took advantage of his absence from

Kurnool, and the confusion which prevailed there, in consequence of the sudden

and

disastrous death of

Behadur Khan,

to surprize

and

seize

upon that

place.

Munuwer Khan hereupon hastened to Kurpah, where he solicited the aid of its chief, Abdiil Nuby Khan, towards the recovery of his inheritance. Abdiil Nuby, who could not feel himself very secure on his own Musnud, so recently after the tragic events of

some

Cnngee and Raechoofi/,

mone)\

assistance in

By

is

nevertheless said to have afforded

means Munuwer Khan was enabled to collect soldiers and three hundred horse, with which

this

together about seven hundred foot

The

small force he did not hesitate to advance against Kia^nool. his

capital with such a handful of

would, probably, have proved

him

men

appeared

the garrison

so, if

Gudduck had prudently remained within the walls.

short of desperate,

little

in

left

attempt to recover

and

by the Polygar of

it

Instead of this, however, they

unwisely came out, and giving battle to the Patau, were defeated with great slaughHereupon the Polygar s commander, being panic struck, immediately ter.

According to Meer Hiisain, however,

surrendered the place. success of

Munuwer Khan was

much owing,

not so

the enemy, or to the valor of his

own

this extraordinary

either to the indiscretion of

followers, as to the powerful aid

whicli he

derived from the presence and prayers of a celebrated Peer,"^' established in the

neighbourhood of A^MrnooZ, and called Shah Mustan,

whom

he had had the good

fortune to encounter on his march, and to propitiate in his favor.

author

may

the Patau's

be believed) the appearance of this holy personage, little

It

was

at the

(if

our

head of

band, which, by striking unusual terror into the enemy, prin-

cipally contributed to the victory obtained over the latter.

Munuwer (lO) This tumult occurred on the 17th of

Muhurram, A.H. II6I,

(17) This account would place his accession to the

towards the

latter part of

(18) This term

eminent

them

is

AD.

1753.

applied by the

for their sanctity

and pieiy

See note

at the

Mahommedans They

or about the end of January 1"5I

Musnud about

end of the present

the middle of

to those superiors of

the religious orders,

are the ghostly fathers of the

are pretended to have performed miracles.

A.H. 1156, or

article.

most

Musulmans, and many of

APPENDIX. Munuvver Khan

rcmaine
from

lix

this time, iu quiet possession of his country,

when Shahnuwaz Khan '"' being Sulabut Jung (the brother and successor

until the period

minister to

army from Hyderabad.,

for the declared purpose

raised

the office of chief

to

of Nasir Jung) dispatched an of reducing Kurnool,

and of

punishing, in the jierson of the ruling chief, the treason and ingratitude of his

The

predecessor.

Patau, however, not only had

pending danger, but, by means of the

tlie

address to avert the im-

pro})er application of bribes,

and of suitable

submissions, to obtain a confirmation of his Jugeer, on condition of paving a tribute to the government of Hyderabad. Tlie amount of this

certain annual tribute

is

not stated

but

:

exacted of him by a

had

it

new

was, probably, the same which was, some time after, adversaiy,

more formidable than the one whom he

still

lately appeased.

Tlie

enemy who now

disturbed the repose which

Munuwer Khan

vainly flattered

himself he had secured, by his recent pacification with the Soubah, was the celebrated Hyder Ali Khan who, some time after he had made the Patan Chief of ;

Shdnoor submit

to

advanced against Kurnool, with the professed

his authority,

determination of reducing the latter place also to subjection. prepared, as well as he could, to repel the invader,

prevent from investing his capital. critical occasions that

had

Munuwer Khan

whom, however, he

could not

In these perilous circumstances, as on

all

other

memorable overthrow of the troops of

arisen, since his

the Pofygar of Gudducli, and his subsequent establishment in his principalitv, he sought the council and assistance of Shah Mustan (already mentioned in the relation of those events) and one of whose most steady and zealous disciples he had

now become,

if

he had not been always

on the remarkable

effects attributed,

by

so.

his

The

holy man,

superstitious admirers, to

interposition in behalf of the Patan, boldly desired to rely

on the speedy discomfiture of

enemy.

his

j)resumiiio-,

actually persuaded himself, that he possessed

perhaps,

former

his

him to be of good cheer, and Whether this enthusiast had

any supernatural means of

realizino-

the hopes he raised, or depended, for producing that result, on some secret corres-

pondence which he might have entered tioned by

my

author.

However

this

into with the invader's

might

be,

army,

is

not

men-

he mounted the following mornino-,

bare-headed and bare-footed, on an elephant provided for the occasion, and taking with him a select body of Afghans, proceeded, with great rapidity, in the direction of Ilyder's camj).

Hereupon, some of the

of that chieftain, observing the

,

by

by which

his son

of the Peer, and probably apprized of

h 2

his

Meer AbdAl Huyi Khan,

his father

was distinguished;

persons in the confidence

movement

(19) This was the author of the Maasir ul Omra, death

princij)al

to

which

afterwards raised to the

a supplement title

was

aiUleil,

after

Lit

of Sums&mfid Dowlah, the same

APPENDIX.

Ix

his purpose, were induced, cither still less

by

superstitious considerations, or

by motives

excusable, to represent to their master the obloquy and danger to which

he would expose himself, by persisting in the attack of a place, which was evidently under the protection of so venerable and powerful a saint as Shah Mustiin. They concluded with earnestly exhorting him, as he valued his

interest

and

safety,

house, to desist from a purpose so pregnant with

or the prosperity of his

evil.

subject to the influence of superstition, offended, either

Hyder, w ho was but

little

at the freedom or the

folly of this advice, sharply

it

own

demanded of those from

whom

proceeded, " whether his state was not under the protection of a saint, as well

" as that of Kurnool?''

To

course, obliged to reply

in the affirmative,

reasonable interrogatory, the others, being, of

this

Hyder

sneeringly observed, " that

" such being the case, he would leave the two saints to settle their own quarrel as " they pleased, while, at any rate, he was determined to bend the neck of

" iMunuwer Khan to the yoke of obedience." During this conversation, the towards the Mysorean camp but whether it was advance Shdh continued to owing to his observing any movements in the latter, which indicated a resistance he had not reckoned upon, or to any intelligence conveyed to him from thence, :

or, finally, to

a sudden conviction of the extravagance and hopelessness of his

enterprize, he thought proper, vvhile to

turn

short round, and

instantly advised

" send him awav

hasten

Munuwer Khan :

"

adding, "

still

at

some distance from the enemy's

back to Kurnool; where, on his " to give some

money

arrival,

to his visitor,

he

and to

that as things were then circumstanced, he could

" answer for the preservation of nothing beyond the walls of the the prowess of the

lines,

Shdh would have been adequate

fort."

Whether

for the defence of these,

was

not put to the proof; for the Patau wisely dispatched a Fakeel to Hyder, with

such ])roposals of accommodation as the latter judged although, according to

it

Meer Husain, they amounted only

to

expedient to accept, the payment of an

annual tribute of a lack of rupees, and the immediate delivery of a large supply of provisions

:

to which,

attachment and submission. such easy terms to

him

at

this

Perhaps the chief motive of Hyder, in granting

Munuwer Khan,

Kurpah, which he appears

Munuwer Khan

were added abundant assurances of future

however,

to

arose from his impatience to proceed against

have done directly

after his

departure from Kurnool.

continued subject to the pecuniary contribution imposed upon

juncture (but which, as

pondence with Runmust Khan,

-°'

may

be collected from Tippoo Sultan's corres-

was not very punctually discharged)

till

the

partition (20)

It is

proper to observe, in

must Khô, which

is

this place, that either

Munuwer Khin must

have been also called Run-

by no means impossible, or Meer Husain must have overlooked,

ia his

enumeration of

APPENDIX. partition treaty of to the IVizdnt,

Seringapatam,

Ixi

in 17.95, wliicli

once

at

tiansfcrret 1

and released the principality of Kurnool from

all

lliis

tribute

dependence

future

on the ruler of Mysore. During the war wliicli preceded the treaty, Munuwer Khan had been required to repair to the standard of the JSizdm, with the military quota, which, as a feudatory of the nish

and though he was himself,

:

the fatigues of the

field,

Jah,'-''

by which many of the petty

territories, being, at the

superior lord.

another,

this period, too old

bound

and infirm

to fur-

undergo

to

when

the latter joined the British forces

was exemplified the curious, hut anomalous nature, of the

this occasion

tenure,

at

of the Dccan, he was

he nevertheless sent his contingent, headed by his son,

Khan, along with Secunder under Lord Cornwallis. Alif

On

Suitbttli

states

and chieftains of the Decan hold their

same time, the feudatories of one, and the

Munuwer Khan was

I'hus,

at once

tributaries of

subject to

Tippoo

Nizam Ali Khan yet the former's claims upon the Patan were not way impairing those of the latter, who was still supposed to right of summoning him to his standard, and of demanding his

Sultan and to

:

considered as any possess

the

services,

no matter against what power, whenever he thought proper.

It is true,

that this right being derived from a source which, in point of fact, no longer existed,'"*

rested chiefly on

what might be

called a

mere

political

but,

:

respected

by

author, soon after the conclusion of

tjje

similar pretensions continue, in various cases,

nevertheless,

fiction

to be

prejudice and habit, and, in others, to be enforced by power.

Munuwer Khan

died, according to

peace of Seringapatam, that

to say,

is

my

some time

in the year 1/92, having ruled

over Kurnool during a period of forty-one lunar years.

He

was succeeded by

his

son, 8.

Alif Khdn,

who, by the treaty concluded in 180i), between the British Government in India and the Nabob, Nizam Ali Klu'm, was placed, in a certain degree, under the protection

of the East India

Company,

to

whom

the tribute, which

he stood

engaged to pay to the government of Hyderabad, was then transferred by the latter.

Meer of

llie

chiefs of Kurnool,

one of the dynasty

That the person who ruled over doubt; yet

if

;

an omission which wi'l be allowed

that principality, in I78(J,

be bore two names,

it

to

be very unlikelv.

was nameu Runii.uit KhAii, admits

mentioned both of them. (21) At that lime the second son of (22) Because,

strictly

Ni/4m

speaking, there

J

no

might have been expected that our biographer would have

is

All Khikn, and

no looker

a

now nominal Soulah

of the Dccan.

Soubahddr, or viceroy, of the Dccan.

APTENDIX.

Ixii

Meer Husain by observing, would appear and

concludes his brief account of the Patan dynasties of the Decan

that the reputation of their chiefs, for courage and to

enterprize,

have begun to decline from the period of Daood Khan's

to have finally expired with

The

manly

deatl),

Bchadur Khan.

following table has been formed with the view of fixing, as far as was

practicable, the periods at

which the

several chieftains of

succeeded to their respective principalities.

Shdnoor and Kurnool

Being deduced,

for the

most

part,

from the imperfect data furnished by Meer Husain, and these being too vague to be confidently relied on, it follows, that it can be offered as no more than an attempt at an approximation to the truth.

Shdnoor Dynasty, 1.

2.

3.

1531

Khan

1612

5. Dulail

Kh&n,

Dilecr Klian

7.

8.

9.

1612

47| 1659-60

1659-60

31

1690-1

1690-1

28

1718-9

ni8-9

9

1727

1121

31

1758

1758

34

1792

.}

Abd&l Mujced Khan AbdQl Iliikcem Khan Kheera Meea

1531

or

Abdul Gliuffar Guufoor Meea

10.

Died.

Kule.

JauNisar Khan Uzeez Meea JubbarMeeaMeeancli

4. Bhaiool

6.

/J.Tflrt to

1792

Kurnool Dynasty.

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX (Rrfcncd

Engagement

is

H.

Letter CXIV.)

to at

enteredinto

He

bdii

bt/

the Sultan

Mtlf.r Sadik/'^

:'"

In the name of the most merciful God,

May God Mcer Mahommcd

I,

preserve our gracious Sovereign

Sadik, Son of

Shear, do swear by God, and engage

Mter

Ali

Nuky,

servant of the

which engagement God and

(to

Khoddddd

his Prophet,

Imdm of true-believers, are witnesses) to perform my my Lord and Master faithfully, with all my hcart.'^ and with my four members " that is to say, with my eyes, my ears, my tongue, and my hands that I will study nothing but obedience to my Lord and Master, and never act, And [I moreover in any instance, contrary to my duty or to his interests. and the word of God, which

is

the

duty to

:^''

;

promise] to communicate whatever If,

however, (which

any of the four

God

obligations'''

may God, the most holy and whelm me and mine with his

forbid!)

forbidden eight things I

will

:

hear or see to the resplendent Presence.

should happen to be guilty of a breach of

I

[above mentioned], or of the obedience which

omnipotent, and whose name

is

I

owe,

the Avenger, over-

wrath, and utterly destroy us!

According to the prohibitions

faith

I shall

in

the holy

word of God,

those [eight] crimes, by

the

Almighty has

the blessing of the confession of

reprobate and put from me, even as

[I

would] the

devil.

I will,

moreover, in comformity with the holy word, not only zealously discharge duty, on

occasions, to

all

liis

Majesty,

my

possession

for

Lord and Master, but

my

also labor to

])romote (1)

The

original

document

is

in

my

;

which,

as well as for

translationj

llie

I

am

indebted to Colonel Ogg. (2) This (3)

is

meant of God, who

Original

(4) Original (5)

is

sometimes so

called.

Jjiji-J'j\'

^^ ^.^ j\^ j\

After the hands, Ihe original has

llie

words

Jjj "and my

heart," whicli

I

think arc meant to

connect with what follows. (6)

Meaning what

wards enumerated.

his c^-cs, ears, tongue,

and hands, are bound

to

perform, and

all

which are

after-

APPENDIX.

Ixir

promote

atid

accustomed to] repeat the confession of

[are

If (wliich

my

maintain the concord and union of the people of Isldm, or those

God

knowledge,

among

forbid will

I

any

!)

I

the people of Isldin

for

;

am descended, on both

abovementioncd,

sins,

my

inider the aforesaid

I declare,

is

the son of rejection.

the Kliodddud Sircar, your slave

"

ing the servant of the Sircar (the centre of bounty) possessed in jmWj.', &c. about three thousand is

arms,

and

clothes,

effects,

sent for

I

from his Lord and

Master, including profit

and

amounts,

about 1,08,200 nipees

out of which

in all, to

:

my

family,

service, swears

that

!)

of brass, jewels,

vessels

After becom-

who

Since that time your slave,

rM/)ee.y.

your Majesty's

life*' in

book of God (witness God, and the Prophet of God cattle,

am

the time of his becoming a servant of

at

was possessed of three pagodas.

always ready to sacrifice his

and

religion,

solemn sanctions, that except the wealth of

Royal Master, the Shadow of God,

who

to

and through three generations, from nobles

sides,

and Siyuih of the tribe of Koreish, and of the Mahommedan true and fiiiihful both in tongue and hand.

And

come

unworthy person, committing the same, from the most glorious and high God has declared, that

drive the

whosoever commits one of the eight

And

faith.

forbidden by the holy word, should

act,

who

all

by the

he has acquired

money, and

in

presents,

original property, as above stated,

sum he expended, during

the three years that he laboured under your Majesty's displeasure, and confined

own

himself to his

house,

There consequently remain

about 13,000 rupees.

