Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarchy

Tr n a v s k á u n i v e r z i t a v Tr n a v e U n i v e r s i t a s Ty r n a v i e n s i s

Filozofická fakulta

Facultas Philosophica

ANODOS Studies of the Ancient World

10/2010

T R N A V A 2011

ANODOS Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010

Redakčná rada/Editors: Prof. PhDr. Mária Novotná, DrSc., Prof. Dr. Werner Jobst, doc. PhDr. Marie Duková, CSc., prof. PhDr. Klára Kuzmová, CSc. Redakcia/Editorial Staf: prof. PhDr. Klára Kuzmová, CSc. Počítačová sadzba/Layout: Zuzana Turzová © Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Filozoická fakulta Kontaktná adresa (príspevky, ďalšie informácie)/Contact address (contributions, further information):  Katedra klasickej archeológie, Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Hornopotočná 23, SK-918 43 Trnava  +421-33-5939371; fax: +421-33-5939370  [email protected]

Publikované s inančnou podporou Ministerstva školstva SR (Projekt VEGA č. 1/0408/09) a Pro Archaeologia Classica. Published with inancial support of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09) and the Pro Archaeologia Classica.

Za znenie a obsah príspevkov zodpovedajú autori. The authors are responsible for their contributions. Tlač/Printed by: ForPress, s.r.o., Kmeťkova 1, 949 01 Nitra z tlačových podkladov Filozoickej fakulty Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave Žiadna časť tejto publikácie nesmie byť reprodukovaná alebo rozširovaná v žiadnej forme - elektroniky či mehaniky, vrátane fotokópií, nahrávania alebo iným použitím informačného systému vrátane webovýh stránok, bez predbežného písomného súhlasu vlastníka vydavateľskýh práv. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form - electronic or mehanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, including web pages, without the prior writen permission from the copyright owner. ISBN 978-80-8082-500-3 ISSN 1338-5410

Obálka/Cover: Motív „Zázračného dažďa“ zo stĺpa Marka Aurélia v Ríme. V okienku: Detail osthotechu z Keseciku, Turecko (Foto: A. Baldiran). Motif of the „Miracle rain“ from the column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. In the window: Detail of the osthotech from Kesecik, Turkey (Photo: A. Baldiran). Graické spracovanie/Graphic elaboration: Mgr. Pavol Šima-Juríček Počítačové spracovanie/Computer elaboration: PhDr. Ivan Kuzma

Proceedings of the International Conference

THE PHENOMENA OF CULTURAL BORDERS AND BORDER CULTURES ACROSS THE PASSAGE OF TIME (From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)

Dedicated to the 375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis Trnava, 22 - 24 October 2010

CONTENTS PREFACE BALDIRAN, A. An Osthoteh with Hunting Scene in Çumra – Sırçalı Höyük ............................................................................................. 9 BARTUS, D. Roman Figural Bronzes From Brigetio: Preliminary Notes ................................................................................................ 17 BLAKOLMER, F. Ethnizität und Identität in der minoish-mykenishen Ikonographie .........................................................................................29 BOUZEK, J. Frontiers in Pre-Roman Thrace ............................................................................................................................................... 41 CHALUPA, A. Mithraism in Ancient Syria: Persian Cult on the Borders of the Roman Empire ............................................................. 57 DAŞBACAK, C. An Essay on the Heating Costs of Roman Baths .................................................................................................................. 67 DIMITROVA, Y. Rodopi Mountain Between Thrace and Aegea Region: Some Elements of a Border Culture of Early Iron Age in Southern Bulgaria .................................................................. 71 DOKSANALTI, E. M. - MIMIROĞLU, İ. M. Giresun/Aretias - Kalkeritis Island ......................................................................................................................................... 85 DUBCOVÁ, V. Göter ohne Grenzen? Transfer der religiösen Ikonographie in der Bronzezeit – Alter Orient und die frühe Ägäis ....................................................................................................................................... 103 GOLUBOVIĆ, S. – MRĐIĆ, N. Territory of Roman Viminacium - From Celtic to Slavic Tribes ....................................................................................... 117 HLAVÁČOVÁ, S. Greek Heroes on the Borders of the Historical Periods ..................................................................................................... 127 KLONTZA-JAKLOVÁ, V. The Meaning of Time in Late Bronze Age Europe and its Relection in Material Culture .......................................... 133 KOVÁCS, P. Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarhy ............................................................................................................. 143 KOVÁLIK, L. The Gate Wall and the Doors of Greek Propyla ................................................................................................................. 155 KUČERÁKOVÁ, K. The Upland Setlements of the Púchov Culture and Germanic Tribes Beyond the North-Pannonian Frontier, in the Mountainous Part of Central Slovakia ...................................................................................................... 163 LAZAR, I. The Inhabitants of Roman Celeia - An Insight into Intercultural Contacts and Impacts Trough Centuries ............................................................................................................................. 175 MUSILOVÁ, M. Bratislavaer Burg - Arx Boiorum im Lihte der neuesten arhäologishen Funde Archäologische Forschung - Winterreithalle ................................................................................................................................187 NÁMEROVÁ, A. Relations Between Greeks and Scythians in Blak Sea Area ....................................................................................................207

NOVÁKOVÁ, L. Funeral Rites and Cultural Diversity in Hellenistic Caria Based on Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence ........................................................................................................... 213 ONDERKA, P. – DUFKOVÁ, M. Die meroitishe Stäte in Wad Ben Naga, Republik Sudan ............................................................................................... 223 PAPOUŠEK, D. Centrality and Cosmopolitism in the Lukan Imagination of Paul of Tarsus: A Case of Jerusalem ................................................................................................................................................................ 247 POBEŽIN, G. Sources and History: Crossing From Arhives to Historiography and Bak The Development of Historiographical Method and Episteme in Respect of Using Arhival Sources ................................................................................................................................... 255 POPOV, H. – JOCKENHÖVEL, A. At the Northern Borders of the Mycenaean World: Thracian Gold Mining from the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age at Ada Tepe in the Eastern Rhodopes ......................................................................................... 265 ŠVAŇA, K. The inluence of Roman provincial potery manufacture on the production of the Suebic wheel-made potery ....................................................................................................... 283 TRANTALIDOU, K. – BELEGRINOU, E. – ANDREASEN, N. Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula. The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Era ......................................................... 295 VERČÍK, M. Die griehishen Bewafnung im Lihte des kulturellen Austaushes ............................................................................ 321 ZIMMERMANN, Th. Legal Aliens on Hatian Grounds? – Tracing the Presence of ‚Foreigners‘ in 3rd Millennium Central Anatolia ....................................................................................................................................... 335

