G.R. No. L-23351
March 13, 1968
CIRILO CIRILO PAREDE PAREDES, S, pla!"# pla!"##-app #-app$lla! $lla!", ", %&. 'OSE L. ESPINO, ($#$!(a!"-app$ll$$. ($#$!(a!"-app$ll$$. App$lla!" App$lla!" Crlo Para($& ha( #l$( a! ac"o! "o co)p$l co)p$l ($#$!(a!"-app$ll$$ 'o&$ L. E&p!o "o $*$c+"$ a ($$( o# &al$ a!( "o pa (a)a$&. h$ co)pla!" all$$( "ha" "h$ ($#$!(a!" /ha( $!"$r$( !"o "h$ &al$/ "o pla!"## o# Lo" No. 60 o# "h$ P+$r"o Pr!c$&a Ca(a&"r$ a" P. a &+ar$ )$"$ )$"$r4 r4 "ha" "ha" "h$ "h$ ($al ($al ha( ha( $$! $$! /clo /clo&$ &$( ( l$"" l$""$r $r a!( a!( "$l$ra)/ +" "h$ ac"+al $*$c+"o! o# "h$ ($$( o# &al$ a!( pa)$!" o# "h$ prc$ $r$ ($#$rr$( "o "h$ arr%al o# ($#$!(a!" a" P+$r"o Pr!c$&a4 "ha" ($#$!(a!" +po! arr%al ha( r$#+&$( "o $*$c+"$ "h$ ($$( o# &al$ al"ho pla!"## a& al$ a!( ll! "o pa "h$ prc$, a!( co!"!+$( "o r$#+&$ r$#+&$ ($&p"$ ($&p"$ r""$! ($)a!(& o# pla!"## pla!"##44 "ha" a& a r$&+l", pla!"## ha( lo&" $*p$c"$( pro#"& #ro) a r$&al$ o# "h$ prop$r", a!( ca+&$( ca+&$( pla!"# pla!"### )$!"al )$!"al a!+&h a!+&h a!( &+##$r &+##$r! !,, #or hch hch r$a&o! r$a&o! "h$ co)pla co)pla!" !" pra$ pra$( ( #or &p$c#c p$r#or)a!c$ a!( (a)a$&. D$#$!(a!" #l$( a )o"o! "o (&)&& +po! "h$ ro+!( "ha" "h$ co)pla!" &"a"$( !o ca+&$ o# ac"o!, a!( "ha" "h$ pla!"##7& cla) +po! hch "h$ ac"o! a& #o+!($( a& +!$!#orc$al$ +!($r "h$ S"a"+"$ o# ra+(&. Pla!"## oppo&$( ! r"! "h$ )o"o! "o (&)&& a!( a!( a!!$ a!!$*$ *$( ( "o h& h& oppo oppo& &" "o! o! a cop cop o# a l$"" l$""$r $r p+rpor"$(l &!$( &!$( ($#$!(a!" D$ar Mr. Par$($& So #ar I r$c$%$( "o l$""$r& #ro) o+, o!$ (a"$( Aprl 10 a!( "h$ o"h$r Aprl 29, o"h 196. I! r$pl "h$r$"o, pl$a&$ $ !#or)$( "ha" a#"$r co!&+l"! "h ) #$, $ o"h ($c($( "o acc$p" o+r la&" o##$r o# o+r :P.; p$&o& p$r &+ar$ )$"$r o# "h$ lo" hch co!"a!& 1826 &+ar$ )$"$r& a!( o! ca&h a&&. I! or($r "ha" $ ca! #acl"a"$ "h$ "ra!&ac"o! o# "h$ &al$ ! +$&"o!, $ :Mr&. E&p!o a!( I;, ar$ o! "h$r$ :P+$r"o Pr!c$&&, Pal.; "o $ "h$r$ (+r! "h$ la&" $$< o# "h$ )o!"h, Ma. I ll &$!( o+ a "$l$ra), a& p$r o+r r$+$&", h$! I ll r$ach Ma!la $#or$ "a<! "h$ oa" #or P"o. P"o. Pr!c$ Pr!c$&&. &&. A& " & !o, !o, "h$r$ "h$r$ & !o &ch$(+l$ $" o# "h$ oa"& pl! $"$$! Ma!la a!( P"o. Pr!c$&& #or !$*" $$<. Pla!" Pla!"# ### al&o al&o app$!( app$!($( $( a& A!!$* A!!$* /A-1/, /A-1/, a "$l$r "$l$ra) a) appar$ appar$!"l !"l #ro) #ro) ($#$!( ($#$!(a!" a!" a(%& a(%&! ! pla!" pla!"# ### o# h& arr%al oa" ao+" "h$ la&" $$< o# Ma 196 :A!!$* /A-1/ R$cor( o! App$al, p. 21;, a& $ll a& a pr$%o+& l$""$r o# ($#$!(a!" :App$!(* =, R$cor( o! App$al, p. 35; r$#$rr! "o "h$ lo" a& "h$ o!$ co%$r$( C$r"#ca"$ o# "l$ No. 62.