9i,200 rupees, as detailed in the subjoined statement. I

swear by the book of God, and by the words'" of the Prophet, that your represents

slave

his

true

situation

embezzled any of the Sircars

;

but

Mdtusuddy, Amulddr, or Serishteddr, or the Sircar,

God)

for

lot

he should

if

j)roperty, or to to

made

therein

;

and

if

taken bribes from

have

full

of splendor (the

your stave

shall

severe punishment be inflicted on the unfaithful offender

be rolled up in a mat, and burnt, and

to]

have

any Asof,

have done injury to any inhabitant of

orders be issued from the Presence

enquiry to be

[be suspected

let his

but though your sacred Majesty should forgive,

[/.

Shadow of

be found guilty, e.

on me].

let a

Let him

dwelling and family be destroyed

God

will surely

;

punish that wicked

doer.

From (7) Original (8) Original

j'j iC'^

,li)

^'.=-

" born

in the

house."

jdnnisar (life-devoting, or life-sacrificing) an expression from which

have been inclined to derive the Turkish term janissary, thority,

(9)

been assigned lo

if

it.

Probably the Hudtes, or traditions, are here meant.

a different

I

siiould

etymology had not, on good au-

A From

ND

I

ixv

X.

the beginning of his service, your slave has not given a farthing to any of

relations

liis

r p n

;

and

your

in

marriage ceremonies have seldom exceeded

slave's house,

no time one thousand rupees. Your slave's pay was twelve hundred rupees per month in lieu of half of which your Majesty graciously Of this, whatever 1 have conferred upon him a Jdgeer of three thousand pagodas. spent, I have spent laid, together with my life and the remainder is ready to be five

and twenty

I'tipees,

and

at

:

:

humble

heart, an

your sacred and august

sacrifice at

All former crimes of this devoted slave,

my

feet.

Lord and Master

royal

abundant generosity, favour, and protection, forgiven

his

but

:

if,

has, through hereafter,

I

should receive any bribes, or commit any [other] misdemeanor in the [manage-

ment of

the] country of the

on me.

And

I will

of,

God, and the Prophet of God, be obnoxious

my

As

to the

my

or deficient

with heart, soul, and fide-

station, in,

arc witnesses:

to the four

and

And

I

will not authorize,

knowledge, do any thing prejudicial to the

I will

not wink

as follows

is

by any if

shall

I

sign

:

made by

my

any one should, to

and property of the Sircar,

affairs

thereat, but will forbid the same,

engagement

the specification of

above-mentioned members,

duty of the eyes.

this

act contrary thereto,

if I

any embezzlement of the property of the Sircar: and

eyes,

To

the same.

wrath of the throne of vengeance.

duties, according

1st.

my

to the

Sircar, the aforesaid oath will be binding

perform the duties of

and never be neglectful

lity;

Khoddddd

and report

it

to the

exalted

Presence. 2d.

As

duty of the

to the

If

ears.

any person should

utter expressions of a

treasonable nature, or prejudicial to the wealth or affairs of the act seditiously,

and the same should come to

my hearing,

but will forbid and punish the offence, and also report

That

3d. As to the duty of the tongue.

due management

and

in

motion

it :

(/.

4th.

e.

As

interest, glory,

my

nor shall

the Presence,

Khoddddd Sircar, or

will not

remain

silent,

to the exalted Presence.

to say, in all matters relating to the

now or hereafter, your Majesty may be con-

of the affairs of the Khodddiid Sircar, whether

which the

cerned,

is

it

I

full

and prosperity of

tongue) shall be ever actively employed, as long as

it fail,

at

any

time, to

all

retains

necessary communications to

of splendor.

to the duty of the hands.

Lord and Master

make

it

I will kill

That

with sword and

is

to say, the enemies of

pen,''"'

and most certainly

neglect any opportunity of destroying his enemies with sword and

moreover, communicate

all

my will

])en.

royal

never I will,

such transactions to the resjjlendent Presence, in

own

i

(10) If the SuUan's

of

bis

master had

Dewdn

hilt little

my

could write no better than he did upon the present occasion, the enemies

reason to dread

llie

threatened execution of his pen.

Nothing can possibly

be worse writtcu than the original of this curiouii document, which abounds, also, in false spelling.

APPENDIX.

Ixvi

own hand-writing and I will, likewise, write out own hand. I will, in fine, in all affairs, be loyal ;

all

abstract accounts with

with

my

my

members, and

four

omit or neglect nothing which can be accomplished by them.

Particulars [or Inventort/] of the above-mentioned

sum of one

lack eight tliousand

two hundred rupees.

Deduct expended during

my

and

disgrace

retirement

to

my own

house

Rupees

1

Remains yiz. In jewels, being presents graciously bestowed

5,000

93,200

by the Khoddddd

Sircar,

about

Rupees 20,000

Furniture of the Ashoor-hhdneh,^''^ carpets, lamps, &c, about

5,000

Jewels and pearls of your majestj^'s female

3,000

slaves,""'

about

Gold ornaments (weight 2,000 pagodas), value

8,000

Silver plate, 4,000 7'upees' weight, value

3,500

Copper and

2,000

brass vessels, &c. about

Arms, one hundred and firelocks

Tents, and

your

:

slave's

new wearing

fifteen articles,

own

viz. for

Bdrgeers, one hundred

arms [as swords, pistols, &c.] fifteen

Horses, camels, cattle for the plough, sheep, &.c

Ready money

:

value.

apparel (exclusive of old clothes) about

in specie, about

articles

2,000 4,000

30,000

.•

15,200

Price of timber in store

N. B. The foregoing

.

500 have been

set

down

about twelve rupees above

at

their real value. '"

Written on Wednesday, the tenth of the month Hydery, year Shiiddl,

from the birth of

(U) That (12)

is,

the

Meaning

his

Mahommcd,

in the hand-writing of

Meer

Imam-lareh erected during the Ashoorah.

own women.

(13) Meaning, probably, (14) Corresponding to the

for the sake of preserving

month of July 179S.

round numberi.

Sadik.

1226'^^

A

1'

rEN

D

I

APPENDIX, (Referred

to at

Extracts from It

is

proper

with which imperfect chapters,

I

for

my

render

Futhul

the

though the work

is

stated

Mu jahideen.

in

some

disorder.

The and

3Iujdh}deeH,

unfortunately extremely

is

in the beginning to consist of eight

manuscript contains only three

therefore, less complete

is,

Letter CXXXVII.)

should here premise, that the copy of the Futhxll

and even these are formance

I.

have been favoured by Colonel Marriot,

I

;

Ixvii

X.

(viz. the

third,

fourth,

and

fifth),

following abstract of this curious per-

wished to

satisfactory tlian I could have

it.

The work commences are followed

God and

with the usual invocations to

the Prophet, which

by a high-flown eulogium on Tippoo Sultan, in which last, however, Next comes a long and bitter invective, apparently levelled

nothing new occurs. at

Europeans

in general,

but evidently intended to apply more immediately to the

English, whose various possessions in the Carnatic, in Bengal, and on the west side of the Peninsula, are particularly noticed

and stigmatised,

as the acquisitions

either of fraud or of violence.

The

author then passes to some slight observations on the military tactics of the

Eurojieans

mentioning, more especially, their early superiority in point of

;

lery, together

with their dexterity in the use of small arms

;

artil-

and contrasting these

acquirements with the extreme ignorance of the natives of India in those essential

branches of war.

But whatever advantages the respects, they could,

it

is

Christians might, at

among them who were opposed have improved so the art at

an

Tippoo Sultan greatly on the European tactics,

infinite distance

nance department, that he stance the

" pass

all

is

to

behind him.

I ^

I

more remarkable, according

But

how

it

:

;

at least

since the latter

as to

have

all,

by those stated

to

masters in in the ord:

a circum

the Nazarcnes

fire."'"'

2

thii allution applies to the

is

left his

was, most of

to our author, " because

their lives, like the salamander, in the

do not understand

have possessed in these

pretended to have surpassed his rivals

i

(

first,

observed, be no longer boasted of

The Nazarenes, or Christian*.

t

APPENDIX.

Ixvill

order for the compilation of the present work/''' which was expressly de-

The

signed " for the instruction of true bcHevcrs in general in the art of war, to the

" end that they might thereby be enabled more effectually to subdue the enemies " of the faith," appears to have been issued in the year of the Higera 1 197, (A.D. ''

1780), and was, probably,

among

the earliest measures of the

reign.

«S'«/â«'j>"

It

not stated by the writer, what assistance he received in the composition of

is

but it,

may

it

be safely presumed, from the characteristic style of various passages in

Tippoo himself contributed

that

though

it;

it is

largely to

M.

not acknowledged, that

party in his service, had some share in

The work appears The copy sections.

it.

Neither

Lally, the

my

perhaps, unlikely,

European

of the

production.

its

and each chapter into several

to be divided into eight chapters, in

is it,

commander

possession being, however, as already stated, imperfect,

and not containing either the two

or the three last chapters,

first,'''-'

I

can only

describe the general contents of those before me.

The

body of regular infantry on actual service, and is divided into twenty-one sections. The eleventh and fourteenth sections describe the mode of fighting in a close or woody country, and form the particular part of the work, with his inattention to which the author is third chapter treats of the various manoeuvres of a

reproached by the Sultan, in Letter

The two

CXXXVII.

sections referred to are very short, both together not exceeding sixteen

lines.

Being, however, expressed in technical language, some parts of which

do not

clearly understand,'^' I decline attempting a regular translation of them,

should do injustice to the original.

lest I

supposed to be advancing by Indian

which

situation

it

is

on each

assailed,

of

files,

may suffice to say, that a corps two men abreast, through a wood,

It

flank,

by the enemy.

In

I

is

in

this case, the

troops in question, having been previously formed into platoons, the rear platoon, after facing to

advance

hand

to the

the

files

the right and

left

outward, and giving

head of the corps, the right hand

left,

of the platoons in their front.

successively to advance,

till

files

fire,

was to

and

divide,

taking the right, and the

left

In this manner was each platoon

the enemy was dispersed, or the wood was passed.

The (2) It has been elsewhere

Shoostry.

(See LeUer

roenlioneJ, that the compiler of this

(3) Colonel Marriott's copy of the

work must be

From

a passage in the Introduction, I

think

later edition than the original one, as it refers,

ai

a certain occasion, to the battle fought near Kopul, in (4)

it

A.H. 1200, with likely

ctiapters, treated of the obligations of true believers to

(5)

Thus

evolutions.

the terms

work was Zynul Aabideen KhSn

CXXXVII.)

,jUX^

(galaxy) and

bj

that one,

wage war

on

the Mahrattahs. at

least,

of these two missing

against the infidels.

(Pleiades) are applied,

I

do not

know how,

to different

A The

third chapter

r p E

ND

T

Ixix

X.

introduced by some ^ncral observations on the ditTerent

is

modes of attack in the course of which, notwithstanding all that has been elsewhere said against it by the Saltan himself, the Sit it h-khoon, or ni<^ht-assault, is ;

declared to be the hesf,

when he

is

when

enemy

the situation of the

favourable to

is

cncamjjed on a plain, or in an open country.

it

;

tiiat is,

Particular directions are

accordingly given for conducting this species of attack. It

in the

is

same

back out of his ludclr turn his

place directed, that

station,

he

shall

the hour of battle, any soldier

in

if,

be instantly put

to death

and that

;

if

any

fall

7?/.v^-

back to the enemy, he shall be put to death, b^ his Sipahddrs own

hand.

Any Sipahddr

disobeying the orders herein given, or abandoning his guns to the

enemy, or seeking

hung

On

in public.

advanced

When

his safety in

in [rank

the other hand,

by the Risdladdr

station

he was to be

he distinguished himself,

killed in action, or died,

in

command

of the

first

he was

to be succeeded in his

The

Risdhi.

first

llisdladdr was

by the second the second by the third and the third by the The latter was to be succeeded by the first Joivkddr of the senior

to be succeeded

fourth."'

if

on due proof of the same, to be

and] Jdgeer, and to have an elephant bestowed on him.

Sipahddr was

a

was,

flight,

;

;

Pisdh. All soldiers and others were strictly to obey their respective Sipahddrs and

lUsdladdrs, on i)ain of being punished,

at

the discretion of the said superior

officers.

In the introductory part of the third chapter, the autlior likewise describes the

manner of attacking the Nazarenes be of infallible success;

{i. e.

the English) in a plain.

It

By

stated

to

and triumphant allusions arc made, on the occasion, to

the actions with Colonels Baillie and Braithwaite, during the

Hyder

is

last

irruption of

into the Carnatic.

the twelfth section of this cliapter,

" on charging with the bayonet," the

the commanding officer was directed to exclaim, at the moment of charging, " 5m /
being

t/uit in

The

which the assailant suffers least and the enemy most.

nineteenth section (which

is

a very long one^ treats of the performance of

the (6)

Though

not stated in Ibis

Sipnhddr was to be

lo tlie

its

proper place,

il is

elsewhere mentioned,

rank of Sipah-idtdr, or commander

(as

it

is

that

the promotion of a

explained) of two or three

Kushoons. (")

It

would appear by

this

passage, that a Kushoon coniisied, at this time, as well as in 1793, of

four battalions, here called Iliidlas,

but,

at the latter period,

Ttdi or

Têps.

See Appendix L.

APPENDIX.

IXX the manual

by

exercise

" in

author,

its

made with the sword and drum, instead mode consists, according

signals

The

word of command.

chief advantage of this

of the to

our

binding the mind, hands, eyes, and ears of the soldiers, to their

" commanding officer ;" that is to say, in its obliging them to attend carefully to him: " by which means," it is observed, " they learn the exercise much •' sooner than by the other method."

The

fourth chapter

is

which describe the duties

divided into eighteen sections,

of the variousranks of the army. I.

The Sipahddr was

1

to

1 uzukddr,

or

common

promote such

all

soldier:

those under him,

Other

when

inclusive,

guilty of

any

offence,

were

and

A

to

him

to

a faithful report of

Jowhddr, or captain,

be brought to

to

the decision of the assembly on the case.

before all the

trial

be dealt with according to

Risdladdr, on being convicted of

was to be deprived, in the presence of

oflfence,

misbehaved, and

as

make

to the

officers,

officers of the Risdla to which they belonged,

any

to inspect

If a Risdladdr appeared to

or the contrary, the Sipahddr was to

the circumstance to the Sultan.

was

from the Risdladdr to the

and remove such

to punish

as merited advancement.*

deserve promotion,

He

understand writing and accounts.

narrowly into the conduct of

to

The Sipahddr.

all

the officers of

his corps,

of his sword, which was to be lodged in the guard [room] of the corps, and the

circumstances of the case to be reported to the Presence. 2. It

was likewise the duty of the Sipahddr,

in conjunction with the

Buhhshy and

MHVi«M
men,

firelocks,

and accoutrements, belonging thereto.

inspect into the state of their clothing,

He

was

also, personally, to

and other necessaries

;

and, conjointly

with the Buhhshy and Miitusuddies, to make a report of the same to the Sultan. 3.

He

was to pay particular attention to the

state

of the ordnance branch, as

well as that of the firelocks of his Kushoon, and to take care that

and warlike apparatus and 4.

A

men, 5.

were kept

in

good order, and ready

the necessary for service.

tuluh weight of oil was, every fifteen days, to be served out to the private

for the purpcjse of

When

parade,

stores

all

enabling them to keep their arms in good condition.

the Kushoon had a

field

day, the Sipahddr himself was to attend the

and give the word of command.