Preface

The publication of ANODOS 10/2010 contains 27 articles in English and German which were presented in the form of papers and posters at the international conference “The Phenomena of Cultural Borders and Border Cultures Across the Passage of Time (From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)” which was held in Trnava on the 22th - 24th of October 2010. The participants consisted of scholars from eleven countries (Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, the USA and the Slovak Republic). Graduate and post-graduate students from Trnava participated in both the organization of the conference and the actual programme. The conference was organized on the occasion of the 375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis (1635-1777), the irst university in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, which then included the historical town of Trnava. The current renewed Trnava University in Trnava (1992), situated in the Slovak Republic, follows the ideas and academic identity of the original university. At the same time, in 2010 it had been ten years since the Department of Classical Archaeology at Trnava University had established the tradition of organizing international scientiic conferences on speciic themes in chronological sequence – from the Late Bronze Age to Late Antiquity. The idea came from Prof. Dr. Mária Novotná, the founder of the Department and of the Classical Archaeology study programme in Slovakia. The conferences have been held every two-three years so far (in 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2007) and they have had the following themes: Contacts between Middle Europe and the Mediterranean, Jewellery and Costume, Arms and Armour, and Cult and Sanctuary through the Ages. Contributions have been published in four volumes of Anodos - Studies of the Ancient World (1/2001, 3/2003, 4-5/2004-2005 and 6-7/2006-2007). Another conference of this kind was organized under the title “Trade and Production through the Ages” at Selcuk University in Konya (Turkey) in 2008, in co-operation with Selcuk University (our partner institution). The conference in 2010 and the publication of its proceedings have been inancially supported by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09) and by the voluntary association Pro Archaeologia Classica.

Editors Trnava, 25 November 2011

Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010, 143-154.

Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarchy Péter Kovács Keywords: Diocletian, Military History of Pannonia, Imperial Visits to Pannonia, Chronology of Sarmatian Campaigns Abstract: In his paper the author examines the chronology of Diocletian’s campaigns against the Sarmatians based on writen (mainly the Panegyrici) and epigraphi sources and coin evidencen and imperial titles: He came to the conclusion that between 290-294 the Pannonian Sirmium became the residence of the emperor and Diocletian personally commanded the campaigns against the Sarmatians (Galerius was in Egypt in this period). The Sarmatian turmoil can only be explained by the raising power of the Goths. The earlier Sarmatian invasions hit Pannonia and Moesia as well. In the Addendum all sources were edited in chronological order and the sources (based on the Codes) of the imperial visits to Pannonia during the tetrarchy were also collected there. During the works of the sixth volume of the series Fontes Pannoniae Antiquae I have observed that how uncertain is the military history of Danubian provinces including Pannonia during the irst tetrarchy and how confuse is the chronology of the Sarmatian campaigns. Several questions have remained unclear despite the fact that several scholars dealt with these problems1. In this paper irst I collect all the sources and I focus my atention esp. on the chronological problems. Beside the writen sources the epigraphic records, the imperial victory titles, the coin and archaeological evidence have been taken into consideration too. Ater Mommsen and Barnes (based on the date and place of issue of the imperial edicts) I have tried to follow the imperial visits in Pannonia2. All these data have been collected in the appendix. The exact interpretation and date of the writen sources in many passages seem to be too problematical. Sometimes it is impossible to decide whether a Sarmatian campaign/invasion shook the area of Pannonia or Moesia (or both). The modern term ripa Sarmatica (mentioned only by Claudian (Epith. Pallad. 86, in plural: quae Sarmaticis custodia ripis)) cannot exactly be identiied as the Phrygian veteran’s Aurelius Gaius’ funerary inscription clearly shows (SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=AÉp 1981, 777). The veteran, who participated Diocletian’s wars, including four Sarmatian campaigns, mentions two military bases where he garrisoned with his legion: Βιμι̣ν̣ά̣[κιον - - -]ν. The later fragmentary place-name can most probably be restored as [Sirmίo]ν, i. e. the Roman troops started their campaigns from Viminacium in Moesia superior and Sirmium in Pannonia inferior. Based only on Diocletian’s irst Germanicus maximus and Sarmaticus maximus titles it is known that the new emperor had to ight still in 285 A. D. against the Germans and Sarmatians (ater the batle at Margum against Carinus who died probably near the Pannonian Cornacum (cf. Eus. Chron. 227 (Karst))). Because of the fact that his predecessors, Carus and Carinus also had Sarmatian (Eutr. IX.18, HA v. Car. IX.4, VIII.1, XIX.2, Jord. Rom. 294, Sync. 472,10-11, Zon. XII.30) and German (Quadian: Nemes. Cyn. 69-70 and a medaillon with the legend Triumfu(s) Quador(um)) campaigns3, a probable hypothesis has been emerged that these campaigns had to be interrupted only because of Carus’ Persian war and Carinus’ civilian wars (against 1

Costa 1912, 1796, 1802, 1803-1804, 1809, 1820; Ensslin 1930, 2520-1, 2523, 2525-6; Alföldi 1941; Egger 1943; Seston 1946, 131, 134; Nagy 1946; Ensslin 1948, 2426, 2430-1, 2433-4, 2438-40; Nagy 1962, 56-7; Mócsy 1962, 570-1; 1974, 268-72; Barnes 1976, 174-93; 1982, 50-3, 63-4, 254-5; Williams 1985, 52, 75-7, 294-5; Mócsy 1990, 46; Kuhof 2001, 37-8, 95, 98-9, 153-4, 216, 223-6; Kovács 2001, 141-68; Leadbater 2009, 97-102, 183, 193, 219; Kovács 2010; 2011.

2

Th. Mommsen, Ges. Schr. II 195-291; Barnes 1982, 47-87.

3

Cp. Kovács 2008, 187-8.

