Seed Germination and Stress Response of Mung Bean ( Vignaradiata L.) on L.) on Various Abiotic Factors 1 1 Custodio, SD. De Vera, S. Guillermo, KS.1 Maramba, CN.1 Salgado, CA.1 1 Department of Biology, College of Siene, !ni"ersity of t#e $#ilippines Baguio %ebruary 1&, '(1)
ABSTRACT
Seeds Seeds underg undergo o series series of e"ents e"ents during during germina germinatio tion, n, *#erein *#erein a radil radilee emerges t#roug# t#e seed oat. +#is eperiment *as onduted to understand t#e p#enomenon on seed germination and seedling gro*t#. Mung Bean, sientifially -no* -no*n n as Vigna Vignarad radiat iata a L., *as used as a test organism. t *as eposed to different stresses pertaining to temperature, p/, osmoti onentration, lig#t, and #ormones. +#e effet on t#e rate of seed germination and gro*t# of #ypootyl0 root lengt# of t#e germinated seeds *ere obser"ed and reorded. Data gat#ered *ere analyed using 2N304A5 AN2VA. 2n t#e one #and, based on t#e results obtained, seed germination did not our under lo* temperature. 2n t#e ot#er #and, #and, inrea inrease se seedli seedling ng gro*t# gro*t# is #ig# #ig# at inrea inreasin sing g temper temperatu ature, re, non0sa non0salty lty onditions, and *it# t#e presene of #ormone Gibberellin. /o*e"er, seedling gro*t# "aries in any p/ and lig#t onditions, yet, aording to resear#, #ig#er rate of gro*t# is more preferable at neutral p/ and *it# t#e presene of lig#t. +#er +#eref efor ore, e, base based d on t#e t#e stre stress ss resp respon onse sess obse obser" r"ed ed in t#e t#e eper eperim imen ent, t, it is indiati"e t#at seed germination and seedling gro*t# are possible at different onditions t#ey #a"e been eposed at. But under optimum onditions, t#ey ould gro* as a #ealt#y plant.
INTRO!CTION
n t#is eperiment, it is neessary to ompre#end #o* seed and seedling, germinate and gro*, respeti"ely. +o obser"e t#e effets of different fators, su# as temperature, p/, "arying osmoti onentration, lig#t, and #ormones, on t#e de"elopmental proess. Seeds are embryoni plant in resting ondition or seed dormany. +#ese remain dormant or inati inati"e "e until until onditi onditions ons are rig#t rig#t for germi germinati nation. on. +#e resump resumpti tion on of gro*t# gro*t# of t#is t#is embryoni plant is -no*n to be t#e germination stage. Mung Bean 6Vi 6Vignaradiata gnaradiata L) belonging L) belonging to t#e 7egume %amily, li-e ot#er plant speies, #as to meet its optimum onditions, su# as #a"ing enoug# sunlig#t and plenty of *ater, in order to germinate and gro* as a #ealt#y plant. 67eubner, '(((8. Seed germination is a omple p#ysiologial proess triggered by imbibitions, *#ere t#e upta-e of *ater by dry seed our, after possible dormany me#anisms #a"e been released by a prompt. Germination depends on bot# eternal and internal onditions of t#e gro*ing plant. t starts *#en a seed is pro"ided *it# appropriate *ater and temperature. Seeds epand as t#ey imbibe *ater, and t#eir enymes and food supplies beome #ydrated. /ydrated enymes beome
ati"e, t#us t#e seed inreases its metaboli ati"ities to produe energy for t#e gro*t# proess. Moreo"er, t#e sie of t#e ell is in proportion *it# t#e inrease in pressure inside aused by t#e *ater. !nder fa"orable onditions, rapid epansion on embryo9s gro*t# ulminates in t#e rupture of t#e o"ering layers and emergene of t#e radile. +#e emergene of t#e radile is onsidered as t#e ompletion of germination *#ere t#e protrusion of t#e radile tip is "isible. Aording to seed p#ysiologists, t#is transition point is also #arateried by t#e loss of desiation tolerane and is a moleular #e-point a de"elopmental moleular s*it# from t#e germination program to t#e seedling program. 67eubner, '(((8.