h$ &ol$ &&+$ h$r$ & h$"h$r $!#orc$)$!" o# "h$ co!"rac" pl$a($( ! "h$ co)pla!" & arr$( "h$ S"a"+"$ o# ra+(&4 a!( "h$ Co+r" a +o pla!l $rr$( ! hol(! "ha" " a& +!$!#orc$al$. I! "h$ ca&$ a" ar, "h$ co)pla!" ! "& pararaph 3 pl$a(& "ha" "h$ ($al ha( $$! clo&$( l$""$r a!( "$l$ra)/ :R$cor( o! App$al, p. 2;, a!( "h$ l$""$r r$#$rr$( "o a& $%( $%($! $!"l "l "h$ o!$ o!$ cop cop o# hc hch h a& a& app$ app$!( !($( $( a& E*h" A "o pla!"##7& oppo&"o! "o "h$ )o"o! (&)&&. h& l$""$r, "ra!&cr$( ao%$ ! par", "o$"h$r "h "ha" o!$ o!$ )ar< )ar<$( $( a& App$! pp$!( (* * =, co!& co!&" ""+ "+"$ "$ a! a($ a($+a +a"$ "$ )$)ora!(+) o# "h$ "ra!&ac"o!. h$ ar$ &!$( "h$ ($#$!(a!"-app$ll$$4 r$#$r "o "h$ prop$r" &ol( a& a lo" ! P+$r"o Pr!c$&a, Palaa!, co%$r$(, C No. 624 %$ "& ar$a a& 1826 &+ar$ )$"$r& a!( "h$ p+rcha&$ prc$ o# #o+r :P.; p$&o& p$r &+ar$ )$"$r paal$ ! ca&h. >$ ha%$ ha%$ ! "h$) "h$) "h$r$# "h$r$#or$ or$,, all "h$ $&&$!" $&&$!"al al "$r)& o# "h$ co!"rac", a!( "h$ &a" "h$ r$+r$)$!"& o# "h$ S"a"+"$ o# ra+(&. >$ ha%$ r+l$( ! =$r %&. Ma(al$!a E&"a"$, I!c., 92 Phl. 11, 11, 115, 115, "ha" a &+##c$! &+##c$!"" )$)ora!(+) )$)ora!(+) )a $ co!"a!$( ! "o or )or$ (oc+)$!"&. D$#$!(a!" D$#$!(a!"-app$ -app$ll$$ ll$$ ar+$& ar+$& "ha" "h$ a+"h$!"c a+"h$!"c" " o# "h$ l$""$r& ha& !o" $$! $&"al&h$(. ha" & !o" !$c$&&ar #or "h$ p+rpo&$ o# &ho! pr)a #ac$ "ha" "h$ co!"rac" & $!#orc$al$. or a& r+l$( +& ! Sha##$r %&. Pal)a, L2115 2115,, March March 1, 1968, 1968, h$"h$ h$"h$rr "h$ ar$$)$! ar$$)$!"" & ! r" r"! ! or !o", !o", & a +$& +$&" "o! o! o# $%( $%($! $!c$4 c$4 a!( a!( "h$ "h$ a+"h$!"c" o# "h$ r"! !$$( !o" $ $&"al&h$( +!"l "h$ "ral & h$l(. h$ pla!"## ha%! all$$( "ha" "h$ co!"rac" & ac<$( l$""$r a!( "$l$ra), a!( "h$ &a)$ $! a &+##c$!" )$)ora!(+), h& ca+&$ o# ac"o! & "h$r$ $&"al&h$(, $&p$call &!c$ "h$ ($#$!(a!" ha& !o" ($!$( "h$ l$""$r& ! +$&"o!. A" a! ra"$, # "h$ Co+r" $lo $!"$r"a!$( a! (o+"& ao+" "h$ $*&"$!c$ o# "h$ r""$! )$)ora!(+), " &ho+l( ha%$ call$( #or a pr$l)!ar h$ar! o! "ha" po!", a!( !o" (&)&&$( "h$ co)pla!".
Cla+($l %. CA A!( "h$ r$al &&+$& ar$ 1. >h$"h$r or !o" a co!"rac" o# &al$ o# la!( )a $ pro%$! orall 2. >h$"h$r or !o" "h$ pr$&crp"%$ p$ro( #or #l! a! ac"o! #or ca!c$lla"o! o# ""l$& a!( r$co!%$a!c$ "h (a)a$& :"h$ ac"o! #l$( "h$ SI=LINGS O CECILIO; &ho+l( $ co+!"$( #ro) "h$ all$$( &al$ +po! hch "h$ cla) "h$r o!$r&hp :193; or #ro) "h$ (a"$ o# "h$ &&+a!c$ o# "h$ ""l$& &o+h" "o $ ca!c$ll$( ! #a%or o# "h$ ?EIRS O CECILIO :1906;. h$ r+l$ o# "h+) & "ha" a &al$ o# la!(, o!c$ co!&+))a"$(, & %al( r$ar(l$&& o# "h$ #or) " )a ha%$ $$! $!"$r$( !"o. 11 or !oh$r$ (o$& la or @+r&pr+($!c$ pr$&cr$ "ha" "h$ co!"rac" o# &al$ $ p+" ! r"! $#or$ &+ch co!"rac" ca! %al(l c$($ or "ra!&)" rh"& o%$r a c$r"a! r$al prop$r" $"$$! "h$ par"$& "h$)&$l%$&. ?o$%$r, ! "h$ $%$!" "ha" a "hr( par", a& ! "h& ca&$, (&p+"$& "h$ o!$r&hp o# "h$ prop$r", "h$ p$r&o! aa!&" ho) "ha" cla) & ro+h" ca! !o" pr$&$!" a! proo# o# &+ch &al$ a!( h$!c$ ha& !o )$a!& "o $!#orc$ "h$ co!"rac". h+& "h$ S"a"+"$ o# ra+(& a& pr$c&$l ($%&$( "o pro"$c" "h$ par"$& ! a co!"rac" o# &al$ o# r$al prop$r" &o "ha" !o &+ch co!"rac" & $!#orc$al$ +!l$&& c$r"a! r$+&"$&, #or p+rpo&$& o# proo#, ar$ )$" . O# "h$ par"$& SI=LINGS O CECILIO ha( all$$(l ($r%$( "h$r rh" o# ac"o! #ro) "h$ oral p+rcha&$ )a($ "h$r par$!"& ! 193, "h$! "h$ ac"o! #l$( ! 1906 o+l( ha%$ cl$arl pr$&cr$(. Mor$ "ha! &* $ar& ha( lap&$(. >$ (o !o" ar$$ "h "h$ par"$& SI=LINGS O CECILIO h$! "h$ r$a&o! "ha" a! )pl$( "r+&" ! #a%or o# "h$ SI=LINGS O CECILIO a& $&"al&h$( ! 1902, h$! "h$ ?EIRS O CECILIO $*$c+"$( a co!"rac" o# par""o! o%$r "h$ &a( prop$r"$&. =+" a& $ ha( po!"$( o+", "h$ la r$co!$& "h$ &+p$ror" o# "h$ "orr$!& ""l$. Ao%$ all, "h$ "orr$!& ""l$ ! "h$ po&&$&&o! o# "h$ ?EIRS O CECILIO carr$& )or$ $h" a& proo# o# o!$r&hp "ha! "h$ &+r%$ or &+(%&o! pla! o# a parc$l o# la!( ! "h$ !a)$ o# SI=LINGS O CECILIO. h$ Co+r" ha& !%aral +ph$l( "h$ !($#$a&l" o# "h$ "orr$!& ""l$. No po&&$&&o! a! p$r&o! o# a! por"o! o# "h$ la!( co+l( ($#$a" "h$ ""l$ o# "h$ r$&"$r$( o!$r& "h$r$o#.