143

Péter Kovács

Julianus and Diocletianus) and Diocletian only continued their campaigns. Because of lack of time (Diocletian ater the batle at Margum in the spring or summer of 285 spent the winter in Nicomedia4) these expeditions had to be rather short and demonstrative. This fact can explain the lack of the writen sources too5. Two imperial edicts were probably issued during these campaigns in November 285 in Pannonia superior (Atubino - probably the corrupted form of Botivo=Civitas Iovia) and Suneata (most probably identiied with the neighbouring Sunista along the road Poetovio-Mursa) (Cod. Iust. 4.48.5, Frag. Vat. 297) (cf. It. Burd. 561, 10 (Iovia)-11, Tab. Peut. Seg. IV (Botivo), Rav. Geogr. IV,19 (Botivo) and It. Ant. 130,2 (Iovia, Sinista))6. The second campaign can surely be dated to 289 when Diocletian received his second and Maximianus his irst Sarmaticus maximus title. The later fact is conirmed by Diocletian’s longer stay in Pannonia, who spent the winter of 289-290 in Sirmium (Cod. Iust. 10.3.4)7. The later campaign also appears in Panegyric XI (III) held in 291 to Maximian, where the author two times returned to the events of 289: 5.4 … omito Sarmatiae vastationem … The devastation of Sarmatia (i.e. campaign against them) was enumerated before the war against the Saraceni in 290, 16.1 … Sarmaticas vestras et Raeticas et Transrhenanas expeditiones furore percitae in semet imitentur. In this passage the word expeditiones in plural refers to the campaigns of 289 and 290 too. The victory in 289 was not decisive that is why Diocletian had to return quickly to Pannonia ater his Eastern travel during the irst half of this year, as it is mentioned in the same panegyric: 4.2 Illum modo Syria viderat: iam Pannonia susceperat. Many imperial edicts show that the emperor resided in Sirmium between July and December of 290 (Cod. Iust. 6.30.6 and 3.28.19) but we have no data between January and April 291 (this time Diocletian met Maximian at Mediolanum in December 290 or rather January 2918), and the irst known edict from May was issued again in Sirmium (Cod. Iust. 9.41.12). Panegyric XI also refers to the events of this year: 7.1 Laurea illa de victis accolentibus Syriam nationibus et illa Raetica et illa Sarmatica te, Maximiane, fecerunt pio gaudio triumphare … 16.1 … tantam esse imperii vestri felicitatem undique se barbarae nationes vicissim lacerent et excidant, alternis dimicationibus et insidiis clades suas duplicent et instaurent, Sarmaticas vestras et Raeticas et Transrhenanas expeditiones furore percitae in semet imitentur. In the same oration the rhetor mentions the reason of the Sarmatian wars as well. It was most probably the growing power of the Goths in the Carpathian basin (cf. the same situation under Constantine or Lactant. de mort. pers. 38.6 concerning the Carpi: a Gothis tempore vicennalium terris suis pulsis Maximiano se tradiderant) and 17.1 itemque Teruingi, pars alia Gothorum adiuncta mnau Taifalorum adversum Vandalos Gipidisque concurrunt (cf. Jord: Get. XXII.114-115, XXI.161)9. It has been generally accepted that the Sarmatian problem was solved around the middle of 29110. On the other hand, the situation is not so clear. We have no data from the second half of the year but Diocletian was still in this region at the end of the year (in Oescus, Cod. Iust. 8.47(48).5). Nothing exact is known about the events of these campaigns but the emperors did not receive a new victory title before 294. This fact clearly shows an unsolved situation. Based on Aurelius Gaius’ epitaph the legio I Iovia was transferred from Scythia minor to Pannonia most probably in this period: SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=AÉp 1981, 777 ἰστρατ[εσάμε]νο<ς> ἰς λειγειῶναν | πρώντην Ἰταλ[ικὴν Μ]υσιατικῶν, ἐκ|λεχθεὶς ἰς ὀγδ[όαν Αὐ]γούσταν Γερμ|ανικίαν, ἐν ἐπ̣[αρχί]ᾳ Σκυθ(ίᾳ) κα<ὶ> Πανν(ονίᾳ) | 5 Ἰοβίᾳ Σκυθικᾷ. Two new Pannonian legions were established, the legio V Iovia and VI Herculia and they garrisoned in Pannonia II, in the province neighbouring Sarmatia11. 4

Barnes 1982, 50.

5

Costa 1912, 1796; Ensslin 1948, 2426; Mócsy 1962, 570; Kuhof 2001, 37, Anm. 76.

6

Barnes 1982, 50 n. 2. On the problem of Botivo and civitas Iovia see Tóth 2006, 122-30.

7

Costa 1912, 1802; Alföldi 1941, 52; Ensslin 1948, 2430-2431; Mócsy 1962, 570; Kuhof 2001, 95.

8

Barnes 1982, 52.

9

Wolfram 19903, 67-8.

10

Costa 1912, 1802-1803; Ensslin 1948, 2431-2434; Mócsy 1962, 570; Kuhof 2001, 98-9.

11

Riterling 1925, 1572, 1596-1597; Mócsy 1962, 629.

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Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarchy

Because of lack of edicts it has to remain unclear where Diocletian resided in 29212. Based on this fact it must remain uncertain whether the Sarmatian wars of 290-291 inished in that year or not. The lack of a victory title and the fact that the irst edicts of January 293 atest again the emperor’s presence in Sirmium (that means that most probably he had to spent the winter again here: Cod. Iust. 1.18.5, 2.3.20, 3.34.8, 5.74.2, 6.26.7) refer rather to an unsolved situation. The term Σα]ρμαθίαν τετράκις in Aurelius Gaius’ inscription, that means he was in Sarmatia four times, probably means that Gaius fought in four campaigns of the same war between 291 and 29413. However, Diocletian spent the winter between January and February 293 in Sirmium. In March he travelled to the East most probably because of Galerius’ elevation to the rank of Caesar at Nicomedia (not in Sirmium) (Chron. Min. I p. 230, Lact. De mort pers. 19.2)14. During this war the emperor could visit Aquincum as well where he restored a Iuppiter sanctuary. The emperors’ name in the building inscription is in the nominative. The reused stone slab was found at Mikebuda in secondary use and R. Egger restored the text probably correctly (dated before the elevation of Galerius and Constantius), because the Caesars’ name were omited: CIL III 10605 = TRH 212 I(ovi) O(ptimo) [M(aximo)] / Diocletianus [et Maximianus] / Augusti ob d[evictos virtu]/te sua S[armatas]15. It is a fact that that Diocletian had to appear personally in Illyricum again from the middle of 293, in August he is atested in Viminacium, and from the 11th of September to the end of August 294 he continiously resided in Sirmium (Cod. Iust. 4.12.8, 9.18.2), and he could leave inally Illyricum only at the end of October (at the end of October he was at Durostorum: Cod. Iust. 8.41(42).6, 9.22.20)16. During this more-than-one-yearlong period he also travelled along the Sarmatian front in Pannonia, in 13th of November 293 he travelled through Lugio (Cod. Iust. 9.20.10 and 11), but two edicts were issued by him in Sirmium on the same day (Cod. Iust. 3.32.16, 4.1.7). It is a well-known fact and several antique authors also conirm (Lact. De mort. 18.6, Aur. Vict. 39.30, Praxagoras FGrH 219 F 1) that Galerius was chosen by Diocletian in order to supervise the Danubian provinces. On the other hand, it has clearly been pointed by T. D. Barnes that Galerius had to stay from 293 personally in the East irst because of the Egyptian revolt and later the Persian wars and he resided in Illyricum only from 299-30017. Considering this fact, Galerius could command shortly a Sarmatian campaign but his augustus had to inish the wars in the autumn of 294, Galerius fought at the same time in Upper Egypt18. Based on this fact, despite several earlier hypothesises19, the war was succesfully commanded personally by Diocletian. According to a data of the Consularia Constantinopolitana concerning the year 294 (Chron. min. I. p. 230) his coss. (Constantino et Maximiano, sc. a. 294) castra facta in Sarmatia contra Acinco et Bononia, i. e. across the Danube in the land of the Sarmatians opposite Aquincum and Bononia two military forts were constructed20. Despite the earlier disputes21, perphaps I could prove that Acincum can only be identiied with Aquincum/Budapest and it has nothing to do with Acimincum/Slankamen and the Roman fort at Titel supposed by S. Soproni and E. Tóth has to be identiied with the well-known Bronze age hill fort22. In Aquincum the fort can be identiied 12

Barnes 1982, 292.

13

Kovács 2010.

14

Ensslin 1948, 2436; Barnes 1982, 62, n. 73; Kolb 1987, 71-87; Kuhof 2001, 109-13; Leadbeter 2009, 63-4;

15

Alföldi 1941; Egger 1943; Ensslin 1948, 2440, Anm. 1; Seston 1946, 131; Kuhof 2001, 695.

16

Barnes 1982, 52-3.

17

Barnes 1982, 61, n. 70; Kienast 1996, 283; Kuhof 2001, 153, Anm. 419; Leadbeter 2009, 68-9, 81-2, 97-102.

18

Barnes 1976, 186-7; 1982, 62.

19

Costa 1912, 1804; Ensslin 1930, 2519-2520; 1948, 2438-2439; Mócsy 1962, 571.

20

Kovács 2001.

21

Soproni 1977, 393-7; Tóth 1980, 131-7 (=1982, 68-78).

22

Kovács 2001.

145

Péter Kovács

with one of the today-known counter-fortiications known as Trans and Contra Aquincum based on the Not. Dig. (Occ. XXXIII,48, 65)23. The fort Contra Bononia was also mentioned in the Notitia as castellum Onagrinum (Occ. XXXII, 41: contra Bononiam in Barbarico in Castello Onagrino) can be found at Begecs/Serbia24. These fortications in the vicinity of legionary forts probably with legionary detachments clearly show that the entire limes frontier of province Pannonia inferior had to be strenghtened25. The date of the Consularia is, however, uncertain. The datas of the work before Constantine are very sporadic, most of them concern the events important in the point of view of the Christianity (e. g. Jesus’ birth and passion) or history of literature (e. g. Cicero’ death) or events concerning the city Rome (ludi, prodigies). The entry of 294 mentions only construction of military forts in the entire Consularia. It is noteworthy to see that the entries grow ater 280s (11 under Diocletian). That is why the entry of 294 must be examined together with the other tetrarchic entries. The entries from 280s are not exact because they were mostly dated one year earlier or later: e. g. Probus’ death in 283, Maximianus’ elevation in 286, Galerius’ elevation in 291 instead of 293, the eclipse of 292 dated to 291, Diocletian’s tarif of maximum prices in 302 instead of 301 or Diocletian’s abdication in 304 instead of 305 or Constatine’ elevation in 307 instead of 306. The latest delay is the date of the eclipse of the year 319 falsely dated to 318. All these entries are most probably coming from unknown 4th century source from Constantinople26. Considering these, it has to be supposed the forts in Sarmatia were constructed also one year earlier in 293, That means they were built before the end of the war. This time the Roman victory was complete as the writen sources also show. All emperors took the victory title Sarmaticus maximus (Diocletian for the third time, Maximianus for the second time, Galerius and Constantius irst). The Goths could probably have been involved in the war, as the emperors inoicial title Gothicus maximus and the term Γουττίαν βʹ on Aurelius Gaius’ inscription show from 293 (AÉp 1936, 10, 1995, 1345 and SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=AÉp 1981, 777)27. The victory was advertised from 294 also in bronze and silver coins struck in almost all mints of the empire witht the legend VICTORIA SARMATICA and VICTORIAE SARMATICAE (RIC VI 100-101, 104-108, 114-115, 119-120, 127 – Treveri; 12-13, 16-17 – Ticinum; 14-26, 31, 36-39, 43 – Roma; 34-42, 58 – Siscia; 2-3, 6-7 – Heraclea; 5 – Cyzicus and RIC VI 10 – Thessalonica; 10 – Heraclea; 19, 22 – Nicomedia; 31-33 – Antiochia; 8 – Alexandria). In panegyric VIII held in 297 to Constantius the author two times mention this victory: 5.1. Adoratae sunt igitur mihi Sarmaticae expeditiones quibus illa gens prope omnis extincta est et [cum] paene cum solo nomine relicta quo serviat 10.4 … totiens obstricta Sarmatia .. The annihilation of the Sarmatians was naturally only virtual (this is a normal rhetorical hyperbole) but the the victory really had to be decisive. In his work the rhetor depicts the new stable state of the empire together with the victories over all enemies of the Romans. The following data concerning the Sarmatians can be dated to 299/300, when all emperors received the victory title Sarmaticus maximus (Diocletian’s fourth, Maximianus’ third, Galerius’ and Constantius’ second title). The only source dealing with this event was Eutropius’s historical work (following Ennmann’s lost Kaisergeschichte), who was later followed by Orosius: IX.25.2 Varia deinceps et simul et viritim bella gesserunt Carpis et Basternis subactis, Sarmatis victis, quarum nationum ingentes captivorum copias in Romanis inibus locaverunt28. The meaning of the text is clear: it is about Galerius’s campaigns ater the Persian wars (together with Diocletian or alone - simul et viritim). In these campaigns there were ights against the Carpi and the Bastarnae in 23

