Scientia MARDI - Vol. 011 - March 2018

Biological Control in Malaysia: History and Moving Forward

Induced Systemic Resistance: A New Hope for Papaya Industry

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March 2018 Vol: 011

trichoderma: Non-chemical

Approach For Controlling Stem End Rot Disease of Mango

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Actinomycetes: Essential Microbes for Plant Health

Clearfield® Rice Production Technology

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Multidetect Immunosensor  for Precise and Rapid Detection of Plant Pathogen

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 Dr.. Mohamad Roff wants  Dr wants

 MARDI to to Focus Focus on

 Agrofood  Agrof ood Researc Research By: Rohani By: Rohani Md Yon Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI

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ongratulations to Datuk Dr. Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor, who had been appointed as the new Director General, MARDI on 1 December 2017. Congratulations also for being conferred the  Darjah Kebesaran Panglima  Mahkota Wilayah Wilayah on 1 February 2018 by the Yang DiPertuan Agong which gave him the title Datuk.  As the new DG of MARDI, Datuk Dr. Dr. Roff was given the mandate to bring MARDI forward to new heights. With 30 years experience as a researcher, Datuk Dr. Roff will have no difficulty in mapping the way forward for MARDI, even though the year 2018 will be a challenging year for him. He had already put a plan to upgrade the role and R&D focus of MARDI in agrofood research using new sources of wealth in ensuring food security and

maintaining the national food self sufficiency level. Datuk Dr. Roff also stressed that MARDI R&D plan has to be strengthened taking into consideration the new trends in industrial revolution such as the use of robotics, precision farming, plant factory, application traceability and smart packaging. Emphasis will also be given for R&D in improving the technological sophisticated sophisticated agriculture that can help younger people see farming as a productive, profitable and future-proof industry. MARDI will create technologies that will excite the younger generation to be involved in agriculture such as the ICT savvy technologies used in precision and indoor agricultural farming. Urbanisation has brought a new set set of consumers in Malaysia. “We see a change in consumer preference due to urbanisation. The smaller urban families want food products that are smaller in size such as smaller watermelons and

shorter beans so that they can be fully consumed by the family members without wastage,” said Datuk Dr. Roff. “Thus, research will be focussed in producing these products as preferred by the urban consumers so that our food system will be efficient with less waste.” Great emphasis also will will be given to develop develop the agrofood R&D programmes and projects in MARDI’s seven centres of excellence located in Sintok, Seberang Perai, Bagan Datuk, Kluang, Cameron Highlands, Jerangau and Bachok. Besides that, development in agrotourism centres will also be given a new facelift with the development of the animal industry centre in Kluang and herbal in Kuala Linggi. This is in addition to the already existing agrotourism centres in Langkawi, Cameron Highlands and Cherating.  More on page 4

Saving the Future with Future  with Sustainable Development Goals By: Dr. By: Dr. Ainu Husna M S Suhaimi Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI

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he United Nations (UN) is an international organization designed to make the enforcement of international law, security, economic development, social progress, and human rights easier for countries around the world. The UN system is quite complex. It has 193 member countries, a secretariat and several subsidiary organs consisting of commissions, offices and departments. The UN has separatelyseparatelyadministered funds and programmes such as World Food Program (WFP) and United Nations Development Development Program (UNDP) which also include specialized agencies and affiliated organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Coordinating global initiatives is no easy matter. To ensure standardization and unity, the UN often develops goals and targets. Since 2000, the UN has adopted two sets of goals.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poor still remain overwhelmingly concentrated in which were effective from 2000 to 2015 aimed some parts of the world. In 2011, nearly 60% of the to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure world’s one billion extremely poor people lived in prosperity for all. It had 7 goals, namely, (i) to  just five countries. Disparities between rural and achieve universal primary education, (ii) promote urban areas also remained pronounced. Hence, in gender equality and empower women, (iii) reduce September 2015, the 2030 Development Agenda child mortality, (iv) improve maternal health, (v) entitled ‘Transforming our world: The 2030 combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,  Agenda for Sustainable Development’ Development’ was adopted adopted (vi) ensure environmental sustainability and (vii) at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in develop a global partnership for development. New York, USA. The 2030 Agenda offers a vision The MDGs have successfully addressed some of a fairer, more peaceful world in which no one is issues and had some significant significant achievements. achievements. By left behind. Seventeen Sustainable Development putting people and their immediate needs at the Goals (SDGs) with 169 targets were pledged by 193 forefront, the MDGs reshaped decision-making in UN members in this agenda and the SDGs cover a developed and developing countries and helped to broad range of social and economic development lift more than one billion people out of extreme issues including poverty, hunger, health, education, poverty, made inroads against hunger, enabled climate change and gender equality. more girls to attend schools and protect our planet’s Food and agricult ure are keys to achieving the environment. entire set of SDGs. Sustainable agriculture agriculture and Despite the good progress, much more still need food systems systems is vital in sustainable sustainable development development to be done. Inequalities still still persist and although which in turn will help countries realize multiple there are progresses , it has been uneven. The world’s  More on page 10

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March 2018

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Biological Control in Malaysia: History and Moving Forward

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By: Datuk Dr. Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor Director General MARDI

Advisor •

Datuk Dr. Dr. Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor

(Director General MARDI) MARDI Editorial Team • • •

Dr. Ainu Husna MS Suhaimi Dr. Ahmad Safuan Bujang Dr. Chubashini Suntharalingam

• • • • • • •

Rohani Md Yon Noor Salina Mohd Baharuddin Aniadila Kamaruddin Ruwaida Abdul Hamid Mohd Nor Faizal Hj Ghazalli Noor Syahira Nasarudin Fazlinda Fadzil

MARDI Press • • •

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est and disease management plays an important role in agriculture and always brings challenges to the farmers. Use of chemical pesticides which is one of the management tools has raised public concern on environmental health and consumer safety. Crop producers must seek alternative approaches in order to produce high quality crops and at the same time apply good crop protection practices. Pest management through biological control methods is now becoming recognized for many many crop production systems. In nature, nature, interaction between an organism organism and and its natural enemies is an ecological process that is compulsory in order to regulate or suppress the population of that organism. This is what we call natural control. In agriculture, crop pests are controlled naturally by their natural enemies which include predators, parasitoids, pathogens and competitors. In a situation where the natural interaction is disturbed, pest population will increase beyond control and can cause serious damage to the crops. An example of disturbance is injudicious use of pesticides and monoculture practice. This problem can be overcome by encouraging the activities of the natural enemies of the pests through application of biological control methods which also needs active human management roles. Biological control can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and must be considered as a crucial part of it. In Malaysia, Malaysia, DDT pesticides were introduced during World War II period and starting from that, the local agricultural sector has been revolutionized. However, However, the success of using chemical pesticides in controlling several crop pests in this country had brought a major setback. For example, in Cameron Highlands during early 50’s, the Diamondback moth (DBM),  Plustella xylostella  became resistance to several insecticides due to excessive use of the chemicals which later caused serious outbreak and heavy losses of vegetable crops. In 1977, injudicious use of insecticides to control pest in rice fields caused severe outbreak of a minor rice pest, brown planthopper (BPH) or  Nilaparvata lugens in the Tanjung Karang irrigation scheme. These two events changed the pest control approach from solely depending on pesticides towards a more integrated approach. In 1970’s, an ecological approach was adopted to manage DBM problem in this country. MARDI together with DOA conducted some studies focusing on finding suitable natural enemies to control the DBM. The studies resulted in the discovery of a local parasitoid wasp, Cotesia  plutellae. This finding paved the way for the acceptance of biological control agents as a possible alternative to break the existing pesticide dependency at that time. From this, more parasitoid wasp species were introduced to aid in combating DBM by means of biological methods.  Diadegma semiclausum  and  Diadromus collaris  were brought in from Australia and India. This led to the first successful classical biological control attempt in Malaysia.  As for the BPH, its major outbreak in the rice fields was because of the mass removal of its natural enemies by insecticides. From research studies, insecticides killed both pests and natural enemies and often caused pest resurgence which recorded higher population than before.