or &$%$ral $ar&, h$! "h$ SI=LINGS O CECILIO, !a)$l, Macaro, E&p$r(o!a Ra)+!(a, a!( C$l$&"!a $r$ l%! o! "h$ co!"$&"$( pr$)&$&, "h$ r$+larl pa( a &+) o# )o!$, ($&!a"$( a& /"a*$&/ a" #r&", "o "h$ (o o# C$clo, a!( la"$r, "o h& h$r&. 21 >h "h$r pa)$!"& $r$ !$%$r (r$c"l )a($ "o "h$ M+!cpal Go%$r!)$!" o# M+!"!l+pa h$! "h$ $r$ !"$!($( a& pa)$!"& #or /"a*$&/ & (##c+l" "o &+ar$ "h "h$r cla) o# o!$r&hp. >$ ar$ ra"h$r !cl!$( "o co!&($r "h& #ac" a& a! a()&&o! o# !o!-o!$r&hp. A!( h$! $ co!&($r al&o "ha" "h$ p$""o!$r& ?EIRS O CECILIO ha( !(%(+all pa( "o "h$ )+!cpal "r$a&+r "h$ "a*$& corr$&po!(! "o "h$ par"c+lar por"o!& "h$ $r$ occ+p!, 22 $ ca! r$a(l &$$ "h$ &+p$ror" o# "h$ p$""o!$r&7 po&"o!. I! %$ o# "h$ #or$o!, $ #!( "ha" "h$ app$lla"$ co+r" co))""$( a r$%$r&l$ $rror ! ($!ra"! "h$ "ra!$r c$r"#ca"$& o# ""l$ o# "h$ p$""o!$r& "o "h$ &+r%$ or &+(%&o! pla! pro##$r$( "h$ pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"&. h$ Co+r" $!$rall r$co!$& "h$ pro#+!(" o# co!cl+&o!& a!( #!(!& o# #ac"& r$ach$( "h$ "ral co+r" a!( h$!c$ &+&"a!& "h$) o! app$al $*c$p" #or &"ro! a!( co$!" r$a&o!& !a&)+ch a& "h$ "ral co+r" & ! a $""$r po&"o! "o $*a)!$ r$al $%($!c$ a!( o&$r%$ "h$ ($)$a!or o# "!$&&$& ! a ca&$.
C" l"$ %& CA ACS P ?ol(!& a!( R$al" Corp :r$&po!($!"; a& "h$ r$&"$r$( o!$r o# a 0105 & )-parc$l o# la!( alo! E Ro(r+$ A%$, BC
C"-L"$ a!( Ma)arl )$" "h Ro "o co!&+))a"$ "h$ "ra!&ac"o!4 Ro ar$$( "o &$ll "h$ prop$r" pro%($( C"- L"$ &+)" "& acc$p"a!c$ ! r"! "o "h$ "$r)& a!( co!("o!& ! RoH& l$""$r. La"$r "ha" a#"$r!oo! Ma)arl a!( $! co!%$$( "h$r #or)al acc$p"a!c$ o# "h$ "$r)&. ?o$%$r, P ?ol(!& r$#+&$( "o $*$c+"$ "h$ corr$&po!(! ($$( o# &al$ a!( r$&"$r$( a!a(%$r&$ cla) "o "h$ ""l$ o# "h$ prop$r" "h "h$ R$&"$r o# D$$(& o# BC, a!!o"a"$( ! "h$)$)ora!(+) o# $!c+)ra!c$ ! "h$ C. P ?ol(!& #l$( a p$""o! #or "h$ ca!c$lla"o! o# "h$ a(%$r&$ cla) aa!&" C"-L"$ "h "h$RC BC4 C"-L"$ ca+&$( "h$ a!!o"a"o! o# "h$ #r&" !o"c$ o# l& p$!($!& hch a& r$cor($( !"h$ ""l$ o# "h$ prop$r". RC (&)&&$( P ?ol(!&H p$""o!4 P ?ol(!& ca+&$( a r$&+r%$ a!( &$r$a"o! o# "h$ prop$r", a&<! a!( a& ra!"$( &$para"$ ""l$& #ro) "h$ RD BC. C"-L"$ !&""+"$( a co)pla!" aa!&" P ?ol(!& #or &p$c#c p$r#or)a!c$ a!( (a)a$& a!( ca+&$( "h$ a!!o"a"o! o# "h$ &$co!( !o"c$ o# l& p$!($!& h$ prop$r" a& "ra!$rr$( "o $)a&"$r Co!&"r+c"o! Co :r$&po!($!"; #or hch aC a& &&+$(4 "h$ l& p$!($!& a& carr$( o%$r "o "h$ !$ ""l$. h$ RC r$!($r$( a ($c&o! ! #a%or o# C"-L"$ or($r! P ?ol(!& "o $*$c+"$ a ($$(o# &al$ o# "h$ prop$r" a!( or($r! "h$ RD BC "o ca!c$l $)a&"$rH& C. h$ CA r$%$r&$( a! &$" a&($ "h$ RC @+()$!".
C"-L"$ co!%$$( "& !"$r$&" "o p+rcha&$ o# "h$ #ro!" por"o! ! a l$""$r &$!( "oM$"ro Dr+ :A""! M$l(! Ro;. Ro al&o !#or)$( C"- L"$H& r$pr$&$!"a"%$ "ha" " o+l( "a<$ ")$ "o &+(%($ "h$ lo" a!( P ?ol(!& a&!H" r$c$p"%$ "o a p+rcha&$. A"" Ma)arl &$!" a l$""$r "o M$"ro Dr+ $*pr$&&! C"- L"$H& ($&r$ "o + "h$ $!"r$ #ro!" lo" &o lo! a& "h$ P625F& ) a&<! prc$ a& r$(+c$( a!( "ha" pa)$!" $ )a($! !&"all)$!"&. Ro )a($ a co+!"$r o##$r ! a!o"h$r l$""$r 1. h$ prc$ &hall$P6,25.F&+ar$ )$"$r or a "o"al o# P50,5,.4 2. h$ ao%$ p+rcha&$ prc$&hall $ pa( "o "h$ o!$r a& #ollo& :a; P15. Mllo! (o!pa)$!"4 :; ala!c$paal$ "h! &* :6; )o!"h& #ro) (a"$ o# (o!pa)$!" "ho+" !"$r$&".