He

was constantly

to exert himself to

perfect (8)

I

take

command

llie

meaning of

this passage to be,

for promotion, or otherwise,

to throw considerable doubt

delegated to him.

on the

fact

that the

Sipahddr was to recommend those under hi»

according to his opinion of their merits. of his having actually possessed

Many

things concur

the powers here apparently

APPENDIX. men

perfect his

might appear 6.

service,

any material

any deficiency which

;

and,

in the

to consult his

instance, to state his

first

from him,

In tlie event of their differing

case.

he was

difficulty occurred,

opinion of each in writing, and to act according to

The

for

in his corps in this respect.

Rlsdladdrs on the occasion

on the

and was to be responsible

in their excercisc,

on actual

If,

Ixxi

tJie

own

opinion,

he was to require the

general

will.

moved backward and forward, but to remain on a march constantly under the immediate eye of the Sipahddr, and When the corps took up its in charge of a guard belonging to the first Risdla. 7-

ground

standard of the Sircar was not to be

after a

march, the standard was

be erected in the most secure part of

to

the encampment.

He

8.

was

to take care, that the troops

under his command encamped

in regular

order, and that the proper guards were placed and relieved every twenty-four hours.

He

9.

was to give the guns, tumbrils, and ammunition

Kmhoon,

in

particular charge to the Risdladdrs,

who were

thing appertaining thereto was in constant readiness for the articles

them,

in

in

question should be wanting, or

the

Sipahddr,

Risdladdrs were

said

who was

if

stores,

belonging to his

to take care that every

If

ser^'ice.

any

repairs of

there should be any other deficiency

immediately to report the same to their

to give directions for

supplying what was necessary, and for

the execution of the requisite repairs.

The guns and tumbrils were, on a march and in action, to be When the corps was encamped, they the Sipahddr s own Risdla}"

10.

to

manner, to be stationed, the guns

like

in front,

and the tumbrils

attached were, in

in the rear of his

Risilla. 1

1

The Sipahddr was

.

recommend

to

to the

Presence a person properly quali-

fied (and particularly in point of reading and writing) to

(or

Head) Vtisdhchy

The duty

(or brigade-major).

fill

the oflice of Sur

of this officer will be described

in the proper place. II.

To

each Kus}too7i was attached a Buhlishy and two Jldiu-suddies, one of

(generally called a

Mirzdcy Dujtur)

and the other in Hindooy. 1.

The Buhhshy and Milfusuddies.

To

muster the

'"

whom

kept his books and accounts in Persian,

Their duties were:

A'm.v/(oo«

on the twenty-seventh day of every month,

in

the

presence (9)

It

Kushoon (10)

would nppear, by

if I

have rightly understood

(probably that elsewhere called llie first)

'J'he

Mirzacy Duftur was

nothing more than applied.

this passage,

a

.nlways a

Musulman.

paymaster or commissary.

See Appendix L.

was

At

norainaliy

it,

that

one of the Risalas of the

commanded by

the Sipahddr.

Tlic liukluhy seems, at this time, to have been a subse
wa»

djllerently

APPENDIX.

Ixxii

whom

presence of the Sipahddr, to report of every

To

2.

thmg

take a separate muster of the Kushoon every two months in their

To make

on the

out,

:

was

to

Kuchurry: and there

to

to receive the

:

was

also the

Hdzoor Kuchurry, been

(or first

amount thereof from the

pay the same, in the presence of their Sipahddr, to

own

the troops, delivering each man's pay into his 4. It

account

faithful

same on the following day

to deliver in the

of every month) to the Huzoor Kuchurry

own

be attended by the Sipahddr.

day of every month, a just and

last

of the pay due to the Kushoon

said

full

relating to the corps.

Kuchiirrif; which muster, however, 3.

they were, at the same tune, to make a

hands.

duty of these

officers to return, at

the pay of

such

all

men

as

"'

the end of

had been drawn

the

five days, to for,

but had not

claimed (owing to the absence or neglect of the party entitled thereto) within

the specified period. 5.

Any

III.

failure in these duties

The Sur-Yusdhchy

The duty

(or

was

be punished by removal from

to

office.

Brigade Major) and the Yusdkchies (or Adjutants).

of the former of these officers was to visit daily, but at no fixed hour,

each Risdla of the Kushoon, and to enquire of the adjutants (Yusdkchies) and

Having

Risdladdrs of the different Risdlas, into the state of their respective corps.

committed

all

the accounts, thus obtained, to writing, he was to wait upon his

Sipahddr, and, sitting down, to communicate the same to him.

make

attend the Presence, where he was to

was required

a similar report

same

The

sit

Yusdkchy,

several Adjutants

1st.

were

Risdladdrs of his Kushoon,

men stood

It

to

The

on Sipahddr and of the Hdzoor

their reports standing

;

but,

accompany the Brigade-Major, when he

was, furthermore, the duty of the Sur, or

convey daily the

to

make

in the presence of their

attended the Sultan with his report. liead

and, after that, he

details, for the information of that office.

Ytisdkchies, or adjutants of Risdlas, were to

Kttchurry.'-'''

was then to

the Jijslie Kuchurry of the Presence, and there also

to repair to

sitting down, to furnish the

other occasions, might

:

He

sign,

or parole, to the Sipahddr and

2d. to attend parades and field days, and see that the

properly to their arms, and went through their exercise correctly, setting

those right

who might

hapjien to be wrong.

He

orders from the Sipahddr to the difl'ereat Risdladdrs

was, .3dly, the channel of

all

andJowkddrs of the Kushnnji; and,

(11) Original

ui^-Jo

^Ji-^-^

supposed, that the Kushnon (12) That

is,

is

that

is,

stationed at

"from hand tliK

.s.ii-..f

the Kuchurry of the Presence.

to

hand," or

"man

place with the Sutlan,

by man."

It

seems here

APPENDIX. and, on service acted as an aid-de-camp

to the

Ixxiii

former.

merited advancement, he was to be made a t/b«A-^/;

hand, he was to be degraded,

was

it

to be to

'*-

a Viisdkchy'-"^

and when, on the

rank of Surhhccl.

tlie

'*

otlier

and

5th,

the Yiisdhchy (or adjutant) was to go round the quarters of the Risdlas at

lastly,

unexpected times, and examining closely into the at tlie established orderly hours, to

Slpnhddr, to his Risdladdr,

doing which he was

and

make

men and

state of the

arms, was,

his report of the same, standing, to his

Hdzoor Kuchurry

to the

of the Jyshe

:

after

at liberty to seat himself.

W. 1

When

4th.

Tlie Risdladdr was, at

all

The

Risdladdr,^''^

events, to

be able to read and write

selection of persons for that station, a preference

was

be given

to

men

to

but in the

:

of approved

courage and prudence, and conversant in accounts. 2.

During

six

days of the week, he was to consider himself as on constant

He

duty, and to appear accoutred accordingly. their exercise at the stated times.

He

was to put his Risdla through

was himself,

conduct of those under him, and not to

also,

trust, in this

to look closely into the

matter, to the

Having formed

dations or complaints of the other officers.

the merits and demerits of every one, he was to

make

his

recommen-

own judgment of

his report accordingly to his

Sipahddr, in order that the due rewards might be distributed, and the necessary

punishments 3.

When

inflicted.

the punishment, or removal, of any one

(^. e.

any

officer)

appeared

necessary to him, he was to assemble

all the officers of the Risdla together, and examine strictly and impartially into the imputed charge after direct them to which he was to report the result to the Sipahddr, who was to act accordingly, :

There was to be no exercise on a Thursday, that day being inspection of arms and necessaries. 4.

5.

A

Risdladdr,

On

Sipahddr.

be reduced

when

became necessary of a Jowkddr. if it

to degrade him,

he was to

k (13)

It is

an

deserving of promotion, was to be raised to the rank of

the other hand,

to the station

set apart for

nol clear whether the Sur-ywdicAy or the

V. The Yusakchy (adjutant) be here meant.

Perhap*

both were intended. (14) These ranks are explained, under articles 5 and 8. (15) This

is

the order in which this officer stands in the original

ceded the Yuiiikclnj.

MUaladdr.

The

;

but he certainly ought to have pre-

appellation of Tecbddr was, at a subsequent period, substituted for that of

See Appendix L.

APPENDIX.

Ixxiv

The JowMdr.''"^

V.

He

commaiuled a Jowk

company)

(or

consisting, according to the original, of

fifteen

Vuzuhs, which, fi-om other passages,

men

a Vuzuli appearing to have been

;

I

conclude to be equivalent to ninety

composed of

six

rank and

His rank

file.

corresponded with that of the Soubaddr'^'^ of our Sepoi/ corps, and his duties

were

as follows

1.

He

2.

When

was

:

allowed to attend to their

He

two hours

men were

constantly at their

which they were

in the twenty-four, during

concerns. officers

under him

deserving of punishment or removal, and to

who were

;

to

recommend

merited advancement,

as

He

4.

own

every fifteen days.

was to report to his Rlsdladdr the conduct of the

point out those

such

in

on guard, he was to take care that his

post, with the exception of

3.

company once

to take a sunêy of his

was to appoint a Jumaaddr of the

who was

fiêek, or bell-tents,'"'

to have

the immediate superintendance of the arms and accoutrements of the company, which

he was carefully to inspect [from time to time], and to keep in proper condition. 5. Whatever part of his company might be on guard, or on other duty, he was to visit the same once in twenty-four hours, and to see that the centinels and others were

and

alert

vigilant.

6. In case of being guilty of

from him, and lodged

in the [quarter] guard,

him should be duly enquired the orders of the 67rcar.

A

into

till

his

sword was to be taken

such time as the charge against

nor was the same to be restored to him without

:

"'

JuwkJdr, when sentenced

and when promoted,

any neglect of duty,

^vas to

be

to

be degraded, was to be reduced

to a

Surkheel

raised to the rank of a Hisdluddr,

VI. The SurkheeU'"^ This

officer

would appear

to

have answered, in point of rank, to the Jumaaddr

He

of our native corps in India.

was

subject, however, to corporal

punishment,

which (16) This officer was afterwards called Yoozddr. (17)

It

would not be easy

signifies the

or

to

account satisfactorily for the

governor or viceroy of a province.

body of men)

is

See Appendix L.

sufficiently ajjpropriate.

name

That of Joivkddr

By Yoozdar,

given to ihis officer, which properly (the keeper or

too, the Sullan,

commander of

no doubt, meant

a troop

to intimate

that his soldiers resembled panthers.

(18) Original

were lodged. (19)

It

*js!

(or nujm)

The men

appears by

this,

Sipahdar, he, in

in the

in

which appears

to

have been a tent, in which the arms of the company

charge of these tents were called Nujm-uulehs. as well as

by other passages,

fact, possessed

very

little.

Thus he could not

arrest.

(20)

Which means, "

the head of a troop or

power

ostensibly vested

release an officer

under him from

that notwithstanding the

body of men,"

APPENDIX, which the Jumaaddr of

Sepoi/s

men was on duty from

four

day, and as often chn-ing the

he

If

failed iu

his Joivk,

and

nigiit,

own, he was

his

When

not.

is

was

lie

made

to be

seems

corps.

and

to visit

men

to see that the

did their duty propiTly.

On

tlie

other hand,

to

he

deserving of

The Jumaaddr J"'^

have answered, in most respects, with the Havilddr of our Sepoy

to

he neglected his duty, he was to be reduced to

If

when

and

a Joivkddr.

\'JI.

He

amount of twentythe same twice during the

a guard to the

to receive fifty strokes of a cane,^""

reduced to the rank of a Jumaaddr.

promotion,

he was

Ixxv

two hundred and

to receive

fifty strokes

tlie

of a cane.

*"'

rank of Dufaudur,

When

deserving of

promotion, he was to be raised to the station of Surkheel. VIII.

He may

The Dufaaddr.''*^

be compared with the Naig of the British native infantry of India.

If he neglected relieving the centinels regularly every two hours, he was to be

punished with two hundred strokes of a cane, and to be reduced to the ranks.

was

when he

his duty,

It

placed sentries, to take proper notice of the nature of the

ground, where they were posted, and particularly of the difTcrent avenues leading to

to the

it,

loss

how

end

to proceed.''*' If

dred and

he omitted

to the orders of his

Jinnaaddr

and to be reduced

strokes,

at a

he was to receive one hun-

this precaution,

and to be broke.

strokes of a cane,

fifty

any alarm or disturbance, he might not be

that, in case of

He

was to pay

obedience

strict

and, failing herein, he was to receive a hundred

;

the ranks.

to

When

meriting promotion, he was to

be made a Jumaaddr.

IX. The Vuzuhddrs.

The word

(yuzuli) properly signifies a guard

cJj,

:

it is

also apj)licd,

Sultan's regulations, to a centincl's post, as well as to a specific

that

is,

as I suppose, six

rank and

in

number of men strictly mean

The word Yuzukddr would

file.

k 2 (21) Original 01)

'-rV^

literally,

"

;

a

centinel

strokes of a stick," but

it is

probable that a

bamboo was used

these occasions.

(22)

That

is,

(23) There is

^Jp-

Tippoo

no reason

is,

why

"

the keeper, or

probably, the

commander, of an assemblage of men."

some mistake

Jumaaddr

in

the

number of

strokes mentioned in this place

;

since thtfr«

should have been more severely punished than his inferior officer, the

Dufaadar. (24) Meaning, perhaps, (25) tion of

The it

original

I could.

is

"

the

commander of

repellers."

not, in this place, perfectly intelligible to me.

1

have given the best interpreta-

APPENDIX.

IxXVi centinel

but

;

rank and If the

if

with

appears to have been likewise used to denote a private soldier, or general.

he was

to receive a

any thing under five

down, or neglected to move about, while posted

sat

}'i(zi(?;(ldr

centinel,

or

it

file in

hundred

hundred strokes of a cane.

his charge

He

strokes.

was

If he was found sleeping,

stolen during his guard,

was to render

strict

made

The

When

;

judged deserving

a Diifaaddr.

manner of mounting and

following sections treat of the

five

he was to be punished

obedience to the Diifaaddr

and, failing herein, he was to receive a hundred strokes. of promotion, he was to be

a

as

relieving

guards, and other ordinary details.

The

fifteenth section specifies the salutes to

army were is

entitled

for the first

On

different officers of the

this occasion, a

3Ieer Buhhshy

time mentioned, and he appears to have taken precedence of the

Thus, when the Meer Buhhshy passed either the advanced or rear

Sipahddr. guard,

from guards and centries.

which the

Surhheel, at the head of four Vuzuks (or twentj^-four rank and

a

turn out and salute (or twelve rank

him

and

:

file)

file)

was to

whereas, to a Sipahddr, a Juniaaddr and two Vusuks only, were to turn out.

Neither of them was to be

upon coming on parade. The Risdladdr was entitled to no more than presented arms from sentinels. No oflicer whatsoever was to be saluted after sun-

saluted

set

:

nor were the superior ranks, above-mentioned, to receive the specified com-

jjliments, if they appeared without their gorgets (puduTis).

The officers

sixteenth section relates to the furloughs to be granted to the

when

in quarters.

The

men and

furlough was not to exceed two months.

