úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh ^úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh&
tï' tï' frdayK jika;
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úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh m%:u uqøKh ISBN 978-955-51227-0-2 © tï' tï' frdayK jika;" 2008 Y%S ,xld cd;sl mqia;ld,h - m%ldYk.; iqÑlrK o;a;
jika;" tï' tï' frdayK úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh$ tï' tï' frdayK jika;'W;=re l=vdje,a,( l;D" 2008'ms'; ISBN 978-955-51227-0-2 i 133.5 äú 22 ii .%ka: kduh 1 fcHda;s¾úoHdj" iudcúoHdj" ixialD;sl wOHhk
wCIr ixfhdackh iy msgljrh tï' tï' frdayK jika; uqøKh hd;=ld¾ñl WmfoaYk fiajh wxl 25" W;=re l=vdje,a," kdl=¿.uqj' l;_D m%ldYkhls 2
fuf,djg ìysl< mS' ta' ,shkf.a wïudg;a rx lsß lg .E j¾Id yekakeÈf.a mqxÑfkdakd wd;a;ïudg;a isg.kakg w; ÿka tï' tï' fâúâ ;d;a;dg;a Èú .ukg w;aje,la jQ È,aldg;a Ôú;h rij;a l< kfjdaoHd iy oiqks ÈhKshkag;a wdofrka
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wiafk lSu ''' fcHda;s¾úoHd Ydia;%Sh ix.%hl wjYH;djh ;Èka u oekS hk jljdkqjl fujka lD;shla u.ska tlS ysoei msrùug l;=jrhd f.k we;s W;aidyh m%YxikShh' tï' tï' frdayK jika; uy;df.a ukd ixialrK yelshdjka ms
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ia;=;sh uilg jrla fyda fojrla f.or ish¿u fokd yd tlaj jg ù biaf;damqfõ ys|f.k mjqf,a whf.a mqiafld,fha ,shd we;s flakaor igyka tlsfkl f.k iqmÍCIdfjka n,d i;shlg fyda follg miq f.or tk mshdKkaf.a flakaor m,dM, l:khg ijka fhduq lr isàug l=vd l, isgu mqreÿ ù isá ldhH_hla úh' tfia neÆ mqiafld, flakaor igyka w;=frka b;du w,xldr whßka ksujd ;nQ tlu flakaorh udf.a flakaorh ùu ms
isxy, yeg mefha l%uhg ilia .kakd wdldrh ms
mß.Klhla ,Õ jdä ù lghq;= lsÍug iu;a ùu udf.a m%:u f.!rj Wmdêh ,enqug o f,dl= msájy,la úh' tys § uqK.eiqk wis; ngqjka;=vdj" iy lkaoidñ m%§ma l=udr hk fo fidfydhqrka yd tjlg tu tallh Ndrj isá wdpdhH_ isßu,a wfír;ak weÿre;=uka Èú .ufka wu;l l< fkdyels pß; jQy' fufia wd .ufka § mqj;am;a yd Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh ms
Y%S ,xld oDIH yd m%idx.sl l,d úYajúoHd,hSh Wml=,m;s uydpdhH_ chfiak fldÜgf.dv ue;s÷ka o k¾;k mSGfha my;rg k¾;k wOHhkdxYdêm;s uydpdhH_ ,hk,a fnka;rf.a ue;s÷ka o" Wvrg k¾;k wOHhkdxYfha ysgmq wxYdêm;s uydpdhH_ Okmd, ´úgf.or ue;s÷ka iy fcHaIaG lÓldpdhH_ ,xld;s,l ue;sksh o ;d,jdoH wxYfha wxYdêm;s ioaOd W;am,lkaof.a ue;s÷ka o iy Wvrg k¾;k wOHhkdxYfha wdOqksl lÓldpdhH_ Ydia;%m;s lS¾;s ;=udr mshkkao rEmisxy fidfydhqrd o fuys,d fkdjla ia;=;s mQ¾jlj isys le|úh hq;=h' kï i|yka fkdjkakg fhÿkq ;j;a fndfyda iyDo le
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mgqk • iudc úoHd;aul fcHda;sIh • brKu keu;s uDÿldx.h ,shk mß.Kl NdIdj fodai;rhs • Widúfha Widúfha wik kvq fia ,shefjk" lshefjk fi;alú • .%y wm, yd n,s Ydka;sl¾u • úis fmdfrdkaoïj, úoHd;aul me;slv • ffNrj fodaIh yd ffNrj mQcdj úÿ weiska • kele;a i;a úiai yd ne¢ ú/lshdj" wOHdmkh
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iudc úoHd;aul fcHda;sIh
T.iafÜ fldïÜ" uelaia fõn¾" tñ,a vqlayhsï iy ld¾,a udlaia úiska iudc .; lrk ,o iudchSh úIh Odrdjla f,i wm y÷kd.kakd iudcúoHd úIh Odrdj ngysr f,dalfha wd.ñl nqoaê mqkreofhka miq ìys jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. ngysr iudcfha tjlg meK ke.=k úIu iudc rgdjka yd úIu iudc M,hkag ms
" l,HdKj¾u" ffcñks" ñysr" ufyakaømdo" Ôjkd:dpdhH_ yd .fKaIdpdhH_ NÜfgda;Am," mD:qhiia wd§ wd;aóh úuqla;s {dk .fõYkfha kshq;= jQjka /ila úisks' fudjqkaf.a mrud¾:h o ngysr iudcúoHd úIh Odrdj iudc .; lrk ,o m`äjrekaf.a mrud¾:hg fnfyúka iudk;djla fmkakqï lrkq ,nhs' kuq;a ñirh" Bðma;=j" wrdìh" Ökh" neìf,dakshdj" uOHu weußldfõ udhkajre" hjk foaYh" nhsieka;shka wêrdcHh wd§ N+f. da,Sh l,dmhl fyda kuqÿ ìys jQ fcHda;S¾úoHd úIh Odrdj ckkhg odhl jQ m`äjrekaf.a fcHda;S¾úoHd kshuhka 12
yd m¾fhaIKhkays iudcúoHd úIh m:h blaujd we;s ;;ajhla oel.; yelsh' nDy;a mrdYr fydard Ydia;%h" fydardidrh" W;a;r ld,duD;h" .¾> fydardj" l,HdKj¾u idrdj,S" ffcñks iQ;%" ffoj{ldufèkqj" jDyaycd;l fyj;a jrdyñysrh" fydardNrKh" Ôjkd:dpdhH_ Ndj l=;=y,h" .fKaIdpdhH_ cd;ld,xldrh" Ndj m%ldYh NÜfgda;Am, àldj" m%Yak ud¾.h wd§ fcHda;S¾úoHd uQ,.%ka: mßYS,kh lsÍfï § fmkS hk m%n, fjkialï iys; lreKq /ila we;' ld¾,a udlaiaf.a iudch yd .egqu" fcyd¾â f,kaialsf.a iudch yd ;dCIKh" uelaia fjn¾f.a iudchSh ;¾ldmKh yd tñ,a vq¾layhsïf.a iudch yd l%shdjdoh jeks iudc úoHd;aul ú.%yhka ;=< mqoa.,hd iudch iu. fhfok wka;¾ l%shdj,sfha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lsÍug W;aydi ord we;s nj fmkS hhs' tys oel.; yels m%Odk fjki kï iudcúoHdj úiska m¾fhaIKhkag Ndckh lrk ,o mqoa.,hd yd iudch hk lreKq iudch ;=< mj;sk wdldrh wkqj ú.%y lr.ksñka th wjfndaO lr .ekSug .kakd ,o W;aidyhla nj fmkS hEuhs' kuq;a fcHda;S¾úoHdj úiska th isÿ lsÍfï § iuia: úYajhu ie,ls,a,g .ksñka mqoa.,hd yd iudch wjfndaO lsÍug W;aidy .kS' fuu W;aidyh ;=< mDÓú flakaøSh" mqoa., flakaøSh oDIaÀhla iys;j úYajfha l%shdldÍ;ajh ie
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tfia mDÓú flakaøSh" mqoa., flakaøSh oDIaÀhlska úYaj l%shdldÍ;ajh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka mqoa.,hd yd iudch wjfndaO lsÍug h;ak oeÍu iudcúoHd;aulj ú.%y l< fkdyelsh' tys,d iudcúoHdj úiska f.dKqlrkq ,nk m%Odk ;¾lh jYfhka f.kyermdk m%Ok fya;=j f,i fmkajd fokafka" úYaj l%shdldÍ;ajh mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg lrkq ,nk n,mEu ;drldúoHdfõ fidhd.ekSï wkqj" weig fmfkk wdf,dal lsrK .uka .kakd fõ.h" úYaj jia;+kaf.a ÿria;r Ndjhka wkqj mDÓúhg ,Õdùug .;jk ld,h mqoa., mrudhqIh blaujk neúks˜ hkqfjks' fuys,d fmkajdÈh hq;= lreKla we;' úYaj jia;+ka" úYaj jia;+kaf.a iajdNdúl wdf,dal lsrK yd úYaj jia;+kaf.a wdf,dalhka mDÓúhg ,Õdùug wdf,dal j¾I á%,shk .Kkla .; jqj;a" tys,d l%shd;aul j¾;udkh jYfhka olsk fudfyd; ;=< mqoa.,hdf.a Wm; ;SrKh lrñka mDÓú flakaøShj N+f.da,Sh wCIdxY foaYdxY wkqj wod< fõ,dfõ úYaj jia;+kaf.a msysàu is;shï .; lrñka fõ,dm;alvh ke;fyd;a mqoa., flakaø igyk ilikq ,nk nj oel.; yelsh' fkdtfia kï .%yhska we;=¿ úYaj jia;+ka mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg we;s lrk n,mEula ms
ndysr wjldYh wxYl 3600 jYfhka f.k is;shï .; lrk ,o úYaj jia;+kaf.a msysàu wkqj tu ndysr wjldYh iudk fldgia fod
o flakaø igyfkys tfldf