The insecticide sprays caused fewer predator numbers in the rice field compared to field without any insecticides application. This contributed to higher ratio of BPH to the natural enemies in sprayed areas. To overcome this problem, farmers were encouraged to minimize the use of chemicals so that the natural population of the BPH natural control agents such as the spiders, mirid bugs and predatory beetles can be well sustained. This is called a biological control approach conservation and was proven successful. This is the simplest way of implementing implementing biological control as the natural enemies species are relatively inexpensive and able to control naturally over a large area compared to chemical pesticides. Moreover, indigenous natural enemy population will increase when there is no application of insecticides. These two two scenarios are examples examples of successful biological control stories in Malaysia besides many many others in several crops. The success of these biological control efforts, which are part of IPM approach, was based on several key factors and strategies. So how far does the IPM programme especially the biological control of crop pests and diseases can go? What are needed in order to sustain the adoption of this programme? Answering to those questions, the key aspects of sustainability and adoption have always been major issues in many biological control programmes. Although it is evident that biological control programmes have been successfully implemented in a wide range of crop environments and the potential to increase the role of biological control is g reat, biological control programmes always pose challenges due to discontinuous funding and changes in the perception of farmers. The latter is largely exacerbated by weak weak government extension services and the disinterest in anything other than chemical control among the pesticide industries. Invariably Invariably,, there is gradual reversion from an IPM to a pesticidedominated scenario as evidenced by increasing pesticide misuse by growers including claims of adulterations and illegal pesticide use. However, it is still believed that future pest management will depend strongly on biological control because it is the most sustainable and environmentally safest system of pest management. Biological control is expected to account for a significantly increased proportion of all crop protection methods by the year 2050 globally. As for its future in Malaysia, the implementation and efforts must have a strong R&D support so that it will be able to move forward. Biological control and ecology should be the central focus with other integrated biobased technologies as it is crucial for a successful implementation of an IPM programme.

March 2018

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RESEARCH

DEVELOPMENT OF NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES CARRYING BPH3 RESISTANT GENES TO BROWN PLANTHOPPER IN MR 269 VARIETY By: Dr. Mohamad Bahagia AB Ghaffar, Mohd Shahril Firdaus Ab Razak, Muhammad Fairuz Mohd Yusof and Maisarah Mohamad Saad Paddy and Rice Research Centre, MARDI

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ice (Oryza sativa L.) is classified as one of the most economically important cereal crop in the world including Malaysia. However, the availability of rice in the world market is very small, resulting in supply shortage whenever biotic and abiotic incidences occurred in the major rice producing countries, subsequently leading to price increase. With the number of human population increasing each year, an immediate action needs to be done to ensure the production of rice will be able t o meet future demand which was projected to increase to about 771.1 771.1 million tonnes in 2030. In Malaysia, the strategy is focusing on sustaining food security at 70% self-sufficiency level through increasing and sustaining domestic rice production One of the major problems for rice growers is reduced crop yields due to biotic stress. This includes threats from herbivorous insects, particularly brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens lugens (Stal), locally known as bena perang, which remains as one of the most destructive and widespread pests of rice throughout Asia that causes serious yield losses in many many countries. Brown planthopper planthopper is a hemipterous insect which has specialized mouth parts for tissue piercing and plant sap ingestion. Severe attack by the BPH caused plant dehydration resulting in a symptom known as ‘hopperburn’ or locally described as ‘bom’, which resulted in complete wilting and drying of the rice plants. The BPH also indirectly acts as vectors for grassy stunt and ragged stunt viral diseases. In the past few years, new large scale outbreaks of BPH have been continuously recorded mostly in the tropical regions of East and Southeast  Asia. Malaysia Malaysia has suffered a number of increasingly increasingly localized serious outbreaks of BPH from 2007 due to the fact that our rice field is intensively cultivated with mono variety. For many many years, insecticides remain the primary tool in managing BPH population in the field. However, insecticides misuse has lead to the declining of rice natural predators and beneficial insects, resulting to an even more wide spread buildup of BPH population which occurred in China in 2005 and 2006. Continuous chemical usage also leads to environmental pollution and it can also induce insect resurgence and insecticide resistance. One of the most practical options to manage pest and disease incidences is by introducing resistant varieties. Utilization of resistant varieties is better in term of economical and environmental friendliness as well as providing better alternative than the use of chemicals. Many resistant varieties to blast and BLB diseases as well as to BPH had been introduced in the country. Several of these varieties are still resistant to the targeted BPH and diseases while others had succumbed to infection after several years been introduced for commercial planting. These varieties need to be replaced with newer varieties which are resistant to the present prevalent biotypes or pathotypes of the pathogens in the rice fields. Previously, MARDI’s breeding programme for resistant varieties is mainly done through phenotypic

selection based on rates of incidences, which has inherent difficulties to ascertain functional genes operating in the varieties and difficulty to conduct pyramiding of genes for a longer durability. However, this limitation could be solved through the application of molecular marker assisted breeding technology. technology. Advancement in molecular biotechnology has provided an alternative tool for application in rice plant breeding, such as the application of DNA marker technology. This technology provides an alternative method in developing superior rice varieties within a shorter period of time. DNA markers allow the breeders to tag the gene of interest which enable them to monitor the gene introgression in every generation which is impossible to detect by conventional breeding practice. This technology is known as marker marker assisted selection (MAS). (MAS). Besides, DNA marker technology is also used to accelerate the recovery of recurrent parent genomes through marker-assisted marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) technology. This technology was utilised by introgressing Bph3 BPHresistant genes in backcross breeding programmes. The Bph3 resistant gene from the the donor donor plant, Rathu Heenati, was successfully introgressed into MR 269 variety at BC3F2 stage using two tightly linked markers, RM589 and RM8072 which were flanking the gene of interest as foreground selection (MAS). In this step, the selection efficiency was optimised from 96% to 99.6% probability. probability. Background marker analysis analysis on the selected plants from the earlier foreground analysis was further done using 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms polymorphisms (SNPs) in order to identify BC1F1 to BC3F1 plants with high similarities to the respective recurrent parents. Results clearly showed that similarity percentage with recurrent parent, MR 269, has significantly increased from 23.3% 63.3% at BC1F1 to 80.4-94.1% at BC3F1. Plants from crossing of Rathu Heenati/MR 269* had the desired Bph3 gene with 99.6% probability and had similarity values of more than 80% to the respective recurrent parents. Early improved MR 269 lines variety (BC3F3) is already being developed and ready for further evaluation. This project provides a good evidence of the latest technology in molecular breeding for facilitating rice varietal development programme in MARDI. The MAS approaches clearly assist breeders in selection process efficiency in terms of monitoring character of interest such as resistant genes using specific markers. The DNA markers could also be used to accelerate the recovery of recurrent parents during marker-assisted backcrossing using background markers (MAB) screening. Therefore, breeding time will be significantly reduced and project objective achievement is more guaranteed. This project also gave a good example for MARDI to promote the usage of this approach to other agencies. It is safe to say that the most important outcome of this project is the successful development of the new improved MR 269 lines which contain Bph3 gene which is resistant to BPH attack.

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Brown plant hopper attacks rice plants (a) and outbreak which causes hopperburn (b)

Schematic diagram showing breeding strategy to introgress Bph3 resistance gene in recurrent parent. Selfing seeds (BC3F2 and BC3F3) from B31F1 population was used to evaluate their resistance level against BPH

Total number and similarity percentage with recurrent parent MR269 at BC2F1 and BC3F1 stage a

Donor of Bph3 gene parent, Rathu Heenati

Morphological character comparison between lines RU14197-7 (a) and RU14197-20 (b) with recurrent MR269

MARDI-AVRDC Research

Collaboration on Legume Pod Borer Pest , Maruca vitrata By: Farah Huda Sjafni Suherman Horticulture Research Centre MARDI

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rom 2011 – 2013, a research collaboration between MARDI and the World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC) was undertaken. The project was entitled ’Less loss, more profit, better health: Reducing the losses  Maruca vitrata) on vegetable legumes in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan caused by the pod borer ( Maruca  Africa by refining component technologies of a sustainable management strategy‘. Besides Malay Malaysia, sia, countries such as Germany, Taiwan, Benin, Kenya, Lao PDR, Thailand, and Vietnam were also involved in this project. The project was supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ). The main aim was to improve livelihoods through sustainable vegetable legume production systems in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.  An expert from AVRDC AVRDC Taiwan, Taiwan, Dr. Dr. Srinivasan Ramasam Ramasamy, y, was was the technical technical key personnel personnel meanwhile meanwhile Dr. Mohamad Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor served as MARDI’s Principal Investigator, responsible for conducting activities that had been outlined in the project. MARDI ‘s involvement involvement in the research part includes the collection of Malaysia from different hosts of the legumes plant genera, to assess  M.vitrata in the Peninsular and West Malaysia promising bio-pesticides and to explore M. vitrata species-specific parasitoids in Malaysia.  As part of the project, project, AVRDC AVRDC also conducted a training course on the identification identification and mass-culturing mass-culturing of  M. vitrata and its natural enemies from 28 February to 2 March 2012 at its Research and Training Station in Kamphaeng Sen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. With each training session and field trips, the collaborating researchers were able to learn about the pest and to deliver the project outputs.  More on page 10