MAT"RIA#S AN M"T$OS
Mung bean seeds *ere immersed in *ater *#erein t#e floating un#ealt#y seeds *ere disarded and t#e sun-en "iable seeds *ere used in t#e eperiment. +#ere *ere fi"e different set0 ups and ea# tested t#e effets of 6a8 temperature, 6b8 p/, 68 osmoti gradient, 6d8 lig#t and of 6e8 #ormones. $etri plates *ere leaned, lined up *it# otton and e:ually distributed *it# ten mung beans. %or 6a8, t#ree $etri plates *ere *et *it# distilled *ater, saturating t#e otton. 3a# plate *as put in a room, lo* 6refrigerator8 and #ig# 6inubator, ;(<8 temperatures. %or 6b8, t#ree plates *ere *et *it# solutions of p/ ;.(, p/ 11.( and distilled *ater. %or 68, t#ree plates *ere *et *it# NaCl solutions #a"ing "arying onentrations of (.)g NaCl='((ml, 'g NaCl=1)(ml, and of )g NaCl=1)(ml. %or 6d8, t*o plates *ere *et *it# distilled *ater. 2ne plate *as set on a normally lig#ted plae *#ile t#e ot#er one *as in a dar- plae. 7astly, for 6e8, t#ree plates *ere *et *it# distilled *ater 6ontrol8, '(ppm gibberelli aid 6GA8, and *it# '(ppm indole aeti aid 6AA8 solution. +#e plates *ere plaed in a dar- area. All t#e plates in ea# set0up *ere labeled aordingly. After t*o days, perent germination of ea# set0up *as obser"ed t#en fi"e days, t#e lengt#s of #ypootyl0root ais *ere measured using a ruler. +#e findings *ere analyed using statistial met#ods.
R"S!#TS AN ISC!SSION
Germination entails a "ariety of biop#ysial and bio#emial proesses from t#e initial imbibitions of *ater and t#e re0establis#ment of membrane integrity to t#e ati"ation of numerous enymes and metaboli pat#*ays and finally t#e elongation of t#e root *#i# ruptures t#e testa6Simon et al, 1>?@8. t is dependent on en"ironmental fators, su# as *ater, lig#t, temperature and oygen, t#ereby onfirming our understanding of t#e ideal onditions re:uired for t#e germination of seeds in a predetermined speies 62li"eira et al., '(1;8. +#ere *ere t*o separate data olletions made in t#e eperiment. +#e first data olletion for e"ery set0up *as done t*o days after t#e start of t#e eperiment and t#en follo*ed by a seond data olletion *#i# *as done after fi"e days.
Setup
3ffet of
Tab%e &' a* data of t#e seed germination and seedling gro*t# lengt#. )ercent Condition Germinati $*pocot*%sRoot #engt+ (cm, on oom >( ?.& ).) @.& .@ .; ?.1 ).> ).;
).1
.;
+emperatu re +emperatur e
3ffet of p/
3ffet of Varying 2smoti Conentrati on
3ffet of 7ig#t
3ffet of +emperatur e
2"en efrigerat or p/ ? 6distilled *ater8 p/ ; p/ 11 (.) g NaCl='(( ml solution ' g NaCl= 1)( ml solution ) g NaCl= 1)( ml solution
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No seed germinated
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Data reorded and used in statistial analysis.
Figure &. $erent germination of t#e mung beans obser"ed after ' days.
+#e data olleted, t*o days after, s#o*ed great differene in t#e germination of mung beans subeted at different onditions. All of +#e mung beans plaed inside t#e o"en at ;?EC, p/ ;, (.) g NaCl='(( ml solution, ) g NaCl= 1)( ml solution, lig#t onditions, dar- onditions, *ater and gibberelli aid germinated *#i# s#o*s 1(( germination after t*o days. +#e lo*est number of seed germinated in t#e eperiment *as t#e mung beans plaed inside t#e refrigerator *#ere not a single mung bean germinated *#i# s#o*s ( germination after t*o days. Temperature
After fi"e days, anot#er set of data olletion *as done *#ere t#e lengt#s of t#e ne*ly sprouted seedlings *ere measured. Also, t#e urrent onditions of t#e mung bean seedlings during t#e time of data olletion *ere as *ell noted. +#e first ondition obser"ed *as t#e effets of temperature. +emperature is an en"ironmental fator t#at signifiantly affets germination. /o*e"er, t#ere is no optimum and uniform temperature for all speies 6Be*ley, D. et al., '((@8. Germination ours *it#in a defined range and *ill not our abo"e or belo* t#ese limits.
Figure -. 7engt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings at "arying temperature.