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u mß.Kl úoHdj Computer Science bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx. úfYaIfhka g%dkaisiag¾ we;=<;a fldg idok ,o ix.Dys; mßm: ^Integrated Circuit - IC) Ndú;d lrñka ilik ,o o;a; ieliqï WmlrKhla f,i mß.Klh l%shd;aul jk w;r tys l%shdldÍ;ajh yd Ndú;dj ms
u wêufkda úoHdj Para-Psychology wê-fN!;sl mqoa., ufkdaNdjhka ms
ilid .kakd ,o YíO l%shd we;=<;a úIh m:hls' u uQ¾;slrKh Sculpture ñksidf.a úkaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ñksia Èúfha úúO jQ mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d Ndú; lsÍug f.dv k.k ,o wkqrElrKhka iys; úIh m:hls' u leghï Carvings/ Ñ;% yd j¾K ixfhdackh Paintings and Colourings/ ieris,s Decoration ñksidf.a úkaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ñksia Èúfha úúO jQ mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d Ndú; lsÍug m%;sks¾udKd;aul ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o wkqrElrKhka iys; ;j o úIh m: lsysmhls' u k¾;kh Dancing ñksidf.a úkaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ñksia Èúfha úúO jQ mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d Ndú; lsÍug m%;sks¾udKd;aul ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o mqoa., YÍr.; ßoauh weiqre lr .ksñka ñksidf.a úkaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ñksia Èúfha úúO jQ mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d Ndú; lsÍug m%;sks¾udKd;aul ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o ;j o tla úIh m:hls' u wdf,dallrKh Lightings ñksidf.a úkaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ñksia Èúfha úúO jQ mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d Ndú; lsÍug m%;sks¾udKd;aul ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o úúO l%shdjka i|yd wdf,dalh weiqre lr .ksñka ñksidf.a úkaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ñksia Èúfha úúO jQ mrud¾: idOkfhys ,d Ndú; lsÍug f.dv k.k ,o ;j o tla úIh m:hls' 19
we;fula fuu úIhSh úYaf,aIKh i|yd úfrdaOd;aul wdl,amhla ±laúh yelsh' Bg fya;=j" fuys ±lafjk we;eï úIhhkaf.a uQ,sl isoaOdka;" ks¾jpk yd úêl%u Ndú;hka wkkH jQ ,CIK fmkajk neúks' tu úIhhka fuys,d iïnkaO;djla we;ehs iDcqj ms
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hï jia;=jla foi wm n,k wdldrh by; rEm igyka ;=
fuys olajk ,o ia:r tfldf
u; úIhh Odrdjka f.dvk.d we;s whqre;a wmg fï wkqj fmkajdÈh yelsh' fufia f.dvk.k ,o o¾Ykh we;=¿ iudchSh úIhh Odrdjka fuka u úoHdkql+, mokula we;s iEu úIhh Odrdjla u iy úoHdkql+, mokula ke;ehs i,lk úIhhka ish,a,u fuu rduqj ;=< wka;¾.; fldg we;' fuu rduqj ;=< fcHda;sIh úIhh ljr wdldrhlska f.dvke.S we;s o hkak fuka u th l%shd;aul jk wdldrh ms
ia:r f.dvk.d .kakd nj wmg fmkajdÈh yelsh' fufia f.dvk.d .kakd ia:r tlsfkl úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka iudchla f.dv kef.k whqre;a" tfia f.dv kef.k iudch ;=< mqoa., yd iudc wka;¾l%shdjka f.dvkef.k whqre;a" tu wka;¾ l%shdjka mdol fldg wd¾Ólh foaYmd,kh iy wfkl=;a fN!;sl úIh moaO;Ska f.dv k.d .kakd whqre;a iy iïnkaO;d;aul oDIaÀhlska ne,Sfï § wjfndaO l< yelsh' fï wdldrhg uQ,slj úIhh Odrdjka f.dvkef.k w;r tlS f.dvkef.k úIhh Odrdjka ixj¾Okh lsÍfï § úúO ikaêia:dk miqlr bÈßh n,d .uka lrk nj o wmg oel.; yels iajdNdúl isoaêhls' fuu úIh ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § oel.; yels ,CIKhla jkafka W;aidy lsÍï iy jer§ï˜ ;=
ud,suf.a weußldfõ isg ,shk ,o ,smshg wkqj" hful=g Ndjkdj Wmfhda. lrf.k mqoa.,fhl=f.a udkisl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha by< ia:rhlg ,Õdúh yels nj Tn lshjkakg we;ehs is;uq' t;=
fuu kso¾Ykh ;=
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brKu keu;s uDÿldx.h ,shk mß.Kl NdIdj fodai;rhs
mß.Klhla hkq bf,lafg%dkslj l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk hka;%hla jYfhka y÷kajdÈh yelsh' fuu hka;%h m%Odk jYfhka fCIa;% ;=kl l%shd;aul fjhs' tkï" oDVdx." uDÿldx. iy iÔù ueÈy;alrejl= jYfhka th yiqrejkakd fmkajdÈh yelsh' oDVdx. - mß.Klfha w;ska we,a,sh yels Wmdx. Hardware uDÿldx. - mß.Klfha l%shdldÍ;ajh Software iÔù ueÈy;alre - th yeisrùu Live-ware fuu m%Odk fCIa;% ;=fkys m
fjhs' ieliqï tallh tu o;a; úfYaIs; ;¾lK Wmdhhka weiqre lr.ksñka iÔù ueÈy;alre úiska ,ndfok úOdkhka wkqj l%shd;aul fjhs' m%;sodk tallh u.ska tfia ilid .kq ,nk o;a; mokï f;dr;=re jYfhka ksIamdÈ;hka f,iska t
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http://kendaralk.blogspot.com/2010/11/blogpost_20.html ys we;s flá ùäfhda la,smh keröfuka Tng th ikd: lr .; yelsh' fuu flá ùäfhda la,smh Tng ukfia fyda¾fudakuh úoHq;a Odrd ix{djka fla;kh l< yels nj f;areï .ekSug lÈu ksoiqkls' by; olajd we;s PdhdrEm tu ùäfhda la,smfhka .kakd ,o tajdh' m%Odk jYfhka mß.Klfha bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx. l%shd;aul lrùug wjYH úoHq;a Odrd ix{d jYfhka m%Odk wjia:d follska hq;=j l%shd;aul fjhs' tajd we; iy ke; hk wjia:d foflys mj;shs' fuh" úoHq;a Odrd ix{dj mej;Su iy ì|jeàu olajd,hs' mß.Klfha CIqø bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx.hkag f;areï .; yels tlu NdIdj fuu uQ,sl wjia:d fol muKla nj ie,lsh hq;=h'
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kuq;a fuu wjia:d fol Wmfhda. lr .ksñka úúO ;¾lK Wmdhhka u;ska Tn iÔùj mß.Kl ;srh u; olsk iEu w;=re uqyqK;la u ksueù we;s nj Wola isyshg .; hq;=h' mß.Kl ;srh u; uefjk mslai,hla ksuefjk ;s;la mjd úoHq;a Odrd ix{djkays we;s m%Odk wjia:d fol wkqj l%shd;aul jk nj meyeÈ
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fuu l%shdj,shg k;== jk mrs.Klh iy tys l%shd;aul uDÿldx. ks¾udKh ù we;s wdldrh by;ska ukdj wjfndaO lr.kakg we;ehs wm is;uq' uDÿldx.hla fla;kh lsÍfï ke;fyd;a hï úOdkhla iemhsh hq;= wdldrh flfia úh hq;= o hkak mß.Klhg y÷kajd §fï l%shdj,sh flfia isÿjkafka o lshd úuid n,uq' m
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fN!;sl jYfhka ñksid bkaøsh moaO;shl tl;=jla jYfhka .; yelsh' th úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § muKla fjka fjka jYfhka mj;shs' tfia fkdue;s wjia:djkays § Tyq fyda weh mqoa.,fhla jYfhka y÷kd.; yels fN!;sl YÍrhlska fmkS isáhs' fN!;sl YÍrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh udkisl l%shdldÍ;ajh u; isÿfjhs' udkisl l%shdldÍ;ajfhka fN!;sl YÍrh w;a ñÿk úfgl § ke;fyd;a fN!;slfhka udkisl;ajh úikaê ùula isÿjk úgl § fN!;sl YÍrh l%shd úrys; fjhs' fï ms
Wmfhdackh jk nj fmkajd § we;' th kshdu O¾u jYfhka l%shd;aul jk nj meyeÈ