ISSJE >a& "h$r$ a co!"rac" o# &al$ p$r#$c"$( $"$$! C"-L"$ a!( P ?ol(!& "hro+h "& a$!" M$l(! Ro o# M$"ro Dr+K REASONING Ar". 180 o# "h$ C%l Co($ pro%($( />h$! "h$ &al$ o# a p$c$ o# la!( or a! !"$r$&" "h$r$! & "hro+h a! a$!", "h$ a+"hor" o# "h$ la""$r &hall $ ! r"!4 o"h$r&$, "h$ &al$ &hall $ %o(. / Ro a& P ?ol(!&H a+"hor$( a$!" "o &$ll "h$ prop$r", +" "h$ NCC r$+r$( "ha" "h$ a+"hor" $ ! r"!.
h$ a&$!c$ o# a+"hor" "o &$ll co+l( $ ($"$r)!$( #ro) "h$ r""$! )$)o &&+$( P ?ol(!&H pr$&($!" r$+$&"! M$"ro Dr+H& a&&&"a!c$ ! #!(! +$r&. h$ )$)o &"a"$( >$ ll appr$ca"$ M$"ro Dr+7& a&&&"a!c$ ! r$#$rr! "o +& +$r& #or "h$ prop$r". Pl$a&$ proc$$( "o hol( pr$l)!ar !$o"a"o!& "h !"$r$&"$( +$r& a!( $!(or&$ #or)al o##$r& "o +& #or o+r #!al $%al+a"o! a!( appra&al. h& )$a!" "ha" Ro a!(For M$"ro Dr+ $r$ o!l "o a&&&" P ?ol(!&, a!( P?ol(!& $r$ "h$ o!l o!$& ho co+l( )a<$ "h$ #!al $%al+a"o!, appra&al a!( acc$p"a!c$ o# a! "ra!&ac"o!. Ro a!(For M$"ro Dr+ $r$ o!l a co!"ac" p$r&o! "h !o a+"hor" "o co!cl+($ a &al$o# "h$ prop$r". Co!&$+$!"l, "h$ &al$ &ho+l( $ !+ll a!( %o(, a!( !o" pro(+c$ a! l$al $##$c" "o "ra!$r "h$ prop$r" #ro) P ?ol(!& "o a! !"$r$&"$( par"
G.R. No. L-15113
'a!+ar 28, 1961
ANONIO MEDINA, p$""o!$r, %&. COLLECOR O INERNAL REENJE a!( ?E COJR O A APPEALS r$&po!($!"&.
h$ r$cor(& &ho "ha" o! or ao+" Ma 2, 19, p$""o!! "a*pa$r A!"o!o M$(!a )arr$( A!"o!a Ro(r+$. =$#or$ 196, "h$ &po+&$& ha( !$"h$r prop$r" !or +&!$&& o# "h$r o!. La"$r, ho$%$r, p$""o!$r ac+r$( #or$&", co!c$&&o!& ! "h$ )+!cpal"$& o# Sa! Mara!o a!( Pala!a! ! "h$ Pro%!c$ o# I&a$la. ro) 196 "o 198, "h$ lo& c+" a!( r$)o%$( "h$ p$""o!$r #ro) h& co!c$&&o!& $r$ &ol( "o (##$r$!" p$r&o!& ! Ma!la "hro+h h& a$!", Mara!o O&oro. So)$")$ ! 199, A!"o!a R. M$(!a, p$""o!$r7& #$, &"ar"$( "o $!a$ ! +&!$&& a& a l+)$r ($al$r, a!( +p "o aro+!( 1952, p$""o!$r &ol( "o h$r al)o&" all "h$ lo& pro(+c$( ! h& Sa! Mara!o, co!c$&&o!. Mr&. M$(!a, I! "+r!, &ol( ! Ma!la "h$ lo& o+h" #ro) h$r h+&a!( "hro+h "h$ &a)$ a$!", Mara!o O&oro. h$ proc$$(& $r$, +po! !&"r+c"o!& #ro) p$""o!$r, $"h$r r$c$%$( O&oro #or p$""o!$r or ($po&"$( &a( a$!" ! p$""o!$r7& c+rr$!" acco+!" "h "h$ Phlpp!$ Na"o!al =a!<. O! "h$ "h$&& "ha" "h$ &al$& )a($ p$""o!$r "o h& #$ $r$ !+ll a!( %o( p+r&+a!" "o "h$ pro%&o!& o# Ar"cl$ 19 o# "h$ C%l Co($ o# "h$ Phlpp!$& :#or)$rl, Ar". 158, C%l Co($ o# 1889;, "h$ Coll$c"or co!&($r$( "h$ &al$& )a($ Mr&. M$(!a a& "h$ p$""o!$r7& or!al &al$& "a*al$ +!($r S$c"o! 186 o# "h$ Na"o!al I!"$r!al R$%$!+$ Co($ a!(, "h$r$#or$, )po&$( a "a* a&&$&&)$!" o! p$""o!$r, call! #or "h$ pa)$!" o# P,553.5 a& ($#c$!c &al$& "a*$& a!( &+rchar$& #ro) 199 "o 1952. h& &a)$ a&&$&&)$!" o# S$p"$)$r 26, 1953 &o+h" al&o "h$ coll$c"o! o# a!o"h$r &+) o# P63.9 a& ($#c$!c &al$& "a* a!( &+rchar$ a&$( o! p$""o!$r7& +ar"$rl r$"+r!& #ro) 196 "o 1952. O! No%$)$r 3, 1953, p$""o!$r pro"$&"$( "h$ a&&$&&)$!"4 ho$%$r, r$&po!($!" Coll$c"or !&&"$( o! h& ($)a!(. O! '+l 9, 195, p$""o!$r #l$( a p$""o! #or r$co!&($ra"o! r$%$al! #or "h$ #r&" ")$ "h$ $*&"$!c$ o# a! all$$( pr$)ar"al ar$$)$!" o# co)pl$"$ &$para"o! o# prop$r"$& $"$$! h) a!( h& #$, a!( co!"$!(! "ha" "h$ a&&$&&)$!" #or "h$ $ar& 196 "o 1952 ha( alr$a( pr$&cr$(. A#"$r o!$ h$ar!, "h$ Co!#$r$!c$ S"a## o# "h$ =+r$a+ o# I!"$r!al R$%$!+$ $l)!a"$( "h$ 5 #ra+( p$!al" a!( h$l( "ha" "h$ "a*$& a&&$&&$( aa!&" h) $#or$ 198 ha( alr$a( pr$&cr$(.