+#e effets of temperature to t#e mung beans *ere obser"ed in t#e eperiment. All of t#e mung beans germinated at t#e t#ree "arying temperature setting after fi"e days. +#e mung bean seedlings plaed at room temperature #ad lengt#s ranging from .;m to ?.&(m. +#e mung bean seedlings plaed inside t#e o"en *#ere t#e reorded temperature *as ;?EC, #ad lengt#s raging from ?.(m to 1;.)m *#i# s#o*s a faster seedling gro*t#. +#e mung bean seedlings plaed inside t#e refrigerator #ad lengt#s ranging from (.&(m to 1.;m *#i# s#o*s poor seedling gro*t#. 6%igure '8 Aording to t#e study of Simon et al. 61>?>8, lo* temperature may not only redue perentage of germination but also delay germination. Still on t#e study of Simon et al. 61>?>8 on mung beans, t#e lo*est temperature at *#i# )( of t#e seeds *ould germinate *as about 11.)oC and at temperatures a little belo* t#is, some seeds *ill germinate but e"en after prolonged periods t#e maority still fails to germinate. +emperature affets t#e speed and perentage of germination, primarily influening *ater upta-e and impating t#e bio#emial reations and p#ysiologial proesses t#at determine germination 6+ai and Feiger, '((>8. +#e measured lengt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings *ere also subeted to statistial analysis 6table ' and ;8 to see if t#ere are signifiant differenes among t#e "arying temperature onditions. Tab%e -. +#e mean, standard de"iation and >) onfidene inter"als for t#e dependent "ariable 67engt#8 for ea# separate group 6oom +emperature, 2"en +emperature and efrigerator +emperature8, as *ell as *#en all groups are ombined escripti.es
N
Mean
Std. De"iation
73NG+/ Std. >) Confidene nter"al 3rror for Mean
Minimu m
Maimu m
room o"en ref +otal
1( 1( 1( ;(
).@?(( >.@&(( 1.1'(( ).>((
1.'1)@& '.)>>>1 .1;>& ;.>((;
7o*er Bound .&(( ?.&'(1 1.('(( .(;;@
.;&; .&''1? .('' .?1'1(
!pper Bound @.);>@ 11.);>> 1.''(( @.>@
.;( ?.(( .&( .&(
?.&( 1;.)( 1.;( 1;.)(
Tab%e /. +#e table t#at s#o*s t#e output of t#e AN2VA analysis of t#e mung bean seedling lengt# subeted to "arying temperatures ANOVA
73NG+/
Bet*een Groups 4it#in Groups +otal
Sum of S:uares
df
Mean S:uare
%
Sig.
;@@.&)
'
1&;.'?
@@.@
.(((
?.;1; 1.1@?
'? '>
'.?)'
4e an see t#at t#e signifiane le"el is belo* (.() 6table ;8. +#erefore, t#ere is a statistially signifiant differene in t#e mean lengt# of t#e mung beans subeted to "arying temperatures 6see appendi to see post0#o results8.
pH
Figure /. 7engt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings at different p/.
Net, t#e effets of p/ to t#e mung beans *ere obser"ed in t#e eperiment. All of t#e mung beans germinated at t#e t#ree "arying p/ setting after fi"e days. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# *ater *#i# is neutral #ad lengt#s ranging from @.m to ?.;m. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# a solution at p/ 11 *#i# is basi #ad lengt#s raging from .?m to @.&m. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# a solution at p/ ; *#i# is aidi #ad lengt#s ranging from ;.)m to @.;m 6%igure ;8. Neutral p/ is t#e most preferable p/ for seed to germinate. Some enymes may be inati"ated by t#e "ery aidi en"ironment. Sometimes, t#e presene of / ions only #as a negati"e effet on plant de"elopment 6C#odura, '((8. n t#e ase of some plants t#eir gro*t# in aid soil is possible but seed germination must ta-e plae in less aidified en"ironment beause of t#e need for maintenane of t#e appropriate p/ of t#e soil solution for amylolyti en ymes initiating germination 67ee, 1>>&8. /o*e"er, aid soil p/ stimulates initial de"elopment p#ases of some speies. +#ese speies inlude plants *it# t#i- seed oats. +#e effet of aid p/ may be diret, manifesting itself in dissolution of t#e seed oat or indiret *#i# in"ol"es t#e stimulation of onditions for de"elopment of some speies of fungi *#ose ation auses perforation of t#e seed oat 6Vlees#ou*ers et al., 1>>)8 A study onduted by Bu-"i et al. 6'((?8 on t#e germination of Pisum sativum s#o*ed a #ig#er seed germination affeted by lo*ering p/ to ).(, yet a furt#er de"elopment of seedlings *as better at a #ig#er p/. +#e measured lengt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings *ere also subeted to statistial analysis 6table and )8 to see if t#ere are signifiant differenes among t#e different p/ le"els.