u;=jk l¾u M,h keue;s m%Odk pß;fha wdêm;Hhg" .%yKhg mqoa.,hd f.dÿrejk wdldrh uekúka fmkajd § we;af;uq' fuu ,smsfha § wm mqoa., Ôú;h keue;s iskud mgfha m%Odk pß;h jk ffojh ke;fyd;a brKu hkak mß.Kl uDÿldx.hla jYfhka l%shd;aul jk wdldrh fmkajd §ug woyia lr we;s nj fuu ,smsfha ud;Dldfjka meyeÈ
brKu kue;s fuu újD; uDÿld.h (Open Source Software) mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia jk w;r tfia we;s jk fjkiaùu ljr idOl u; isÿjkafka o hkak úuish hq;= B<Õ lreKhs' mqoa., we.hqï" Ñka;k rgd" is;=ï me;=ï" wej;=ï mej;=ï mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia fjhs' th Nj.dó p¾hdjla f,iska mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul ùfï § Nj wka;r ld,h ke;fyd;a Njdka;rh keue;s ;sñrfhka w÷frka jeiS mej;Su fya;=fjka" j¾;udk mqoa.,hdg ish mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau oel .; fkdyelsh' fuh we;af;kau mß.Kl NdIdjlska ,shk ,o mß.Kl uDÿldx.hlah' hï uDÿldx.hla mß.Kl NdIdjla weiqre lr ,sùfï § wkq.ukh lrk mshjr lsysmhla fjhs' tu mshjr w;r mj;sk tla mshjrla kï úOdk ieliqu ixfla;kh fldg oelaùu (Compilation)hs' túg tu ixfla;k l%shdj,sh u.ska úOdk ieliqu ;ksj l%shd;aul úh yels tlla (Self-excecutable) njg mßj¾:kh lrhs' tfiau tu uDÿldx.h f.dKqjla jYfhka mj;sk wjia:dfõ § meyeÈ
mqoa., we.hqï" Ñka;k rgd" is;=ï me;=ï" wej;=ï mej;=ï wdÈfhys mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdj úfla;k l%shdjlg ,la fldg mQ¾j l¾u m:fha iajNdjh oel .; yelsh' ta i|yd kj uDÿldx.hla jYfhka fmkajd Èh yels fcHda;sIh bÈßm;a lr ,sh yelsh' tfiau fuu kj uDÿldx.h mß.Kl NdIdjla jYfhka o y÷kajd Èh yelsh' ta flfia o h;a" uDÿldx. m%Odk fldgia folls' ix.Dys; lÜg, jYfhka iy NdIdjka jYfhka tajd oel.; yelsh' fï wldrhg ixfla;kh ù we;s úOdk ieliqu foi ne,Sfï § Njdka;rh keue;s ;sñrfhka w÷frka jeiS mj;sk mqoa., mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau oel .ekSug kï ixfla;kh ù we;s úOdk ieliqu úfla;k l%shdj,shlg ,la l< hq;=h' ta i|yd YlH;djh we;s NdIdj fcHda;sIhhs' mqoa., mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau úfla;k l%shdj,shla u.ska mÍCIdjg ,la l< hq;af;a wehs o@ hk m%Yakh jeo.;a tlls' máÉp iuqmamkak wd¾h i;Hh ;=< oel.; yels oajd oi fya;= m%;Hhka wúoHdj keu;s fuu pl%fha iajNdjh fkdoel ys¢u jgd pl%hl wdldrfhka l%shd;aul fjhs' —wúÊcd mÉphd ixLdrd" ixLdr mÉphd ú[a[dKx" ''';kayd mÉphd Wmdodkx" Wmdok mÉphd Nfjda" Nj mÉphd cd;s" cd;s mÉphd crd urK fidal mßfoaj ÿlaL fodaukiaiqmdhdid ixNjka;s''' ˜ ^uÊCêu ksldh" Wmß mKaKdilh" Oïuplalmj;a;k iQ;%h& 36
fuu ;;ajh f;areï .; hq;af;a wehs o@ hk m%Yakh ke;fyd;a úfla;k l%shdj,shla u.ska mqoa., mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau mÍCId l< hq;af;a wehso hk m%Yakhg ksjerÈu ms
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mrs.Kl wdY%s;j l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk uDÿldx.hkaf.a mj;sk fodaIyrK l%shdj,shla we;' idudkHfhka uDÿldx.hl mej;sh yels fodaI j¾.hka ljf¾oehs m%:ufhka y÷kd.; hq;=h'
úOdk fla;k fodI - Syntax Errors jeros o;a; we;=,a lsrSu - Invalid Data Input l%shd;aul ùfï § we;sjk fodaI - Executable Errors
uDÿldx. wdY%s;j mj;sk fodaY ksYapfha oS idudkHfhka isÿ lrk l%shdj,sh kï tys wjika m%;sM,h u; ke;skï Output tflys osiajk frda. ixl+,;djhka wkqj th ksYaph lrkq ,eîuhs' tys oS we;sjk frda. ,CIK uQ,slj ;=ka wdldrhla .kS' tu ;=ka wdldr frda. ,CIK wkqj ksYaph l< yels fodaIhka o ;=ka wdldrhla .kshs' by; fmkajd ÿka úOdk fla;k fodI - Syntax Errors hkq uDÿld.xh ks¾udKh lsrSfï oS we;s jk wkjfndaOh u; iy moaO;s úOdk - System Commands ms
fukau ;ukag o whym;a m%;sM, we;s lrk l¾u hkqfjka l%shdjka fowdldrhlg j¾. l< yelsh' fuu fowdldrfha l%shdjka wkqj tajdfha m%;sM,h o fowdldr fjhs' fuu fowdldr m%;sM, we;s lsÍu i|yd mqoa.,hd úiska fÉ;kd;aulj isÿ lrk l%shdjka wkqj mqoa., Ôú;h keu;s moaO;sfha ixl+,;djka yg.kS' fuu ixl+,;djka yd >Gkd;aul ixisoaëka mqoa., fÉk;dj wkqj l%shd;aul fjhs' kuq;a fuu fÉ;kd;aul l%shdjka foi ne,Sfï § tajdfha úOdkuh fÉ;kd;aul Ndjh w;a;ínHdndOdh ^;uqkag wys; msKsi mj;sk& yd mrínHdndOdh ^wkqkag wys; msKsi mj;sk& hk ;;ajhka u; isÿlrk l%shdj,Ska u;ska we;sjk tajd f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' l< hq;a; yd fkdl< hq;a; hk oE u;ska we;sjk ixl+,;djka jeros o;a; we;=,a lsrSfï - Invalid Data Input fodaI jYfhka y÷kd .; yelsh' fuu ;;ajhka u; we;sjk ixl+,;djka fndfyd úg wmg je,elaùug we;s bv wyqrd,hs' fïjd fn!oaO ú.%hg wkqj fmkajd § we;af;a wdkka;ßh l¾u jYfhks' fuu wdkka;ßh l¾u hym;a yd whym;a hk fowdldrfhkau mj;sk w;r ta ta l%shdjkaf.a mj;sk ;;ajhka wkqj tajdg wod< ixl+,;djka mqoa., Ôú;fhys fmkakqï lrhs' l%shd;aul ùfï § we;sjk fodaI - Executable Errors fndfyda úg we;sjkafka mdßißl idOl u;h' fuh mdßißl mokï fodaY - Platform Errors jYfhka o wmg y\qkd.; yelsh' fuu mdßißl mokï fodaY - Platform 39
Errors fndfyda úg mqoa.,hd Ôj;ajk mdßißl jgdmsgdj u; ;SrKh jk tajdh' fmdÿfõ .;a l, fulS fodaIhka yrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ;=< m%uqL;dj .kafka fï i|yd ke;skï fuu fodaIhka ;yjqre lr .ekSug Ndú; lrk l%ufõoh l=ula o hkak u;h' fuys§ mqoa., ffojh keu;s uDÿldx.h ixfla;kh ù we;s tlla jk neúka úfla;k l%shdjla i|yd Ndú; l< hq;= ixfla;k l%shdj,shg wod< ke;skï th ks¾udKh lrk ,o úOdkhkaf.a úp,Hhka - Variables ks¾Kh l< hq;= fjhs' fuu úp,Hhka Variables ks¾Kh lsÍfï § th úp,Hhla nj oelaùu" úp,Hhg wod< fhÿu l=ula o hkak meyeÈ
NdIdj jk 0 iy 1 ke;skï úoHq;a Odrd ix{dj ì|jeàu iy mej;Su hk fla;hka fol njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ^Encode -fla;kh& fukau hka;% NdIduh fhÿul w¾:h idudkH jHdjydßl NdIdkqhqla;j wre;a .ekaùu ^Decode -úfla;kh& i|yd yelshdj we;s uQf,damdhsl ixcdkk" bf.kqï yd ;¾lk isoaOdka; moaO;shla jYfhka th fmkajdÈh yels nj wm l
.; lrkq ,nhs' th Tn ljqre;a okakd y÷kk mqoa., flakaø igykhs' fuu mqoa., flakaø igyk u.ska tu mqoa.,hd WmÈk Èkh" fõ,dj yd ia:dkh j¾;udkh fia i,ld Tyq fyda weh úiska isÿlrk ,o fÉ;kd;aul l%shdj,sfha Nj.dó p¾hdjka f,iska mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul mqoa., we.hqï" Ñka;k rgd" is;=ï me;=ï" wej;=ï mej;=ï wdÈfhys mQ¾j l¾u m:fha m%jdyl úmdl Odrdj ms
;SrKh l< yelsh' tfiau mqoa., ffojh ke;skï brKu kue;s uDÿldx. fha m%;sOdkfha iajNdjh y÷kd.ekSu ;=
,smsh lshjk Tng hï .eg¿ iy.; ixl,am yd jpk yuqjqjfyd;a Bg wod
44
.%y wm, yd n,s Ydka;sl¾u
úYajúoHd, uÜgñka W.kajk we;eï úIh Odrdjka foi ne,Sfï § fmkS hk lreKq lsysmhla we;' bka m