Halitzky 1820, 9-26; PWRE VI A (1937) col. 2148-2150; Nagy 1946, Ensslin 1948, 2439.

24

Gubitza 1907, 80-2; Dudás 1902, 350; Vellenrajter 1958, 126-32; Dautova-Ruševljan 1972-1973, 141-52; Dimitrjević et al. 1974, 86-9; Bertók 1995, 219-26.

25

Brennan 1980, 553-67.

26

PWRE IX (1914), 41.

27

Brennan 1984, 142-6.

28

Eutropius: Breviarium, 149-50, n. 61.l

146


296 and following them came again the Sarmatians. The same text appears in Orosius’ work (VII.15.12. postea per eosdem duces strenue aduersus Carpos Basternasque pugnatum est. Sarmatas deinde uicerunt: quorum copiosissimam captiuam multitudinem per Romanorum inium dispersere praesidia). The setling concerns the Carpi who were setled down in 296 (and later: cf. Lactant. De mort. persec. 38.6) in Roman soil (mentioned by several authors)29. Based on Ammianus Marcellinus, it also known that a part of them lived later in Valeria in the near of Sopianae/ Pécs (Lact. De mort. pers. 9.2, 10.4, 17.3, 38.6, Pan. Lat. VIII(V).5.2, Aur. Vict. 39.43, Hier. Chron. 226b (Helm), Amm. Marc. XXVIII.1.5, Chron. min. I. p. 230, Jord. Rom. 299, Get. XVI.91). The entry of 299 of the Consularia Constantinopolitana (Chron. Min. I. p. 230) his conss. victi Marcomanni. Aurelius Victor mentioned shortly this event too: 39.43. Et interea caesi Marcomanni. Several scholars connected this war to the Sarmatian one30 but because of the omission of the participation of the Quadi this problem has to remain unsolved31. On the other hand, a gold coin hoard dated to the end of the third century is known from Brigetio/Komárom-Ószőny32. A new altar from Odiavum/Almásfüzitő was erected by a tribunus lanciarorum between 293 and 305 that probably refers to the presence of an emperor (Galerius) in the region of Brigetio (ZPE 174, 2010, 281-282 Nr. 4). This campaign can probably be connected to the emperors’ newer victory title Germanicus (Diocletianus 6th, Maximianus 5th, Galerius 2nd) dated to 300301 (before Diocletian’s tarif in 30133). The building inscriptions of praesidia along the Lower Danubian limes between Kladovo in Moesia superior/Dacia ripensis Kladovo and Halmyris (and the building inscription of Seimeni: CIL III 7487) can also be dated to the same period (Transmarisca: CIL III 6151, Durosturum: AÉp 1936, 10, Kladovo: AÉp 1979, 519, Halmyris: AÉp 1995, 1345=1997, 1318, Sexaginta Prista: AÉp, 1966, 357)34. Based on them, it can be supposed that the Sarmatian wars concentrated this time rather on the Lower Danube and it seems to be sure that among the debellatae hostium gentes beside the Carpi the Sarmatians were also implied. The praesidia were constructed because of them around 298-299: conirmata orbi suo tranquillitate pro futurum in aternum rei publicae praesidium constituerunt. In the following years there were again clashes with the Sarmatians as Galerius’ third Sarmaticus maximus title in 302 shows35 but Galerius had to deal mainly with the Carpi36 (cf. his Carpicus titles II-V between 301 and 30437).The Goth and Sarmatian campaigns before the persecutions of Christians in 303 were mentioned only by Lactantius and the its reality seems rather doubtful (13.2. Quod edictum quidam etsi non recte, magno tamen animo deripuit et conscidit, cum irridens diceret victorias Gothorum et Sarmatarum propositas). It cannot be excluded that it concerns to the events of the year 30238. Galerius took later the victory title Sarmaticus two more times (IV: 306/307, V: 30739 or 310) and these events had to afect the region Moesia, because during the second tetrarchy Pannonia probably belonged to Severus (Origo Const. IV.9, but cf. III.5). A story of the Origo Constantini belongs to this period according to that the young Constantine took part in one of Galerius’ Sarmatian wars and fought gallantly: II.3 nam et in Sarmatas iuvenis equestris militans ferocem Barbarum capillis tentis raptum, ante pedes [sub] Galerii imperatoris adduxerat. Deinde Galerio mitente per paludem equo ingressus suo, viam ceteris fecit ad 29

Sarmatians also known from Notita Dignitatum were setled in a high number later in the Roman Empire: cf. Barkóczi 1959, 443-53: Not. Dig. Occ. XLII,46-70, Anon. Vales. 6, Auson. Mos. 9, Eus. v. Const. 4.6, Chron. Min. I p. 234.

30

Costa 1912, 1819-1820; Ensslin 1930, 2523; Kolendo 1970, 197-203, esp.. 199; Mócsy 1962, 571.

31

Kuhof 2001, 223-5.

32

Alföldi 1949-1950, 5-9.

33

Barnes 1982, 187; 1982, 175-6.

34

Kolendo 1966, 139-54; Zahariade 1997, 228-36; 1999, 553-61; Kuhof 2001, 224, 701-3.

35

Kienast 1996, 285.