P$""o!$r aa! r$+$&"$( #or r$co!&($ra"o!, +" r$&po!($!" Coll$c"or, ! h& l$""$r o# Aprl , 1955, ($!$( "h$ &a)$. P$""o!$r app$al$( "o "h$ Co+r" o# a* App$al&, hch r$!($r$( @+()$!" a& a#or$&a(. h$ Co+r"7& ($c&o! a& a&$( o! "o )a! #!(!&, !a)$l, :a; "ha" "h$r$ a& !o pr$)ar"al ar$$)$!" o# a&ol+"$ &$para"o! o# prop$r" $"$$! "h$ M$(!a &po+&$4 a!( :; a&&+)! "ha" "h$r$ a& &+ch a! ar$$)$!", "h$ &al$& ! +$&"o! )a($ p$""o!$r "o h& #$ $r$ #c""o+&, &)+la"$(, a!( !o" o!a #($. R$l! )a!l o! "$&")o!al $%($!c$ "ha" $#or$ "h$r )arra$, h$ a!( h& #$ $*$c+"$( a!( r$cor($( a pr$!+p"al ar$$)$!" #or a r$)$ o# co)pl$"$ &$para"o! o# prop$r", a!( "ha" all "rac$ o# "h$ (oc+)$!" a& lo&" o! acco+!" o# "h$ ar, p$""o!$r )p+"$& lac< o# a&& #or "h$ "a* co+r"7& #ac"+al #!(! "ha" !o ar$$)$!" o# co)pl$"$ &$para"o! o# prop$r" a& $%$r $*$c+"$( a!( $"$$! "h$ &po+&$& $#or$ "h$r )arra$. >$ (o !o" "h!< &o. A&($ #ro) "h$ )a"$ral !co!&&"$!c$& ! "h$ "$&")o! o# p$""o!$r7& "!$&&$& po!"$( o+" "h$ "ral co+r", "h$ crc+)&"a!"al $%($!c$ & aa!&" p$""o!$r7& cla). h+&, " app$ar& "ha" a" "h$ ")$ o# "h$ )arra$ $"$$! p$""o!$r a!( h& #$, "h$ !$"h$r ha( a! prop$r" !or +&!$&& o# "h$r o!, a& "o ha%$ r$all +r$( "h$) "o $!"$r !"o "h$ &+ppo&$( prop$r" ar$$)$!". S$co!(l, "h$ "$&")o! "ha" "h$ &$para"o! o# prop$r" ar$$)$!" a& r$cor($( ! "h$ R$&"r o# Prop$r" "hr$$ )o!"h& $#or$ "h$ )arra$, & pa"$!"l a&+r(, &!c$ &+ch a pr$!+p"al ar$$)$!" co+l( !o" $ $##$c"%$ $#or$ )arra$ & c$l$ra"$(, a!( o+l( a+"o)a"call $ ca!c$ll$( # "h$ +!o! a& call$( o##. ?o "h$! co+l( " $ acc$p"$( #or r$cor(! pror "o "h$ )arra$K I! "h$ "hr( plac$, ($&p"$ "h$r !&&"$!c$ o! "h$ $*&"$!c$ o# "h$ a!"$ !+p"al co!"rac", "h$ co+pl$, &"ra!$l $!o+h, (( !o" ac" ! accor(a!c$ "h "& all$$( co%$!a!"&. B+"$ "h$ co!"rar, " a& pro%$( "ha" $%$! (+r! "h$r "a*al$ $ar&, "h$ o!$r&hp, +&+#r+c", a!( a()!&"ra"o! o# "h$r prop$r"$& a!( +&!$&& $r$ ! "h$ h+&a!(. A!( $%$! h$! "h$ #$ a& $!a$( ! l+)$r ($al!, a!( &h$ a!( h$r h+&a!( co!"rac"$( &al$& "h $ach o"h$r a& a#or$&"a"$(, "h$ proc$$(& &h$ ($r%$( #ro) h$r all$$( &+&$+$!" (&po&"o! o# "h$ lo& !c($!"all, a!( "hro+h "h$ &a)$ a$!" o# h$r h+&a!(, Mara!o O&oro $r$ $"h$r r$c$%$( O&oro #or "h$ p$""o!$r or ($po&"$( &a( a$!" ! p$""o!$r7& c+rr$!" acco+!" "h "h$ Phlpp!$ Na"o!al =a!<. o+r"h, al"ho+h p$""o!$r, a la$r pro#$&&o!, alr$a(
+!($r a co))+!" &&"$)4 $" " a& !o" +!"l '+l o# 195 "ha" h$ all$$(, #or "h$ #r&" ")$, "h$ $*&"$!c$ o# "h$ &+ppo&$( prop$r" &$para"o! ar$$)$!". !all, "h$ Da =oo< o# "h$ R$&"$r o# D$$(& o! hch "h$ ar$$)$!" o+l( ha%$ $$! $!"$r$(, ha( " r$all $$! r$&"$r$( a& p$""o!$r !&&"&, a!( hch oo< a& a)o! "ho&$ &a%$( #ro) "h$ ra%a$& o# "h$ ar, (( !o" &ho "ha" "h$ (oc+)$!" ! +$&"o! a& a)o! "ho&$ r$cor($( "h$r$!. h$ #or$o! #!(!& !o""h&"a!(!, "h$ p$""o!$r ar+$& "ha" "h$ proh"o! "o &$ll $*pr$&&$( +!($r Ar"cl$ 19 o# "h$ C%l Co($ ha& !o applca"o! "o "h$ &al$& )a($ &a( p$""o!$r "o h& #$, $ca+&$ &a( "ra!&ac"o!& ar$ co!"$)pla"$( a!( allo$( "h$ pro%&o!& o# Ar"cl$& 0 a!( 1 o# "h$ Co($ o# Co))$rc$. =+" &a( pro%&o!& )$r$l &"a"$, +!($r c$r"a! co!("o!&, a pr$&+)p"o! "ha" "h$ #$ & a+"hor$( "o $!a$ ! +&!$&& a!( #or "h$ !c($!"& "ha" #lo "h$r$#ro) h$! &h$ &o $!a$& "h$r$!. =+" "h$ "ra!&ac"o!& p$r)""$( ar$ "ho&$ $!"$r$( !"o "h &"ra!$r&, a!( (o !o" co!&""+"$ $*c$p"o!& "o "h$ proh"or pro%&o!& o# Ar"cl$ 19 aa!&" &al$& $"$$! &po+&$&. P$""o!$r7& co!"$!"o! "ha" "h$ r$&po!($!" Coll$c"or ca! !o" a&&al "h$ +$&"o!$( &al$&, h$ $! a &"ra!$r "o &a( "ra!&ac"o!&, & l<$&$ +!"$!al$. h$ o%$r!)$!", a& corr$c"l po!"$( o+" "h$ a* Co+r", & ala& a! !"$r$&"$( par" "o all )a""$r& !%ol%! "a*al$ "ra!&ac"o!& a!(, !$$(l$&& "o &a, +al#$( "o +$&"o! "h$r %al(" or l$")ac h$!$%$r !$c$&&ar "o loc< "a* $%a&o!. Co!"rac"& %ola"%$ o# "h$ pro%&o!& o# Ar"cl$ 19 o# "h$ C%l Co($ ar$ !+ll a!( %o( :J S+ P! %&. Ca!"olla&, 0 Phl. 554 J Co+$ %&. Soca 5 Phl. 3;. =$! %o( "ra!&ac"o!&, "h$ &al$& )a($ "h$ p$""o!$r "o h& #$ $r$ corr$c"l (&r$ar($( "h$ Coll$c"or ! h& "a* a&&$&&)$!"& "ha" co!&($r$( a& "h$ "a*al$ &al$& "ho&$ )a($ "h$ #$ "hro+h "h$ &po+&$&7 co))o! a$!", Mara!o O&oro. I! +phol(! "ha" &"a!(, "h$ Co+r" $lo co))""$( !o $rror.