jk úmdlhka mqoa.,hdg n,mdk ld, jljdkq úYajfha mj;sk .%y jia;+kaf.a kduhka wkqj y÷kd.ekSug fcHd;sI úIhfhka msájy,la ,efnhs' tajd kj .%yhska hkqfjka fmkajd we;s w;r tu kj .%yhska fufiah' 1. rú 2. pkaø 3. l=c 4. nqO 5. .=re 6. Y=l% 7. Yks 8. rdyq 9. fla;= hkqfjka olajd we;' kuq;a mqoa., l¾u Yla;sh u; Bg wkqrEm jk úmdlhka mqoa.,hdg n,mdk ld, jljdkq ueK .ekSfï § mqoa.,hdg fuu kj .%yhska n,mdkq ,nk wdldrh úúOh' tys § úxfYda;a;Í uy oYd wkqrEm jk wdldrhg lrk ,nk j¾.Slrhla oel.; yelsh' fuu úxfYda;a;Í uy oYd j¾.SlrKfha § kj .%yhskaf.a wkqms
4. rdyq j¾I 18 5. .=re j¾I 16 6. Yks j¾I 19 7. nqO j¾I 17 8. fla;= j¾I 07 9. Y=l% j¾I 20 tl;=j j¾I 120 mqoa.,hdf.a mru wdhqI j¾I 120la jk whqßka ilia fldg we;s fuu j¾.SlrKfhys § ta ta .%yhskaf.a oYd ld,hkays uq, ueo w. hk ld,j, § ta ta .%yhskaf.a Wmam;a;s flakaøfha ;ekam;a jQ rdjHd§ kj .%yhskaf.a n, ÿn,;d wkqj fuu ;%sld,hkays wm, we;s fj;a' fufia we;sjk wm, ÿre lr .ekSu i|yd merKs iDIs l%ufõohkag wkqj ilia lrk ,o n,s Ydka;sl¾u /ila f.kyer olajd we;' mqoa., l¾u Yla;sh u; Bg wkqrEm jk úmdlhka mqoa.,hdg n,mdk ld, jljdkq ueK .ekSfï § mqoa.,hdg fuu kj .%yhska n,mdkq ,nk wdldrh wkqj fuu n,s Ydka;sl¾u fudkjdoehs f;drd.ekSu ukd m%d.=KHfhka hq;= n,s weÿrd iu;a fjhs' mqrd;kfhys n,s weÿrka fcHd;sIh" fjolu" uka;% Ydka;%h" ldjHlrKh" Ydka;sl¾u yd Ydka;sl¾uhka isÿ lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrk k¾;kh wd§ yi, Ys,am / ila oek isá úh;a msßila jYfhka lghq;= lrk ,§' wo wjdikdjlg fuka wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska lrf.k hkq ,nk úIh úfYaISlrK ms
fuu úIhhka tlsfklg fjkia yd tlsfklg lsisÿ in|;djkaf.ka f;dr yqol,d úIh Odrdjka njg m;a ù we;' kuq;a Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khla jYfhka Ydia;%Sh úIh m¾fhaIKd.drhla jk úYajúoHd,h ;=< fuu ;;ajh ilid.ekSug fjr ork njla fmkSu Ydia;% Wkak;sldó Ydia;%{hskaf.a meiiqug ,lajk lreKla yeáhg fmkajdÈh yelsh' by; fmkajdÿka wdldrfhka mqoa., l¾u Yla;sfha wkqrEm úmdl yd tajd n,mdk ld,jljdkq wkqj ieliS we;s .%y n, ÿn,;d u; we;sjk wm, ÿre lr .ekSu i|yd merKs iDIs l%ufõohkag wkqj ilia lrk ,o n,s Ydka;sl¾u fufia fmkajdÈh yelsh' kuq;a —Ydka;s m%§m˜ kï jQ lD;sfhys óg uola fjkia wdldrhg n,s kshuh olajd ;sfí' 1. rú j¾I 06 wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska ;%sN=jk hCIhd" ´x ld,s hCIKS • uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd isßfld;a n,sh • ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd j¾Idêm;s n,sh • w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd wNh l
ld,s hCIhd • uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd ld,uD;Hq n,sh • ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd Ydka;s ux., n,sh • w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd Y=N ux., n,sh 3. l=c j¾I 07 wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska N+; hCIhd" fidakoka; hCIKS • uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd N+u kd. n,sh • ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd uyfidma ux., n,sh • w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd fïI rl=iq n,sh 4. rdyq j¾I 18 wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska wiqr hCIhd" wiqr ld,s hCIKS • uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd wiqr.sß rdCI n,sh • ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd kd. rdCI n,sh • w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd iqg rl=iq 49
n,sh 5. .=re j¾I 16 wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska wNsudk hCIhd" kS,lKaÁ hCIKS • uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd j¾Idêm;s n,sh • ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd wNh l
• ueo fldgfia we;sjk m[aphka;% n,sh
wm,
i|yd
• w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd foaj l
me;sh hq;= foújre ljryq o hkak" .%y odk" iakdkhg T!IO" mQcd l< hq;= u,a" me<¢h hq;= mdIdK" me<¢h hq;= f,day" me<¢h hq;= hka;% yd mQcdlghq;= jDCIhka wdÈhhs'
52
Widúfha Widúfha wik kvq fia ,shefjk" lshefjk fi;alú '''
Widúhlg jeiailg j;a f.dv fjkak tmd hhs wfma merKs lshukla we;s nj Tn wid we;sjdg ielhla ke;' tfiau bvï kvqj;a Èlalido kvqj;a ksula oelsh fkdyels kvq .Kfhys,d i,lk kvq jYfhka kS;s fCIa;%fhys isák wh muKla fkdj idudkH ckhd mjd jvd;a fyd¢ka okakd lreKla jYfhka fmkajdÈh yelsh' fuu ,smsh Widú kvq mámdáh ms
ljqrekaoehs y÷kd.ekSu m%:ufhkau l< hq;= fjhs' tu md¾Yjhka fufia fmkajdÈh yelsh • widOdrKhg ,lajkakd flfrys we;s jQ widOdrKh isÿ lrk ,oehs pQÈ; ú;a;sfha md¾Yjh • kS;sh yd iduh /lSfï md¾Yjh • kS;sh yd iduh /lSfï md¾Yjhg wkq.;j isák f;dr;=re /ialsÍfï yd T;a;= úuiSfï md¾Yjh • isoaêhg wod< lreKq f.dKq lsÍu isÿ lrk kS;sfõ§ md¾Yjh • f.dKqlrk ,o lreKq bÈßm;a l< hq;= Widú md¾Yjh • Widú md¾Yjfha § f.dKqlrk ,o lreKq úksYaph i|yd bÈßm;a lrk f;da,al md¾Yjh • isoaêh iïnkaOfhka lrkq ,nk úNd.h mj;ajk cQß iNdj we;=¿ úksYaph md¾Yjh • wod< isoaêh iïnkaOfhka weiska ÿgq fyda fjk;a ,sÅ; yd w,sÅ; idCIs imhk md¾Yjhka • ú;a;s md¾Yjh wod< isÿùug jQÈ; jrfoa iajNdjh wkqj oKavKhg ,la l< hq;= kï o`vqjï ,nd§fï fyda nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍfï fyda fiajfha kshq;= md¾Yjh fuu md¾Yjhka ish,a, Widúh jgd f.dKq ù ta ;=< / f|ñka wod< isÿùu ms
t;eka isg wod< isÿùug iïnkaO ish¿ idCIs úuiSug ,la lrkq ,nhs' idCIs úuiSfï § isoaêhg wod< ish¿ idCIs md¾Yjhka Widúhg f.kajd idCIs úu¾Ykhg ,la lsÍu idudkH Widú mámdáhhs' fufia ish¿ idCIs úuiSfuka wkq;=rej idCIs u;ska jro Tmamq jQfha kï" widOdrKhg ,la jQ md¾Yjh fj; jkaÈ ,nd §ug o ú;a;sfha md¾Yjh jro ms
fi;alúhhs' ke;skï ,smsfha m%Odk f;audfõ olajk ,o kS;suh lreKq ie
,shejqk fi;alúh ;udgu .dhkd lr.; yels jkafka kuqÿ .ï iNd Widúhlg fyda ufyia;%d;a Widúhlg fyda uydêlrKhlg fyda fkdmsúi kvqjla mdf¾ fyda fndlal=jla Wv jdä ù fyda uxikaêhl kej;S fyda l:d l< fkdyelsjdla fuka Bg wod< ia:dkhla fj; fhduq úh hq;= ùu wksjd¾hh lghq;a;la jk nj isys ;nd .; hq;=h' ;uqkg iaffjÍj ;ksju fi;alúh lshùu i|yd yelshdj ;snQj o .ï iNd Widúhla fyda ufyia;%d;a Widúhla fyda uydêlrKhla /ia lsÍug ;uqkg n,;, we;af;a ;uqka ta i|yd wod< mámdáh wkq.ukh lrñka kvqf. dKqj ilid kS;sh yd iduh rlsk md¾Yjhka u.ska wod< Widúh fj; kvq f.dKqj fhduqlrùfuka muKs' ke;skï kS;sh yd iduh rlsk md¾Yjh fj; ;ukg jQ widOdrKh bÈßm;a lr Bg wod< meñKs,a, Tjqkg m%:ufhka fhduq l< hq;= fjhs' túg Tjqka tu ldrKhg wod< j kvqjla f.dKqlr Widúhg bÈßm;a lrhs' ke;skï ;uqka Widúhg kvq f.dKqjla fhduq lsÍug n,;, we;s kS;S{jrfhla ud¾.fhka ;u widOdrKhg wod< isoaêh kvq f.dKqjla jYfhka bÈßm;a l< hq;=h' túg Widúh ish¿ md¾Yjhka le|jd isoaêhg wod< widOdrKhg ,la jQ whg ksis idOdrK úYaphla ;¾ldKql+, idCIs u;ska ,ndfohs' fuu isÿùu mqoa.,hdg n,mdk .%y wm, i|yd ,shefjk lshefjk fi;alúhg wod< jkafka ljr kï wdldrhlg o hkak úuid ne,sh hq;=h' Widúh /ialsÍfï n,;, hkq ish¿ foaj;d fldÜGdY yd wukqIH fldÜGdY /ia lsÍug wjYH iaf;da;%" hdÈks" lkak,õ wdÈh oekisàu jYfhka fmkajdÈh yelsh' tfiau kS;sh fyd¢ka W.;a kS;S{jrfhl= fj; fhduq 57