Deser-

tion, in time of peace, was to be punished with a thousand strokes of the cane

but in time of war, the culprit was to be shot, in front of the Risdla to which he

to

enemy, and was afterwards taken, he was running away in face of the enemy, was, on being

If a soldier deserted to the

belonged.

be hanged.

A

soldier

apprehended, to be punished as above (that

suppose, to be hung).

through any neglect of the Sipahddr, liisdladdrs, or Joivkddrs, the fugitive escaped, the punishment appointed for him teas to he inflicted on those officers. is,

I

If

'•''^^

The

eighteenth section

ordnance were to be Tiilooey, A.

H.

the dift'erent occasions on which salutes of

specifies

fired.

The

anniversary of the

II65), and of his accession to the

Sultan!s

Musnud

A. H. 1197), were each to be celebrated by a salute of seems to have constituted the royal

salute.

The

birth-day

(14th

3d of Behdry, thirty-one guns, which (or the

several Eeds, or holy festivals,

were (26) It

f robably

is

hardly credible, that this rigorous regulation was meant to be actually enforced.

made

only in terrorem.

It

was

A were honoured

E»

u

X.

I

Ixxvii

on any victory obtained by the Siiltcm

number

also the

in person.

chapter treats chiefly of the different estabhshments of the army; and

fifth

the

i>

no more than twenty-one guns, which was

witli

appointed to be fired

The among

r

of

rest,

tlie

L'skur (or regular) cavalry, and the artillery branches

for

:

both of which various rules and manoeuvres, of no particular interest, are given. It

introduced by some regulations regarding promotion, which are

is

than a repetition of what

however, on this subject, which deserves to be noticed. to this effect '•'

it is

:

There

stated in the fourth chapter.

is

" whatever any person's reputation

It

is

more

little

one

is

'"*

article,

expressed in words

may

for gallantry or talents

not proper that he should be at once advanced to high station

:

it

be,

neces-

is

" sary that he should arrive thereat step by step. This difference may, however, " be made between men of superior endowments and those of ordinary merit " while the latter must be suffered to remain a long time in their respective "

stations, let the

" the I

former be advanced rapidly through the established ranks of

service."

reserve

what

Appendix L.

:

I

have to

the Futhul Uliijdh'tdeen

as in

only cursorily examined, or

I

offer

on the various establishments of the army

for the

because they are by no means so minutely or so clearly detailed in

some other documents of a

when

later

date,

which

I

had

the former part of the present work went to press,

should have been enabled to give a more satisfactory explanation of several

military terms occurring in the correspondence, than

the time

I

translated

it

was

in

my

power

do

to

at

tlie latter.

APPENDIX, (Referred

to at

K

Lettf.r CC).

Marine Regulations The Hiihn-ndmeh, in this

or ordinance, for the marine department, of which

place, to give an

abstract,

is

1

propose,

Mcer Viimms, denominated, but stating their number

addressed, generally, to the

without any specification of the persons so to be eleven.

The Meer Vumms,

(or

marine

lords, as the

board of admiralty, ordinarily resident

term

at the capital

may be ;

rendered) composed a

but, together

with

all

the

other (37)

army.

No account,

however,

is

given of the

number of

corps (of either description) composing the

APPENDIX

Ixxviii

other public boards, ambulatory, I believe, with the court/"

This department

in the month of Jaafuri/ of the year 1224 from the birth of MahomSeptember 1796), before vvhirh time the naval establishments of the

was instituted

med

(or in

state

appear to have been placed under the direction of the Mulihilt Tujdrs, or

board of commerce.

Next

rank to the 3Ieer T'umms were the Meer Buhrs, which

in

two of them being assigned

tined to serve afloat,

war

:

term

were destined to serve

said that they

at sea,

the sudden subversion of his throne, within conception.

may

It

in

officers des-

I

have

because, fortunately, perhaps, for

the Sultan's project, as detailed

the present article, for creating a great naval force, was nipped in the

in

is,

to a squadron of four ships of

they corresponded, therefore, with our admirals or commodores.

the security of the British possessions in India,

its

last

The Meer Buhrs, however, were

synonimous with the other.

fact,

less

bud by

than three years from the date of

possibly be thought, that, even if he had remained at

peace with the English, the resources of his country would have proved utterly inadequate to the formation and maintenance of so extensive a marine as was in his

contemplation

and

;

that, at all events,

opposed to Great-Britain, he could never

have become formidable as a maritime power.

Without stopping

to

examine the

grounds of the former supposition, and entirely admitting the justness of the latter, it

may

have been able as a

might

nevertheless be contended, that in proportion as the Sultan to realize his

alarming plan of a marine establishment, we should,

measure of necessary precaution, have been compelled to augment,

heavy

at a

expence, our naval force in India, for the purpose of duly watching his armaments,

and of keeping them

in constant check.

war of 1799. The ordinance which we are

This

evil,

was averted, by the

at least,

issue of the

" "

at

present considering sets out with anouncing,

war were thereby consigned to the care and superintendance whom it w as addressed." But it appears, from the sequel, that

that forty ships of

of those to

nothing more was meant by of the ships alluded in existence.

and,

when

They

finished,

structions, but with

to,

this,

than that the Jlleer

Yumms

soon as they should be built

as

;

to

which

it

be named agreeably to a

would be

to

have charge

for, as yet, they

were, however, to be constructed with

were

were

list

all

were not

possible dispatch

;

contained'*' in the in-

useless to trouble the reader.

The (1)

Some

of the

members of

tlils

board, as will be presently seen, were occasionally stationed at ihe

principal sea-pons, or dock-yards. {1)

According to

tl)e list

here referred

to,

there were to h.ive been forly-one instead of forty ships

the model, mentioned in the text, being, perhaps, included in the number.

Sultan luhhsh;

another Alilukhsh

among them. All the names " of," or " bestowed by."

;

a

l-hird,

One was

to

be called

Mnhommerl-luhhth, &c. but no Uydtr-lukhsh

ajipears

"

the gift

terminate with ihe word lukhJi, signifying, in composition,

APPENDIX. The

ships were formed

ir.to

Ixxix

,

three divisions, under the denomination of

Kuchw-

2. T\\-i Kuchurri/ 1. T\\e Kuchurry oi Jinndldbdd 77e,y, or departments, namely of IFdjiddbdd for Buscornje'\) ; and 3. The Kuchnrry of iVdjiddbdd (ov Saddshcto:

;

ghiir).

'rUc Ki(r/iuiTy of Jit/nd/dbdd {$omti\mes

cMed,

Kuchnrry of Kdridl

the

also,

12 ships

or M(iny;alure) was to consist of

Wdjlddbdd of

tint of

and that of Mdjiddhdd of

With

a view to expediting

the formation

embryo

of this

14

d?

14

d?

two IMeer

fleet,

I'umtns, assisted bv a M'lrzdcy Diiftur and a I\Idtusuddy, were to be established at

Ma}igulore, from whence they were to superintend the building of the vessels in-

Two

tended to be attached to the Jinndldbdd station.

Meer I'umms,

other

tosethcr

with a Mirzdey Duftitr and a Mutusuddy, were to be resident, in like manner, at Creek,' for the purpose of directing the construction and equip-

or near Mirjdii

ment

of the ships of the TVdjiddbdd and

Mdjiddbdd

The

divisions.

places

(cT

docks) to be fixed on for the building of the diiierent ships were to be near, but

not absolutely contiguous, to each other. ^^'

The

board of admiralty was furnished with the model of a ship of

a hon or tyger hLad

:

according to which model

be coppered

them were, moreover, render them complete in

of

and the utmost care was to be taken, to

;

having

the vessels allotted to the

all

The whole

different naval stations were to be built.

war,'"'

to ail

respects.

The

timber which might be required in

the construction of the vessels in

question, was to be cut down, under the direction of persons appointed for the

purpose, by the

Meer Yumms,

in the

where ship timber was usually

forests

procured (3)

This

is

the

name

given by Colonel Eealson as the synonyrae of W&jidaha.l.

am

I

ignorant of

:

its

situation.

(4)

Sometimes

ghuT; but (.5)

its

Original

The

doubtful.

CHJled Mirjec or Mcrjte.

distance

to import, that

from Buscoraje

i^^jjui sense

|_jU-

may be

iSjsT^

that

though the docks

1

It is situated

about ihirty-four miles S.

cannot ascertain, the

latter place not

E. of Sliudusheeo-

S.

appearing

in

our maps.

of ''>c right meaning of which I am extremely '•^..^f have given in the text but the words may also be understood

'-L^.^j'

which

I

:

for the three dilVerent divisions

were

to

be near each other, they were,

nevertheless, to be considered as entirely distinct and separate. (6) Original

"

a lion

c;-*-! »Jiî(jL>^>j«35i- j\
^JjdJjJ^ j,J.jlj»-

mouth, has been giveu by the Piesence,

a miniature

model

in ivory or

wood, or

for a pattern or

a vessel constructed

on

tl.
literally,

model

;"

a small scale,

going to sea, and of scrying ai a model for the ships ordered to be

built.

"a

little

ship, wiiii

which may either mean, for the

double purpose of

APPENDIX.

IxXX procured

from whence

:

tiie respective

was to be

it

floatedj

according to the following

frigates,

On

I.

6 Line

the adjacent

rivers, to

dock-yards.

the ships to be built, twenty were

Of

by means of to

be hne of

battle,

and twenty large

detail.''-

Jmndldbdd

the

Station.

of battle Ships, viz.

3 of 72 guns each, and 3

The

The

72's

.

62

.

.

d?

.

were to mount 30 guns, twenty-four pounders 30 .... eighteen. ... d?

62's were to

6

.

.

.

.

twelve

d?

6

.

.

.

.

nine

d?

mount 24

guns, eighteen ....

d?

twelve

d?

24 .... 4

. .

10 ...

6

Frigates, of

46 guns each,

twenty-four.

.

.

.

six

.

d? d.^

viz.

20 guns, twelve pounders 20 ....

6

On

II.

.

.

.

.

nine. ...

d?

four ....

d?

the JVdjiddbdd Station.

7 Line of battle Ships, viz.
3 of 72 7 Frigates, of 46

]

d?. ...

.

.

.

,

,

^-^^-^-^''

4..62..d?.

as before.

III.

On

the

Mdjiddhdd Station.

7 Line of battle Ships, viz.

4 of 72 guns each 3 7 Frigates,

. .

.

.

62

.

.

d?

46

.

.

d?

.

.

as udore.

The (7)

Two years before

the date ot the present ordinance, or

the following ships to be built

;

at

Jumalabad,

grabs, of from twenty-five to thirty guns eighty-five guns, and seven grabs

twenty.

Possibly the alteration

JO me other

French adventurer.

as

;

and

above:

now made

six, at

some time

from eighty

in

1794, the Sultan had directed

to eighty-five guns,

and

six

(two masted)

Wajidalad and Mdjidabdd, each seven, from eighty

total

line of battle

in his original plan

ships,

twenty; grabs or small

may have been

to

frigates,

suggested by Ripaud, or

APPENDIX. The

establishment of officers to the foregoing

Vumms

11 JMeer

30 Meet- Buhrs,

Ixxxi fleet

was

to be as follows

(Pay to be according to their respective

:

qualifications.)

viz.

Stationed to ships (being two to every Fouj, or squadron, of four ships.). ... 20

At

the Presence, for instruction,

The

10

Meer Buhrs, were

(or twenty) of the

first class

150 Imaumies, or rupees, including an allowance

The Meer Buhrs

to receive a

monthly pay of

for a horse.''*

attending the Presence, for the purpose of instruction, were

to be paid according to their respective merits."'

The

land establishment of the Kuchurries was fixed as follows:'"" Rahities.or

Pagodas.

3 Mirzdey Dufturs, (including horse) each 3

Hindooy Writers

d?

20

d?

15

O O

12

O

d?

12

O

d?

3

3

Sherbashurns'"\ab\e to read and write) d?

10

o

3

O

2

O

3

O

d?

12 Gumdfistehs 1

.

Kdzy '"

2 Nukeebs

II Hdzirbdshies^"^ 1 1

Fanavts.

20

1

Furrdsh''^

1

Mushdlchif (or link-boy)

1

Sdrbdn, or Surwdn, in charge of two camels,

allot-

ted for the carriage of the stores or baggage of

the Kuchurry

The

establishment of officers to each ship of the line was fixed as follows:

4 Surddrs

(or officers),

denominated

first,

second, third, and fourth.

2 Teepddrs

1

i^K

(8) Original

i'vjk

Horse allowance

doubtful of understanding the term rightly,

and every where appears

officers,

(9)

It

to a naval officer

if

it

seems so strange a thing, that

I

should feel

did not occur frequently in stating the allowances of land

to bear the signification assigned to

it

in the text.

does not appear by what means these admirals were to be instructed in naval

tactics, or

other

duties, at Seriniâpatam.

(10) There

is

a

want of

establishment detailed

distinctness in the statement

was intended

one FiirrJsh, one MushJlchy,

for

which follows here;

one Kuchurry only, or

for

for all three.

it is

doubtful whether the

As, however, one KJzy,

&c. could not have snfljccd for three A'acZ/urriw,

I

conclude that the esta-

blishment in question, as far, at least, as related to those employments, was that of a single A'ttcAurr^.

am

ignorant of the nature of these employments.

(11)

I

(12)

The Fwrrdsh

has charge of the

camp equipage and

carpets.

APPENDIX.

IxXXii 2 Teepddrs^"^

G Yoozddrs.^'*' Tlie inferior officers will be stated hereafter.

Of these, the first Surddr was The second officer,'"' with one

to

command

the whole.

and two Voozddrs under him, was to

Teepddr,

He

superintend the great guns, and gunners, belonging to the ship.

powder magazine, of the

over, to have the care of the

He

thing appertaining to the guns.

which he was to see served out

was

also to

was, more-

shot, and, in fine, of every

have charge of

tlie

provisions,

at stated times.

with one Teepddr and two Voozddrs under him, was to have

'I'he third officer,^"^

the direction of the marines and small arms, and whatever related to this branch of

the equipment.

To

in)plements, &c.

'"

The

were to be consigned

his charge, moreover,

the spare tools,

fourth ofiicer'"" was to have particular charge of the Khuldsies, or sailors,

and of the

belonging to the ship, as the smiths, carpenters, &c.

artificers

also his business to superintend the

the same duly distributed

ing and trimming the

among them.

charge of

all

;

The since

was

navigation of the ship appears to said, that the orders for hoist-

it is

He

&c. were to proceed from him.

sails,

It

cooking of the victuals of the crew, and to see

have been immediately entrusted to him

had likewise

the tools and implements in immediate use, which he was to keep in

good condition and

repair.

He

of the second officer, whatever

was

also, occasionally, to place

number of

sailors the latter

He

purpose of assisting in the managenient of the guns.

making up such articles at some future time,

penters and smiths in

were likely

to

occasion,"

continues the ordinance

"

all

or those kept in store for future use or consumption.^'")

be required,

strike the ship,"

require, for the

was to employ the car-

in their respective departments as

"

for the ship's use.

God

avert

was the business of the fourth

it

He

stantly repaired.

" ivhich

under the orders

might

!

a

officer to see the

was, finally, to superintend the pumps,

If,

on any

cannon shot should

&.c.

damage

in-

•"'

All (13) I

(14)

am

uncertain whether this word should be pronounced Teei: or TcepJar.