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Collaborating ASEAN countries at the World Vegetable Center Research and Training Station in Kamphaeng Sen, Thailand

MARDI scientists involved involved in a training course at the World Vegetable Vegetable Center Research and Training Station in Kamphaeng Sen, Thailand (right and centre)

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March 2018

TECHNOLOGY   From front page

 Dr.. Mohamad Roff wants MARDI to Focus  Dr Focus on

 Agrofood  Agrof ood Researc Research h Datuk Dr. Dr. Roff also also wants to upgrade the visibility of MARDI both at national and international levels. At the national level he wants MARDI to work closely with the industry and strengthen the linkage between MARDI and the food and agricultural industries. One of the ways to improve MARDI’s visibility is to create the supply and demand virtual information database known as SDVI which analyses commodities movement and prices and smooth out the regional gaps. At MARDI’s headquarters, the commodities supply and demand can be monitored at every stage in each state. From there they can

channel the supply of commodities such as fruits and vegetables from one state to another.  At the international level MARDI MARDI will be greatly involv involved ed in international activities such as organising courses, seminars and conferences. MARDI will also be Malaysia’s representative in agricultural programmes conducted at the international level. At the same time great empahsis will be given for all research officers to write and present their research results in established international journals.

Induced Systemic Resistance: A New Hope for Papaya Industry By: Ganisan Krishnen Crops and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI

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he introduction of high quality papaya varieties, Eksotika in 1987 and Eksotika II (F1 hybrid) in 1991, by MARDI, has dramatically boosted the Malaysian papaya industry and increased the export revenue. The papaya export revenue, valued at RM3 million in 1986, reached its peak in 2004 at RM120 million and Malaysia was ranked as the second most important papaya exporting country in the world. However, However, this achievement did not last as the industry succumbed to fruit fly quarantine restrictions by importing countries and the outbreak of papaya bacterial dieback disease in Malaysia. Malaysia. The bacterial dieback disease was first detected in 2003 and caused the destruction of about 800 ha (2/3 of planted area) of plantings in 2008, with loss of about 200,000 tonnes of papaya, amounting to USD20 million (Figure 1). This resulted in Malaysia losing its competitiveness to the closest competitor, Mexico, in papaya papaya production and export. The spread of this disease is rapid and the causal agent was initially identified as  Erwinia papayae and later reclassified as  E. mallotivora (Plate 2) using molecular identification technique. Rapid spread of this disease put the industry in threat of infecting all the varieties available including important export varieties such as Eksotika I and II, Solo and Sekaki. The severity severity of this disease forced the authority to classify it as an invasive alien disease and gazette it as a dangerous plant disease. Early symptoms of infection are yellowing and necrosis along leaf edge followed by necrotic watersoaked areas on the stems. In later stages, the water-soaked water-soaked leaf stalks collapse leading to dieback and death of t rees. This disease also infected young seedlings, young trees, petioles, leaves, fruits, stems and crown of the papaya tree (Plate 3). It was reported that the disease exist in 23 countries without any efficient control strategies. Among the severely affected countries were Malaysia (2003), Kingdom of Tonga (2009) and the Philippines (2015) where the damaged can be as high as 100%. The level of disease severity varies with varieties in which the Eksotika and Solo were the worst affected.

This disease pushed the Malaysian papaya industry to the brink of collapse affecting the local production and export revenue severely. The papaya export revenue worth RM120 million in 2004, just one year after the disease was discovered, discovered, dropped sharply to RM28 million in 2012 (Figure 2). Thus, an efficient papaya bacterial dieback control strategy is urgently needed to rejuvenate the ailing papaya industry.  Among the various approaches tested, including chemical and biological controls, only induced systemic resistance (ISR) is efficient in controlling the disease in both seedlings and mature plants. This process of plant resistant enhancement, known as ISR, systematically activated the plant disease resistance in the roots and further extends it to above-ground plant parts. The ISR can be activated by inoculating the roots with plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). The PGPR mediated ISR has been reported previously on a wide range of crops and we had developed an efficient ISR technique which succeeded in controlling papaya bacterial dieback on commercial farms (hotspots where the disease is prevalent). The PGPR for systemic resistance induction were isolated from papaya rhizosphere. Studies on controlling the severity of the disease using PGPR inoculation were conducted both on papaya seedlings in the nursery and matured plants in the farms. This technology was up-scaled in a commercial farm where the disease infection was brought down as low as five percent and the economical losses caused by this disease were minimised. Further application of the technology in four commercial farms successfully kept the disease infection rate at a minimum level (not exceeding five percent). The Hon. Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Datuk Nogeh Anak Gumbek launched the technology on 1st August 2017. Currently, MARDI is setting-up a technopreneur company for comercialisation of the technology which will be available to papaya farmers by the first quarter of 2018.

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Plate 3: Different types of symptoms related to bacterial dieback of papaya a) leaf yellowing and necrosis, b) infection on seedlings, c) flagging leaf symptom, d) water soaked symptom on petiole, e) infection on trunk, f ) collapse of terminal crown of papaya g ) infection on fruits h) highly devastated papaya farm caused bacterial dieback,

Plate 1: Eksotika II, mainly cultivated for export market Emergence of papaya BD (2003)

Figure 1: Impact of Bacterial Dieback Disease on papaya production in Malaysia Emergence of papaya BD (2003)

Figure 2: Papaya export trend for 27 years

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Plate 2:  Erwinia mallotivora mallotivora, the causal agent of papaya bacterial dieback a) E. Mallotivora Mallotivora on culture medium b) Micrograph of E. mallotivora mallotivora (Mat Amin et al, 2010)

March 2018

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TECHNOLOGY 

 Addressing Papay Papaya a Dieback Dieback Disease through Biotechnology Approaches By: Nazrul Hisham Nazaruddin, Amin Asyraf Tamizi, Tamizi, Dr. Adrain Ling Chieng Chieng Kuang, Noriha Mat Amin, and Dr. Johari Sarip Dr. Rogayah Sekeli and Dr. Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, MARDI

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apaya dieback disease (PDD) has been affecting the local papaya industry for more than a decade and yet, no effective measures are available to cure the infected plants and stop the spreading of the disease. In 2010, the “true” perpetrator of the disease has been identified and validated as a gram-negative bacterium,  Erwinia mallotivora, and this crucial finding has given a glimpse of hope to discover more about the pathogen as well as potential ways to combat the disease. Unveiling E. Unveiling E. mallotivora mallotivora genome  genome sequence

 A very significant biotechnology biotechnology approach to discover the molecular characteristics of the pathogen is by decoding its genetic information. Thus, the sequencing of  E. mallotivora  genome may provide insightful information on the pathogenicity islands or genes associated with the pathogen’s virulence. A draft genome sequence of  E. mallotivora BT-MARDI has been deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under accession number JFHN00000000 by which it provides a significant platform for the scientific community to study the pathogen intensively. Transcriptomic analysis of host defence

Sequencing technology has made great advances in recent decades. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and complementary computational tools have allowed high-throughput sequencing and assembly possible. RNA-seq, the sequencing of a transcriptome using NGS, promises a costeffective means of either deeply sampling or fully

sequencing a transcriptome, tagging a very large number of expressed genes. RNA-seq using Illumina sequencing technology was embarked to identify potential defencerelated genes from Eksotika, PDD susceptible variety and Viorica, a tolerant variety, that were differentially expressed after artificially infected with PDD pathogen,  E. mallotivora. The study concentrated on differentially expressed genes at the early stage of papaya defence mechanism against PDD. Several potential defence-related genes have been identified to show significant differential expressions. Downstream validation and bioinformatics analyses showed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between genes from Eksotika and Viorica. These genes will be useful in producing functional markers for markerassisted breeding and germplasm screening for PDD tolerant/resistant varieties. They can also be genetically transformed into papaya varieties to increase their tolerance/resistance towards PDD. Bacteria antagonis m and genetic engineering 

Bacterial cocktail formulations consisting of different soil bacterium species had been formulated and proven to be useful for suppressing PDD in green house and field trial scale. These bacteria include different species of  Bacillus isolated from various plant rhizospheres that are scientifically validated to possess antagonism characteristic against  E. mallotivora. Among them are  B. thuringiensis SP17,  B. thuringiensis SP24, B. megaterium CHB18 and B. megaterium SP23. When used in combination in different

Performance of transgenic and non-transgenic papaya plants during screening with papaya dieback pathogen.