ù ;ukag isÿ jQ widOdrKh meyeÈ
wduka;%Kh lsÍug kS;S{jrekag jvd f;da,al ;ekg n,;, we;sjdla fuka tlS iaf;da;% hdÈks" lkak,õ l< yels foaj.e;sjrfhl=" lmq uyf;l= fyda úydria:dkhl kï oCI pkaoia Ydia;%fhys fl< meñKs h;sjrhdKka flfkl= ta i|yd jvd;au iqÿiq fjhs' Tjqka
59
60
úis fmdfrdkaoïj, úµd;aul me;slv újdyh jQ l,S ukqIH Ôú;fha ikaêia:dkuh w;ska b;d jeo.;a ;ekla ysñlr.kakd ikaêia:dkhlehs lsjfyd;a ta ksjerÈh' ñksia Ôú;fha
igyk iq/lsj ;nd.ksñka úúO jQ wjia:djkays § th m%fhdackhg .ekSu fmrÈ. ixialD;sfha ±l.; yels ,CIKhls' fuu ,smf s hka Tfí wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug W;aidy .kafka ia;%S mqreI fofofkl=f.a flakaor igyka Wmfhda. lr .ksñka újdyfha § mÍCIdjg ,la lrk fmdfrdkaoï .e,mSu úµd;aul weilska ne,Su Wfoidh' tys § o úis fmdfrdkaoïj,g ysñ lr § we;af;a m%Odk ;ekls' tneúka úis fmdfrdkaoïj,ska mÍCIdjg ,la lrk ±fhys úµd;aul me;slv l=ula o hkak fuu ,smsfhka úu¾Ykh flf¾' • kele;a fmdfrdkaou • jDCI fmdfrdkaou • .K fmdfrdkaou • wdhqI fmdfrdkaou • ufyakaø fmdfrdkaou • mCIs fmdfrdkaou • ia;%S §¾> fmdfrdkaou • N+; fmdfrdkaou • fhdaks fmdfrdkaou • f.da;% fmdfrdkaou • rdYs fmdfrdkaou • j¾K fmdfrdkaou • rdYHdêm;s fmdfrdkaou • ,sx. Fmdfrdkaou • jYH fmdfrdkaou • kdä fmdfrdkaou • rÊcq fmdfrdkaou • Èk fmdfrdkaou • fõO fmdfrdkaou 62
• .%y fmdfrdkaou fuf,i mÍCIdjg Ndckh flfrk fmdfrdkaoïh' ia;%S mqreI fofokd w;r wfkHdakH iqyo;djh yd újdyh ksid mrudhqI úkaokfhka f;drj tla wfhl=f.a úfhdaj jkafka±hs úuiSu fuu fmdfrdkaoï mÍCIdfõ § úuiSug ,laflf¾' fmdfrdkaoï .e,mSfï § 80]la úYaj .%yis;h s fï ±lafjk pkaøhdf.a msysàu" oDIaÀh" n,dn," wjia:d úu¾Ykh ;=
iïnkaOfhka iudch f.dvke.+ iqcd; ore Wm;l iy wjcd;l ore Wm;l l;sldj fuu újdyh keu;s isÿùu jgd f.dv ke.S we;' pkaøhd .%y uKav,fha ia;%S ldrl .%yhd f,i i,lkq ,nhs' pkaøhdf.a msysàu iQhH_hdg ÿria: ùu iy ióm ùu wkqj ;sÒka .Kkh lrkq ,nhs' pkaøhd iïu; rdYs fod
fïI v jDIN v ñ:qk v lgl isxy v lkHd v ;=,d v jDYaÑl Okq v ulr v l=ïN v ók
rdYshla wxYl 03 l,d 20 ne.ska jk fldgia 09lg fnod we;' tajd kjdxYl f,i y÷kajhs' fuu kjdxYlj,g m%Odk .%yhska kj fokdf.a wêm;S;ajh fjka fldg we;' kjdxYl fldgia y;rl tl;=jla tla kel;la f,i jHjydrhg f.k we;' tla tla kel;l wêm;s .%yfhla fjhs' tkï tla rdYshl wxYl 13 l,d 20l whs;sh tla .%yfhl=g ysñlr § we;' m%Odk .%yhska 09 fokd w;f¾ fuu wêm;S;ajh fn§ f.dia we;' úYaj ljfha wxYl 360 ;=< wxYl 13 l,d 20 ne.ska kele;a 27la olajd we;' kele;a i;aúiai újdy iSyï q i|yd mÍCId flfrk ckaud§ ;;ajhka iy tys wêm;s .%yhska fufiah'
64
fmdfrdkaoï mÍCIdfõ § m%:ufhkau i,ld nef,kqfha fu wd§ jQ kele;a fmdfrdkaouhs' kele;a fmdfrdkaou u.ska uQ,slj ckau" iïm;a" úm;a" fCIau" m%;Hdß" idOl" jO" ffu;%S" mr ffu;%S hk wdldrhg ljr kï iajNdjhl kel;la iylreg fyda iyldßhg ysñjkafka oehs úuiSuhs' fï fcHda;sIdkql+, msßlaiSuhs' kele;a ysñ .%yhdf.a .;s ,CIK wkqj kelf;a iajNdjh ;SrKh flfrhs ' hï mq r eIfhl= g ys ñ jk kel;g fhda ð ; ia;%shf.a kel; iy tu ia;%shf.a kelf;a isg fhdað; mqreIhdf.a kel; olajd .Kkh lsÍfï § ysñjk ;;ajh l=ulao lshd úuiSu lrkq ,nhs' l,amoDu ixialD; uyd úYajfldaIfha 4 jk ldKavfha 632 jk msgqfjys o c.ka fudaykfhys o oelafjk mßÈ kele;a mdo ms
wx.úl, orrejka Wm§ug fyda fjk;a mrïmrdkqhd; we;eï frda.ldrl ;;ajhka we;s orejka bm§ug bllv we;s nj fuys§ fmkajdÈh yelsh' újdyhl § ia;%shf.a;a mqreIhdf.a;a iudk DNA wkq msysgk úg § mrïmrdkq.; hï hï wdndO we;s orejka we;s ùu flfrys th n,mdkq ,nhs' f,a {d;Ska w;r újdyh ngysr ffjµ úµdfõ o wkqu; fldg ke;af;a fufyhsks' DNA mÍCIdjla msùu j,lkq jia fuf;lska ta kj;d .K fmdfrdkaou fj; wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkafkuq' 66
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fN!u ^l=c& rdYs ^lduh& ñ:qk rdYsh
nqO wêm;s nqO wêm;s nqO wêm;s rú wêm;s nqO wêm;s
fuu flakaøysñhdf.a fm!reIh" yoj;" wd;au úYajdih yd lduh ksfhdackh lrkafka nqO .%yhdh' wdorh muKla isl=re ksfhdackh lrhs' fuu WodyrK mqreI flakaø igyk fukau rdYHdêm;s fmdfrdkaou mÍCIdfõ § ia;%shf.a flakaøfhys o fulS mia wdldr rdYHdêm;shka ljqreka±hs ksYaph lr .; hq;=fjhs' rdYHdêm;s fmdfrdkaofuys § ia;%S mqreI fofokdf.a flakaøhkaf.a .e,mSu ljr wdldroehs msßlaiSug m%:u ie,lsh hq;= lreKq /ila fjhs' tajd fufia oelaúh yelsh' rdYHdêm;s .%y kdu rú pkaø isl=re l=c Yks
95
nqO .=re
rdYHdêm;s .%y iajNdj rdYHdêm;s .%yhskaf. N+; wêm;s rú - f;afcda ^.sKaor& pkaø - wdfmda ^c,hg& nqO - mGú ^fmd,jg ;o fohg& isl=re - wdfmda ^c,hg& l=c - f;afcda ^.sKaor& .=re - wdldY ^Y+kH;ajh& Yks - jdfhda ^me;sÍu& rdYHdêm;s .%yhskaf. Od;= wêm;s rú - weg pkaø - f,a nqO - fiu isl=re - Y=l% l=c - ñÿ¿ .=re - fïO Yks - iakdhq rdYHdêm;s .%yhskaf. ;=kafoia wêm;s jd; - i÷ isl=re nqO Yks ms; - rú l=c nqO fiu - i÷ isl=re nqO .=re rdYHdêm;s .%yhskaf. uQ, øjH wêm;s;d rú - ;U pkaø - ueKsla nqO - ms;a;, isl=re - uq;= 96
l=c - .=re - Yks -
r;%x ߧ hlv
rdYHdêm;s .%y ksi¾. .;s iqN .%yhska mdm .%yhska rdYHdêm;s .%y ,sx. fNaoh ia;%S .%yhska mqreI .%yhska kmqxil .%yhska rdYHdêm;s .%yhd wfkla .%yhka yd olajk ñ;%dñ;%;d ñ;%
rú pkaø nqO isl=re l=c .=re Yks
- - - - - - -
l=c pkaø .=re rú nqO rú isl=re nqO Yks rú pkaø .=re rú pkaø l=c nqO isl=re
i;=re rú - isl=re Yks iu. i;=rehs pkaø - lsisÿ .%yfhla iu. i;=re ke; nqO - pkaø iu. i;=rehs 97
isl=re l=c .=re Yks
iu rú - pkaø - nqO - isl=re - l=c - .=re - Yks -
rú pkaø iu. i;=rehs nqO iu. i;=rehs nqO isl=re iu. i;=rehs rú pkaø l=c iu. i;=rehs
nqO rdyq iu. iuhs isl=re l=c .=re Yks iu. iuhs l=c .=re Yks iu. iuhs l=c .=re iu. iuhs isl=re Yks iu. iuhs Yks iu. iuhs .=re iu. iuhs
rdYHdêm;s .%yhska ta ta rdYSkays § olajk n, ÿn,;d fndfyda ÿrg fcHda;sI{hska úiska b;d ir,j ,.ak yd pkaø rdYs muKla rdYHdêm;s fmdfrdkaofuys § i,ld n,k kuqÿ fuu mia wdldr rdYs yd rdYHdêm;shka ms
1"000
m¾fhaIKhg Ndckh lrk ,o flakaø w;=frka rdYHdêm;s fmdfrdkaou ms
rdYsh
iqN uOHia:
wiqN wkq tl;=j
,.ak rdYHdêm;s ^fm!reIh&
35]
35] 30]