The namher of

from the subsequent

Yoo«dJrs has been inadvertently omitted

(15)

He

corresponded,

(16)

Or

second lieutenant.

(17) Orighial (18) Original

in the original

j

but

I

have supplied

it

detail.

j^yU

in point

C-'li

of

ranl<,

witli the first lieutenant

by which, perhaps,

^J>^^J ^J^:. Jh'^'^ ip^jjjj^j

tlie

of our ships of war.

general furniture or equipage of the ship

is

meatit.

'^'^'^

(19) Answering to our third lieutenant. (20) T!ie duties of the several officers belonging to the frigates, though not stated in the original,

be presumed to have been the same as those assigned to the officers of the line of battle ships.

may

APPENDIX^

Ixxxiii

All the foregoing officers were to be selected with care

were well descended on both quired, that they should

The

Sepoi/.s,

were to be employed.

was, moreover, re-

be able to read and write.

all

to the extent

of a single Imaumf

(or rupee)."

Detailed Establishment of each line of battle Ship.

I.

ships, each having

346 men of 1st

(1

all

denominations on board.

Musqueteers

:

Pagodas

Teepddr, pay 7 pagodas 8 fananis: sub-\ sistence calculated

Fanams

Pagodas

on 120 men, at l_/a/jam >

12

=

I9

8

)

each'^" 1

Shi/rbashurn

4

8

I

A'ufeer-nuwdz^''^

3

6

1

Shuhndey-nuwdz'-^^^

3

6

Monthly pay

of the staff

3

4 Yooz, each Vooz consisting of 30 men, 1

1

Voozddr, pay 4 pagodas 2 fanams

:

S viz.

subsistence 3

pagodas 6^ fanams, calculated on 29 men

7

8^-

SurHecl

4

8

4 Jnmaaddrs, \)ay 3 pagodas G fananis: snh--\'^^ sistcnce

Total 6,920

Teep of Ushur, of 124 men, or 4 Yooz.)

Staff I

It

as

or troops, serving on board, were, on no account, to be suffered to

trade, " not even

Twenty

sides,

and none but such

;

^

„

6 fananis, calculated on 6 men J

24 Privates, pay 3 pagodas 6

fanams each

^ti

4

One Yooz

115

8j

Four Yooz

463

3

Staff

31

8 Pagodas Fanam

Total pay of one Teep 1

(21)

The

it is

varied from half a

fanam

to

men

1

2

called in the original)

ami calculated npon the number of

officers, It

subsistence (or rusud, as

495

was an extra allowance granted

to

the

actually on the strength of their respective divisions.

two fanams per man.

This allowance operated as a stimulus

to the oHi-

cers to keep their corps as complete as possible.

(22) of

I

am

not clear whether

them may not have been

whether one loth these are meant for trumpeters of diflcrcnt kinds, or

a fifcr.

APPENDIX.

Ixxxiv

Pagodas Fanam

Brought forward

495

1

2d Gunners Teep of 79 men, or 2 Yooz of 39 men each, each to carry a musquet.) Teepddr, pay 9 pagodas 1§ fanam: subsistence on 78 men, at Pagodas Fanams 7 pagodas 8 fanains, calculated 9^ ^2 ^" » (1

1

1

fanam

2 Yooz, each 39 men, viz.

Yoozddr, pay

1

fanams

4 pagodas 4

4 pagodas 7 fanams,

calculated

:

subsistence

on 38 men,

1 fanam 2 SurkheeLs, pay 4 pagodas 8

at

9

If

9

^

17

o

H^

2

One J 002

151

5i

Two

oo;s

303

Teepddr. ...

16

1

4 Jumaaddrs, each 8

32

pay

fanams each pagodas 6 fanams\

3

subsistence 8

:

''^'

fanams, calculated on

men

>

p.

F.

4

4

J

Privates, at

3 pagodas 6 fanams each

Add

Total pay of

I

1

1

9f

Teep oi gunners

320

0^

3d Seamen Gangs, of 61 men.)

(2 Joivhs, or

JowMdr, pay

I

3 pagodas

60 men,

:

subsistence 3 pagodas,

6

^ fanam each subsistence 9 fanams pagodas : pay 3 6 Dufaaddrs, calculated on

at

O

23

each 54 Privates, from 21 to 30 yarta»w each, calculated

at

3 pagodas each

.

OneJoivk

Two

1

o2

O

19I

382

Joivks

Carried forward

(23)

the

It is

four obsen-able, that the Surkheel (or lieutenant) received only

Jumaadar

(or scrjeani),

and the

latter

fanams

1,197 a

9i

month more than

only eight fanams a month more than the privates.

APPENDIX

IXXXV Pagorltts.

Brought forward 4th Artificers

Head

1

pay 3 pagodas

carpenter,

:

d? smith, pay 3 pagodas

5 Carpenters

o

subsistence 6 /«««»«...

,

.

,

4

O

3

6

24

O

S

31 5th Officers of the Staff: First Sirddr (or officer),

"'

horse)

;

being Rdhifies,

or Cantarai pagodas

24

Second Sirddr, 6o rupees (no horse allowed)

18

o

Third

.

Fourth.

.

.

d? d?

.

.

.

50.

.

50.

.

.

6

pay 80 Imaumies, or rupees, of

fanams each (including

three

9|

subsistence 1

pay 3 pagodas each

i

1

3 Smiths

:

Fanams.

Pagodas. Fanams.

:

pagoda 1

ljl<)7

d?

(d?)

15

d?

(d?)

15

O O

135

O

15

O

Stuff:

3 Pilots, from 100 to 150 rupees each, calculated at

150 rupees

(or 45

pagodas)

2 Ddroghas, viz. 1

in

charge of the water, provisions, &c. of the ship

:

pay 72 pogodas. 1

in charge of tools,

pay

72

implements, and

articles in store:

pagodas

1

Physician and surgeon (in one)

1

Mirzdeif Dujtur, to keep the accounts of the ship,

and

also of the troops or

marines

9 O

II

242 Total monthly cxpence of a line of battle ship, while in port, including 34() persons of

Expence of twenty

all

denominations

1,471

line of battle ships

2.0,43

II.

(24) This

(now

is

^^ ()

Establishment

the order in which the pay and allowances of this class are stated in the original ordinance

before me), and which, though, according to our practice, out of place,

necessary to disturb.

I

have not thought

it

APPENDIX.

LxXXvi

Establlshnevt of each Frigate.

II.

Rren.

Twenty ships, each having 180 men, of all denominations, on 1st (l 1

Musqueteers

board. Total 3,6oo

:

Teep of Uikur, of 64 men)

Teepddr, pay 7 pagodas 8 fanams : subsistence 6 pagodas, calculated on 6o men, at 1 f'anam each.

viz, PagoJas. Fanams.

.13

8

Shurbashurn

4

8

1

Nufeer-nuwdz

3

6

1

Shahnaey-nuwdz

3

6

Staff: 1

25

The above Teep 1 1

being composed of 2 Vooz, of 30

men

each, viz

Yoozddr, pay 7 pagodas 8^ fanams Surhheel

4 Jumaaddrs, 4 pagodas ^fanams each

24 Privates, 3 pagodas 6 Jananis each

Owe Vooz

-

(l 1

ôfi^fl^ 1

5 /a/?flw.9, calculated

:

4

8

l6

8

86

4

8^

Vooz

-

231

6i

:

J 002 of 29 men,

Yoozddr, pay 4 pagodas 4 fanams

84

115

Two 2d Gunners

7

t;iz.)

subsistence 3 joa-

on 28 men,

at

lyofHam each

Surhheel, pay

3 Jumaaddrs, pay 3 pagodas 6 fanams

7

9

4

8

13

2

86

4

subsistence

:

fanams, or 4 pagodas 4 fanams each 24 Privates, at 3 pagodas 6 fanams each 8

112

3d Seamen (1 1

Jowhddr,

Jowh, or Gang, of 71 nien.) subsistence 3 pagodas

pay 3 pagodas

:

fanams, calculated on 70 men, 7 Dufaaddrs, j)ay 3 pagodas each 5

:

at

5

9ea. = 27

3

subsis-"j

fanam each

63 Privates, from 21 to 30 fanams each 3 pagodas

6

^ fanam each

tence 9 fanams, calculated on 9 men, at 1

:

[^3

) :

calculated at 1

89

O 222

Carried forward

592

5^2-

APPENDIX.

Lxxxvii Pagodas. Fanams.

Brought forward 592

5§

4th Artificers 2 Smiths 1 '2 Carpenters J

^^

^

72

O

125

O

808

5

5th Officers and StafT

pay 80 Imaumies, or rupees, (including

First Officer,

horse)

24

Second d?

.

.

Third

d?

.

.

60.

.

Fourth d?

.

.

50.

.

Go rupees (without horse)

O

18

d?

(d?)

15

O

d?

(d?)

15

O

Staff:

2 Pilots,

from 100 to 150

at

2 Ddroghas, at

j-wyêe*,

or 45 j9aôc?«.y each

90

O

15

O

7^ pagodas each

1

Physician and Surgeon (in one)

1

Mirzdey Duftur

9

O

11

—

Total monthly expence of a frigate while in port

Expence of twenty

Add twenty

lG,l 71

frigates

line of battle Ships

pagodas

29,431

Total monthly expence of forty ships in port, of

exclusive stores,

Or

wear and

tear,

ammunition, 45^602 Cantarai pagodas

&c

38,000 Star pagodas

nearly

Being, at eight shillings the Star pagoda,.

Or, per

The

.

.

.

Xl 5,200

X

annum

above pay and allowances were to be received by the

on shore.

When

afloat, or

embarked, they were,

sterling

182,^00'"^

men and

officers

when

in addition thereto, to receive

the rations to be presently stated.

As

a Alccr

that, in

I'uwm might be

occasionally

employed with the

fleet,

such cases, " a particularly good dinner, together with

daily provided

;

it

was ordered,

fruit,"

should be

the expence of which was to be defrayed by government. All

of the num(25) Tlie most striking defect in the foregoing establishment consists in the insufliciency augmentation of ihe crews appear that any sliips of as it would not to such force; ber of seamen allotted

was intended during

actual service.

APPENDIX,

IxXXviii

The

All the officers were to eat together. rations were to be issued 1

1

when

afloat

following were the persons to

whom

:

Meer Yumm, Meer Buhr,

4 Sirddrs, 1

Mirzdey Duftur,

3 Pilots, 2 Ddroghas, 1

Physician and Surgeon.

13

To

the above officers the following daily rations were to be served out of a full Dul; or Seer. Rice

I

Ddl

The no

(or split peas)

:^.

.

.

.

d'

Ghee

8 Joitz weight.

Meat

^

Salt

3 Jouz weight.

Tamarinds

2.

Turmeric

§•

Dry

i.

Garlic

(26)

short DuJi, or Seer.

. . .

d.

• •

d.

.

.

d.

.

Onions

I5

•

•

d.

Coriander seed

^'

•

•

d.

Black pepper

1.

.

.

d.

.

following were the rations to be issued to the Musqueteers and Gunners

distinction being

Rice

;

made between men and officers 1 Duk, or Seer. :

Ddl

6 Jouz weight.

Ghee

4....d?

Salt

2.

.

.

.

d?

Tamarinds

2.

.

.

.

d?

Turmeric

^.

.

.

.

d?

Dry

i.

. .

d?

.

d?

. .

d?

Garlic

Onions

1§

Coriander seed

^.

Black pepper

1.

.

.

.

.

.

d.

Besides

(26)

That

is,

the weight of eight nutmegs.

APPENDIX. Besides the above rations,

made

roasted (or

it

into Kubdbs),

Ixxxix*

would appear that meat prepared with was to be kept

store,

in

and served out once in

every fifteen days, at the rate of a quarter of a short Sea^ per in

question was to be cured or prepared with

salt,

and

spices,

man/" The meat and black

{finger, turmeric,

pepper.

The seamen were

each to be allowed daily ^ of a

Seer of Rice,

full

iof ....d?....

Dill,

2 Joiiz weight of G/ice,

d?

2

They were

.

.

.

Salt.

Whether they were

to supply themselves with spices.

every fifteen days, of the Kiibilbs above-mentioned,

The ttieir

tuoli their

commander, was

to officiate as priest

the appointed If'auz, or discourse

;

and

tlje

During the rainy season, the ships were

Mirjdn

where they were

CrecJi),

for the purpose

structed

;

to see that their

men had

own.

Prayers were to be performed every day, at the officer, or

partake,

uncertain.

and seamen were

several officers of the marines

appointed meals, be/ore they

is

to

five

The

appointed times.

fii-yt

on such occasions, and to deliver

Ddro<^has to be laid

to recite the five prayers. uj)

in the creek (probably

to be placed under cover of sheds to be con-

the necessary materials for which sheds were to be

furnished by the Asqfs of the adjacent districts.

The seamen were

to be

employed

in this service.

After mentioning that orders had been issued for the erection of two forts and

some

Hdjiz-Hlsdr (commonly called Beed-kole, or Batciil), the Meer were directed, by the present ordinance, to examine carefully the ground

batteries at

Vumms

in the vicinity of the aforesaid place,

and having pitched upon pro]xr spots

make a plan or drawing of They were to direct their particular

for

the works in question, to

the same, and transmit

the Presence.

attention to the two hills, or

which would appear

rocks,

to

it

to

form the entrance of the creek, or harbour, and to

ascertain the exact distance between them, as well as the extent of the channel, or

formed by them.

strait,

might

lie

reported erected

A

;

at

The depth

of uater, and the number of ships which

anchor between these hilL; were likewise

when, "

tvith

to

the blessing of God," forts and

be ascertiined and

batteries

were

to

be

there.

Fahhur vl Murdkib, is stated Creek; and another, called the Futah Mdbdruk, ship,

named

the

m (27) Original

(j:^.i.L< Jo.V

^~}Jr? ^-'V^

*'^^-

t^"* I' ^-^-~^/

to be then lying in in

Mirjdn

the creek at Hundicar

(OnoreJ

:

AP

4iC

PE K

D

I

X.

(Onore) both of them jjast repair. These ships were directed to be broken up with due can?, and the iron, and other materials, obtained from them, to be used :

in the

new

ships ordered to be built.

Twelve small

denominated Xtigs, or Nuks, were, moreover, delivered,

vessels,

on the present occasion, galliots

five

;

two, one

The

is

of

in

them being

called an

Meer

charge to the

and

at 3/angalore,

Usud-llhye grab

T'unnns.

five at

marines, and other people, belonging to the ships

which were destined

for the vessels ordered to be built)

these Nugs, which were to

sail

Onore.

and the other,

;

about the coast,

in

a small

(/. e. I

Usud-Ilhye ship.

suppose, the crews

were to be embarked upon order that the

With

thereby be duly trained in their respective duties.

Of these, ten were Of the remaining

men might

the same view,

it

was

buoy should be anchored in some convenient situation, and a flag erected thereon, to serve as a mark for practising with great guns in the management of which those attached to them were to be carefully instructed. directed that a kind of

;

It

next observed, that

is

dimensions,

will,

it

when

avoid this inconvenience,

it

green wood be cut up according to the required

dry, be found to

it

timljer, after being felled

was directed, that the

barked, should be kept one or two years

and when

;

To

short of those dimensions.

fall

and

perfectly seasoned, be cut up,

agreeably to the proposed standard.