 Anti-quorum sensing (top pictures) pictures) and antagonism (bottom pictures) of selected  Bacillus bacteria towards E. mallotivora mallotivora.

formulations, or as single isolate, these biological control agents exhibit antagonism against E. mallotivora.  As antagonisms had been detected in a few isolates of  Bacillus bacteria, the genes responsible for this trait were isolated and transferred to Eksotika papaya using genetic engineering technology. technology. The genes encode a type of molecule-degrading enzymes known as lactonase, an enzyme capable of disrupting essential communication of the pathogen. Once the communication between individual cells of E. mallotivora is quenched or blocked, the bacteria are unable to multiply and spread to cause the disease in the host plant. The genetically modified (GM) plant is also known as a transgenic crop since the source of the gene is from entirely different organism organism or species. The present study reveals that several transgenic lines were able to withstand dieback disease during the initial screening with the pathogen. It offers a promising outcome, however, more screening will be conducted for further validation.

Resistant Variety: Trichoderma: Non-chemical Non-chem ical Approach for Controlling New Light for Papaya Industry  By: Dr. Johari Sarip, Dr. Razali Mustaffa and Dr. Pauziah Muda Horticulture Research Centre, MARDI

Stem End Rot Disease of Mango By: Suhanna Ahmad Horticulture Research Centre, MARDI

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 Viorica: Female Female plant  Viorica: Hermaphrodite plant

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F1 Hybrid: Eksotika X Dwarica

ntensive breeding research was conducted to develop high quality Malaysian papaya. In early 1990’s MARDI developed two excellent quality papaya hybrids. Hybrid 1 was generated from crosses between Eksotika and Dwarica with innovation in improving fruit quality, cosmetic and shelf life. Another hybrid was generated from two F1 hybrids i.e. (Line 19 x PR217) X (Line 19 x Line 20). With this hybrid, known as double-crossed hybrid, emphasis was given on fruit quality, heterosis, cosmetic and shelf life. Double-crossed hybrid has advantages compared to other hybrids because of the involvement of multiple parents which provide a wider genetic base. However, the release of both hybrids has been postponed due to susceptibility to papaya dieback disease. Papaya dieback disease (PDD) caused by the notorious pathogen,  Erwinia mallotivora, was first recorded in 2003 and still remains as the main constraint in papaya industry in Malaysia. The common symptoms of PDD include greasy, water-soaked lesions and spots on petioles, leaves, trunks and fruits. The development of new varieties becomes more challengi challenging ng due to the lack of resistant accessions. Three intensive phases have been implemented for PDD research strategy in MARDI. The three serial phases include increasing the gene-pool to obtain resistant gene, glass house and hotspot screening, and finally followed by proper breeding programme. In 2012, Viorica was was discovered discovered and found to be highly highly tolerant tolerant and has been filed for IP: PVP 2013/09/0014. It was developed through selection and purified through composite controlled pollination to increase heterosis and purity. purity. The plant is vigorous with purple petiole and peduncle. Therefore, the discovery of Viorica offers new light in papaya industry. Four breeding strategies were implemented to overcome PDD. Strategy 1 is to develop high quality F 1  hybrid from Solo papaya, using Viorica as a donor. The second strategy is to develop double-crossed resistant hybrids against PDD. The third strategy is to develop pure line resistant papaya. The F9 progenies are expected to have high resistance level, good agronomic and uniform. Finally, to develop resistant plant using Viorica as a rootstock.

tem end rot caused by  Botryodiploidia theobromae is one of the most  Mangifera indica). The disease common and serious diseases of mango ( Mangifera occurs at postharvest stage which usually led to commercial losses. The pathogen,  B. theobromae , is sensitive to temperature and humidity. It will germinate and grow at low temperature and can penetrate the fruit through the injured sites. Infection occurs at the stem end and through wounds on the fruits. The first symptom to emerge is lesion on the fruit which will change colour to light brown and finally black. The disease is further characterized in advanced stages by softening and appearance of water-soaked tissues. Currently, the most used strategy for controlling this disease is the application of chemical fungicides. However, after more than 40 years of continuous application of chemical fungicides, the pathogens become resistant and can cause ecological damage. Biological control is one of the ways to overcome the problem which employs an antagonistic organism to control the pathogen. Trichoderma sp. has been known to control plant diseases biologically for more than 70 years. This fungus has characteristics of a good biological agent, i.e. function as parasites of plant pathogenic fungi, produced antibiotics, increased growth and yields of plants, increased root growth and drought tolerance, induced systemic resistance to disease and efficient in the utilization of nutrients. It is ubiquitous, easy to isolate and culture and grow rapidly on many substrates. A study conducted by by MARDI showed that Trichoderma asperellum with a spore concentration of 1x108  conidia/ ml managed to reduce about 50% disease severity on mangoes. The percentage of disease severity was low in comparison to untreated mangoes. The study further indicated that stem end rot incidence was reduced when the spore suspension of Trichoderma sp. was sprayed on the fruits. Based on these findings, Trichoderma  has the potential to be further evaluated as a biocontrol agent based on its effectiveness effectiveness to reduce mango diseases.

 Botryodiploidia theobromae theobromae

Seven-day old colony of Trichoderma

sp. Symptom of stem end rot disease

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March 2018

FOCUS

 A seven spotted ladybird eating aphids

By: Badrulhadza Amzah Crop and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI

 Ladybird Beetles Beetles  – The Good versus the the Bad

H

ave you heard about ladybird beetles? Or have you seen them in your garden? I bet most of us do. They are insects from a beetle family called Coccinellidae which are commonly found in your garden. These are shortlegged, small, rounded, usually bright coloured insects with distinct wing patterns, and can be found worldwide with up to more than 6,000 species. Commonly known as ladybugs, ladybirds ladybirds or lady beetles, these insects are ecologically as well agriculturally important. In Malaysia, they are called  kumbang kura-kura   and most of them are considered as beneficial insects since they feed feed on sap-sucking plant pests such as aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, hoppers, whiteflies and mites. The beneficial species can be good helpers to farmers as they act as natural biological control agents to get rid of insect pests. For example, the zig-zag  Menochilus sexmaculatus) can be found ladybirds ( Menochilus in paddy fields, orchards, vegetable gardens and grassy areas. Other good ladybird species that can be found in agricultural areas are the transverse ladybird (Coccinella transversalis), the sevenspotted ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata), the  Heteroneda billardieri) as yellow-netted ladybird ( Heteroneda well as  Micraspis discolor, Coelophora inequalis and  Harmonia octomaculata. Both adults and larvae are predatory and can prey on the insect pests in the field. However, However, there are several ladybird beetles that are far from helpful. Instead, they themselves are the pests! These leaf-eating ladybird beetles can become a serious problem to farmers.

Two of the most popular pest species, worldwide, are the 12-spotted ladybirds ( Epilachna  Epilachna indica ) and the 28-spotted ladybirds ( Epilachna  Epilachna vigintioctopunctata). Both species feed on leaves of eggplants, tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, sweet potatoes and other solanaceous as well as cucurbitaceous plants. There is also a species of predatory ladybird beetles that turn out to be a pest and bring bad effects to the environment. Harlequin ladybirds or Asian ladybirds ( Harmonia  Harmonia axyridis) are large coccinellids that feed on aphids. The species was known as a good biological control agent but now it is considered as an invasive species in many countries in the world. Due to its huge appetite, they are taking over the habitats of native beneficial ladybird beetles. They eat the food that native ladybirds eat and when this food runs out, they prey on other ladybirds. They are also invading human residence to breed. They can become quite aggressive to humans and capable to bite. Some people may have allergic reactions to the beetles in forms of conjunctivitis, asthma or cough, especially if they are in abundance. It is difficult for farmers or common people to identify the good or bad ladybird beetle species. Sometimes, farmers wrongly identified the beneficial ladybird beetles as pests and spray chemical pesticides to kill them. Through time, farmers will gain experience and with continuous educational efforts, they will learn how to differentiate the good and the bad ones.