100]
pkaø rdYHdêm;s ^yoj;&
25]
35] 40]
100]
iQhH_ rdYHdêm;s ^wd;au úYajdih& 25]
45] 30]
100]
isl=re rdYHdêm;s ^wdorh&
40] 25]
100]
35] 98
fN!u ^l=c& rdYHdêm;s ^lduh& tl;=j
25]
40] 35]
100]
145$500 195$500 1 60$500 500
rdYHdêm;s fmdfrdkaofï i uia: .e,mSu
29]
39] 32]
145$500 195$500 160$500
100] 500
fuu ish¿ lreKq ms
99
100
ffNrj fodaIh yd ffNrj mQcdj úÿ weiska
mDÓúh me;,s ;eáhla fkdjk nj weßiafgdag,a ^Aristotal& yd fgd,ñ ^Ptolemy& úiska f,djg wkdjrKh lrk ,§' miqld,Skj fldm¾kslia ^Copernicus& iy .e,S,sfhda ^Galileo& hk wh mDÓúh ia:djr f.da,Sh yd flakaøSh ia:djr jia;=jla f,i fmkajdfok ,§' ksõgka ^Newton& iy whskaiaghska ^Einstein& úiska tu woyi m%Yak lsÍug ,la lrk ,o kuq;a ksYÑ a ; woyila bÈßm;a lsÍug W;ail q fkdjQy' y^¾&n,a ^Hubble& ¥f¾CIh ksmoùu;a" mß.Klh ksmoùu;a iu. iy 1988 j¾Ih jk úg ,nd.;a kQ;k 101
úµd;aul ÈhqKqj;a fya;=fjka mDÓúh ;ud jgd NuKh fjñka iQhH_hd flakaø lr b,smaiSh .uka u.la Tiafia mßNuKh jk f.da,dldr jia;=jla nj kùk úµdkql+, ksYaÑ; ks.ukhlg iuia: f,dalhd meñK ;sfí' fuu ks.uKhg meñKSfï § mDÓúfha f.da,dldr nj" wdk;Sh N%uKh" b,smaiSh mßN%uKh" N+flakaøSh O%ej l%shdldÍ;ajh" .=re;ajh yd pqïnl n, f¾Ld ks¾Kh hk lreKq ms
,oS' wk;=re fkdajd keue;af;l= úiska idok ,o kejg ke..;a Tyq m%uqL i;ajhska c, .e,afuka fíÍ .;af;ah' tfia uyd c, .e,afuka fíÍ.;a fkdjd iy Tyqf.a mq;=ka ;sfokd we;=¿ i;ajhska kej; ;DIAKdj yd lDDr;ajh lrd we§ .sfhah' fï fya;f = jka foaúhka jykafia úiska ujk ,o fmd
ms
m%isoaO k.rhl uyck leisls
wdldrh ±l.; yelsh' wkqrdOmqr uydúydr mqrdúµd leKSï N+ñfha leisls
wkq.ukh lrk neúka mdßißl iunr;dj /lSfuys,d th uy;a fia odhl fõ' ñksia l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka mDÓúfha l%shd;aul jkakd jQ pqïnl fCIa;%fhys we;sjk úIu n, mka;Ska úYaf,aIKh lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' hï N+ñ Nd.hla me
fmd
107
wm úiska zzfcHda;sIh yd èjks Yla;shZZ ms
108
kele;a i;a úiai yd ne¢ ú/lshdj" wOHdmkh
Tnf.a úu¾Yk wei ffNrj fodaIh yd ffNrj mQcdj flfrys fhduq fldg ta ms
Wiia fm< úNd.h iu;a jqj;a" Wmdêhla .;a;;a wkqkg w; fkdmdk /lshdjla lr .kakmq¿jka uÜgulg Ôú;h f.dvk.d .ekSu b;du;a wmyiq ld,hlhs wms wo Ôj;a fjkafk' fndfyda ;reK ;reKshkag m%Odk .eg¿jla ù we;af;a;uqkaf.a fkdie
;SrKh l< hq;=o@˜ hkak úi|d.ekSuls' fujeks orefjl=f.a wkd..ek ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ksoaÈ Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a flakaorh neÆ fouõmsfhl= fõ kï ta b;du;a w;f
ms
lreKq olajkq ,efí' Tfí Wmka kel;g ysñ fCIa;%h l=ula o lshd thska Tng n,d.; yels fõú' • wiaúo
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wdhq¾fõo$jDCIdhq¾fõo$wiqka ke.Su ^r:jdyk yeisrùu&$kele;a bf.kSu$^ld,.=K úoHd& Yl=K ksñ;s bf.kSu fnrK - wiqka" we;=ka yslauùu le;s - .sKs isis< l¾u ^w.aks ia:ïNk - my; rg kegqï wdÈfhys fhfok& w.aks mQcd frfyK - kCI;%h$ ksñ;s Ydia;%h$ w¾: Ydia;%h$ ^wd¾Ól úoHdj&$ lvq Ys,amh$ wd.ñl kHdhka b.ekaùu ^fõo Ydia;%& uqjisri - we;=ka wiqka yslauùu ^r: jdyk yeisrùu& $ u,a,jfmdr yd fjk;a wd;audrCIl igka l,djka$ iQm Ydia;% ^.Dy úoHd&$ ix.S;h b.ekaùu wo - we;=ka wiqka yslauùu ^r: jdyk yeisrùu&$ iQm$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a wd;audrCIl igka l,djka$ Nr; kegqï$ .Ks;h bf.k .ekSu iy b.ekaùu$ lvq Ys,am bf.k .ekSu iy b.ekaùu$ Ysjd.u bf.k .ekSu mqkdji - kegqï iy fnr .eiSfï l,dj$ yia; 112
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f¾Ld Ydia;%$ YíO Ydia;% ^fi;alú rpkh yd lsheùu& $ jHdlrK Ydia;%$ kele;a Ydia;% ^iqN uqyq¾: idOkh&$ ix.S;h$ ksñ;s Ydia;%h ^wkdjels iy wkd.; jdlH mejiSu&$ ;ka;$ Ydia;% .Ks;h weiqßka fjk;a NdIdkqhqla; uka;% rpkh iy .dhkh&$ uka;% Ydia;%$ T!IO Ydia;% ^wdhq¾fõoh& mqI - we;=ka yslauùu$ wiqka yslauùu ^r:jdyk yeisrùu&$ .Ks; dia;%$ wdhqO wNHdi ^ish¿ j¾.fha&$ fnr jehSu$ ;d,h iïnkaO Ydia;%$ yia: f¾Ld Ydia;%$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a wd;audrCIl igka l,djka$ kegqï iy kdgH oelaùfuys$ iQm Ydia;% ^.Dy úoHd&$ kele;a yd fjolu wia,si - ^ld,.=K úoHd& Yl=K ksñ;s bf.kSu$ úI fjolu ^ridhksl úoHd&$ wd.ñl b;sydilrKh ud - meúoao$ b.ekaùfuys$ b;sydih b.ekaùfuys mqjm,a - urKl¾u lsÍfuys ^w¨f.daiq fyda fjk;a urKl¾u lrkq ,nk jD;a;Ska$ uka;% m%fhda.% ;kaf;%daÉPdgk Ydia; W;%m,a we;=ka yslauùu$ wiqka yslauùu ^r:jdyk yeisrùu&$ ÿkq Ys,amfhys$ ;¾l 113
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Ydia;%fhys y; - kdgHlrKfhys$ ksñ;s Ydia;%fhys$ yia: f¾Ld Ydia;%fhys$ fnr jehqfuys$ kCI;% úoHdfjys$ fõoh bf.kqfuys$ .Ks; Ydia;%fhys$ wdhqO Ys,amfhys$ jHdlrK Ydia;%fhys is; - úis;=re l¾ufhys$ ;¾l Ydia;%fhys$ úIaKq mqrdKd§ mqrdK .%ka: ye§Ífuys$ .Ks;fhys id - fcHda;sI Ydia;%fhys$ we;=ka yslauùu$ we;=ka msg ke.Su$ wiqka yslauùu $ wiqka msg ke.Su ^r:jdyk yeisrùu&$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a igka l,djka wOHhkfhys$ ix.S;h$ wdhq¾fõoh$ iQm Ydia;%h úid - fcHda;sI bf.kqfuys$ wyia ;re mÍCId lsÍu wqe;=¿ jkakd jQ ;drld úoHdfjys wkqr - YHdu fõoh ke;fyd;a i;rjk fõoh yeoeÍfuys$ kele;a Ydia;% bf.Kqfuys$ kS;s Ydia;% bf.Kqfuys$ iQm Ydia;% bf.Kqfuys$ ldjHlrKfhys$ kdgHlrKfhys fog - rdc kS;s yeoEÍfuys$ ÿkq Ys,am yeoEÍfuys$ b;sydih bf.KSfuys uq, - ialkaO mqrdK bf.kSfuys$ fnfy;a iE§fuys 114
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^ ridhksl úoHdfõ § ( j¾;udkfha *duishl jev lsÍu& uka;% Ys,amfhys mqji, - i¾m úys; Ydia;% bf.Kqfuys ^ridhk úoHdj o we;=<;a fjhs&$ c, ia:ïN ^lsñÿï Ys,afhys& W;%i, we;=ka wiqka yslauùu ^r: jdyk yeisrùu&$ lvq Ys,amfhys$ w¾: Ydia;%fhys ^wd¾Ól úoHd&$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a igka l,djka wOHhkfhys iqjK - O¾u Ydia;% yeoEÍfuys$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a igka l,djka wOHhkfhys$ wdhqO Ys,amfhys$ we;a wia yrUfhys ^r: jdyk yeisrùu&$ kele;a Ydia;%fhys fokg - .Ks;dhq¾fõofhys ^ridhksl úoHd .Ks; l¾u yeoEÍfuys& wdhq¾fõofhys ishdji - f.da Ñls;aid ^mY= ffjoH l¾u&" fhda. Ydia;%" we;=ka yslauùu$ we;=ka msg ke.Su$ wiqka yslauùu $ wiqka msg ke.Su ^r:jdyk yeisrùu& mqjmqgqm - iQm Ydia;%$ ueKsla ms
• f¾j;S - .Ks; l¾ufhys$ wdhq¾fõofhys$ jdok Ys,amfhys$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a igka l,djka yeoEÍfuys$ O¾u Ydia;% yeoEÍfuys$ we;a wia yrUfhys ^r: jdyk yeisrùu& ta ta kele;aj,ska werôh hq;= ldhH_hka úYaj .%y is;shfï ke;fyd;a orejkaf.a flakaø igyfka oelafjk jD;a;Sh wkd.;h ms
116
foaYmd,k fcHda;sIh