Tab%e 0. +#e mean, standard de"iation and >) onfidene inter"als for t#e dependent "ariable 67engt#8 for ea# separate group 6*ater, p/11, p/;8, as *ell as *#en all groups are ombined. escripti.es
*ater p#11 p#; +otal
N 1( 1( 1( ;(
Mean @.>'(( ).@)(( ).(((( ).&)@?
Std. De"iation .;(?& .?;@?; 1.1'>( 1.11&(
73NG+/ >) Confidene nter"al for Mean Std. 7o*er !pper 3rror Bound Bound .(>@;& @.?('( ?.1;&( .';'>& ).1';( @.1??( .;)?1) .1>'1 ).&(?> .'(1> ).;>( @.'?;
Minimu m @.( .?( ;.)( ;.)(
Maimu m ?.;( @.&( @.( ?.;(
Tab%e 1. +#e table t#at s#o*s t#e output of t#e AN2VA analysis of t#e mung bean seedling lengt# subeted to p/ le"els
ANOVA
73NG+/
Bet*een Groups 4it#in Groups +otal
Sum of S:uares
Mean S:uare
df
%
Sig.
1>.(?;
'
>.);@
1.>@>
.(((
1?.'(1 ;@.'?
'? '>
.@;?
4e an see t#at t#e signifiane le"el is belo* (.() 6table )8. +#erefore, t#ere is a statistially signifiant differene in t#e mean lengt# of t#e mung beans subeted to different p/ le"el 6see appendi to see post0#o results8.
Osmotic Concentration
Figure 0. 7engt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings at different osmoti onentrations.
After t#at, t#e effets of "arying 2smoti Conentration to t#e mung beans *ere obser"ed in t#e eperiment. All of t#e mung beans germinated at t#e t#ree "arying osmoti onentration setting after fi"e days. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# (.) g NaCl= '(( ml solution #ad lengt#s ranging from ;.>m to ).;m. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# ' g NaCl= 1)( ml solution #ad lengt#s raging from 1.(m to 1.m. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# )g NaCl= 1)( ml solution #ad lengt#s ranging from 1.1m to 1.;m 6%igure 8. n many plant type, germination and seedling gro*ing p#ase is "ery sensiti"e to salt stress. n general, t#e #ig#est germination perentage ours in non0salty onditions and it dereases depending on t#e asending salt onentrations 6K#an et al,'((>8. Seeds germination begins *it# *ater inta-e but it dereased by t#e salt 62t#man, '(()8. +#e derease in *ater
inta-e of t#e seed in salty onditions, osmotially and by t#e ion toiity *it# aumulation of Na and Cl ions #ig#ly around t#e seeds, pre"ents t#e seed germination. n t#e eperiment, lo* solute onentration s#o*ed t#e #ig#est #ypootyl0root ais lengt# and t#e #ig# solute onentration s#o*ed lo* or none #ypootyls0root ais lengt#. +#e #ig#er t#e salt onentration, t#e lo*er is t#e #ypootyls0root ais lengt#. /ig#er solute inside t#e seed, t#en t#ere is lo*er solute onentration in t#e outside en"ironment. As t#e solute mo"es out, *ater goes inside t#e seed. Strong delay of germination *as obser"ed mainly at t#e #ig#er le"el of salt onentration. A study by Hamil et al. 6'(()8 reported t#at germination of Brassica speies 6 abbage, auliflo*er, anola8 dereased as t#e salinity onentration inreased. Aording to t#e study onduted by a#man et al6'((>8, asending salt onentrations not only pre"ent t#e germination of t#e seeds but also etend t#e germination time by delaying t#e start of germination. /ig# salt onentration dereases germination perentage. Salt tolerane studies *#i# #a"e done during germination time are important for determining t#e plants9 salt tolerane in t#e early and late gro*ing p#ases 6Fapata et al., '((;8. Seeds re:uire #ig#er amount of *ater upta-e during t#e germination under t#e salt stress due to t#e aumulation of t#e soluble solutes around t#e seeds *#i# inreases t#e osmoti pressure. +#is auses eessi"e upta-e of t#e ions *#i# results in toiity in plants 6Hones, 1>&@8. Moreo"er, *ater potential gradient bet*een t#e eternal en"ironment and t#e seeds also in#ibits t#e primary root emergene 63neas %il#o et al., 1>>)8. +#e measured lengt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings *ere also subeted to statistial analysis 6table @ and ?8 to see if t#ere are signifiant differenes among t#e different osmoti onentrations. Tab%e 2. +#e mean, standard de"iation and >) onfidene inter"als for t#e dependent "ariable 67engt#8 for ea# separate group 6(.)g NaCl= '(( ml solution, ' g NaCl= 1)( ml solution, )g NaCl= 1)( ml solution 8, as *ell as *#en all groups are ombined escripti.es