 A swarm of invasive invasive Harlequin Harlequin

March 2018

FOCUS

 A zig-zag ladybird, ladybird,  Menochilus sexmaculatus

 A ladybird larva preying on aphids

Ladybirds that are plant pest

 ladybirds

 An Epilachna ladybird ladybird is eating a leaf 

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8

March 2018

TECHNOLOGY 

 Actinomycetes: Essential  Actinomycetes:  Microbes for for Plant Health

 A 

ctinomycetes are worthwhile microorganisms microorganis ms which have been widely used as secondary metabolites for various medical purposes such as antibiotics, antifungal and antihelminth. These microorganisms also play a vital role in agriculture and have been reported to be a good decomposer. They are also good nitrogen fixers when in association with some non-leguminous plants and become plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) by inhabiting the rhizosphere and also act as biocontrol agent. The importance of Streptomyces species from  Actinomycetes  Actinomycetes has been explored as biological agent for controlling various plant diseases. Recently, Streptomyces have successfully inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f . sp. cubensis (Foc), a pathogen of fusarium wilt disease of bananas. This disease is known as a major factor limiting commercial production of bananas and regarded as one of the most destructive diseases of bananas in the world. Incidence of Foc has been recorded and confirmed in five banana growing countries in  Asia including including Malaysia, Malaysia, China, China, Indonesia, Indonesia, Taiwan Taiwan and Philippines. Several disease management strategies such as crop rotation and injection of rhizomes with 2% carbendazim have been tried. However, none of the applications can successfully overcome this disease. Recently, MARDI has successfully successful ly identified identifie d four potential species of Streptomyces which were capable to suppress the growth of Foc. They are designated as Streptomyces S1, Streptomyces S5, Streptomyces S7 and Streptomyces S12. Double plate assay of all these species resulted in drying of the Foc colonies which eventually vanished from the plate. Glasshouse study has shown banana plants inoculated with Foc (without application of Streptomyces) died after 7 days of

By: Azlan Azizi Muhamad Nor Crops and Soils Science Research Centre, MARDI

treatment. Whereas plants inoculated with Foc and treated with Streptomyces recovered and survived throughout the study. This positive result encouraged MARDI to produce a bio-based fungicide using suitable and effective formulation from these Streptomyces as an eco-friendly approach in controlling fusarium wilt disease of bananas and other important agricultural diseases in the future. This effort helps to reduce the usage of agricultural pesticide inputs in our food supply to become safer food for the future.

Banana plants inoculated with Foc (without application of Streptomyces) Streptomyces) died af ter 7 days of treatment.

b Potential species of Streptomyces (S1, S5, S7, S12) a

Fusarium wilts disease symptoms in cross section of banana trunk

Close up image of Streptomyces spp

Screening the potential Streptomyces spp. a) double petri dish assay; b) suppression of Foc growth compared to control plate.

BANANA BLOOD BLOOD DISEAS DISEASE E IN MALA MALAYSIA YSIA By: Rafidah Badrun Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, MARDI

B

anana cultivation in Malaysia faced a lot buds suggests that the disease is transmitted by of problems due to the occurrence of many insects which can occur from infected male buds serious diseases. One of the major banana to distant flowers. BDB can survive for one year in diseases is a bacteria wilt disease. A recent survey soil contaminated with infected plant residues and conducted by the Department of Agriculture in root to root infection is also possible. The BDB were first detected and isolated in Johor revealed that 61% of the banana plants in the surveyed area of 3200 ha were found to be a banana plantation located at Padang Rengas, infected by this disease. It was caused by bacteria Kuala Kangsar, Perak in 2013. One year later, they closely related to Ralstonia species and recently were isolated from a banana plantation in Batang named as Blood Disease Bacteria (BDB) which Kali, Selangor. Recent banana blood disease differ from the bacteria that caused Moko and outbreaks occurred in 2015 in Balik Pulau, Pulau Bugtok diseases, although the symptoms produced Pinang involving plantations in Permatang Pasir, are slightly similar. The bacteria were originally Sungai Rusa, Kampung Perlis, and Teluk Kumbar. named  Pseudomonas celebensis  by Gaumann in  About 153 ha of banana plantations found on 1923. It was later considered to be an aberrant the island were affected and 90% of the infected awak  variants form of Moko. After the appearance of the disease banana plants were from the pisang awak in Java, further investigations showed that the which are classified as cooking bananas. To further study this disease, the Biotechnology bacteria were in fact different from that which and Nanotechnology Research Centre, MARDI causes Moko. The name ‘blood disease’ was originally adopted in collaboration with the Horticulture Research because of the appearance of droplets of a thick Centre, started a step forward in fundamental milky white, yellow or red-brown liquid which research in omics study such as genomics, often ooze out of the vascular tissues of infected transcriptomics and proteomics. MARDI has plant at cut surfaces. Blood disease is estimated successfully submitted and deposited the whole to be spreading at the rate of approximately DNA genome sequence in GenBank NCBI under 25 kilometers per year. Initial symptoms are the accession numbers CP019911 for chromosome yellowing and wilting of upper leaves and shoots and CP019912 for plasmid. The draft genome and eventually the whole plant wilted. The fruit sequence of BDB A2 HR-MARDI will provide may appear unaffected but internally they are insights into the discovery of potential virulence discoloured to reddish-brown and often dried or factors and hypersensitive response and rotted. Meanwhile, cut stems or peduncles exude pathogenicity (hrp) genes from the pathogen. A list bacterial ooze that may vary in colour from milky to of virulence protein has been identified to support yellow to reddish-brown to black. Besides that, the the genome data of BDB to give a comprehensive presence of blackened and shriveled male flower finding on the bacteria’s pathogenicity. This

Fruit with internal brownish discoloration, indicating the bacteria had penetrated and blocked the vascular system

Collapsed and dying banana tree infected by BDB

will help in molecularly elucidate the pathogen virulence mechanism. Further study will also be carried out at the bacteria transcriptome level. The information obtained from this study may provide an integrated approach in overcoming this disease and a strategic plan towards the development of blood disease banana resistant variety.

March 2018

9

COMMERCIALIZATION

Clearfield® Rice Production Technology By: Dilipkumar Masilamany Paddy and Rice Research Centre, MARDI

W

eedy rice is a threat to rice production worldwide. Its ability to compete against rice in all development stages has resulted in large losses of rice yield and reduction in grain quality in Malaysia. Malaysia. Weedy Weedy rice belongs to the same species as cultivated rice, therefore, its control by non-selective herbicides is inefficient. Weedy rice management management is done only through land preparation, mechanical tools and other cultural practices. Its infestation had been a major problem for rice production in Malaysia, until the Clearfield®  rice production system was commercialized in 2010. This system uses broad-spectrum, imidazolinone herbicides together with mutant rice cultivars, known as Clearfield ®  rice, which are resistant to imidazolinone herbicides. Thus, Clearfield® technology enables selective chemical control of weedy rice. Clearfield®  rice cultivars have point mutations in the gene for the acetolactate synthase enzyme (ALS), which is the target of imidazolinone herbicides. These mutations determine substitutions of amino acids located on the herbicide binding site, thereby, generating resistance to imidazolinone herbicides. The Clearfield®  rice production technology was first commercialized in 2002 in the USA to control weedy rice. Other countries rapidly adopted the technology and these include Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua and Panama in 2003, Costa Rica in 2004, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia in 2005 and Italy in 2006. In Malaysia, two Clearfield ® rice cultivars were developed by MARDI, namely, MR220CL1 and MR220CL2. The latter variety, MR220CL2 is the most widely planted cultivar in Malaysia because it is shorter and matures earlier than MR220CL1. The Clearfield ®  rice production technology consists of three components, namely, Clearfield®  certified seeds, the OnDuty®  herbicide (premix formulation of imazapic and imazapyr at 3:1 ratio) and the stewardship guidelines. OnDuty® is recommended to be applied at 0 to 7 days after sowing (DAS) at 150 g /ha a.i