G.R. No. L-5099
'+!$ 22, 198
MERCEDES CALIMLIM- CANJLLAS, p$""o!$r, %&. ?ON. >ILLELMO ORJN, '+($, Co+r" o# r&" !&"a!c$ o# Pa!a&!a!, =ra!ch I, a!( CORAON DAGJINES, r$&po!($!"&. h$ ac<ro+!( #ac"& )a $ &+))ar$( a& #ollo& P$""o!$r MERCEDES Cal)l)-Ca!+lla& a!( ERNANDO Ca!+lla& $r$ )arr$( o! D$c$)$r 19, 1962. h$ $o" #%$ chl(r$!. h$ l%$( ! a &)all ho+&$ o! "h$ r$&($!"al la!( ! +$&"o! "h a! ar$a o# appro*)a"$l 891 &+ar$ )$"$r&, loca"$( a" =acaac, =+allo!, Pa!a&!a!. A#"$r ERNANDO7& #a"h$r ($( ! 1965, ERNANDO !h$r"$( "h$ la!(. I! 1908, ERNANDO aa!(o!$( h& #a)l a!( a& l%! "h pr%a"$ r$&po!($!" Corao! DAGJINES. D+r! "h$ p$!($!c o# "h& app$al, "h$ $r$ co!%c"$( o# co!c+!a$ ! a @+()$!" r$!($r$( o! Oc"o$r 20, 1981 "h$ "h$! Co+r" o# r&" I!&"a!c$ o# Pa!a&!a!, =ra!ch II, hch @+()$!" ha& $co)$ #!al. O! Aprl 15, 198, ERNANDO &ol( "h$ &+@$c" prop$r" "h "h$ ho+&$ "h$r$o! "o DAGJINES #or "h$ &+) o# P2,.. I! "h$ (oc+)$!" o# &al$, ERNANDO ($&cr$( "h$ ho+&$ a& /al&o !h$r"$( )$ #ro) ) ($c$a&$( par$!"&./ J!al$ "o "a<$ po&&$&&o! o# "h$ lo" a!( ho+&$, DAGJINES !"a"$( a co)pla!" o! '+!$ 19, 198 #or +$"! o# ""l$ a!( (a)a$& aa!&" MERCEDES. h$ la""$r r$&&"$( a!( cla)$( "ha" "h$ ho+&$ ! (&p+"$ h$r$ &h$ a!( h$r chl(r$! $r$ r$&(!, !cl+(! "h$ coco!+" "r$$& o! "h$ la!(, $r$ +l" a!( pla!"$( "h co!@+al #+!(& a!( "hro+h h$r !(+&"r4 "ha" "h$ &al$ o# "h$ la!( "o$"h$r "h "h$ ho+&$ a!( )pro%$)$!"& "o DAGJINES a& !+ll a!( %o( $ca+&$ "h$ ar$ co!@+al prop$r"$& a!( &h$ ha( !o" %$! h$r co!&$!" "o "h$ &al$, I! "& or!al @+()$!", r$&po!($!" Co+r" pr!cpall ($clar$( DAGJINES /a& "h$ la#+l o!$r o# "h$ la!( ! +$&"o! a& $ll a& "h$ o!$-hal# :; o# "h$ ho+&$ $r$c"$( o! &a( la!(./ Jpo! r$co!&($ra"o! pra$( #or MERCEDES, ho$%$r, r$&po!($!" Co+r" r$&ol%$( >?EREORE, "h$ (&po&"%$ por"o! o# "h$ D$c&o! o# "h& Co+r", pro)+la"$( o! Oc"o$r 6, 198, & h$r$ a)$!($( "o r$a( a& #ollo& :1;
D$clar! pla!"## a& "h$ "r+$ a!( la#+l o!$r o# "h$ la!( ! +$&"o! a!( "h$ 1 coco!+" "r$$&4
h$ &&+$& po&$( #or r$&ol+"o! ar$
:1; h$"h$r or !o" "h$ co!&"r+c"o! o# a co!@+al ho+&$ o! "h$ $*cl+&%$ prop$r" o# "h$ h+&a!( p&o #ac"o a%$ "h$ la!( "h$ charac"$r o# co!@+al prop$r"4 a!( :2; h$"h$r or !o" "h$ &al$ o# "h$ lo" "o$"h$r "h "h$ ho+&$ a!( )pro%$)$!"& "h$r$o! a& %al( +!($r "h$ crc+)&"a!c$& &+rro+!(! "h$ "ra!&ac"o!. >$ hol( "ha" p+r&+a!" "o "h$ #or$o! pro%&o! o"h "h$ la!( a!( "h$ +l(! $lo! "o "h$ co!@+al par"!$r&hp +" "h$ co!@+al par"!$r&hp & !($"$( "o "h$ h+&a!( #or "h$ %al+$ o# "h$ la!(. h$ &po+&$ o!! "h$ lo" $co)$& a cr$("or o# "h$ co!@+al par"!$r&hp #or "h$ %al+$ o# "h$ lo", 1 hch %al+$ o+l( $ r$)+r&$( a" "h$ l+(a"o! o# "h$ co!@+al par"!$r&hp h$ #or$o! pr$)&$& co!&($r$(, " #ollo& "ha" ERNANDO co+l( !o" ha%$ al$!a"$( "h$ ho+&$ a!( lo" "o DAGJINES &!c$ MERCEDES ha( !o" %$! h$r co!&$!" "o &a( &al$. A!$!" "h$ &$co!( &&+$, $ #!( "ha" "h$ co!"rac" o# &al$ a& !+ll a!( %o( #or $! co!"rar "o )oral& a!( p+lc polc. h$ &al$ a& )a($ a h+&a!( ! #a%or o# a co!c+!$ a#"$r h$ ha( aa!(o!$( h& #a)l a!( l$#" "h$ co!@+al ho)$ h$r$ h& #$ a!( chl(r$! l%$( a!( #ro) h$!c$ "h$ ($r%$( "h$r &+ppor". ha" &al$ a& &+%$r&%$ o# "h$ &"al" o# "h$ #a)l, a a&c &ocal !&""+"o! hch p+lc polc ch$r&h$& a!( pro"$c"&. A(("o!all, "h$ la $)pha"call proh"& "h$ &po+&$& #ro) &$ll! prop$r" "o $ach o"h$r &+@$c" "o c$r"a! $*c$p"o!&. 6 S)larl, (o!a"o!& $"$$! &po+&$& (+r! )arra$ ar$ proh"$(. 0 A!( "h& & &o $ca+&$ # "ra!$r& or co! co!%$a!c$& $"$$! &po+&$& $r$ allo$( (+r! )arra$, "ha" o+l( ($&"ro "h$ &&"$) o# co!@+al par"!$r&hp, a a&c polc ! c%l la. I" a& al&o ($&!$( "o pr$%$!" "h$ $*$rc&$ o# +!(+$ !#l+$!c$ o!$ &po+&$ o%$r "h$ o"h$r, 8 a& $ll a& "o pro"$c" "h$ !&""+"o! o# )arra$, hch & "h$ cor!$r&"o!$ o# #a)l la. h$ proh"o!& appl "o a co+pl$ l%! a& h+&a!( a!( #$ "ho+" $!$#" o# )arra$, o"h$r&$, /"h$ co!("o! o# "ho&$ ho !c+rr$( +l" o+l( "+r! o+" "o $ $""$r "ha! "ho&$ ! l$al +!o!./ ho&$ pro%&o!& ar$ (c"a"$( p+lc !"$r$&" a!( "h$r cr"$ro! )+&" $ )po&$( +po! "h$ o# "h$ par"$&.