73NG+/
(.)g 'g )g +otal
N 1( 1( 1( ;(
Mean .)>(( 1.1>(( 1.1@(( '.;1;;
Std. De"iation .&1?& .11(() .(@>>' 1.@@(&)
Std. 3rror .1)';) .(;&( .(''11 .;(;';
>) Confidene nter"al for Mean 7o*er !pper Bound Bound .') .>;@ 1.111; 1.'@&? 1.11(( 1.'1(( 1.@>;' '.>;;)
Minimu m ;.>( 1.(( 1.1( 1.((
Tab%e 3. +#e table t#at s#o*s t#e output of t#e AN2VA analysis of t#e mung bean seedling lengt# subeted to "arying temperatures
Maimu m ).;( 1.( 1.;( ).;(
ANOVA
73NG+/
Bet*een Groups 4it#in Groups +otal
Sum of S:uares
df
Mean S:uare
%
Sig.
??.?);
'
;&.&?@
@&.1&1
.(((
'.'' ?>.>>)
'? '>
.(&;
4e an see t#at t#e signifiane le"el is belo* (.() 6table ?8. +#erefore, t#ere is a statistially signifiant differene in t#e mean lengt# of t#e mung beans subeted to "arying osmoti onentrations 6see appendi to see post0#o results8. Light
Figure &. 7engt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings at differently lig#ted areas
+#en, t#e effets of lig#t eposure to t#e mung beans *ere obser"ed in t#e eperiment. All of t#e mung beans germinated at t#e t*o different lig#t setting, lig#ted plae and dar- plae, setting after fi"e days. +#e mung bean seedlings plaed under t#e lig#ted plae #ad lengt#s ranging from .)m to ).@m. +#e mung bean seedlings plaed at t#e dar- area #ad lengt#s raging from ).m to @.&m 6%igure )8. Mung bean germinates e"en *it#out eposure to lig#t. 7arge seed *it# t#in oat t#at does not need lig#t to start germination. Bot# t#e amount of lig#t *#i# inludes lengt# of eposure and p#otosynt#eti p#oton flu density and :uality of lig#t are en"ironmental ues t#at signal onditions potentially suitable for seedling establis#ment and sur"i"al 6$ons, '(((8.
Aording to t#e study onduted by Serrano0Bernardo et al 6'((?8, lig#t is important for seed germination and t#at many speies respond to t#e en"ironment *it# t#e optimal gro*t# and de"elopment aording to t#e lig#t t#ey reei"e. n aordane *it# t#e result of our study, some seeds germinate similarly in lig#t and dar-ness *#ile ot#ers do it more readily eit#er under lig#t or dar-ness onditions. Also, lig#t re:uirements for germination an "ary *it# temperature 6Serrano0Bernardo et al., '((?8. Kno*ledge of speies0speifi lig#t re:uirements for germination ould indiate *#et#er restoration pratitioners s#ould time seed so*ing efforts to plant anopy de"elopment or *#et#er eess sedimentation ommon in ne* restorations in agriultural landsapes redued seed germination of plants on *etland areas 6Huri- et al., 1>>8. +#e measured lengt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings *ere also subeted to statistial analysis 6table & and >8 to see if t#ere are signifiant differenes bet*een t#e a"ailability of lig#t.
Tab%e 4. +#e mean, standard de"iation and >) onfidene inter"als for t#e dependent "ariable 67engt#8 for ea# separate group 6lig#ted plae, dar- plae8, as *ell as *#en all groups are ombined escripti.es
lig#t dar+otal
N 1( 1( '(
Mean ).1((( @.(((( ).))((
Std. De"iation .@1&& .)''&1 .@@@1(
73NG+/ >) Confidene nter"al for Mean Std. 7o*er !pper 3rror Bound Bound .1@(@ .?@>@ ).;( .1@);; ).@'@( @.;?( .1&> ).';&; ).&@1?