This innovative innovative technology technology has has benefitted benefitted the rice industry in many countries by reducing the weedy rice infestation and increasing rice yields. In Malaysia, weedy rice-infested rice fields have shown increase in rice yields from 3.5 to 7 metric tonnes /ha. Despite these advantages, there is concern regarding the escape of the resistance trait from Clearfield® rice cultivars to weedy or wild rice in cases where weedy rice control is less than 100%. Natural hybridization between the Clearfield®  cultivars and weedy rice is well documented. In North America this could range from 0.003 to 0.46% depending on the cultivars, weedy rice type and planting date. The numbers may be low, but this equates to hundreds of herbicide-resistant outcrosses per hectare. The risk of outcrossing is expected to be higher in Malaysia where two consecutive rice crops are planted per year. Moreover, Malaysian weedy rice is highly diverse in morphology and phenology. Molecular and morphological studies conducted by local scientists collectively have claimed that the local conventional indica rice cultivars and wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) populations genetically contributed to the complexity of weedy rice in Malaysia. Therefore, synchronization in flowering period between the weedy and cultivated rice and genetic compatibility are expected to support intermittent gene flow across these Oryza groups. Recently, many complaints have have been received receive d by MARDI from local farmers regarding the failure of OnDuty® to control weedy rice in Clearfield® rice fields. Based on a preliminary survey, most farmers planted Clearfield®  rice for more than two consecutive seasons and some were extended to seven seasons. Unfortunately, several farmers ignored the stewardship guidelines by purchasing uncertified seeds, spraying OnDuty® at inappropriate times or at reduced rates and cultivating Clearfield® rice without using OnDuty®  or using unregistered imidazolinone products. These factors may have resulted in the leakage of the resistance trait from Clearfield®  rice to weedy or wild rice by natural hybridization. From the preliminary survey it was

 A Bug’s Life I

Differences in weedy rice management between Clearfield® and conventional rice system

Weedy rice

Clearfield® rice production technology components

revealed that imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice has been discovered in areas where stewardship was poor. Strict adherence to stewardship guidelines of this technology will be the key to its continued success. Besides, seed laws become necessary in order to combat fraud, counterfeiting and bad quality seeds that are contaminated with weedy rice or carry diseases. A good seed certification system that benefits the rice industry requires high commitment and responsibility of all government agencies, private industries and farmers.

By: Dr. Rosliza Jajuli Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, MARDI

nsects are known as the most successful creatures that make up as many as threequarters of animal species on earth. Many would consider insects as their enemies as they could only relate to insect pests such as the mosquitoes that spread diseases and people just could not care less about these creatures. However, insects play a vital role in keeping our ecosystem healthy. There are approximately 1.5 million separate species of known insects on the planet and there are still millions more that have yet to be found and catalogued. Malaysia, famously known as the 12th  mega diverse country in the world, is estimated to have 170,000 species of invertebrates that consist of insects and worms. Insect collections in Malaysia are maintained by a few parties such as research institutes, agriculture department and universities. In fact, Malaysia already has its own Natural History  Muzium Alam Semulajadi) in Putrajaya Museum ( Muzium which showcases collections of flora and fauna. However, these collections are still limited and not specifically refer to insect collection associated with agriculture. Fortunately, such facility is already available for research and education purposes in MARDI. MARDI Insect Museum, which was developed in the early 1980’s, holds one of the largest collection of insect associated with agricultural crops in Malaysia. The collection of insects comprises of more than 31,000 specimens. These specimens were collected from all over Malaysia

with different functions in the agro ecosystem such as pest or beneficial insects (pollinators, predators or parasitoids, biodecomposers or bioindicators). Most of the collection dated since 1980’s but some precious specimens are as old as 90 years back. These specimens were donated by the Department of Agriculture dated back to 1920’s. A majority of the specimens was collected by MARDI researchers during their surveys and research activities. The main function of MARDI Insect Museum is to provide scientific identification services. It has become a referral centre for identification of insects associated with agriculture in Malaysia. Researchers, students and the general public are welcome to visit the facility. Technical Technical visits to the Insect Museum by university students and school children are part of education and awareness programme in educating young generations on the importance of insect biodiversity in agriculture. The collection comprises of all groups of orders in insects e.g Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), Hymenoptera (bees) and others. Most of the bigger specimens are pinned insects and kept in wooden cabinets. However, some of the minute specimens such as thrips, have to be mounted on glass slides. With good maintenance and care, these insect collections could be kept for a long time for future references.

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March 2018

SUCCESS STORY 

Multidetect Immunosensor for Precise and Rapid Detection of Plant Pathogen By: Radah Abd Rahman, Faridah Salam, Norhafniza Awaludin, Hazalina Zulkii, Siti Noraini Bunawan, Nur Sabrina Wahid and Zamri Ishak Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, MARDI

D

iseased plants can exhibit a variety of symptoms, making diagnosis extremely difficult. Common symptoms include abnormal leaf growth, colour distortion, stunted growth, shrivelled plants and damaged pods. Sometimes, however, symptoms may not be visually detected because infection of some plant pathogen causes no symptoms. It was reported that about 20 – 30% of field crops are annually lost due to diseases. In the case of rice tungro disease or ‘penyakit merah’, a worldwide annual loss in rice production of approximately US$1.5 billion and 5 – 10% reduction in rice yields in South and South East Asia including Malaysia had been reported. Once a plant is infected with such diseases, it will remain infected until it dies, and so will its progeny. progeny. Insect and aphid vectors feeding on infected plants will go on to spread the disease further. Some of the worst crop diseases are transmitted through planting materials. New techniques are now available which can produce seedlings free of virus and other diseases. There are also new laboratory techniques for the diagnosis and indexing of virus diseases. However, problems still remain. Distribution is another problem. Often diseasefree planting materials are not available in sufficient numbers when farmers need them, or else they are so expensive that farmers do not want them. Since disease-free seedlings are quite vulnerable to infection, another major problem is how to keep them free of diseases after they are

planted out in the field. As a general rule, most pests and diseases cannot be completely eradicated, but they can be managed and controlled to minimise the ‘collateral’ damage. To manage potential problems, early identification, correct diagnosis and the swift implementation of preventive methods should allow you to get on top of most problems before serious damage is inflicted. That is why it is important to detect plant diseases early on. Yet laboratory tests are costly and often time-consuming. Recently, researchers from MARDI developed an immunosensor for early detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV), Tungro and Anthracnose in crops. This immunosensor employs antibodies that are specific to CMV, PRSV, Tungro and Anthracnose. The specific antibodies are coated with gold nanoparticles to improve sensitivity. These antibodies can specifically target and dock onto the pathogens. In addition, each plant disease comes with its own antibody coated disposable strips which can be easily applied on various sample matrices and portable reader for results analysis in digital form (µg / mL or spore / mL) within five minutes. This award winning technology is comparatively easier, cheaper and simpler and can be used in situ as compared to the more expensive conventional methods which require devices such as ELISA and PCR. This breakthrough innovation is also expected to help on site pathogen identification

 From front page

Saving the Future with Future with Sustainable Development Goals SDGs such as ending extreme poverty, hunger and malnutrition; promoting sustainable management of natural resources, including biodiversity, fisheries, forests, land, soils, water, and oceans; and mitigating while also adapting and building resilience to climate change. FAO, being the specialized UN agency in charge of food and agriculture, has a long history of working in all three dimensions of sustainable development ie; economic, social and environmental where its projects are designed to leave no one behind. FAO’s strategic framework framework is broadly aligned with the SDGs and it has the technical capacity, capacity, global reach, monitoring expertise, and experience building partnerships and shaping policy that are needed to support countries in implementing the 2030 Agenda. The FAO FAO has three key messages to achieve sustainable sustainab le development; (i) investment in food and agriculture will drive change across the SDGs, (ii) to leave no one behind, it is a must to address the needs of rural people and (iii) we can reach zero hunger if we we work together. Rural people make up nearly 80 percent of the extreme poor with an estimated number at 3.5 billion people. Hence, there must be a focus on rural development and investment in agriculture, namely, crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture. To eradicate extreme poverty, poverty, reduce the greatest inequalities and foster inclusive growth, we must promote a rural transformation programme that empowers rural people as critical agents of change. This includes new policies and programmes that promote sustainable food and agriculture to improve the livelihoods and resilience of smallholder farmers, foresters, foresters, fishermen, pastoralists and labourers, with particular focus on rural women, indigenous peoples and youth. Tackling root causes by targeting rural populations, providing access to social protection programmes, committing to pro-poor investment and growth are also important and can make or break achievement of the SDGs in most countries. Most importantly, sustainable development requires the commitment of everyone. All players and stakeholders need to share knowledge in implementing and monitoring the SDGs. Then only, the 2030 Agenda’s historic commitment to rid the world of the twin scourges of poverty and hunger can become a reality.

 From page 3

Cucumber leaves infected with Cucumber Mosaic  Virus

Papaya with papaya ring spot virus

Infected chili with anthracnose

by law enforcement agencies/monitoring and quarantine sections for field analysis. This technology technolog y was awarded with a gold medal and the ‘Sustainable Development Development Brussels Innova 2016 Special Award’ at INNOVA 2016, Brussels, Belgium.