ÿrd;S;fha mgkau fcHda;sIh hk jHjydrh iudch ;=< úúO jQ l;sldj;a weiqre lrñka j¾Okh ù we;' úúO jQ oDIaÀ fldaK weiqßka tu l;sldj;a kej; kej; o úuiSug ,la lr we;' tlS l;sldj;a foi úhqla;j ne,Sfï § ke;fyd;a tu l;sldj;aj,ska neyerj ta foi ne,Sfï oS fmkShkafka tu iEu l;sldj;la ;=
;=< meyeÈ
6. fcHda;sIh ms
úúO jQ nqoê a uh ;,hka ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ fcHda;I s {hska fj; fhduq jk mdßfNda.slhka o tu nqoaêuh ;,hka ksfhdackh lrk msßila fjhs' Tjqkaf.a fcHda;sI wjYH;djka imqrd,Su tu fcHda;sI{hska isÿ lrkq ,nkafka ;u ;uqkaf.a úúO jQ nqoaêuÜgï wkqjh' fuys§ isÿjk ;j;a fohla we;' tkï fuu nqoê a uh ;,hka jgd f.dKq jk foaYmd,ksl l;sldj;la ±l.; yelsh' nqoaêuh ;, yd foaYmd,kh w;r iïnkaO;djla flfia kï we;sjkafka o lshd Tng .eg¿jla mek ke.sh yelsh' th idOdrKh' foaYmd,kh iy fcHda;sIh hk úIhhka foi tljru n,k úg § lsisÿ iy iïnkaOhla ke;s wx. folla f,i fmkS hd yelsh' ke;skï ue;sjrK iuhl ljr foaYmd,k mCIhla ch ;yjqre lrkafkao hkak msqfldg we;' kuq;a fcHda;sIfhys úIh.; foaYmd,khla ±l.; yelsh' wêm;s u;jdo l%shdldÍ;ajh (Hegemony of Confederacy) fyj;a tla md¾Yjhla úiska ork wdl,amh wfkla md¾Yjhka fj;" md,kh lsÍfï woyiska fyda fjkhï 119
udkisl rduqjlg we;=<;a lsÍfï woyiska lghq;= lsÍu foaYmd,ksl ixl,amhla nj uQ,slj fmkajdosh hq;=h' th fcHda;sIh ;=< muKla ±l.; yels iqúfYaIS fohla fkdj iuia: iudchSh úµdjka .Khg wh;a jkakd jQ iEu úIhlgu fmdÿ ,CIKhls' fcHda;sIh ;=< fuu wêm;s u;jdo l%shdldÍ;ajh hï hï .=rel=, mokï lr úfgl l%shd;aul fõ' fndfyda wjia:djkays fuu .=rel=, mokï lr.;a wêm;s u;jdo l%shdldÍ;ajh fcHda;sIfhys ialCO;%fhka ;ka;%ialkaOh Ndú;h ;=< l%shd;aul jk nj wmg iq,nj ±l.; yelsh' ,xldfõ uE; b;sydifha b;du uE;la jk ;=re ,s;a.Ks;h iïnkaOfhka mej;sfha fuu ;;ajhhs' b;d m%isoaO ,s;a w;r zwEmd" brKu" úµdidr yd ,xld mÙpd[. .%yiaMqgZ hk ,s;a fjhs' fuu ,s;a m%ldYkh ;=< ,s;a .Ks;h ms
úúr ùuh' fuh b;du ,dNodhS jHdmdrhla f,i we;ful= mj;ajdf.k hhs' kuq;a fuu ;;ajh b;du;a ne?reï iy.; .eg¿jlg wmj fhduq lrjhs' b;du;a .eUqre YsCIKhlska hq;=j m<,a jQ ukilska yd ukeiska olsñka fCIa;h % ;=< lghq;= l< hq;= jqj;a fj<|m, kHdh u; mokïj fufia ìysjk fcHda;I s {hskf a .ka fndfydaúg isÿjkafka fCIa;%fha mdßfNda.slhka fCIa;%fhka bj;a lr,SSuhs' Tng z,xld fcHda;sI ix.%yfhysZ jßka jr úúO jQ Ydia;%ys;ldó Ydia;%jka;%hka úiska m< lrk ,o ,sms weiqfrka fmr ,xldfõ úiQ fld;auf,a .Ks;hd" ;x.,af,a isákdu¿fõ nrK .Ks;hd hkd§ fcHda;sI{hska lsysmfofkl= y÷kajd ÿka nj Tng u;l we;ehs is;uq' Tjqka uqøs; fyda wÉpq .ik ,o ,s;a Ndú; l< njla wid ke;af;uq' wf;a weÕsklhla Ndú; lsÍu tla w;lska myiq yd fõ,dj 121
b;sßlrk ud¾.hla f,i we;ful=g fmkajdosh yelsh' th i;H lreKls' wo iudch foi ne,Sfï § ld,h rkaj,g;a jvd ják ld,hla nj ikd: lreKls' fcHda;sIh jkdys id.rh n÷ jQ tlls' ;uka fcHda;sIh ms
ffjµjßhla úiska ,o ^Near Death Experience& urKdikak w;a±lSula mdol fldg 2006 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 22 jk bre Èk cd;sl mqj;a m;l m< jQ ,smh s lska fmkajd § ;snK q 's fuu l¾uh" l¾u M,h hk ixisoaëka uq,alr.;a woyi bia u ;= ls Í ug woyia lrk ,oa f oa fï ;= < mj;s k foaYmd,ksl l%shdodhu újrKh lr .ekSfï woyisks' 2004 uehs ui r;akmqrh wjg isÿ jQ uyd c, .e,Su;a" tu jif¾u foieïn¾ ui uqyqK ÿka iqkdñ jHikh;a Tng u;l we;ehs is;uq' 2005 jif¾ mlsia:dkfha isÿ jQ uyd N+ñlïmdj Tng isysm;a lrñ' tfiau weußld tlai;a ckmoh yryd yud .sh ±jeka; iq,s l=Kdgq ;;ajhka o Tng isysm;a lruq' fï Èkj, ,xldj" bkaÈhdj" nx.,dfoaYh yd ;j;a rgj,a .Kkdjl weoyef,k Odrdksmd; j¾Idj fya;=fjka c,.e,Sï ;;ajhka o isysm;a lr.uq' fuu ish¿ iajdNdúl jHikhkag uqyK q ÿka ñksik q f a .a brKu ljr wdldrhlg Tjqkf.a flakøa igykaj, we£ ;snf q kao hkak Tng fukau wmg o we;eï úfgl mqÿu t
lrk mYapd;a urK mÍCIK fyda ryia mÍCIl mÍCIK wod<;ajhla orkafka ishhg 60]l m%udKhla muKla nj wjOdrKh lr.; hq;=h' Bg fya;=j
ióm ixl,amhls' fcHda;sIfhys fuu mCI foaYmd,kh l%shd;aul jkqfha .=rel=, mokï lrf.kh' m%Odk Odrdjka folla fuu fcHd;sIfhys mCI ksfhdackhla orkq ,nhs' o, flakaø Ndú;d lrk iy Ndj flakaø Ndú;d lrk tu mCI fol fndfyda úg mCI.%dyS u;jdo l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs' fuf,i mCI.%dyS u;jdo ;=< we;eï ;ekl flakaøfha fldgq fod
125
fuu l;sldj iu. Tng tlÕùug fyda fkdùug bvlv we;snj oksuq' tfiau fuu l;sldj; ms
126
iudc .eg¿jla f,i zújdyh m%udo ùuZ úÿ weiska
iudc .eg¿jla hkq" hï N+f.da,Sh iSudjl jdih lrk ck fldgila flfrys tu ck fldÜGdYfha meje;aug ^iudc i;;ajh& ndOd we;s lrjk fiau tys .,dhdu ^iudc .;sl;ajh& wvmK lrjk hï l%shdj,shla ye¢kaùu i|yd iudc udkj úoHd{hska úiska Ndú; lrk ,o m¾hdh mohls' hf:dala; ixisoaêh y÷kdf.k tlS ixisoaêuh jgdmsgdj fjkia lsÍfuys ,d l%shdldÍ jkakkag ;;ajh meyeÈ
fï w;r foaYmd,k{hska ;uqka md,kh lrk N+f.da,Sh iSudj ;=< fjfik ck;djf.a hg lS wdldrfhka meK kef.k úúO jQ .eg¿ ksrdlrKh i|yd foaYmd,kuh úi÷ï fiùfuys ksr;j isá;s' fun÷ iudc .eg¿ úfgl b;d ne?reï wjia:djka lrd fhduq lrùug mjd fya;=jk nj wmg fkdryils' ñksid m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha mgkau iudch ;=< ldhsl wjYH;d ms
iïu; l%shdud¾.j,g t
129
ñksidf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d mQrKh ^,sx.sl l%shdj,sh yd ,sx.sl ;Dma;sh ,eîu& j¾.hdf.a meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu j¾.hdf.a m%;s ksIamdok l%shdj fuu l%shdoduhka Tiafia újdyhg t
újdyhlg t
Yam¾I yd O¾u hkqfjka oaú;Shsl úYaj Yla;shla we;s fjhs' mqoa., l%shd úmdlhka we;sjkafka fulS mqoa., uki ke;fyd;a mqoa., ú{dk Od;=j uq,alr oaú;Shslj we;sjk ;;ajhkaf.ka neúka Bg m%;sl¾u hd;=l¾udÈfhka tfia;a ke;fyd;a úYaj Yla;Skaf.ka we;s lr.kakd Yla;shlska we;af;kau yelshdjla we;' tys § mqo. a , ukiu Bg uq,j a k nj fuys§ wjOdrKh l< hq;= i;Hhls' újdyh m%udo ùu flfrys fuu fcHda;s¾ úoHdkql+, ikao¾Nh Wmfhda.d;aulj ú.%yhg ,la l< yelsh' újdy m%udohg ms
132
Èlalido ùfï m%jK;djh jeä jljdkqjl fmdfrdkaoï ne,Su Wmfhda.; S dj ke;fyd;a fmdfrdkaoï ne,Su flfia n,mdkjdo@ hkak úuiSu
újdyh keu;s ixialD;sl ne£fuka iudch ;=< we;s jQ iudchSh tallhla jYfhka mjq, keu;s iudc ixia:dj fmkajdÈh yelsh' tu iudc ixia:dj .eg¿jlska f;drj l%shd;aul ùu -lidoh˜ hk jHjydrfhka meyeÈ
jkaÈf.ùulg hg;aj fyda hg;a fkdù hf:dal; a mqo. a ,hka ksoyia lsÍu f,iska w¾: oelaúh yelsh' ixialD;sl ne£ulska we;sjk iudc tallhl l%h s dldÍ;ajh ft;sydisl yd iudchSh úoHd;aul úu¾Ykhla ;=