Minimu m .)( ).( .)(
Maimu m ).&( @.&( @.&(
Tab%e 5. +#e table t#at s#o*s t#e output of t#e AN2VA analysis of t#e mung bean seedling lengt# subeted to "arying temperatures ANOVA
73NG+/ Sum of S:uares Bet*een Groups 4it#in Groups +otal
df
Mean S:uare
%
Sig.
1@.@
.((1
.()(
1
.()(
.;&( &.;(
1& 1>
.';
4e an see t#at t#e signifiane le"el is belo* (.() 6table >8. +#erefore, t#ere is a statistially signifiant differene in t#e mean lengt# of t#e mung beans subeted different lig#t a"ailability.
Hormones
Figure -. 7engt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings added *it# different #ormones
7astly, t#e effets of #ormones to t#e mung beans *ere obser"ed in t#e eperiment. All of t#e mung beans germinated at t#e t#ree different #ormone setting after fi"e days. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# Gibberelli Aid #ad lengt#s ranging from @.&m to ?.)m. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# ndole Aeti Aid #ad lengt#s raging from '.@m to ;.@m. +#e mung bean seedlings added *it# *ater #ad lengt#s ranging from '.@m to ;.@m 6%igure @8. +#e e"idene for #ormone partiipation omes from t#e assoiation of #ormone onentration *it# speifi de"elopment stages, effets of applied #ormones and t#e relations#ip of #ormones to metaboli ati"ities. +#e appliations of gibberellins inreases t#e seed germination perentage by adding t#e fat t#at gibberellins also inreases t#e amino aid ontent in embryo and ause release of #ydrolyti enyme re:uired for digestion of endospermi star# *#en seeds rene* gro*t# at germination 6C#au#an, H. S. et al., '((>8. +#e measured lengt#s of t#e mung bean seedlings *ere also subeted to statistial analysis 6table 1( and 118 to see if t#ere are signifiant differenes among t#e different #ormones. Tab%e &6. +#e mean, standard de"iation and >) onfidene inter"als for t#e dependent "ariable 67engt#8 for ea# separate group 6GA, AA, *ater8, as *ell as *#en all groups are ombined escripti.es
N
Mean
Std. De"iation
73NG+/ >) Confidene nter"al for Mean Std. 7o*er !pper 3rror Bound Bound
Minimu m
Maimu m
GA AA *ater +otal
1( 1( 1( ;(
?.''(( ;.1&(( &.(((( @.1;;;
.;;'@? .;))'& .'>()> '.1?1@@
.1()'( .11';) .(>1&> .;>@>
@.>&'( '.>')& ?.?>'1 ).;''
?.)&( ;.;' &.'(?> @.>'
@.&( '.@( ?.@( '.@(
?.&( ;.@( &.( &.(
Tab%e &&. +#e table t#at s#o*s t#e output of t#e AN2VA analysis of t#e mung bean seedling lengt# subeted to "arying temperatures ANOVA
73NG+/
Bet*een Groups 4it#in Groups +otal
Sum of S:uares
df
Mean S:uare
%
Sig.
1;;.&?)
'
@@.>;?
@'.>;
.(((
'.&>' 1;@.?@?
'? '>
.1(?
4e an see t#at t#e signifiane le"el is belo* (.() 6table 118. +#erefore, t#ere is a statistially signifiant differene in t#e mean lengt# of t#e mung beans subeted to different #ormones 6see appendi to see post0#o results8. +#e eperiment s#o*s t#e different e"idenes about t#e ontributing fators *#i# go"erns t#e o"erall de"elopment of plant. $lant gro*t# is not only regulated by t#eir genes but also regulated by t#e gro*t# #ormones, nutrient and en"ironmental fators.
#IT"RAT!R" CIT"
Bernardo0Serrano, %., osua, H7., I Dia0Miguel, M. 6'((?8. 7ig#t and temperature effets on seed germination of four nati"e speies of Mediterranean #ig# mountains 6Spain8. International Journal of Experimental Botany, ?@, '?0;&. Bu-"i G., Grlusi S., oman V., 7u-i D., 7a-o"i ., No"oselo"i D.6'((?8. Seed age and p/ *ater solution effets on field pea 6$isum sati"um 7.8 germination. Not. Bot. ort. !gro"ot. #lu$ ;)618, '(0'@. C#au#an, H.S.,+omar, 5.K., ndra-umar Sing#, N., Ali,Seema and Debarati. 6'((>8. 3ffet 2f Gro*t# /ormones 2n Seed Germination And Seedling Gro*t# 2f Bla- Gram And /orse Gram. Hournal of Amerian Siene, )6)8J?>0&. C#odura $., Komosa A., Koota +.6'((8. 3ffet of p/ of media on dynamis of maroelement ontent in lea"es of green#ouse tomato gro*n on mineral *ool. %oc&. !%' Po&naniu CCCC7V, '>0;) Lin $olis#. De 2li"eira, AK, ibeiro, H4,$ereira, KC. I Sil"a, CA. 6'(1;8. 3ffets of +emperature on t#e germination of (iptycandra aurantiaca6 %abaeae8 seeds. !cta *cientiarum, ;) 6'8, '(;0'(&.