The men Presence,^-^' fast as

required for the service of the

were, after being mustered in the

fleet

and duly sworn, to be dispatched to their respective destinations,

as

they were entertained.

The

accounts of the expenditure of the ships and crews, and of whatever related

were to be carefully and minutely

thereto,

kej)t

by the Meer Vumms and the

Asofs of the provincial Kuchurri.es (having any connection with this branch of

The movements and

the serviced in conjunction with each other.

warlike opera-

by the Meer I'unims If the Sultan should, at any time, wish to employ the service against an enemy, he would issue his orders for the

tions of the fleet were, likewise, to be directed conjointlj^

and the aforesaid Asofs. ships on any particular

purpose in

full

council, or assembly, of the ministers of state.'"'

The Meer Vumms had

in charge to station

it

two I'uzuks

(or twelve

men) with a

I'oozddr of the regular troops belonging to their department, at each of the Kuhties, or factories, established, "

by the

God,"

favor of

at

Muscat and Kutch; and which arc

(28)

It

would seem by

this

passage, if strictly understood, that no

the service of the navy but at 5frJngo/)a/am. the

is

.^

Xi\j^ a^ycj

^^^^ ^

/S-^ <.J~-^_,jfJy

the purpose] will be delivered in face [or presence] of

ing, as

ind

men were

to

be entertained for

not certain, however, that this was the meaning of

origin.il.

(29) Original

"

It

I

conclude,

fortifications);

1,

4,

the Military

;

2, the

the Commercial 5

Revenue

;

all

^J^ Ji

i^;j,

3, the Sudoor, or

5, the Treasury

;

jj

literally,

"the

orders [for

the six departments of government :" n)ean-

and

(5,

Ordnance (including garrisons

the Marine.

APPENDIX. on

are said,

two

this, as well as

Muscat and two

at

on a former occasion,

The pay

Kutch.

at

the Mirzdey Dufturs of the aforesaid to

make

XCl ^

to be

four

in

number, namely,

of these guards was to be issued by

fiictories,

to

whom The

the necessary remittances for the purpose.

the

Meer J'umim were

guards in question were

"'

to be relieved annually.

The Meer Yumms, Meer Buhrs, and

Ser'tshteddrs, attached to the three several

Kuchurries (or naval stations) of Jumdklbdd, IVdjiddbdd, and Mdj'iddhdd, were to repair, in the

of Ziljhijjeh of every year, and ten days before the

month

or festival, celebrated in that month, to Seringapatam

;

Eed,

there to deliver to the

Presence an account of their respective receipts and disbursements, and to report the progress

made

their respective stations, in the preparation of the vessels

at

The

ordered to be built.

officers

belonging to the ships, together with the several

Teepddrs, the Mirzde^ Dufturs, and the Ddroghas, were, in like manner,

Eed

repair every year, ten days before the

Rumuzdn,

of

to

to the capital, for the

purpose of delivering their respective accounts, and of reporting the

state of their

respective departments to the Presence.

To

the foregoing ordinance

of Tukhf, year Sdz, or

blishment of

artificers

A.M.

is

subjoined a supplementary section,

dated 24th

containing a detailed statement of the esta-

122.'),'"'

appointed for the service of the three dock- yards of

Jumd-

hibdd, IVdfiddbdd, and Mdjiddhdd, of which the following

is

Carpenters (including three C/iowdries and twelve

Monthly Pay and SuhisUncc.

^

JL

,

,'..,,.

,

Dujaaddrs, and

men,

tlivided into twelve

inclusive of

jij^^ '

an abstract. Cantarai Pagadas.

c

gangs oi ten

one Dufaadilr

123

3l6

34

94

157

410

Smiths (including two Chowdries and four Dufaaddrs) and divided in like

of eight

men

Total

manner

into four gangs

each, inclusive of one Dufaaddr.

artificers to

each dock-yard

Three dock-yards Being per annum

47

."

1

.

Cantarai pagodas 14,760

Or Star pagadas

m (30)

The

twelfth section of the present

lation to the ge11er.1l subject of

1,2.30

ordimnre

2

.

fiillows Iierf

loo curious

12,.'100

;

be

.nrui,

(hough hnving no apparent re-

unnoticed. Its object is to of shaking or kissing prohibit the practices ot risnig. for the purpose of recciviiic; or siUitiu); ,iny one hands and of embracitig upon meeting all of which arc declared to he odious cusiouis, and ronlniy to It concludes with directing, thai as all reciters of the Kiilmah {i. c. all true the coinmauds of the Prophet. believers) were brethren (or equal), they shall desist from these unl.iwt'ul practices (excepting in the case of sovereigns, whom it is nlways titling lo approach with reverence), and to cimline their ninlual •alulaih.il

ordiii.incc,

is

to

p.isseil

;

:

;

tions to ihe su/din,

••

to

coniplment of Us-suldm you be peace."

nice

(31) Corresponding with June 1797-

kum, " peace be with you," aud

its

response, Llie kiim us-

xcu

A r p

N

i:

1) I

X.

^4.920 ^182,4C0

which, at eight shillings the Star pagoda, makes If.

sum be added

this

amount

the annual

to

of the pay and allowances of the officers,

marines, and seamen, we

annual fixed

f

charges of the marine (exclusive of provisions, and the salaries

I

shall have, for the total

APPENDIX, (Refarcd

1

i: 187,3 20

)

of the .Meet' Vttmms, not specified.)

An Outline

sterling

to al

L.

Letter CCLXX.)

of Tippoo Sultan's Military Establishments.

propose, in the present article, to give such a general idea of the formation and

imount of

Tippoo Sultan's army (but

the late

as the materials in

my

possession enable

my

ness of these does not admit of

wish,

I

nevertl'.cless trust, that

it

me

particularly of the regular part of to furnish

and although the

:

rendering the account so complete as

on the whole, be found

will,

it)

scanti-

1

could

to be tolerably

accurate, as well as sufficiently minute, for the gratification of literary curiosity

which

is

now

the chief,

if

not the only, purpose

The documents from which

I

it

can answer.

have formed this statement consist of;

1,

A

Htikm-

ndmeh, or ordinance, dated the 14th of Ahmedy, year Sdlitr, orA.ISI. 1221,'" and addressed to the

Meer Meerdn,

or military department;"'

and

2,

Some rough memoranda

(1) Corresponding with the 25th of

March 1793.

(2) Consisting, at this time, of,

Budifiz Zuraftn

3, Syed

Mahommed

;

4, Purnia

;

1,

Khan; 2, Mahommed Rizd (the Binky Nabob); The name of the latter is inserted in the

and 5, Moer Nasir Ali.

own hand-writing. The Hukm-ndmek, here mentioned,

Sultan's

different departments of the

with the names of

words " Sircar

c

Mahommed

sists,

is

in a thick

and of the four

Khodadady ," or "

script are in the Sultan's

bound up, together wiih

is

government,

number of blank

the articles forming the several ordinances.

" supplement

to such an article."

is

to as

God."

" Kuhln/ Malik," which

leaves,

Many

The document,

many

curiously stamped

immediate successors, surmounted by the

RIany parts of the manuit

con-

has been already explained.

designed for the insertion of occasional additions to such additions accordingly appear, under the

title

of

here described, appears to have been a record, which

the Sultan kept constantly by him, for Ihe purpose of easy reference.

ordinances bears the impression of his small ring seal (dated but, in the place of the seal, the usual invocation of " writing.

others, addressed

every article of (he regulations or instructions of which

separately attested by his usual signature,

It likewise contains a great

Cnlip/if, his

ihe state founded or bestowed by

own hand: and

five

volume, the cover of wliich

A.M.

The first page of the first four The other two are not sealed; &c. appears, in his own hand-

1215).

Bism Allah,"

APPENDIX.

XC5II

memoranda,

relative to the military establishment, written, for the

the Sultan's

own hand, and

dated in the

month

most

part, in

of Jaqfiiri/, of the year Sdhlr,

or about five months subsequently to the ordinance.

There

is

no

essential dif-

ference between these two statements, excepting in the article of irregular cavalrv,

army the Sultan

in

which branch of

to

have made a reduction of

his

a])pears,

six tiiousand

and one thousand Kuzzdh, or

men

;

during the intermediate period,

namely,

any, was

if

military force of Mysore, in consequence of the diminution of

duced by the partition treaty of hostile views

It

17,92.

is

which the Sultan never ceased

which he was compelled

mies, that he disbanded no other part of his

its

made

the

in

resources pro-

probable, however, considering the to entertain,

to surrender half his country

from the moment

into the

army on the

hands of

in

his ene-

occasion, than the

num-

Indeed, the great marine establislnnent wliich he

ber of cavalry specified above. resolved to form about the

thousand Sildhddr,

Loottj, horse.

have not the means of ascertaining what reduction,

I

five

same

period, sufficiently proves, that nothing was less any material abridgment of the means, by which he losses, and to recover his military reputation. The irregu-

in his contemplation, than

hoped

still

lar horse,

to repair his

now

money

the

dismissed, could at any time be replaced

saved

by

his proposed navy.

The copy

their discharge

of the Futhdl Mdjdhidecn,

the

:

and, in

tlie

meanwhile,

towards defraying the expcnce of

now

before me,

containing merely the

of infantry, without either stating the total

number

or furnishing any other data for estimating the aggregate

such Km/ioons,

strength of

far

''

formation of a single Kushoon of

would go

army

;

and

this

being the only document in

my

possession,

relating to the military establishments of the Sultan, during the early part of his

my

what changes, if any, took place in those establishments, between the date of the work in question and the year 1793, when they were formed on the model to be presently shown. I am alike unable Sultan into the Held, in the to determine, whether the force brought by Tippoo reign,

it is

not in

power

war of 1799, exceeded or

to ascertain

fell

short of that contained in

tlic

following enumeration.

Adverting, however, to the vimlictive projects which he conceived and pursued in this interval, it may be safely presumed, that it was, at least, equal to the establishment (3)

The

man and amount

nnnual expcnce of six thousand horse, reckoning

liorse (the usual

average pny of

to about .i^2'4O,0OO,

lura of nearly

i 00,000.

<5--:l

Jji

at

ihe rate of lhir(y rupees a

Khuod-w^jia, or

which exceeds the pay or

men

riding their

own

month

for

horses)

each

would

fixed allowances of the oaval citabiisbmeiit in tho

APPENDIX

Xciv

Indeed, the

establishment of 1793.'*'

his unceasing anxiety,

numerous proofs of

afford

to,

papers, of the time here alluded

official

their full extent, the various corps of his army, but

number

greatest possible

not only to complete, to

also to

draw

to his standard the

of followers, and particularly those of the

Mahommedan

religion.

Army

Establishment of Tippoo Sultan's 1

Divided into

P'lddeh Ushiir or {regular ivfantry.)

.

five

in 1793.

Kuchurries, and composed of twenty-seven Kuslwons.

of the five Kuclmrries. Kuchurry Ahmedi/, or the Ahmedi/ Kuchurry. Two BuhhsJdes commanding the whole,-'' and having Specification

1st.

consisting of

346 men, attached immediately

a

Teep of Uskur,

to them.""

Six Ktishoons of Uskur and one Teep of Uskur (of the strength above

mentioned).

The men

of the Koreish tribe and of the

Suny

sect.

With

twelve

field pieces.

2d.

Kuchurry Huzoor Uskur

men

Six Kushoons of Uskur, composed of

3d. Second

Twelve

preceeding Kuchurry.

as the

of the same tribe and sect

field pieces.

Kuchurry of Piddeh Uskur.

Five

Kushoons of Uskur, and one Teep of Uskur attached to the

Bukhshies.

Men SUny

of the tribe of Koreish, Siytids,

sect.

With

ing arms

j

in

J

and

(page

xciii

4th.

Third

of the Appendix to his book), the Sultan's array

"99, to forty-eight thousand fighting men. if

of the

ten field pieces.

(4) According to Colonel Beatson

amounted,

Moghuh; and Patans

the garrison troops, throughout A/ysorf,

If,

by

this designation,

were not included

he meant

men

bear-

the number, the dif-

in

ference in the efficient forces of the two periods in question will be found to be very inconsiderable. (3)

Though

not so stated in the original, there would appear to have been two Bukhshies attached to

each Kuchurry of regular infantry, and the same number to a Kuchurry of cavalry.

had

also their

Bukhshies; but

I

do not

know of what number,

or of

how many

The Ehsham

troops

Kuchurries, they coo-

aisted.

(6) I

am

unable to slate for what purpose these independent Teeps, or battalions, were assigned to

the Bukhshies; or

why

the text.

were designed

may in

If they

be presumed,

whom the

they were not attached to as

guards of

that the p.?rticular

all

the Kuchurries as well as to the three specified

honour (which,

however,

seems rather unlikely),

Kuchurries to which they belonged were

Sul(an placed more than usual confidence.

commanded by

ii> it

ofScers

APPENDIX. 4th. Tliird

Knchurn/ of Piddeh Uskur.

Five Knsliooiis.

Men

Moglniis of the Sdtnf sect to the Bithhsliks. ')th.

The

XCV

Ten

of ;

the

Koreish

tribe,

S'lyuds,

with one Teep of Uskur

Patans and

(as before) attaclied

field pieces.

IJsud Ilhye Kuchurri/.

Five Kuslioons, viz

:

three Uskur,

and of Sii/uds of the Sum/

tribe,

Ilhi/es"'^

With

composed of men of the Koreish sect

;

and two Kuslioons of

Usud

ten guns.

Total twenty-seven Kuslioons, with three indej)endent Teeps of Uskur and

fifty-

four field pieces.

Besides the jûns belonging to the Kushoons, there was a park of artillery attached (aj)j)arently) to the

whole body of infantry, and consisting of a heavy train of 10 battering guns

6 long guns

(for distant

cannonading), and

6 howitzers

The

staff of

eaih Kuchurry seems to have consisted of

2 Biiklishk's 1

Mirzdeif Ditftur y pay according to their repcctive meiits.

1

Hindooy

d.^

.

.

J C. Pagnaas. Fanams.

\G Giirndshtehs, from 2 Suryusdkchies 2 \ukeehs

18

O

to

l6

17" 12"

5 lldzirLdsfiies

3

4 Standard bearers

1

1

Furrdsh

2 Surwdns (in charge of three camels) 1

Mushdlchy

''

2 2 2

each

APPENDIX.

Xcvi

Pagodas. Fanams.

1

YKsdhdiij

1

Htfkecm

1

Jurrdh

1

MusMlchy

(or physician)

the second

^'°'

of four Teeps

Ouwuls

of Ushiir

(or of the first

S/iurbashur7i

2

Gurdoon-nuwdz (drummers) providing

their

30

O

7

5

drums

4

2 each

1

Shalmdey-nuwdz (or trumpeter) including trumpet ...

4

2

1

Standard

7

5

1

Munshoor

3

6

bearer

consisted of four

Yooz,'''-'^

and each I'ooz was composed

Voozddr

IncUiding four pagodas for a horse.

the formation of a Kushoon given

was not included

first,

class}, and the fourth.

own

2 Surkheels

it,

of which the

Teep.

1

1

of

;

Teepddr of the first class, or first, second, and third Teeps, pay (including horse) ^"'

Each Teep

(9)

1

class),

Stq^ of a 1

O

2

second, and third were denominated (or of

5

each.