36

Kolendo 1969, 378-85; Barnes 1982, 191; Leadbeter 2009, 100-2.

37

Ibid.

38

Barnes 1982, 64, 255; Leadbeter 2009, 100.

39

Corcoran 2006: 231-40, 233.

147

Péter Kovács

Sarmatas, ex quibus plurimis stratis Galerio victoriam reportavit40. The later story appears later in Zonaras’ work: XII.33. Toàton d¾ tÕn Kwnstant‹non Ð pat¾r meir£kion Ônta tù Galer…J e„j Ðmhre… an paršsceto, †n’ ÐmhreÚwn ¤ma kaˆ prÕj ¥skhsin gumn£zoito tÁj tšcnhj tÁj stratiètidoj. Ð d peridšxion toàton Ðrîn kaˆ fqonîn aÙtù ™peboÚleue. kaˆ prîton mn to‹j Sarm£taij macÒmenoj tù ™ke…nwn ¢rchgù ™k tÁj panopl…aj ™pis»mJ tugc£nonti prosštaxen ™pelqe‹n. Ð d kaˆ ™pÁlqe kaˆ ¡rp£saj aÙtÕn zînta tù Galer…J ™kÒmisen41. Constantine’s treatment as hostage in Galerius’ court occur several times in the works of pro-Constantine authors: Lactant. de mort. pers. 24.2, Aur. Vict. 40.2, Epit. de Caes. 41.2, Eus. v. Const. I.19.42 The historical value of the story is uncertain but it most probably belongs to the campaign of 306 but this event has nothing to do with Pannonia.

Appendix – The sources Auctores: Panegyricus XI (III) Eiusdem magistri †Memet Genethliacus Maximiani Augusti 4.2 Illum modo Syria viderat: iam Pannonia susceperat. 5.4 … omito Sarmatiae vastationem … 7.1 Laurea illa de victis accolentibus Syriam nationibus et illa Raetica et illa Sarmatica te, Maximiane, fecerunt pio gaudio triumphare … 16.1 … tantam esse imperii vestri felicitatem undique se barbarae nationes vicissim lacerent et excidant, alternis dimicationibus et insidiis clades suas duplicent et instaurent, Sarmaticas vestras et Raeticas et Transrhenanas expeditiones furore percitae in semet imitentur. VIII (V) Incerti panegyricus Constantio Caesari dictus 5.1. Adoratae sunt igitur mihi Sarmaticae expeditiones quibus illa gens prope omnis extincta est et [cum] paene cum solo nomine relicta quo serviat. 10.4 … totiens obstricta Sarmatia, Iuthungi Quadi Carpi totiens proligati, summitente se Gotho pace poscenda … Lactantius De mortibus persecutorum 13.2 Quod edictum quidam etsi non recte, magno tamen animo deripuit et conscidit, cum irridens diceret victorias Gothorum et Sarmatarum propositas. Origo Constantini Anonymus Valesianus 2.3 nam et in Sarmatas iuvenis equestris militans ferocem Barbarum capillis tentis raptum, ante pedes [sub] Galerii imperatoris adduxerat. Deinde Galerio mitente per paludem equo ingressus suo, viam ceteris fecit ad Sarmatas, ex quibus plurimis stratis Galerio victoriam reportavit. Eutropius IX.25.2 Varia deinceps et simul et viritim bella gesserunt Carpis et Basternis subactis, Sarmatis victis, quarum nationum ingentes captivorum copias in Romanis inibus locaverunt. 40

Origo Constantini, Anonymus Valesianus, 70-71; Leadbeter 2009, 183.

41

Zonaras, 146, n. 154.

42

Ensslin 1930, 2525.

148


Orosius Historiae adversum paganos VII.25.12 postea per eosdem duces strenue aduersus Carpos Basternasque pugnatum est. Sarmatas deinde uicerunt: quorum copiosissimam captiuam multitudinem per Romanorum inium dispersere praesidia. Consularia Constantinopolitana Chron. min. I. p. 230 Chron. min. I. p. 230 his coss. (Constantino et Maximiano, sc. a. 294) castra facta in Sarmatia contra Acinco et Bononia Zonaras Historiae Romanorum excerpta XII.33 Toàton d¾ tÕn Kwnstant‹non Ð pat¾r meir£kion Ônta tù Galer…J e„j Ðmhre…an paršsceto, †n’ ÐmhreÚwn ¤ma kaˆ prÕj ¥skhsin gumn£zoito tÁj tšcnhj tÁj stratiètidoj. Ð d peridšxion toàton Ðrîn kaˆ fqonîn aÙtù ™peboÚleue. kaˆ prîton mn to‹j Sarm£taij macÒmenoj tù ™ke… nwn ¢rchgù ™k tÁj panopl…aj ™pis»mJ tugc£nonti prosštaxen ™pelqe‹n. Ð d kaˆ ™pÁlqe kaˆ ¡rp£saj aÙtÕn zînta tù Galer…J ™kÒmisen. Coins: SARM, SARMA, SARMAT, SARMATI, SARMATIC: RIC VI 294: 100-101, 295-297: 104-108, 298-299: 114-115, 300-301: 119-120, 127 (Trever), 294: 12-13, 295: 16-17 (Ticinum), 294: 14-26, 31, 295-297: 36-39, 298-299: 43 (Roma), 294-295: 34-42, 295: 58 (Siscia), 294: 2-3, 295: 6-7 (Heraclea), 294-295: 5 (Cyzicus) VICTORIA SARMATICA RIC 302: VI 10 (Thessalonica), 296: 10 (Heraclea), 295: 19, 22 (Nicomedia), 294-295: 31-33 (Antiochia), 295: 8 (Alexandria) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE Inscriptions: CIL III 10605 = TRH 212 I(ovi) O(ptimo) [M(aximo)] / Diocletianus [et Maximianus] / Augusti ob d[evictos virtu-]/te sua S[armatas]. SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=AÉp 1981, 777 Αὐρ. Γάϊος βʹ ἰστρατ[εσάμε]νο<ς> ἰς λειγειῶναν πρώντην Ἰταλ[ικὴν Μ]υσιατικῶν, ἐκλεχθεὶς ἰς ὀγδ[όαν Αὐ]γούσταν Γερμανικίαν, ἐν ἐπ̣[αρχί]ᾳ Σκυθ(ίᾳ) κα<ὶ> Πανν(ονίᾳ) 5 Ἰοβίᾳ Σκυθικᾷ· … 15 Θρᾳκ[ίαν ---------] Μυσίαν Καρ<π>ίαν [------------ Σα]ρμαθίαν τετράκις Βιμι̣ν̣ά̣[κιον καὶ Σιρμίo]ν Γουττίαν βʹ Γερμα̣[νίαν ------- Δαρδ]ανίαν Δεματίαν Παννο̣[νίαν ---------] … 149

Péter Kovács

Imperial victory titles: (ater Barnes 1982, Tables 4-7 and Kienast 1996, 268, 275, 285) year 285 285 289 293

Diocletianus Germanicus max. Sarmaticus max. Sarmaticus maximus II Gothicus max.