MARDI-AVRDC Research Collaboration on Legume Pod Borer Pest , Maruca vitrata vitrata

The collaborative work achieved these particular objectives: 1. Six species of parasitoids were recorded from Maruca vitrata. Two larval parasitoids (Therophilus javanus and Therophilus marucae) and an egg-larval  Phanerotoma sp.) were identified as species-specific of M. vitrata, parasitoid ( Phanerotoma same as reported in Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam. These three species are potential candidates for classical biological controls. thuringiensis-based bio-pesticides were found to successfully control 2.  Bacillus thuringiensis  Maruca vitrata on long beans in the fields. 3. Shipments of dead specimens of Maruca vitrata adults and its pupae were sent to Humboldt University University Berlin, Germany to identify the chemical components of the sex pheromone. The information gathered from this this project would benefit all participating participating partners in addressing the damaging pest of  M. vitrata  on leguminous crops especially in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa regions. The development of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy with the components of natural enemies, pheromone lures and bio-pesticides is expected to reduce pesticide usage and increase the consumption consump tion of safer vegetable legumes. a

d

b

c

e

f 

vitrata found and recorded in Malaysia. The six parasitoids from Maruca vitrata a) Therophilus marucae ; b) Therophilus javanus; c) Phanerotom  Phanerotoma a leucobasis; d) Tiriclistus sp.; e) Trathala flavoorbitalis; f ) Bracon sp. a

Pests of vegetable legumes.  a) Pod borer at larval stage; b) Moth of  Maruca vitrata vitrata

b

March 2018

11

SUCCESS STORY  By: Siti Norsuha Misman, Kogeethavani Ramachandran, Elixon Sunian and Dr. Mazidah Mat Paddy and Rice Research Centre, MARDI

Disease Resistant Varieties For Sustainable Rice Production

 A MARDI SIRAJ 297

Pani Pa nicl clee Bl Blas astt Sy Sym mpt ptom om

Fol olia iarr Blast Blast Sy Sym mpt ptom om

MR269

strategy for sustaining food security is to depend on self-sufficiency in the domestic production of rice. However, susceptibility of high yielding rice varieties to pests and diseases is one of the most important limiting factors that affect rice production causing yield loss. There are many pests and diseases of rice but only a few of them, such as panicle blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, Tungro and brown plant hopper, cause dramatic yield and economic losses due to severe outbreak. Despite using chemical controls which are costly and environmentally undesirable, deploying resistant varieties has been considered as the most effective and economical approach to control diseases. Since 1964, MARDI released released several rice varieties with resistance to blast disease. Among the earliest blast resistant varieties released were Malinja, Mahsuri and Sekencang which later succumb to this disease. MR84 was one of the popular varieties released in 1986 and reached 85% of varietal coverage throughout the rice granary in 1994. This variety was planted for more than 15 years and it remained popular until the year 2000. Practice of planting mono variety for a long term and in a wide scale had attributed to the breakdown of MR84 to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease which caused an outbreak. However, the introduction of MR167 and MR185 varieties, which had some degree of resistance to BLB, in 1995 and 1997 respectively, contributed to lower BLB incidence in the field.  Penyakit Merah Virus Tungro or locally known as  Penyakit (PMV) is a virus disease which is transmitted by green leafhopper (GLH). One of the popular GLH resistant varieties was MR159 which was introduced in 1995. Even though this variety was not well accepted by farmers in Peninsular Malaysia, it was a popular choice in some of the tungro epidemic areas in Sabah. In 2001, the most popular high yielding yieldin g variety, MR219, was introduced. When released, MR219 was resistant to blast disease and moderately resistant

to brown planthopper. The demand for this variety increased due to its high yield potential of up to 10 t/  ha. Thus, there was an increase up to 66.8% and 85% in the varietal varietal coverage coverage of MR219 in Peninsular Peninsular Malaysia in 2004 and 2010 respectively. Being a major variety planted in a large area for a long term caused MR219 to be more vulnerable to rapid adaptation of high variability of the pathogen (pathotype) population in the field. This situation eventually caused serious blast disease outbreak in 2004 and 2009. Later, MR 263 and MR253 were released in 2010 followed by MR269 in 2012 as a way of managing blast disease outbreak at that time.  A newly newly released variety, variety, MARDI Siraj 297 which is resistant to blast and slightly resistant to BLB is expected to contribute to the increase of genetic diversity in the field. Incorporated resistance in a variety will also lower the pathogen population pressure, resulting in less frequent applications of pesticides. Currently, MARDI is moving towards increasing genetic diversity of modern rice varieties through resistance breeding and deployment of different resistant genes based on an understanding of the pathogen population structures to enhance their durability. Disease management through the use of genetic diversity can contribute to the development of durable resistance, secure the rice yield, generate farmers’ income and conserve genetic resources. Nevertheless, over depending on the varietal capability without practising proper crop management system may not prolong the sustainability of the variety. variety. The varietal resistance management practices should be applied to sustain and prolong the varietal resistance and its defence defence mechanisms. mechanisms. These include reducing excessive fertilizer application, using minimal seed rate, optimization of plant density, varietal rotation and understanding the host (resistance gene)-pathogen (pathotype) interaction on severe disease incidence.

Plant Pathogens: A Neglected Treasure In Microbial Culture Collection By: Dr. Tosiah Sadi

Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, MARDI

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enerally plant pathogens are considered as microorganisms that need to be eradicated and have no no economic value. Thus, pesticides were were introduced to treat these pathogens with the intention to protect economic crops. However, continuous use of pesticides in agriculture does not seem to control the pathogens sustainably but somewhat just act as an interim problem solving. It is not too exaggerating when one says that since the first introduction of pesticide and subsequently lots more pesticide variants to date, various plant pathogens still survived and evolved besides emergent of new pathogens. However, from current databases, the number of plant pathogens species found worldwide are enormous. enormous. For fungi fungi alone, approximately approximately 10,000 species are known as being pathogenic to plants. Considering the bacteria and viruses, the number is likely to be much higher. In many parts of the world, plant pathogens are being conserved ex  situ, i.e. in microbial culture collection collect ion as records and references. reference s. However, changes in disease management landscape are taking place as a result of the current trends in trade liberalization by WTO (World Trade Organization), fast movement of commodities and people as well as fear of bioterrorism through infectious plant diseases. Thus, more serious attention is given to issues regarding plant diseases in relation to food security and also the perception towards towards plant pathogen collections and records as an important business entity. Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement which ensures health status of member countries has become the main part in import risk analysis. Hence, governments have the responsibility to scientifically demonstrate that in any trade rejection, it is done essentially to protect health (plant, animal and human). In this case, countries with intent to export products to their target markets are required to provide scientific evidence of any claims regarding the presence or absence of pathogens. This information should provide provide details about the geographical distribution of the pathogens and their biology as well as the taxonomic status and economic importance. importance. It is not acceptable acceptable to claim that a pest is ‘not ‘not known to occur’. Evidence needs needs to be presented to support the assertion that the pest is “not known to occur”. In this regard, regard, pathogen specimen specimen

collection from properly conducted surveys are the only internationally recognized proof of the existence (or absence) of a pest in a country. This requirement also applied to Malaysia as a signatory member of WTO. Information on plant plant pathogen occurrence and and its collection will connects past, present and future research activities and it provide an essential foundation for basic research, forensics and risk assessment of newly newly isolated pathogens. pathogens. Comprehensive Comprehensive collections and records of what has been isolated and studied are essential as references for future exploration and usage especially in commodity trading and protection of bioweapons where agriculture agricul ture is the target. However, in Malaysia, activities in conserving plant pathogens are given less emphasis and pathogen diversity in ecosystem remains vastly under explored. Yet, the issue of rejected consignment of agriculture products due to microbial contamination at international market is happening and need to be resolve by following SPS agreement and Specific Guidelines for Phytosanitary measures. Climate change can influence the spread and emergence of new diseases. The increase in human population urges the need for efficient food production.

Development of new resilient plant cultivars and any potential breeding materials need to be challenged with the pathogens to ensure the plants can survive when stressed. Hence, the understandin understanding g of the pathogen pathogen genetic makeup is very useful as they might constitute potentially significant biotechnology resources of particular important for genetic improvement. improvement. Microbial culture collection of plant pathogens plays an integral part to protect plant health at an early stage or to encourage trade of horticultural fresh produce. Thus, reference cultures with phenotypic identification labels can facilitate the identification and control of newly emerging pathogens. Although MARDI has started the plant pathogen collection in the eighties, and more than 1,000 pathogen strains have been conserved, the growth of the collection is considered slow because priorities are given more towards product development. Nonetheless, we really hope that Malaysia will give a seriously tremendous effort in collecting, documenting, and conserving plant pathogens for research and reference especially when agriculture biosecurity issues become the concern. These pathogens should be fairly treasured at par with other beneficial microbes as they have have their own roles in harmonizing our ecosystem.