3

(or surgeon)

Each Kushoon was composed Dooeni

7

O O

l6

Miitusudd'ies^'"

1

in the

It is

l6

""

7

O each

here observaWe, that the Bukhshy, who, according to

FuthuL Miljdhideen, ranked apparently as the second officer

establishment of 1/93,

in the jSTiîAooT!

as follows:

at

which period the

title

was confined

lo

the heads, or commanders, of Kuchurrics.

(10) Formerly called

i?!io/(7i.-

this last

term seeming

to

be limited by the regulation of l/QSIothe

Kiishoous composing the Usud Ilhye Kuchurry, (11) If the Teep was short of the

of a Yoozddr. exert himself in

full

compliment, the Teepddr was

to receive

no more than the pay

This regulation was, of course, designed to stimulate the Teepdar, or Risdladdr, to keeping his corps complete. The same regulation appears to have applied to the subor-

dinate officers.

(12)

The Voos appears

(like that

and

to the

(13)

duced

It

to have

been what

is

elsewhere called a

/ott'*,

or company.

The

of RhdLiJ was now confined, I believe, to the Kushoons forming the Usud companies of rocket-men, gunners, &c. ought to be observed, that the pay of the fourth Teep was fixed through all the

scale.

latter

term

Ilhye Kuchurry,

r.inKs

on a re-

Thus the Teepddr's pay (incUuiing horse allowance; was only twenty-seven pagodas per

Surkhed's, six month; ihcYusdkchy's, seven pagocfai and a h.ilf the Yoozdur's, 6f(een pagodas ; the two fanams. pagodas and fowx Private's, the and one and fmiam pagodas five Jumaaddrs, pagodas ; the meriting adwhen and occasionally, removed prubably were Teep the fourth officers of The men and ;

;

vancement,

to the senior Teeps-

APPENDIX.

XCvii Pagodas. Fanams

JumaaMrs

8

64 I'uxuhddrs, or

privates'*'

BJieesty

1

9 Nujm-wdlehs,

5

1

2

1

d?

for bell tents, &c.

87 men 348 d?

Strength of one Yooz

D?

o each

6'

of one Teep or four Vooz

"'

Strength of a Kushoon, or four Teeps, 1392 men, (of which, however, only

1056 are stated

to have carried musquets).

The

following were likewise attached to each Kushoon.

One

Pay per man. Pagodas. Fanams.

...17

O

6

O

each

4

2

each

3

3

1

Jowhddr (including

1

Surkheel

horse)

,.

4 Jumaadurs.

.

.

.

32 Privates 1

JoU'k of rocket-men, viz.

Nujm-wdleh Each man carrying 2

rockets, or (with

Jumaaddrs) 72

Total nurr.her

of

vien.

rockets.

39

One

Jowh of DnrJihshunddz, or gunners, for the

service of the

two guns attached to the Kushoon.

N. B. Each gun was

in length

two

diraii (or

gu%) and a half

[about seven feet], and carried shot weighing four short duhs or setrs

:

i

e.

about

six

pounds weight.

2 Surhhech (one to each gun) each armed with a pair of pistols'"

28 Gunners.

pay each

... at

each

9

O

5

4

2 Nnjm-icdlehs Ji'

Two Jowhs 1

of Burkunddz, or matchlock-men, each consisting of

Jou'kddr, pay 3 pagodas G

pagodas, calculated

at 2

fanams subsistence 10 fanams on 50 men :

13

G

.

Carried forward

7

n (IJ) This pay considerably exceeded what the privates of the East-India Company's Sepoy corps receive. (15)

The

that there

is

but, as there can be

detail gives only

85

some omission

pos.sibly

specification of an

;

;

no doubt of the

drummer and

trumpeter.

A

total [^^7)

being right,

it

follow*

similar discrepancy occurs in the

Usud Ilhye Kushoon, on (he formation of which the Jutck corresponded with the

Yooz, and the Risala with tho Teep. (lO) Original

of a

i-J^

APPENDIX.

XCVm

Pay per man.

Total number

Pagodas. Faiiams,

of men.

Brought forward Jumaaddrs, pay 3 pagodas 6 fanams

5

9 fanams, calculated 45 Privates. ...

at

at

1

7

subsistence

:

fanam on 9

nicn

each

4

5

3

6

5 Nujm-icdlehs

The two

Two Jowhs

112

Joicks

of

Khuldsies,^^^''

each

Jowh

consisting as

follows

Jotckddr, pay 2 pagodas

1

;

subsistence

1

2 pagodas,

60 men at 2 jfcgodas each. 6 Diifaaddrs, pay 2 pagodas / fanams : subsistence 9 fanams, calculated on 9 men at 1 fanam each calculated on

14

O

3

6

2

4

54 Privates. ... at each

The two JbwA« The guns were drawn (drivers) attached to

The two

besides, an

by twenty

men G

them ammunition

cart to each

Two To

bullocks, having five drivers attached to

them

5

2

drawn by eight bullocks, with

Chowdries''' of bullocks, with their the whole

of the

10

Kushoon, drawn

twelve spare bullocks, drivers

Sjiare cart

A

each by twelve bullocks having three

tumbrils were drawn by forty bullocks, having ten drivers attached

There was,

To

122

2

drivers

23

assistants'"^'

bullock-drivers belonging to the

guns were

attached four Dufaaddrs

4

over the whole

1

Ddro"ha

One camel-driver One Moallum, or

to

two camels, carrying 108 rockets

teacher of the

1

Koran

1

360

Add Total strength of the Kushoon (including (16) I to our

{]/)

am

own

A

doubtful what the

all

1,392

descriptions of

employment of these men was

;

but

I

men)

think

it

likely that they

1,752 answered

Lascars.

kind of

officer, or superintendant.

(18) Besides the regular establishment of bullocks attached to a Kushoon, the Mc(?r ^wrfoor depart-

ment was

directed, by the ordinance of

1793, to furnish a thousand extra bullocks, for the service of

every Kushoon employed on any expedition conducted by the Sultan in person.

APPENDIX. Those carrying

firelocks

amounted

XCIX 1,146

to

Total of twenty-seven Kushoons

and of It

47,304

firelocks

30,94 2

appears by the foregoing statement, that a considerable change had been

when

in the formation of a Ki(shoo)f, since the period

the

Futhdl Mitjdh'ideen was formed

(including

all

;

the establishment given in

the strength of a Kushoon consisting then

number 2,400

of which

of 2,92S men,

as above)

descriptions,

made

a])pear to have carried muskets.

not, however, to be inferred

It is

amount of

from

circlim stance, that the aggregate

this

the 5m//««'a- infantry in 1/83, exceeded that of 1793, because, though

the Kuslioons were stronger at the former period, they

bably were, fewer in number

and such an

;

may have

alteration as

been, and pro-

may

this

be easily

supposed to have been adopted, with the sole view of rendering these corps

less

unwieldly than formerly.

In order to arrive at the period

make

at the total

amount of the

immediately in question

regular foot forces of

(or 1/93),

we must

the following additions to the foregoing enumeration

Monsieur Vigie's

""

To

this

corps (the

monthly expence of which

by the Sultan himself das) were attached two guns. stated

Three

indejx'ndent Teeps of

at

47,304

30,942

1,000

800

1,044

864

is

regular infantry

(P'iddeh

second,

first,

and third Kuchurries,'^^ each 348 strong

205

of the five Kuc/iurries

Drivers, and^ others, to

heavy park,

Firelocks.

8,179 Cantarai pago-

UskurJ attached to the Bullisliies of the

Staff'

Men.

(formerly Lally's) corps, 500 Euro-

peans and 500 Sepoi/x

N B.

Tippoo Sultan,

1,935

viz. 1,664

draft

bullocks attached to the

and 27I carriage

719 735

Bildars, or pioneers

Elephant- drivers to seven elephants attached to the heavy

guns

7 5 J ,014

Carried forward

n (,iy)

In the original

2

^Jij

(20) These Teeps are thus posted, according to the SuUan's

racmorandum of August i/Qi.

ordinance of March 1/93, ihey were placed under the Bukluhies of the churries.

32,6o6

first,

third,

By

the

and fourth Ku-

APPENDIX.

C

Brought forward ... Khuldsles (or gun lascars) to the heavy park,

Flreloehs.

51,014

32,6o6

fourteen

JowJcs including JoicMdrs .

.

Men.

714

Add also tlie following establishment of artillery men: To the four long brass guns (t/s.two long eighteen-pounders and two long eight-pounders). the same as those of the

4 Stirk/teets and )(Va.y

Gunners

56'

To

the

)

10 iron battering guns

ders and four ten-pounders)

1

To

56

6o

Kushoons.) [viz. six

twenty-four poun^

:

10 Surhheels, xhy 9 pcisodas each.') 40 (junner, 3 pagodas f)janams )

the six howitzers

:

6 Surhheels, pay 6 pagodas each

36 Gunners and appropriated

by

three hundred

to the carriage of the

Sul-

tans baggage

For bringing

or

j

j

Drivers to one hundred carts, drawn bullocks,

"J

1

00

in forage to the above, forty-eight bullocks

and fifty-two bullock-men, including Ddrogha and three 52

Cliowdrles Choivdries and

Dufaaddrs

to

636 hired

carts attached to

—

the heavy park Artificer's

One

625

yard

General in Chief of Infantry (at the monthly pay of

240 pagodas)

Mutusuddy

1

Vusdlichy or aid de

camp

to ditto,

and

1

3

to ditto

In all,. 52,760

The

total of the foot forces

Sultans fourteen

o\v\\

<"'

32,838

amounted, however, according to an abstract in the

hand, to 52,774 men, making a difference in the two statements of

men: which may

either be referred to the omission (on account of the

great obscurity of the passage in the original) of the Choivdries, &c. attached to

the hired carts, or to some other petty error in 'I

he Kushoons composing the

fifth,

or

Usud

tlie detail.

Ilhi/e Kuchurri/, of regular

infan-

try, differed a little in their formation, as well as in point of pay,

from the other

Uhe

reason of this

Kuchurries, as will appear by the following specification.

ditierence (2l) This total exceeds that given in the Sultan's

own memorandum by

sixteen firelocks.

-CI

APPENDIX. difference I

are

am

unable to explain, otherwise than by supposing (what, indeed, there

some grounds

and Usiid

for believing) that, in addition to their pay,

Ilhi/es received rations of

Ddl

both the Ahmedies

(dry peas), and perhaps other articles of

provision, from government. Pagodas,

Fanams.

Sipahddr (pay according to his merits).

1

16 ^ o

foiêat ,,. ^^, 2 Mdtusuddies < ^ \_one at

1

Sur-yusdkchy

6

O O O

1

Pliysician

5

1

Surgeon

3

O

1

Mushdlchy

2

1

1

Moallum

5

O

(or instructor in the

The Kushoon was

Koran).

.

.

divided into four Risdlas (instead of Teeps), each consisting

of 348 men, viz. 1

Risdladdr (including horse allowance)

1

Yusdhchy

1

Drummer and

1

Standard bearer

1

1

fifer,

each

Mumhoor Each Risdla

wâs

composed of four Jowhs

25

O

5

1

3

9

4

5

3

6

(instead of Yooz), each

Jowh con-

sisting of: 1

Jowkddr

12

O

2 Surhheeh each

5

7

8 Jumaaddrs each

4

2

3

9

2

1

2

1

64 Fuzukddrs, or

privates, each

9 Niijm-wdlehs each 1

Blieestij, or water-carrier

Total of a

Jowh

86 ineu

Of iourJowks

340 d? S

Staff of the Risdla''^

348

Total of a Risdla

and of four Risdlas 1,392

;

being the same strength as the Kus/ioons of the other

Kuc/tunies.

The (22)

The

specification gives only six

;

but cither two of the Staff have been inaijTertently omitted by

the Sultan, or I have not rightly understood the original-

APPENDIX.

Cii

The Ehshdm,

or garrison troops, are stated, in the ordinance of 1793, address-

ed to the Sudoor department,

amount I

of

now

Kunduchdr;

25,000 men.'"'

at

that

I

have no means of estimating the

the provincial troops, or niihtia.

is,

jirocccd to a sumnuiry statement of the cavalry, according to the estabhsh-

ment of 1793. Suicdr Uskur for regular cavalry).

I.

Three KuchurriesS"'^

Kach

men

Mokuhs

of six

Kiicfiiirr)/ consisting

389

(or regiments), of

horses and

3/5

each.'"'

Total of one Knchurri/, (with a Syse or attendant to each horse).

.

.

.

Of three Kuchurries

The

detail of the

2,334 horses

d?

7,002

Mokuh

not given in the original

is

;

but the latter appears to

have been divided into Teeps and stables, each stable consisting of twenty-two

The

horses.

To

strength of a Teep

is

not

stated.'""'

each Kuchiirry of regular horse two guns were attached, with a proportionate

number

of gunners, &c.

Silahddr

II.

Of

(23) fifteen

Ehshdm troops (armed, I believe, with swords and matchlocks) among tlie several forts throughout the country. These were ordered

these twenty-five thousand

thousand were distributed

be relieved annually, and were paid at the computation of forty days to the month, and at the rate of two pagodas per man. The subsistence to tiieir officers was fixed at two fanams and a quarter per man.

to

The remaining

Eksham were

ten thousand

the latter was two pagodas four fanams

:

The pay

stationed at Stringapalam, or with the Hilzoor.

and the subsistence of the

officers, three fanams

of

per man.

^24) By the ordinance of March 1/93, the regular cavalry was formed somewhat differently from the It then consisted of four Kuchurries, composed each of

establishment of August 1793, as stated above. four Mokuhs, the latter being of the

gate

amount of the

hundred and

fifty

arise

as those given in the text

why

from some of the

the

officers

number

of horses exceeded that of men.

(26) But although neither the ordinance of

March 1793, nor

the Sultan's

" I

Uskur."

Whether

in question is called, in the

this

was

a

then

memoranda of

the

Hukm-ndmeh here

newly formed corps, or an old one

to

same

constituted, I find, in a

Kuchurry of regular cavalry, of which an

regulation dated in February 1/97, a specification of a

The Kuchurry

Perhaps the difference

being allowed more than one horse.

year, furnish the details of a A/oii/i, or regiment, of regular cavalry, as

follows.

consequently, the aggre-

:

exceeded that of the former by two Mohils, or about seven

men.

(25) It does not appear,

might

same strength

latter establishment

abstr.ict

" Hafz Sawdr e new name was now given,

referred to,

which

a

have not the means of ascertaining.

The Kuchurry of the

latter

is

stated to

have consisted (including

of which 1,562 were stable horses

;

all

descriptions) of 1,619

men and

1,582 horses

the remaining twenty belonged to the persons

The whole were commanded by two Bukhshies, with the usual staff. The Kuchurry was divided into four Mokuhs ; and each Mokuh into four Teeps

:

mounted

on them.

was composed of two Yuoz

;

and each Yooz divided into two

or Teebs.

The Teep

stables.

Detatl

APPENDIX. II.

Two of

ciii

Sllahddr Cavalry, (or Cavalry mounted on their own horses).

Kuchurries, composed of Musulmans and unbelievers.

Each Kuchnrry commanded by two Buhhshies, and divided 250 horse each, besides the usual staff: 1 Kuchnrry 2,000 horse.

D?