Phlpp!$ r+&" Co. %. Rol(a! Mara!o L =$r!ar(o, a )!or, !h$r"$( #ro) h& #a"h$r, Marc$lo =$r!ar(o 10 parc$l& o# la!( loca"$( ! G++!"o, =+laca!. I! %$ o# h& )!or", +ar(a!&hp proc$$(!& $r$ !&""+"$( o! '+l 20, 190, h$r$ Socorro Rola!(, &+r%%! &po+&$ o# Marc$lo a!( &"$p-)o"h$r o# Mara!o, a& appo!"$( a& +ar(a! o# "h$ la""$r. Al&o, Socorro #l$( a )o"o! a&<! a+"hor" "o &$ll a& +ar(a! "h$ 10 parc$l& #or "h$ &+) o# P1,0 "o h& ro"h$r-!-la, Dr. ($l C. Ra)o&, "h$ p+rpo&$ o# "h$ &al$ $! all$$(l "o !%$&" )o!$ ! a r$&($!"al ho+&$, hch "h$)!or ($&r$( "o ha%$ o! !(alo S"., Ma!la. h$ )o"o! a& ra!"$(. O! A++&" 5, 190 Socorro, a& +ar(a!, "h$! $*$c+"$( "h$ prop$r ($$( o# &al$ ! #a%or o# ($l Ra)o& a!( o! A++&" 12, 190, &h$ a&<$( #or a!( o"a!$( @+(cal co!#r)a"o! o# "h$&al$. ?o$%$r, o! A++&" 13, 190, ($l Ra)o& $*$c+"$( ! #a%or o# Socorro p$r&o!all, a ($$(o# co!%$a!c$ co%$r! "h$ &a)$ 10 parc$l& #or "h$ &+) o# P15,. A!( o! Oc"o$r 21, 190 Socorro &ol( o+" o# "h$ 10 parc$l& "o E)lo Cr+ #or P3,, r$&$r%! h$r&$l# "h$ rh" "or$p+rcha&$.O! A++&" 1, 198, p$""o!$r Phl. r+&" Co. r$plac$( Socorro a& +ar(a!. P$""o!$r #l$( a co)pla!" "o a!!+l "o co!"rac"& r$ar(! "h$ 10 parc$l& o# la!( a; "h$ &al$ "h$r$o# Socorro, a& +ar(a!, "o ($l Ra)o&4 a!( ; &al$ "h$r$o# ($l Ra)o& "o Socorro p$r&o!all. P$""o!$r co!"$!(& "ha" "h$ &"$p-)o"h$r ! $##$c", &ol( "o h$r&$l#, "h$ prop$r"$& o# h$r ar( "h+&&ho+l( $ a!!+ll$( a& " %ola"$& Ar". 159 o# "h$ C%l Co($ proh"! "h$ +ar(a! #ro) p+rcha&! $"h$r ! p$r&o! or "hro+h "h$ )$(a"o! o# a!o"h$r "h$ prop$r" o# h$r ar(. A& "o "h$ "hr( co!%$a!c$, "ha" Socorro ha( ac+r$( !o %al( ""l$ "o co!%$ "o Cr+.h$ "ral co+r" h$l( "ha" Ar" 159 a& !o" co!"roll! a& "h$r$ a& !o proo# "ha" Ra)o&a& a )$r$ !"$r)$(ar or "ha" "h$ la""$r ar$$( "h Socorro "o +" "h$ parc$l& o# la!( #or h$r $!$#". h$ Co+r" o# App$al& a##r)$( "h$ @+()$!", a((! "ha" "h$ )!or !$ "h$ par"c+lar& o#,a!( appro%$( "h$ "ra!&ac"o!&, a!( "ha" o!l cl$ar a!( po&"%$ $%($!c$ o# #ra+( a!( a( #a"h,a!( !o" )$r$ !&!+a"o!& a!( !"$r#$r$!c$& ll o%$rco)$ "h$ pr$&+)p"o!& "ha" a &al$ a&co!cl+($( ! all oo( #a"h #or %al+$. ?$!c$, "h& p$""o!. ISSJE >h$"h$r "h$ "o co!"rac"& o# &al$ )a($ Socorro a& %al(. ?ELD o o+r )!(& "h$ #r&" "o "ra!&ac"o!& h$r$! ($&cr$( co+l(!H" $ ! a $""$r @+r(cal &"+a"o! "ha! # "h& +ar(a! ha( p+rcha&$( "h$ &$%$!"$$! parc$l& o! "h$ (a
#ollo! "h$ &al$ "o Dr. Ra)o&. No, # &h$ a& ll! "o pa P15, h (( &h$ &$ll "h$ parc$l& #or l$&&K I! o!$ (a :or ac"+all o!$ $$<; "h$ prc$ co+l( !o" ha%$ r&$! &o &+(($!l. O%o+&l h$!, &$$<! appro%al o# "h$ &al$ &h$ r$pr$&$!"$( "h$ prc$ "o $ "h$ $&" o"a!al$ ! "h$ )ar<$", &h$ a& !o" $!"r$l "r+"h#+l. h& & o!$ pha&$ "o co!&($r. E%$! "ho+" proo# "ha" &h$ ha( co!!%$( "h Dr. Ra)o&. R$)$)$r! "h$ $!$ral (oc"r!$ "ha" +ar(a!&hp & a "r+&" o# "h$ hh$&" or($r, a!( "h$ "r+&"$$ ca!!o" $ allo$( "o ha%$ a! !(+c$)$!" "o !$l$c" h& ar(H& !"$r$&" a!( ! l!$ "h "h$ co+r"H& &+&pco! h$!