újdyh keu;s ixia l D;s l dx.h ljr miq ì ula ;= < l%h s d;aul jkakla oehs úuid ne,Su fuys§ m%fhdackj;a jkq we;ehs is;ñ' úfYaIfhka yskaÿ Nla;slhka iy fn!oaOhska fuu fmdfrdkaoï ne,Su flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk msßi jYfhka ke;fyd;a wod< .eg¿fõ fCIa;%.; ksheos ldKavh jYfhka fmkajdÈh yelsh' fï ksheÈh w;rg uqia,sï" l%sia;shdks iy lf;da,sl Nla;slhka we;=¿ùug we;s bvlv b;d iSñ;h' fya;=j Tjqka woyk wd.ï úiska fuu úIhh Ndú; lsÍfuys,d oeä kS;suh ;yxÑ mKjd we;s fyhsks' fuu wd.ï ;=q fldg w;msiod .ekSug fm<ö isàu iudc .eg¿jls' fuu iudc .eg¿j úi£fuys ,d fcHda;sIhh ;=
ne,Su iqcd;lrKhg ,la lsÍug ,xldfõ úúO jQ fcHda;sI mqj;am;a iÕrd ;=
mqoa.,hska fcHda;s¾fõ§ka hhs ;uqka u lshd .ksñka ,s;a fmd;aj, we;s úis fmdfrdkaoï muKla hka;ï n,d iqN jYfhka tys § .efKk fmdfrdkaoï .Kk 10la fyda Bg jeä m%udKhl w.hla meñfKa kï újdyhg iqN nj ke;fyd;a wiqN nj olajd isá;s' újdyfhys iqN wiqN whkhka" kele;a" ;sÓ" lrK" fhda. iy ,.akdÈh" wiqN ;sÓ jdr yd fo¾ldK wxYl" wiqN .%y ;;ajhka hgf;a isÿ l< hq;= Ydka;s l¾udÈh" újdyfhys iqN wiqN ffoj{hkaf.ka úuid isáh hq;= nj yd ffoj{hka lrd t
flfrys fuu m%fhda.ldÍ jxpksl mqoa.,hka wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr;s' we;af;kau Tjqyq tn÷ oE fcHda;sIfhys we;s nj j;a okafka ke;' Èlalido ùfï m%jK;dj jeä jljdkqjla t
138
fuys§ fcHda;I s hg w¿;ska msúfik kjlhska we;eï úfgl fpdaokdjla t,a, l< yelsh' th idOdrKh' kuq;a hful= fcHda;sIhg w¿;ska msúfik kjlfhl= ,jd fmdfrdkaoï mÍCId lr .kafka kï wksjd¾hfhka u fcHda;sIfhys m%ùKfhl= ,jd kej; tu flakaø mÍCId lr .; hq;= nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' Bg ir< WodyrKhla mejish yelsh' Tn hï lsis ldhsl wdndOhlska fmf,k úg ffjoH Wmdêh w¿;ska .;a ffjoHjrfhl= fj; hk wjia:djla isyshg k.d .kak' Tng we;s frda.hg ir, ffjoH Wmfoila fyda ir, m%;sldrhla kshu lrk Tyq Tng we;s frda.hg wkqj ksYaÑ; m%;sldrhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd úfYaI{ oeKqula we;s úfYaI{ ffjoHjrfhl= fj; wksjd¾hhfkau Tnj fhduq lrkq we;' fï mßoafoka wdOqksl fcHda;s¾fõÈfhl= ,jd isÿlrk fmdfrdkaoï mÍCIdj m%ùK fcHda;¾ s fõÈfhl= lrd fhduq lrúh hq;=h' ;ukaf.a wdOqksl;ajh ms
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f,daldh; fcHd;sIh yd foaYmd,k úµdj
zzfoaYmd,k úµdjZZ hkak wo ojfia fndfyda újdohkag ,laj we;s úIhSh ud;Dldjls' tfia jqj;a zzf,daldh; fcHd;sIhZZ ms
i|yd Bg fcHd;sI wkq.; lsßug W;aidy orkafka uyckhd fcHd;sI ms
,laIK wkqj fyf;u pl%j¾;S rdcH;ajhg fyda nqoaO;ajhg m;ajk nj kdulrK ux.,Hhg meñK isá fcHd;sIfhys fl< meñk isá n%dyauKhka 107 fofkl= mjid idá w;r W!¾K frdau Od;= ,laIKhg wkqj wksjd¾fhkau nqÿjk nj mjid isá fldKav[a[ kï n%dyauKhd miqj l=ure nqÿùfï ÿIalr l%shd wjêfha § Wmia:dkmjd fhduqj isá wfhl= nj fmkajd Èh yelsh' tfiau uhqrmdo "Y=rmdo" O¾u lS¾;smdod§ .Dyia: mçjrekag iuld,Skfhl= f,i i,lk YS% ufyaømdohka úiska ÑrÑ; fcHd;sIfhys ialkaO;%fhka fydrd ialkaOhg wh;a hehs i,lk zzfydardNrKZZkï jq lD;shg wkqj tys 15jk mßÉfcofhys 127 isg 132 olajd jq Yaf,dal ihlska rdcdNsfIal úê ljf¾±hs olajd ;sfí' wo o foaYmd,k moú md%ma;suh wjia:djkag yd tu moú Èjqreï §fï wjia:djkag wod< kele;a iE§fus § fuu .=re WmfoaY wkqj tu kel;a idokq ,nk nj tu kele;a idokq ,nk fcHd;sI{fhda oks;s' foaYmd,kh ms
Wiq,k wfhls' fkda;ø% uqia bka§h wêrdcH ìysùfï wjia:dfõ§ .=ma; hq.hg wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nk úg § ta ;=< fu!¾h jxYhg ysñ jkafka fY%aIaG ia:dkhls' l%sia;= mQ¾j 321 § isyiqkg m;a kkao kï rcqf.ka isyiqk ,nd .;af;a pkao .=ma; l=udrhdh' Tyq lsisÿ rdcH Wreuhla fkd;snqfjla hehs uE; b;sydi{hka úiska ^ Thapar, Romila. History of India, (tr) (1973 . India: Messßs penguin Books Ltd ; Dehiwala: Thisara packaging Indñtry.) wkdjrKh lrkq ,eîh' pkaø kï jq .=ma; jxYhg wh;a l=ufrl=f.a .=rejrhd fukau fcHd;sIh ;=< fl< meñK isá fl!á,H kï jq wdpdhHSjrhd WmfoaYk ;=fKaIdpdhHS n%dyauK mä;=uka úiska úrÑ; cd;ld,xldrfhys ^mqiafld, fmd;& i|yka jk nj mQ¾úldfjys i|yka fjhs' 144
f,daldh; fcHd;sIhg fï wdldrfhka mq¾úldjla ilid .ksñska tys úIh lreKq foig fhduqùfï§ mqoa., flakaø igyka jvd;a jeo.;a fjhs'tfiau hï foaYmd,k ,laIhla fyda mqoa.,hl= rdcH;ajhg m;ajk wjia:dfõ ;;ald, flakaø igyk ^tu fõ,djg ysñ õYaj .%y is;shu& wkqj f,daldh; fcHd;sIfhys m,m, l:kh isÿ lrkq ,nhs' kuq;a fuysÈ újdyhg muKla wm mßlaId lrk fmdfrdkaoï ne,Su hg ls ;;ald, flakaø igyfkys Wod wjia:dfõ .%y msysáu;a kel;;a yd mqoa., flakaøfhys .%y msysgsu yd kel;;a w;r fmdfrdkaoï mßlaId lsßu;a wksjd¾fhkau l< hq;= jkafkah' fuys§ wm f,dalfhys jvd;a Ñr m%isoaêhla Wiq,kq ,nk foaYmd,k kdhlhska lsysm fofkl=f.a ckau ,.ak ljf¾±hs úuid ne,Su m%fhdckj;a fjhs' nKavdrfj, fmrÈ. fcHd;sI úoHd,hdêm;sj isá wNdjm%dma; jq weia 'ví' lia;=ßr;akhkag wkqj fuu ,.ak igyka Tng olajd,uq' ^lia;ß = r;ak" tia'ví'f. dapr M, ^1972&' fudrjl ud;r" ls¾;s wfíúl%u 147-161 msgq v isoaOd¾: f.!;uhkaf.a ckau ,.akh - lgl v ,xldfõ wd.ñl yd foaYmd,ksl kdhlfhl=j isá wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud - lkHd ,.akh v ,xldfõ w.ue;s j rfhl= j is á tia ' ví' wd¾' vS ' nKavdrkdhl uy;d - l=ïN ,.akh v j;auka ckdêm;s m¾is ufyakøa rdcmCI - lkHd ,.akh v ysgmqq ckdêm;sks pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ue;sksh - lgl ,.akh v wefußldfõ m%:u cksêm;s fcda¾Ê fjdIsxgka uy;d - fïI ,.akh v reishdfõ ld¾,a ud¾laia - l=ïN ,.akh v c¾uksfha ìiaud¾la - lgl ,.akh 145
v c¾uksh tlai;a l< flhssi¾ w.rcq - ñ:qk ,.akh v wefußldfõ ckdêm;sjrfhl=j isá ma/kala,ska rEiafj,aÜ uy;d - lkHd ,.akh v b;d,s wd{dodhl uQfida,skS - ;=,d ,.akh v kefmda,shka w.rcq lkHd ,.akh v miajk fcda¾Ê rcq - ók ,.akh v yhjk fcdaÊ rcq - ;=,d ,.akh v y;ajk tâjâ rcq - Okq ,.akh v uy;aud .dkaê - ;=,d ,.akh v w.ue;sjrfhl=j isá úkaaikaÜ p¾Ñ,a - ;=,d ,.akh v úlafgdarshd /ðk - jDIN ,.akh v reishka wd{dodhl fcdai iagd¾,ska - ;=,d ,.akh v reishdkq cd;sl ù'whs'f,kska - ;=,d ,.akh v frdau wêrdcHfhl=j isá kSfrda - Okq ,.akh v tan%yï ,skalka - ók ,.akh v weußlka ckdêm;sjrfhl=jisá jqâfrda ú,aika - ók ,.akh fuu ,.ak ysñ ta ta foaYmd,k kdhlhska wdrïN lrkakg fhÿk foaYmd,k l%shdjka ;;ald, flakaø igyka iuÕ úuid ne,Sfï§ fndafydaúg Wla; foaYmd,k l%shdoduhka Tiafia b;sydih f.dvke.=k wdldrh f,daldh; fcHd;sIh ;=
jk Y;j¾I m,dm, l:kh b;du;a m%Yia; uÜgulmj;sk nj fmfkkakg ;sfí' foaYmd,k yd f,daldh; fcHd;sIh w;r lsi÷ s iy iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s tlla fia we;eful= is;d isák kuqÿ fuu fol w;r mj;sk iyiïnkaOh f.dvk.d.; yels wdldrh yd ta ;=< mj;sk iïnkaO;djh jsjr lr.; yels ud¾. ms
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