2

d?

4,000

Kuzzdk

III.

into eight Risdlas,

(or Predatory) Cavalry.

Three Kuchurries, of 2,666 horses each, divided

into Risdlas of

260 each. Total

Detail of a Mokub. Men.

Sur

e

Uskur, or Mohuldar

Horses.

2

1

Shurlushurn *

1

1

Trumpeters

2

2

Teepddrs

4

8

Yoozdars

8

\6

SurkheeLs

l6

l6

Jumaadars

48

48

288

288

4

4

4 4

376

389

Privates

StanJard-bearers

ShuTbashurns attached

to

Tecps

Oae Kurhurnj

Staff, vi%.

Four Mutufuddles a Farrier,

;

a Sdlotry, or Veterinary

Surgeon

&c

;

^

i

n

.

.

,

.

.

.

155S

•

}

One Mokub Four

392 1508

d.fto

1562 \

Kxclusivc of Syces,

Bulhshics and Kuchurry Staff

30 f

keepers,

Burkunddzes, or matchlock-men, attached

21

J300 Bullocks,

Total

.

/

\P\qJ

.^

'° '^"^

horse-

and Drivers

to

attached

Kuchurry.

General Abstrait. 1

•

I

Stable

21 Troopers.

2 Stables

1

Yo«z, or 42, including Jumaadars.

2 Yooz

1

Teep, or 84, including ditto.

4 Tieps

J

Mokub,

4 Mokubs

1

Kuchurry, or 1344

take the Shurhishuni 10 be another

name

for the

or 330, including ditto.

men

carrying arms.

YusSkchy.

f The number of Horses composing a Stable would appear, by some documents, 10 have been twenty-two. Tills would make the number of StablcHorses 10 a Kuchurry no more than 1,408; which 1 do not know how to reconcile to thf pieccding

detail.

APPENDIX.

CIV

Total of the three KiicJnirnes stated at eight thousand horse, which appear to have

been officered in the same manner

as the

Silahddr cavalry, the

regular pa)', like those of the latter body.

It

may

officers receiving a

be presumed, that the

men

corhposing this predatory corps Oiust also have received pay during peace, whatever

might be the case

The

in

time of war.'"'

foregoing seems to have been the establishment of KttzzdJis, or Looties, in

time of peace. to the above,

They would, a K/icis,

of course, be augmented during a war.

or special Risdla, of Kuzzaks,

is

mentioned.

composed of INIusulmans of various denominations, and amounted and horses, commanded by a separate Buhhshy. (27)

The

Loot'ie,

or

Kuxxak

cavalry, are said to receive

retain whatever booty they can acquire.

no pay

:

in lieu

In addition

to

It

fifty

was

men

of which they are allowed to

INDEX. Syed Ahmed and six otiicrs, 385. to Mohyfiddeen Ali Khan and others,

Circular, to

To Abdul Ilukecm Klian (Nabob of Sliiinoor), Letters 16, 343, i)dl.

150,

78,

151, 22S, 247, £54,

386. -

to

Khajeh I bad Khan and four others,

Abdul Kureem (Sipahdfir), 293. Abdul Nubby (the Commandant), 2CG.

317.

Ahmed Ahmed

Ali (Mecr), 197.

Sea Ports

(Sliaikh), 70.

to the Aumili^, actual and future, of the Port of Mangalore, 205.

to the actual and future in general, 204.

Ali Rajah (Beeby of Cananore), 124, 181, 184, 267, 291.

Aumils of the

-to ditto, ditto, of the Port of Calicut,

203.

B.

to the Dewan and Bukhshy of each of the seven Kuchunies of Seringapatam, 182.

Boodhun Shah, 398. Budceaa (iz Zuman Khan, 123. Budiuz Zuman Khln, 161, 162,

166,

168,

-to the seven Superintendants of the Post at the seven Capital Cities of the Sul-

176, 187, 194, 208, 224, 230, 234, 235, 237,

tanut, 180.

292, 307, 332, 342, 350, 358, 362, 383, 407, 430.

others, 410.

2
Budul Baig Khan

(see

Mahommed Baig Khan

Iliimdany.)

to the

Dewan

of Chittledoors: and

Governor of Madras and others,

412.

Burhanuddeen,

10, 17, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33, ^^, 40, 41, 49, 52, 60, 61, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 90, 92, 94, 120, 125, 135, 141, 147, 157, 158, 169, 186, 188, 193, 217, 220, 225, 226, 239, 240, 245, 246, 248, 256, 261, 262, 264, 271, 274, 278, 289, 296, 305, 308, 31 1, 313, 319, 322, 327, 339, 347, 349, 352, 353, 357,

361, 372, 373, 376, 426.

Calicut, to the Dewans of, 419; to the actual and future Aumils of, 203. Cliishty

-to the

YAr Khan, Rajah

54, 63, 227, 285, 414.

Ram

Chundur

(sec

Circular,

accompanying Manifesto against the

Chundur).

Infidels, 265.

to the Commanders of the five Bnrgccr Kuchurrics and Suwilr Kucliurrv, 280. to the

Commanders of

the

Cossigny, M. (Governor of Pondicherrv), 337. 355, 380, 384, 412, 417, 420, (see Governor of Pondicherry).

Daroghas of the Jinsy, 338. DArogha of the Post-OITice at Putn, 251.

Dewins of Zuferabad, 404, 428. Khan (the Sipahdar), &-c. 18. Dileer Khan Behadur Dilcer Jung, 263. Dileer Dil

Durwaish,

Mahommed

E.

Ehsanullah Khan, 143, 212, 341.

two Jyshe

Uukhshies of the Ehshdm Ku-

churry, 282. to ten yipahdurs, 306.

Mahommed

Eaatimiidy Khojeh Fiifisul, 183. Eesa, Mahommed, 403.

F.

Kuchunicf^, 281, to the

(see

waish).

France, the King

of,

'SJG^

Fuzl Ali Khan, 269.

Futah Ali (Mccr), 346.

Dur-

INDEX.

CVl

G. Ghou=, Mahommed, 67, 554. Ghuffar, Svcd, 118, 127, 170, 260, 348.

Ghuliim Ali Khan, 191, 199, 214, 215, 216, 233, 401, 413.

Ghillam Ahmed, 42, 244. Ghfilam Ghuzunfur, 406.

Ghulam Husain and

others, 277.

Ghulam Maliommed, 2.^9. Ghulam IMohjuddccn (Meer), 275. Ghulam Munsoor, 268. Ghvas Khan, Mahommed, 3, 8, 9,

13, 15, 27,

H. Hukcem Khan, Abdul (see Abdul Hukeem).

.Taafur,

Baig-, 334, 381.

18,

170.

I.

AND

J.

Wufakhany (Meer), 346.

Ibraheem,

Mahommed,

360.

of Muscat, 148, 207.

K. 156, 159, 160,

163.

Khajeh Ibad Khan and four

others, 317.

KCixy of Bangalore, 363.

Mohyuddeen Ali Khan,

Sumsamiil

58, 64, 107, 121, 190,

Moal Chund and Sujan Riio, Monneron, Monsieur, 399. Munzoor Ali Khan, 72.

Imam

of,

73, 333, 395.

148, 207.

Mulaim Jung, 356. Musheer ul Mulk, 366, 422.

Siihcb, i53.

N.

Kutbul Mulk, 325, 328, 331, 435. Khjrullah, 173.

L. Monsienr, 411.

Ali

318.

Mahommed Khan Behadur

Muscat, the 14, 20, 22, 24, 26,

29, 32, 34, 36, 43, 45, 46, 48, 55, 59, 68, 69, 70, 74, 86, 88, 93, 99, 100, 101, 105, 109, 110, 113, 122, 129, 138.

Lutf

279, 329.

195, 386, 391, 415.

Khajeh Seth and other Armenian merchants,

I/ally,

381.

iMulk, 257.

172, 200, 258, 272.

Kureem

Meer Moaala Khan, SO, 209. Meer Moaainuddeen, 97, 202, 273,

Mirza

Kasim Ali Khiin (Meer), 192. Kazim (Meer), 2, 50, 154, 155,

11,

242.

Mahommed Abdullah, 250. Mahommed Molidy, 276. Mahommed Yoosuf, 286. Mahommed Hyder, 287. Mahommed Baig Khan Humdany, 334, Mahommed Aka, 354. Mahommed Ecsa, 403. Mahommed Durwaish, 405, 409, 434. Mahommed Ibraheem, 360. Mahommed Shufeeaa, 300. Mah Mirza Khan, 119, 142, 426. Mahmood Ali Khan, 326. Mao Seith (DuUal at Muscat), 206.

Meer Mahommed Sadik, 114, Meer Mohib Ali, 243, 253. Meer AH, 377, 382. Meer Ibraheem, 431.

Jusarut ud Dowlah, 95.

Kumruddcen (Meer),

89, 270, 310,

592, 426.

Ibraheem (Meer), 431.

Imam

Mahommed Ali, Mirza, 1, 249. Mahommed Ghous, 67. Mahommed Ali (Sipahdur), 87, Maliommed Wasil,

37, 38, 44, 53, 56, 66, 75, 79, 82, 91, 96, 103, 104, 111, 112, 116, 118, 126, 133, 140, 149, 165, 167, 179, 189, 236, 297.

Ilumeed, Sved,

Ushruf, 6, 47, 65, 210, 379, 395,

396.

323.

Ghillam Husain Khan, 295, 324, 371. Ghulam Hjder, 134, 320, 423.

Kumdany, Mahommed

Mahommed

Khan, 232, 233.

Noor Mahommed Khan, S9 med Ghyas Khan). Noorullah, Shah,

7,

NubbyShah, 365. Nuwazish Ali Klian,

(see also

Mahom-

177, 213, 219, 232, 233.

229.

INDEX. Syed Maliommed Khan (Bukhshy), 283.

P.

Peer Syed, 218. Pondicheny, Governor

Syed Moh\ nddecn, 367. of,

3,

21,

108, 145.

Syed Mahommed Khan(Dewan of Nugr), 288. Syed Ahmed

also Gossignj).

(.see

evil

.Sahcb, 369, 385.

T.

R.

Rajah

R:>in

Chimdur,

98, lOG, 144, 153,

4,

10, 23, 35, 57, 62,

JG4, 174, 178,222,223,

Turab

Ali (Meer), 309.

Turbiyut All Khan,

241, 2f)4, 299, 314, 316, 359, 374, 388, 390, 397, 429.

4,

12,

U.

Rajah of Pegu, 211.

UrshudfiUali Klian, 231.

Runmust KhSn,

Urshud Baig Khan,

102, 196, 201, 315, 321, 330,

370.

Ushrnf,

Rujub AH Khan, 298.

Usud

Mahommed

Ali

171, 284, 402, 418, 432. (see

Meor Mahommed,

Mahommed

Ushruf.)

Khan, 301, 302, 303, 304.

W.

S.

Sadik,

152,221,223,299,

408.

114, 318.

Wasil Mahommed, 242.

Seth, Khajch, 163.

Y.

Allum (the Emperor), 71. Shall Noorullah (see NooruUah). Shfih

Shah Mahommed, 173. Shah Abdullah Saheb, 340. Shumsuddeen Khan, 175, 185,

Yiikoob, and other Armenian merchants, 425.

Yoosuf,

Rao

Zvnul Aabideen

Shoostry, 128, 131, 132, 136,

137, 139.

Moal Cliund). Syed Mahommed Khan (Kilaadar of Seringa(see

patam), 115, 351, 364, 375, 378, 424.

Syed Peer, 218.

Zynul Aabideen (."îpahdar), 117. Zynul Aabideen, 51, 146. Zynul Aabideen (Bukhshy of Ehsham),

130,

238, 312, 335, 344, 414.

Syed Ghuffiir (seeGhuflar).

Syedllumeed,

286.

Z. 198, 252, 255,

320, 368, 400, 416, 421, 427. Suji'in

Mahommed,

18,

Zvnul Aabideen (TaolukdarofGulshunabad),

170.

"394.

THE END.

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. Plate A. to face Appendix A., page

C

C, page

LONDON: Trtnted by Cox, .Son, ind Ba)li,,

Utut Quccu

street.

i.

xi.

ERRATA, Page. 18 line 1 for capitulations, read recapitulations. we by, read we will lay. 19 . ... 17

Pjge

—

20

31

50 58

66 67

)LA)

note

C8

7

—

2

efier

read

j

read

^JJ^\i

iruerl

j_^

3 for on separate, read in separate. note 8 a/cer Usud flllah ul Ghaiib, insert This was one of the tides; and dele s\z. line 13 yir approaches, reorf parallels. .... 17 and whereKever occurring, for Buktshies, read Bukhline

shies.

99 109 112 126 130 150

152 165 168 185

202

208

note 12 /c-rA. H.

U47, read K.U.

II97.

5 — Dalwir, read Dulwye. — Bubi read Bubir 12 — Mukhun Zaal, read Mukhun note —a read from line

last line

Ali,

line

shilling,

All.

Laal. four to five shillings.

The

sentence which folhws the word "circumcised," and beginning " If this," has been accidentally transposed. It should follow at line 11 page 151 the words " title of Letter CXLV." 6ybr subsisted, read subsists. line Minayar, read M4n4wilr. .... 9 gram, reod grain. ....21 brother-in-law, read relative. .... 8 ....21 The words " at Muscat" shouH follow " Commercial Consul," instead of following " Hydery." note 13 /or A. D. 1764, read 1 759 60. Ubjee, read Ubjud. want of encouragement, rfodwanl of arrange.... 1

.... 5

— —

— — —

ment.

345 347 349

name uncertain. 5y<"' Khullar, read Khulfan. realization, read execution. .... 3 .... 16 reasonably, read seasonably. note 4 ~- ten, read two. line 4 ~" the latter is, read the latter are. note 8 line 4 /*" the perusal, read their peiusal, and de/e of. ... 12 put the bracket after " them," instead of after " claims." ..,.40 line 5y<"' translation, read transaction. line 5 The words " some of," should have stood between brackets, thus [some of j. • ••• 9 /<" discharged, read iliscussed. recovery, read discovery. .... 9 ....21 de/e himself, and sulstilttie his (BOrhlnOddcen's)

371

note 15 /or

212 233 235 244 275 296 326

331

342

....

1

line

dt'e

— —

——

—

army.

402

— — note 10 —

411

line

391 395

420

.... 2 .... 19

^jS read ^^

was, read are. article, read articles. ((JLi- read ,01^

12 diie (Ae comma after however. .... 18 /or the stale, read that state. .... 14 At the end substitute a note of intettogalion full stop.

431 432 437 441

.... 10 /or extracts, read extract. customary rules, read customary riles. .. .. IG givinp, read given, note 2 Giilsliumibid, read GilshunibiJ. line 2 .... 13 after esiablubcd, insert at.

— —

—

for

the

&c.

uiNlvtRSITY OF CALtFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY " the last date stamped

'

University of California

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY 305 De Neve Drive

-

LOS ANGELES,

FACILITY

Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 CALIFORNIA 90095-1388

Return this material to the library from which

It

was borrowed.

JdWk

I

^JTlppoo SiilSan to

I.S,^,^,l!f5^;uB««,,^„

various public functionaries, DEMCO 2UN

_J)

*DS 470 T6A3

if'

000 446 01

'

1

I

Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan to Various Public Functionaries

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