3neas, %il#o, H., 2li"eira Neto. 2. B., $riso, H. +., Gomes %il#o, 3., Monteiro C. 61>>)8, 3ffets of salinity in "i"o and in "itro on otyledonary galatosidases from Vigna unguiculata 67.8 4alp. during seed germination and seedling stablis#ment. %evista Brasileira de +isiologia Vegetal, ? 6'8, 1;)01'. Hamil, M., C.C. 7ee, S.!. e#man, D.B. 7ee and M. As#raf. '((). Salinity 6NaCl8 tolerane of Brassica speies at germination and early seedling gro*t#. Electron. J. Environ. !gric. +ood #em. , >?(>?@. Hones, . A. 61>&@8. /ig# salt tolerane potential in Lycopersicon speies during germination. Eupytica, ;), )?)0)&'. Huri- +4, 4ang S0C, "an der Val- AG. 61>>8. 3ffets of sediment load on seedling emergene from *etland seed ban-s. etlands 1,1)>1@). K#an, /.A., C.M. Ayub, M.A. $er"e, .M. Bilal, M.A. S#a#id and K. Fiaf. 6'((>8. 3ffet of seed priming *it# NaCl on salinity tolerane of #ot pepper 6#apsicum annuum 7.8 at seedling stage. *oil - Environ. '&618J &1&?. 7ee H.A.61>>&8. $lant0soil interations at lo* p/J priniples and management. .A. Date, N.H.Grundon, G.3. ayment, M.3. $robert 6eds.8, Vegetatio ,1;@6'8, '>0')(. 7eubner, G. 6'(((8 Seed germination. e #ttpJ==***.seedbiology.de=germination.asp
*eed
Biology
Place.
etrie"ed
from
2t#man, 5.6 '(()8. 3"aluation of Barley Culti"ars Gro*n in Hordan for Salt +olerane. $#.D +#esis, Hordan !ni"ersity of Siene and +e#nology, Hordan. $ons +7. '(((. Seed responses to lig#t. nJ %enner M, ed. SeedsJ t#e eology of regeneration in plant ommunities. Ne* 5or-, N5J CAB nternational. a#man, M., !.A. Soomro, M. Fa#oor0ul0/a: and S. Gul. 6'((&.8 3ffets of NaCl salinity on *#eat 6riticum aestivum 7.8 ulti"ars. orld Journal of !gricultural *ciences. 6;8, ;>&(;. Simon, 3, Min#in, A, Mmena#in, M, I Smit#, HM.61>?@8 +#e lo* +emperature limit for Seed Germination. Ne' Pytologist , ??, ;(10;11. +ai, 7, I Feiger, 3.6'((>8. $lant $#ysiology ed. $orto AlegreJ Artmed. Vlees#ou*ers 7.M., Bo*meester /.H., Karssen C.M.61>>)8. edefining seed dormanyJ an attempt to integrate p#ysiology and eology. J. Ecol ., &;, 1(;101(;?. Fapata, $.H., M., Serrano, M.S. $retel, A. Amoros and M.A. Botella. 6'((;8. C#anges in et#ylene e"olution and polyamine profiles of seedlings of nine ulti"ars of Lactuca sativa 7. in response to salt stress during germination. Plant *cience. 1@J))?)@;. A))"NI7 "FF"CT OF T"M)"RAT!R"
Tab%e &-. Multiple Comparisons at t#e effets of temperatures
Dependent VariableJ 73NG+/ +u-ey /SD Mean 68 6H8 Differene Std. +3M$ +3M$ 60H8 3rror Sig. room o"en 0.(1((6O8 .?1>; .((( ref .))((6O8 .?1>; .((( o"en room .(1((6O8 .?1>; .((( ref &.)@((6O8 .?1>; .((( ref room 0.))((6O8 .?1>; .((( o"en 0&.)@((6O8 .?1>; .((( O +#e mean differene is signifiant at t#e .() le"el.
