Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases Bacterial diseases may often be treated by antibiotics. Viral diseases are immune to antibiotics; therefore, vaccines are typically the best form Anthrax of prevention. Botulism AIDS (caused by the HIV virus) Cholera Chicken Pox and Shingles (caused by the varicella zoster virus) Dental Caries (tooth decay) Common cold (often caused by the rhinovirus but can also be caused by coronaviruses and adenoviruses) Gonorrhea Dengue fever (caused by the mosquito-borne dengue virus) Legionnaire's Disease Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever (caused by the ebola virus) Lyme Disease Hepatitis MRSA Herpes (caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2) Peptic Ulcer Disease Influenza (caused by viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae) Pertussis (whooping cough) Measles (caused by the morbillivirus) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Mumps (caused by the mumps virus) Strep throat Mononucleosis, also known as mono or glandular fever (caused by the Epstein-Barr virus) Syphilis Polio (caused by the poliovirus) Tetanus Rabies (caused by the rabies virus) Tuberculosis Rubella Small Pox West Nile Virus Yellow Fever
Fungal Diseases The technical term for a fungal disease is a mycosis. Athlete's foot Dutch Elm Disease Ergotism Histoplasmosis Potato Blight Ringworm Thrush Protozoan Diseases Malaria Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Estuary Associated Syndrome Giardiasis Cryptosporidiosis Prionic Disease Mad Cow Disease Scrapie Kuru Parasitic Worms Hookworm Pinworm Schistosomiasis Tapeworm Trichinosis
Relative Size of Microbes: 10-9 – 10-7 (EM, atoms, proteins, virus), 10-7-10-4(LM,prokaryotes), 10-4-10-3(EYE, Eukaroyotes)
Gram staining is a type of differential staining, meaning it separates bacteria into two different groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) based on their reactions to the procedure. Because of widely varying responses, Gram staining cannot be performed on archaea. The first step in the procedure is to heat fix the bacteria; then, those bacteria are stained with crystal violet, the primary stain, for one minute. In an aqueous solution, crystal violet disassociates into CV and Cl ions, which penetrate through the cell wall. CV ions react with negatively charged particles in bacterial cells and stain them purple. The third step is to apply iodine as a mordant, or trapping agent, for one minute. It reacts with the crystal violet and prevents removal of the purple stain. After the remaining iodine is rinsed away, alcohol decolorizer (sometimes acetone) is added until the primary stain is removed in Gram-negative bacteria because alcohol dissolves the outer membrane. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria retain the primary stain because it becomes trapped in their thick, multi-layered walls of peptidoglycan. The final step is to apply safranin (sometimes basic fuchsin) as a counterstain. This gives the Gram-negative bacteria their final red-pink color. Characteristics of Gram-Positive Bacteria:Typically, outer membranes because Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane. Certain types of Gram-positive bacilli, most importantly Lactobacilli (used in milk and dairy products), cannot form spores. Characteristics of Gram-Negative Bacteria:Gram-negative bacteria have thinner walls of peptidoglycan and two membranes and periplasmic space between them. Because of the safranin counterstain, they become red-pink after Gram staining. There are many Gram-negative aerobic (oxygen-using) bacteria. Championed by Lynn Margulis in the 1960s, the endosymbiotic theory holds that mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells originated from proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively. Evidence for this theory includes that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide through binary fission, not mitosis like the rest of the cell. These organelles, which are the same size as bacteria, also have their own different, circular DNA and two membranes. Chloroplasts in some algae have cell walls of peptidoglycan n.
Beneficial vs. Harmful Bacteria • Most are beneficial (over 99%) contribute to the quality of human life • They live in every environment on earth • Microbes are important in ecological systems • They are important to biogeochemical cycles • Human digestion depends upon them • They are important to the food industry and the productions of many products • Microbes help with wastewater and oil spill cleanup • A small minority of microbes cause disease Types of microscopes: Visible Light(2000X):Bright Field (Light), Dark field, Phase Contrast(live specimens), DifferentialInteference(Dissecting, two prisms add contrasting colors, 3D,unstained specimens) Ultraviolet rays(2000X):Fluorescence(colored image against black field, dye, diagnosing infections from bacteria, protozoa, virus using fluorescent antibodies), Confocal(laser beam of light) Electron Beam forms image of specimen(5000X-106X, bombarding electrons )Transmission Electron(105X, cells, virus), Scanning Electron Microscope(650,000X,3D) Changing Objectives lo-hi: field size^, field of view is darker, size of image^,resolution^,working distance decreases, depth of focus is reduced.