Maximianus – – Sarmaticus max. Gothicus max.

Galerius – – – Gothicus max.

(inoicial, ater 296/297 occurs more oten: cf. AÉp 1936, 10, 1995, 1345) 294 296 299 300 301 302 302 303 304

Sarmaticus max. III Carpicus max. Sarmaticus max. IV Germanicus max. VI – – – – –

Sarmaticus max. II Carpicus max. Sarmaticus max. III Germanicus max. V – – – – –

Sarmaticus max. Carpicus max. Sarmaticus max. II Germanicus max. II Carpicus max. II Carpicus max. III Sarmaticus max. III Carpicus max. IV Carpicus max. V

Imperial visits in Pannonia: (ater Mommsen, Th., Ges. Schr. II 195-291 and Barnes 1982, 47-87) Date Diocletianus 285, November 2 287-289 290, January 11 290, July 17 290, September 20 290, November 19 290, November 22 290, November 30 290, December 18 290-293 (before March) 291 January-May 12 291, May 13 292 293, January 1 293, January 7 293, February 7 293, February 8 293, February 9 293, February 13 293, February 17 293, February 26 293, September 11 293, September 17 150

Place

Source

Iovia

Cod. Iust. 4.48.5 (Atubino), Frag. Vat. 297 (Suneata) not atested Cod. Iust. 10.3.4 Cod. Iust. 6.30.6 Cod. Iust. 8.54(55).3=Frag. Vat. 286 Cod. Iust. 2.3.19 Cod. Iust. 2.28.1 Cod. Iust. 9.16.4(5) Cod. Iust. 3.28.19 CIL III 10605 not atested Cod. Iust. 9.41.12 not atested Cod. Iust. 1.18.5, 2.3.20, 3.34.8, 5.74.2, 6.26.7 Cod. Iust. 4.7.4, Cons. 6.15 Cod. Iust. 6.2.9 Cod. Iust. 3.38.5, 6.42.21 Frag. Vat. 42 Cod. Iust. 9.35.7 Cod. Iust. 4.9.1 Cod. Iust. 3.32.11, 4.34.6 Cod. Iust. 4.12.8 Cod. Iust. 4.2.6, 8.48(49).3, 8.53(54).13-14

Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Aquincum Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium


293, September 18 293, September 19 293, September 24 293, September 25 293, October 1 293, October 3

Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium

293, October 7 293, October 8 293, October 15 293, October 17

Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium

293, October 18 293, October 21 293, November 5 293, November 7 293, November 11 293, November 13 293, November 14 293, November 16 293, November 20 293, November 22 293, November 24 293, November 25 293, November 26 293, November 30 293, December 1

Sirmium Sirmium Lugio Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Lugio Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium

293, December 15 293, December 16

Sirmium Sirmium

293, December 17

Sirmium

293, December 18

Sirmium

293, December 19 293, December 20 293, December 22 293, December 24 293, December 25

Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium

293, December 26 293, December 27

Sirmium Sirmium

293, December 28

Sirmium

293, December 30

Sirmium

Cod. Iust. 2.4.19 Cod. Iust. 2.48.8, 8.38(39).5 Cod. Iust. 5.71.18 Cod. Iust. 5.21.2, Herm. 2.1 Cod. Iust. 4.36.19 Cod. Iust. 2.4.21, 8.41.3, 4.2.7, 4.19.12, 4.26.10 Cod. Iust. 6.38.2, 7.16.21, Cod. Iust. 4.65.21 Cod. Iust. 6.2.12, 6.15.8 Cod. Iust. 2.39(40).2, 4.25.4, 4.51.8, 5.87.17, 6.5.1, 6.24.9 Cod. Iust. 3.35.5, 4.44.5, 8.42(43).16 Cod. Iust. 6.17.1 Cod. Iust. 9.20.10 Cod. Iust. 4.34.9 Cod. Iust. 3.44.18 Cod. Iust. 3.32.16, 4.1.7 Cod. Iust. 9.20.10 and 11 Cod. Iust. 2.3.22, 5.7.14 Cod. Iust. 8.27(28).14 Cod. Iust. 3.32.17 Cod. Iust. 2.28(29).1, 4.16.4 Cod. Iust. 2.3.28, 4.38.5, 5.11.5, 5.71.15 Cod. Iust. 3.36.17 Cod. Iust. 6.20.10 Cod. Iust. 4.26.11 Cod. Iust. 1.22.2, 2.4.22, 2.19(20).9, 2:20(21).6, 2.31(32).2, 3.33.9, 4.19.13-14, 5.46.3, 6.2.13, 6.42.24, 7.2.12, 8.9.2, 8.13(14).18, 8.25(26).10, 8.34(35).2, 8.42(43).17 Cod. Iust. 3.36.18-19, 3.41.4, 4.29.15, Cons. 4.11 Cod. Iust. 2.3.24, 4.2.8,. 4.35.12, 4.49.10, 6.30.8, 8.13(14).19, 9.12.4, Cod. Iust. 2.17(18).4, 6.27.3, 6.30.9-10, 6.58.5, 8.3.1, 6.19(20).2, 8.37(38).6 Cod. Iust. 4.2.9, 4.44.9, 6.39.3, 8.50(51).11, 9.25.1 Cod. Iust. 9.2.12 Cod. Iust. 2.18(19).17, 3.33.10 Cod. Iust. 6.15.4 Cod. Iust. 2.18(19).18, 4.10.6 Cod. Iust. 2.29(30).2, 3.32.18, 4.65.22-24, 5.3.9, 5.12.15, 6.2.14, 6.5.2 Cod. Iust. 6.55.5, 8.43(44).2 Cod. Iust. 3.13.3, 4.19.15, 8.15(16).7, 8.53(54).17, 9.22.18 Cod. Iust. 3.34.9, 4.24.11, 6.20.11, 6.31.4, 8.1.3, 8.24(25).2, 8.50(51).12, 8.53(54).18 Cod. Iust. 4.10.7, 4.44.10, 4.65.25, 5.17.4, 6.2.15, 7.19.6, 8.56(57).3, 9.22.14 151