>) Confidene nter"al 7o*er !pper Bound Bound 0).&>@ 0'.1?( '.?1( @.;&>@ '.1?( ).&>@ @.?'( 1(.;>>@ 0@.;&>@ 0'.?1( 01(.;>>@ 0@.?'(
73NG+/ +u-ey /SD Subset for alp#a P .() +3M $ N 1 ' ; ref 1( 1.1'(( room 1( ).@?(( o"en 1( >.@&(( Sig. 1.((( 1.((( 1.((( Means for groups in #omogeneous subsets are d isplayed. a !ses /armoni Mean Sample Sie P 1(.(( "FF"CT OF )$ Tab%e &/. Multiple Comparisons at t#e effets of p/
Dependent VariableJ 73NG+/ +u-ey /SD >) Confidene nter"al Mean 68 6H8 Differene Std. 7o*er !pper $/ $/ 60H8 3rror Sig. Bound Bound *ater p#11 1.'?((6O8 .;)@>) .(( .;&)( '.1))( p#; 1.>'((6O8 .;)@>) .((( 1.(;)( '.&()( p#11 *ater 01.'?((6O8 .;)@>) .(( 0'.1))( 0.;&)( p#; .@)(( .;)@>) .1&' 0.';)( 1.);)( p#; *ater 01.>'((6O8 .;)@>) .((( 0'.&()( 01.(;)( p#11 0.@)(( .;)@>) .1&' 01.);)( .';)( O +#e mean differene is signifiant at t#e .() le"el.
73NG+/ +u-ey /SD Subset for alp#a P . () $/ N 1 ' p#; 1( ).(((( p#11 1( ).@)(( *ater 1( @.>'(( Sig. .1&' 1.((( Means for groups in #omogeneous subsets are d isplayed. a !ses /armoni Mean Sample Sie P 1(.(((.
"FF"CT OF OSMOTIC CONC"NTRATION Tab%e &0. Multiple Comparisons at t#e effets of osmoti onentration
Dependent VariableJ 73NG+/ +u-ey /SD Mean 68 6H8 Differene Std. 2SM2+C 2SM2+C 60H8 3rror Sig. (.)g 'g ;.(((6O8 .1'&&? .((( )g ;.;((6O8 .1'&&? .((( 'g (.)g 0;.(((6O8 .1'&&? .((( )g .(;(( .1'&&? .>?1 )g (.)g 0;.;((6O8 .1'&&? .((( 'g 0.(;(( .1'&&? .>?1 O +#e mean differene is signifiant at t#e .() le"el.
73NG+/ +u-ey /SD Subset for alp#a P . () 2SM2+ C N 1 ' )g 1( 1.1@(( 'g 1( 1.1>(( (.)g 1( .)>(( Sig. .>?1 1.((( Means for groups in #omogeneous subsets are d isplayed. a !ses /armoni Mean Sample Sie P 1(.(((.
>) Confidene nter"al 7o*er !pper Bound Bound ;.(&() ;.?1>) ;.11() ;.?>) 0;.?1>) 0;.(&() 0.'&>) .;>) 0;.?>) 0;.11() 0.;>) .'&>)
"FF"CTS OF $ORMON"S Tab%e &1. Multiple Comparisons at t#e 3ffets of /ormones
Dependent VariableJ 73NG+/ +u-ey /SD Mean 68 6H8 Differene Std. /2M2N3 /2M2N3 60H8 3rror GA AA .(((6O8 .1@;@ *ater 0.?&((6O8 .1@;@ AA GA 0.(((6O8 .1@;@ *ater 0.&'((6O8 .1@;@ 4ater GA .?&((6O8 .1@;@ AA .&'((6O8 .1@;@ O +#e mean differene is signifiant at t#e .() le"el.
Sig. .((( .((( .((( .((( .((( .(((
73NG+/ +u-ey /SD Subset for alp#a P .() /2M2 N3 N 1 ' ; AA 1( ;.1&(( GA 1( ?.''(( *ater 1( &.(((( Sig. 1.((( 1.((( 1.((( Means for groups in #omogeneous subsets are d isplayed. a !ses /armoni Mean Sample Sie P 1(.(((.
>) Confidene nter"al 7o*er !pper Bound Bound ;.@??1 .('> 01.1'> 0.1?1 0.('> 0;.@??1 0).1&'> 0.)?1 .1?1 1.1'> .)?1 ).1&'>