Colletotrichum  sp.

a pathogen that infect a wide range of plants

 Exserohilum spp.

the weed pathogen that is exploited as bioherbicides

Banana blood or Moko disease? They produced similar symptoms but caused by different pathogens

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March 2018

EVENT Malaysia hosted the 5 th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods By: Badrulhadza Amzah Crops and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI

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n September 2017, Malaysia was chosen as the host for the 5th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods (ISBCA). Jointly organized by CABI South East Asia and the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), the event was held at Meritus Pelangi Hotel in Langkawi Island, Kedah. The local organising committee comprised of Dr. Loke Wai Hong and Dr. A. Sivapragasam from CABI together with Dr. Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor, MARDI’s Deputy Director General, and his team. More than 130 biological control scientists and personnel from private sectors from 25 countries came t ogether from 11 – 15 September 2017 to participate in the global flagship conference on biological control of arthropods using parasitoids and predators. The main aim of the symposium was to create a meeting for biological control practitioners, a forum for information exchange, an event to build cohesion among the research community and to foster discussions of issues affecting biological control work, particularly pertaining to the use of parasitoids and predators as biological control agents. This included all approaches to biological control such as conservation, augmentation and importation of natural enemy species to control arthropod pests, as well as other transversal issues related to its implementation. It was a privilege for Malaysia as the 2017 event was held in Asia for the very first time. It was also part of the ISBCA goal to be truly international. ISBCA 2017 was officiated by Dato’ Ir. Haji Nawawi Bin Ahmad,

Langkawi Member of Parliament. In his speech, he had high hopes that technologies on biological control of crop pests will keep on developing and become a great tool to farmers. Fourteen sessions were organized during the symposium to address the most relevant and current topics in the field of biological control of arthropods which were delivered by invited speakers. More than 50 posters were presented by scientists, postgraduate and postdoctoral students. Topics covered were diverse including the positive and negative aspects of accidental introductions of biocontrol agents, the importance of pre and post release genetics in biological control, the non-target impacts in arthropod biological control, regulation and policies relating to biological control, diversity of biocontrol agents, how pesticides affect biocontrol agents and socio-economic impacts of biological control. Some of these topics have remained as important issues since the first meeting in 2002.

Regional Workshop Workshop On Protected Cultivation of High-Value Crops Under Changing Climate Nur Aida Mohd Padzil Conditions By: Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI

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or the third time, MARDI and Food and requirements towards establishing protected Fertilizer Technology Center for Asian and cultivation, and cooperation in the sector to move the Pacific (FFTC) have worked together to towards market-based pricing in order to reflect  jointly organize organize the “Regional “Regional Workshop Workshop on Protected improved products and innovation. Cultivation of High-Value Crops under Changing The outcomes of the workshop are to enlighten Climate Conditions” which was successfully held all relevant parties to address major issues such as from 12-14 September 2017 in MARDI Serdang. technical feasibility of different types of protected The workshop brought together 50 participants cultivation, economic benefits for the growers, food from local and abroad (Cambodia, India, Indonesia, quality and safety for the consumers as well as Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, environmental environmental protection. There is a lot of information Thailand, Vietnam and the Netherlands). The three- sharing among the participating countries that will from ministries (MOA and MOSTI), Department of day programme covered two days Workshop and one be of great benefit. (DOA), universities universities (UPM and UTM) UTM) and and day Technical Visit. This programme was officially In this programme, Malaysia Malaysia was represented  Agriculture (DOA), opened by the Secretary General, Ministry of by two scientists from MARDI (Ir. Mat Sharif private agency (Enza Zaden Sdn Bhd). For the technical visit, participants were brought  Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Industry, Malaysia. Malaysia. Ismail, Principal Scientist of Engineering Research The workshop gathered international experts Centre and Ms. Farahzety Abdul Mutalib-Senior to visit Green World Genetics Sdn Bhd (GWG) in the area of protected cultivation to update the Scientist of Horticulture Research Centre). Ir. Mat in Rawang. This company has strong focus on current status of various technological components Sharif was given the honour to present a Position research and development of tropical hybrid seeds of protected cultivation of high-value crops such as Paper entitled ‘Design Optimization of Greenhouse as well as improvement of agricultural produce. The designing of structures for tropical and sub-tropical Environment in Tropical Climate using Specific participants also visited the Control Environment agro-climatic conditions, micro-environmental  Air Space Stratification Technique’ Technique’ whilst Ms. Mushroom House at Engineering Research Centre, control, ideal modules on irrigation, integrated crop Farahzety represented Malaysia as a Country MARDI Serdang where they were introduced to the management and integrated pest management. Report Presenter with her paper titled “Protected technology of high value mushroom production under Besides, this workshop was also used as a platform Cultivation Technologies of Vegetable Production in controlled environment with an application of IoT to look at transition pathways and associated Malaysia”. Participation from Malaysia also came (Internet of Things), developed by MARDI.

FOOD WASTE: A Moral Issue

By: Dr. Ainu Husna M S Suhaimi Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI

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ood waste is not just an economic or environment issue, it is a moral issue. This message was clearly indicated by the Danish Minister of Environment Environment and Food during the opening speech of the World Food Summit 2017. It is not right that 33% of all food produced is thrown away. It is even worse this happens when over 10% of the global population do not even have enough food to lead a healthy lifestyle. The two day World Food Summit 2017 was held in scenic Copenhagen, Denmark in August 2017. The yearly summit gathers more than 200 experts and key players in the food industry to discuss, debate and deliberate issues, actions and directions related to food. The theme for this year’s summit, “Better food for more people” is very apt. Sustainability and efficiency are the keys to ensure more people have access to fresh, safe and healthy food. The summit was divided into four areas; Food Gastronomy, Food Diversity, Safety and Waste. Speakers, decision makers and experts from governments, industries and social enterprises and movements from all corners of the globe gathered to discuss and ultimately to find solutions to all challenges we are facing. Globally, Globally, food waste is a massive issue throughout the supply chain. It can happen on farms, processing premises, distribution centres, food providers and

all living premises. This amounts to a whopping 1.3 billion metric tonnes costing US$1 trillion. Looking at the magnitude of this issue, tackling waste is surely not an easy task. It involves so many processes and events throughout the ‘value chain’. Hence, during the summit, many challenges were discussed and identified. However, several key areas that needs to be rectified were awareness, regulations, standards as well as inefficient food production systems. Creating awareness awareness in the true value value of food to Denmark does have a good national awareness all members of the food industry is vital to ensure that food is not wasted. Awareness is not just to on food waste. The government initiatives, lead inform people why food should not be wasted but to by The Ministry of Food and Environment has encourage people to be more creative in finding ways developed two food waste related national strategies; Waste Strategy in 2010, and Denmark not to waste food. Utilising surplus foods to create  National Food Waste new recipes and dishes can really revolutionise the without Waste  in 2015. Among key approaches of way we tackle the issue. Some examples we were the strategies included getting commitments from shown (and tasted!) were making crackers out of relevant partners and encouraging initiatives to providing subsidies and grants. One leftover potato bread, or soy-sauce like flavours from reduce waste by providing interesting project was to find ways to reshape and egg whites.  Another major challenge for curbing food waste package unsold out of shape vegetables directly to is the regulations and standards which are vital in kitchen instead of throwing them away. Apart from tackling waste ensuring the safety and well-being of consumers. government efforts, social movements tackling However, it was unanimously agreed that some in Denmark are inspiring. The “Stop Wasting Food” standards especially those related to sizes and movement founded by Selina Juul has stirred a lot of attention and awareness awareness in this issue. Denmark cosmetic traits should be less strict. Communication is the key in all relationships, also has a very active food bank, Danish Food Bank, even along the food supply chain. Miscommunication collecting surplus food from companies and currently between demand and supply can cause over- donating them to numerous charity organizations. production which results in unavoidable waste. There Other creative initiatives include a surplus food was a general urge that everyone should indicate their supermarket, WeFood, which sells food products needs accurately so that planning of food production at reduced prices and a movement called Rub and can be done in a more efficient manner. This would Stub, co-founded by three enthusiastic ladies, selling menu in a restaurant as well well as apply to everyone from distributors, retailers and surplus food-based menu teaching students and organisations how to reduce consumers. food waste in the kitchen.