INDUSTRIAL USES Microbes (fungi and bacteria) are used to make antibiotics Algae are being used to make petroleum Yeast and bacteria are used in producing medicines MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Major producers in aquatic environments Decomposers – bacteria and fungi – in many ecosystems Key role in Biogeochemical cycles to recycle carbon, nitrogen, carbon, water Natural pest killers in gardens and on crops Breakdown oil from oil spills Serve as natural water treatment Can cause some ecological problems as red tide and algal blooms Involved in many symbiotic relations as lichens, human digestion, rumens of cows Key in maintaining ecological balance on Earth ARCHAEA Are Prokaryotic Similar to bacteria in many characteristics Cell walls lack peptidoglycan + other differences Origin very old - during formation of the earth Extremely tolerant to heat, acid, and toxic gases Found in extreme habitats in anaerobic environments to produce methane, high salt concentrations or hot acid environments Involved in carbon & nitrogen cycles, assist in digestion, & can be used in sewage treatment
FOOD PRODUCTION • Milk into yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, cheese • Aid in production of chocolate, bread products, wine, beer, tea • Pickling process to make pickles from cucumbers and sauerkraut from cabbage FOOD SPOILAGE AND DECOMPOSITION OF FOOD Microbes play a key role – bacteria and fungi – in food spoilage and decomposition Many types can live at low temperatures as mold on food in the refrigerator Food preservation techniques as salt and high acid affect microbes FERMENTATION PRODUCTS • Carbon dioxide – bread making using baker’s yeast • Alcohol – wine making and brewing using yeast • Lactic Acid – lactic acid bacteria ferment milk into products as yogurt WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY • Microbes play a key role in drinking water and waste treatmentacilitie Are involved in natural waterways Involved in maintaining septic tanks Coliform bacteria as E. coli can contaminate water making it unsafe
Bacterial Diseases: [Name, microbe, shape, description, treatment] Peptic Ulcer Disease, Helicobacter Pylori, Spiral, caused by stress, antacids. Meningitis, Meningitis, Cocci, symptoms – high fever, stiffness of neck, prevention-Haemophilus influenza B vaccine. Pertussis(whooping cough), Bordetella Pertussis, Rod, treated by antibiotics, get immunized Bacterial Pneumonia(Rocky Mountain ALGAL PROTISTS (ALGAE) diatoms Spotted Fever, Tick Typhus, Tobia Fever), Rickettsia rickettsii, caused by agents such as ticks, mosquitos, Are Eukaryotic treated by antibiotics, Botulism, Clostridium botulinum, Cocci, nausea cramps, treated by Botulinus antitoxin, Found in fresh and salt water environments Strep Throat(Pharyngitis), Streptococcus, fever, sore throat, treated by Penicillin, amoxicillin. Lyme Can live on rocks, trees, and in soils with enough moisture Can carry on photosynthesis – produce large amount of oxygen Disease(Borreliosis) Borrelia Burgdorferi, Spiral, caused by ticks, chills, fever, joint inflammation, treatmentfor life on earth antibiotics. Cholera,vibrio cholera, water-borne diarrhea vomiting, treatment is oral rehydration and antibiotics. Diatoms, Volvox, Clamydomonas , Spirogyra Dental Carries(tooth decay), streptococcus, lactobacillus. Tetanus, Clostridium Tetani, rod, stiffness in all Shells of diatoms – silica – mined to make abrasives Algal blooms can use up oxygen in water – harming other organisms body, locked-jaw syndrome, prevented by vaccine. Toxic Shock Syndrome, Staphylococcus aureus and as fish Streptococcus pyogenes, fever. Legionnaire’s disease, Legionella Pneumophila, non-capsulated rod shaped, fever-chills-vomiting, caused by unfiltered water. Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, no definite shape, ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS (PROTOZOA) Protozoa means “little animal” – act like tiny animals - Eukaryotic airborne, chronic cough-fever.Typhus(jail fever)Rickettsia Typhi, caused by lice, fleas, poor hygiene, treated by Hunt other microbes for food antibiotics Doxycycline,tetracycline Anthrax Mainly feed on bacteria, also other protozoa and some algae Viral Diseases Mononucleosis(Kissing disease), passed by saliva, fever sorethroat. Common Cold, Rhinovirus Digest food in digestive organelles or Coronavirus, Chicken Pox, Varicella zoster Virus, blobular, rashes and blisters, can get a vaccine. Ciliates, Amoebaes, Flagellates – organized by mode of transportation Poliomyelitis, Poliovirus, vaccine Rabies, caused by animal bite, fever chills hypersalivation and hydrophobia, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena are examples hallucination, paralysis death Dengue fever(Breakbone fever) sudden high fever and rash. Caused by mosquito Most are not harmful – a few are harmful bites. SmallPox, Variola Major-Variola Minor, delirium bleeding rash vomiting, vaccine Viral Certain protozoa can cause dysentery and malaria Encephalitis(poliovirus, coxsakievirus, echovirus) caused by insect bites, contaminated food, inflammation of FUNGI the brain, use mosquito repellent Herpes caused by sex, red sensitive skin, itching and pain- antiviral Yeast medications. Viral Pneumonia. Influenza. West Nile Fever, mosquito bites infected bird and then humans, no • Cellular level, more like animals than plants – Eukaryotic • Can’t synthesize their own food vaccine use mosquito nets, Measles, Rubeola, ENT, Yellow Fever, mosquito, Mumps-Epidemic Parotitis,spread • Single celled as yeast or multicellular clusters as molds & mushrooms thru air, swelling of jaw, temples and facepain, vaccine.AIDS, Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever • Multicellular ones form filament like strands – hyphae Fungal: Athelete’s Foot-Trichophyton, Tinea fungus multiplies rapidly between toes. Red and itchy, cracked • Grow best in slightly acidic environment – can grow in low moisture • Live in soil, on plants & animals, in fresh & salt water peeling skin, use Antifungal powder, Histoplasmosis- Ohio River valley fever, enters body thru lungs • One teaspoon of topsoil has about 120,000 fungi Ringworm-DermatophytidGram Tinea,positive fungus grows and multiplies on skin,scalp and nails. Red, itchy, blister bacteria • Baker’s yeast for bread and brewing, some fungi are used for antibiotics, others are Thrush- Candida, Oral infection – fungus feeds on stain keratin(skin) stain purple under Gram decomposers in the ecosystem • Some cause disease in humans, animals and plants – ruin ¼ to ½ of fruits &Protozoa/algal: vegetables per year Amoebic have dysentery, Plasmodium, protozoa, Paralytic shellfish poisoning-algal a thickMalariabilayer wall of the polymer VIRUSES peptidoglycan. poison, muscles become paralysed, poison passes thru the system. Estuary Associated syndrome-algae, found Are acellular in fisheries, neurotoxins Gram negative bacteria Consists of a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) encased in red Spongiform encephalopathy), Creutzfeld-jacob disease in humans protein and in some cases a membrane-like envelope Prions – Mad cow disease stain –(Bovine have a thin layer of this polymer and an additional They come in many shapes (fatal),neurodegenerative lipopolysaccharide outer layer, LPS, Found anywhere there are cells to infest often endotoxic - capable of initiating Exist to reproduce – must take over a suitable host cell Uses the cell machinery of the host cell to reproduce inflammation and cell-mediated immune PRIONS responses e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, and • proteinaceous infectious particles, associated with a number of diseases such as Escherichia. o Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans o Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) in humans o Alpers syndrome (in infants), o Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) in humans o Kuru in humans o Scrapie in sheep, o Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad Cow Disease in cattle o Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild ungulates such as Mule deer and elk • These diseases are characterized by loss of motor control, dementia, paralysis, wasting and eventually death.