Péter Kovács

293, December 31

Sirmium

294, January 5 294, January 15 294, January 16 294, January 17 294, January 19 294, January 20


294, January 22 294, January 27 294, January 30 294, February 1 294, February 4 294, February 6 294, February 8

Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium

294, February 9

Sirmium

294, February 11

Sirmium

294, February 12 294, February 13

Sirmium Sirmium

294, February 14 294, February 15 294, February 18 294, February 20 294, March 1 294, March 3 294, March 6 294, March 7 294, March 8 294, March 18 294, March 20 294, March 25 294, March 26 294, March 27 294, March 28 294, March 30

Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium

294, March 31 294, April 2 294, April 3

Sirmium Sirmium Sirmium

294, April 5 294, April 7 294, April 8 294, April 10 294, April 11 294, April 12


152

Cod. Iust. 5.37.18, 5.51.9, 6.31.5, 6.58.6, 7.33.7, 8.44(45).23 Cod. Iust. 3.28.20, 5.12.16-17, 5.61.2 Cod. Iust. 3.6.2, 5.12.18, 6.37.16, 8.13(14).20 Cod. Iust. 4.29.16, 5.59.1=8.37(38).7 Cod. Iust. 6.50.15-16, 8.53(54).19 Cod. Iust. 2.12(13).18 Cod. Iust. 4.10.8, 4.26.12, 5.12.19, 5.60.2, 9.22.15 Cod. Iust. 3.34.10, 5.51.10, 6.20.12, 8.48.7 Cod. Iust. 2.19(20).10, 6.46.5, 8.44(45).24 Cod. Iust. 5.34.9 Cod. Iust. 4.35.13 Cod. Iust. 3.15.2, 4.2.10, 4.49.12, 4.50.8, 2.51.7 Cod. Iust. 3.37.4, 9.22.16 Cod. Iust. 2.32(33)1, 3.28.21, 4.9.3, 5.3.10, 5.3.12, 6.20.13, 6.30.11, 6.55.6 Cod. Iust. 4.10.9, 4.19.17, 5.18.7, 7.16.25, 7.26.7, 8.39(40).3(4), 8.47(48).8 Cod. Iust. 2.25(26).1, 3.36.20, 4.6.8-9, 5.37.19, 5.56.4, 9.22.17 Cod. Iust. 4.2.11, 7.52.5 Cod. Iust. 2.18(19).19, 2.36(37).3, 3.38.22, 4.52.3, 8.42(439.18, 8.44(45).25 Cod. Iust. 6.58.7, 7.32.8, 9.1.14 Cod. Iust. 6.59.3 Cod. Iust. 4.13.4, 6.15.5, 6.29.2, 8.37(38).8 Cod. Iust. Herm. 3.1 Cod. Iust. 8.27(28).15 Cod. Iust. 2.34(35).2, 4.50.9 Cod. Iust. 4.16.5 Cod. Iust. 4.38.6-7, 7.14.11 Cod. Iust. 2.4.23, 4.51.5, 9.22.19 Cod. Iust. 2.82(83).2, 3.11.1 Cod. Iust. 5.18.8 Cod. Iust. 4.38.9 Cod. Iust. 6.57.2, 8.53(54).22 Cod. Iust. 4.35.14, 8.2.2, 8.19(20).3, Coll. 10.4 Cod. Iust. 3.38.6, 3.41.5 Cod. Iust. 3.31.8, 6.59.4, 5.34.10, 5.36.5, 7.84.3, Cons. 6.18 Cod. Iust. 8.44(45).26 Cod. Iust. 6.22.3 Cod. Iust. 2.4.24, 4.10.10, 7.32.9, 7.45.9, 7.51.1, 8.27(28)16, 9.45.5 Cod. Iust. 5.28.6, 5.62.18 Cod. Iust. 4.38.10., Herm. 1.1 Cod. Iust. 5.71.16, 6.16.2 Cod. Iust. 7.16.28, 8.4.4 Cod. Iust. 4.13.5, 4.23.3 Cod. Iust. 2.4.25, 6.42.26, 8.41(42).5


294, April 15 294, April 16 294, April 18 294, April 19 294, April 20 294, April 24 294, April 26 294, April 27 294, April 28 294, April 30 294, May 1 294, May 3 294, May 18 294, July 7 294, August 1 294, August 5 294, August 17 294, August 20 296-298 302 summer 303?

Sirmium Sirmium

Cod. Iust. 4.35.15, 4.23.8 Cod. Iust. 2.20(21).7, 2.53(54).5, 6.55.7=8.46(47).8 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 8.1.7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.28(29)2 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.1.8, 6.35.10, 6.59.5 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.18(19)20, 5.43.9 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.8.1, 6.32.3, 7.4.12, 8.27(28).18. Sirmium Cod. Iust. 1.18.6, 2.21(22).6, 4.1.9, 4.17.1, 5.12.20, 6.49.5, 8.46(47).9, Vat. 270. Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.3.25, 5.44.5, 6.9.6 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.31.10 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.35(36).1, 4.8.2, 4.22.8 Aurris=Turris Ferrata Cod. Iust. 6.21.14 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.7.6, 6.59.1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.5.8. Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.16.22 Agrippina (?) Cod. Iust. 5.12.21 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.24.10 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 9.18.2 not atestested not atested Sirmium Passio sancti IV coronatorum 21-22

Prof. Dr. Péter Kovács, DSc Pázmány Péter Catholic University Egyetem u. 1 H-2081 Piliscsaba [email protected]

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