$%$r "h$ +ar(a! ac+r$& "h$ ar(H& prop$r" 1 $ ha%$ !o h$&"a"o! "o ($clar$ "ha" ! "h& ca&$, ! "h$ $$& o# "h$ la, Socorro Rol(a! "oo< p+rcha&$ h$r ar(H& parc$l& "hr+ Dr. Ra)o& Sh$ ac"$( " )a $ "r+$ "ho+" )alc$4 cha! rol$&%r"+alalrar"h$r$ )a ha%$ $$! !o pr$%o+& ar$$)$!" $"$$! h$r a!( Dr. Ra)o& "o "h$ $##$c" "ha" "h$ la""$r o+l( + "h$ la!(& #or h$r. =+" "h$ &"+or! #ac" r$)a!& "ha" &h$ ac+r$( h$r pro"$$H& prop$r"$&, "hro+h h$r ro"h$r-!-la A ""$)p"! "o pro%$ "ha" "h$ "ra!&ac"o! a& $!$#cal "o "h$ )!or, App$ll$$H& a""or!$ all$$& "ha" "h$ )o!$ :P1,0; !%$&"$( ! "h$ ho+&$ o! !(alo S"r$$" pro(+c$( #or h) r$!"al& o# P2, $arl4 cha! rol$&%r"+alalrarh$r$a& "h$ parc$l& o# la!( $l($( "o h& &"$p-)o"h$r o!l a! a%$ra$ o# P1,522 p$r $ar. 3 h$ ar+)$!" o+l( carr &o)$ $h" # "ha" ho+&$ ha( $$! +l" o+" o# "h$ p+rcha&$ prc$ o# P1,0 o!l. O!$ "h! & c$r"a! "h$ calc+la"o! (o$& !o" !cl+($ "h$ prc$ o# "h$ lo" o! hch "h$ ho+&$ a& $r$c"$(. E&")a"! &+ch lo" a" P1,0 o!l, :or(!arl "h$ c" lo" & )or$ %al+al$ "ha! "h$ +l(!; "h$ r$&+l" & "ha" "h$ prc$ pa( #or "h$ &$%$!"$$! parc$l& a%$ "h$ )!or a! !co)$ o# o!l P1,2 a $ar, h$r$a& "h$ har%$&" #ro) "h$ &$%$!"$$! parc$l& !$""$( h& &"$p-)o"h$r a $arl pro#" o# P1,522.. h$ )!or a& "h+& o! "h$ lo&! $!( ?$!c$, #ro) o"h "h$ l$al a!( $+"al$ &"a!(po!"& "h$&$ "hr$$ &al$& &ho+l( !o" $ &+&"a!$(cha!rol$&%r"+allalrar "h$ #r&" "o #or %ola"o! o# ar"cl$ 159 o# "h$ C%l Co($4 cha! rol$&%r"+alalrara!( "h$ "hr( $ca+&$ Socorro Rol(a! co+l( pa&& !o ""l$ "o E)lo Cr+. h$ a!!+l)$!" carr$& "h & :Ar"cl$ 133 C%l Co($; "h$ ola"o! o# Socorro Rol(a! "o r$"+r! "h$ 10 parc$l& "o$"h$r "h "h$r #r+"& a!( "h$ (+" o# "h$ )!or, "hro+h h& +ar(a! "o r$pa P1,0 "h l$al !"$r$&".
R+a& %& =a"ll$r :1903; ac"& ra!c&co Ml"a!"$ cla)$( "ha" h$ o!$( aparc$l o# la!( loca"$( ! Ilolo. ?$ #l$( "h "h$CI o# Ilolo a! applca"o! #or "h$ r$&"ra"o!o# ""l$ o# "h$ la!(. h& a& oppo&$( "h$Dr$c"or o# La!(&, "h$ Dr$c"or o# or$&"r, a!(o"h$r oppo&"or&. h$ ca&$ a& (oc<$( a& ala!( ca&$, a!( a#"$r "ral "h$ co+r" (&)&&$("h$ applca"o! #or r$&"ra"o!. Ml"a!"$ app$al$( "o "h$ Co+r" o# App$al&. P$!(! "ha" app$al, h$ &ol( "o R+a& :h&&o!-!-la a!( a la$r; "h$ la!(. h$ CA r$!($r$( a ($c&o!, (&)&&! "h$ applca"o! #or r$&"ra"o!. O! A++&" 31, 196, pla!"## Do)!o D. R+a&, a la$r, #l$( a &+" "o r$co%$r "h$ o!$r&hp a!( po&&$&&o! o# c$r"a! por"o!& o# lo" +!($r P&+-99091 loca"$( ! =arro G$!$ral L+!a, =aro"ac $@o, Ilolo hch h$ o+h" #ro) h& #a"h$r-!-la, ra!c&co Ml"a!"$ ! 1956 aa!&" "& pr$&$!" occ+pa!" ($#$!(a!", I&aa& =a"ll$r, ho ll$all $!"$r$( &a( por"o!& o# "h$ lo" o! "o occa&o! R+a& #l$( a orcl$ E!"r a!( D$"a!$r ca&$ aa!&" =a"ll$r. I! "ha" ca&$, "h$ co+r" h$l( "ha" R+a& ha& !oca+&$ o# ac"o! $ca+&$ "h$ prop$r" ! (&p+"$hch R+a& all$$(l o+h" #ro) Ml"a!"$a& "h$ &+@$c" )a""$r o# a la!( ca&$, ! hchca&$ R+a& a& "h$ co+!&$l o! r$cor( o# Ml"a!"$ h)&$l#. I" "h+& #all& +!($r Ar"cl$191 o# "h$ C%l Co($. :?$!c$, "h& app$al.; I&&+$ >h$"h$r "h$ &al$ o# "h$ la!( & proh"$(+!($r Ar"cl$ 191. ?$l( ES . Ar "cl$ 191 &a& "ha" h$ #ollo! p$r&o!& ca!!o" ac+r$ a! p+rcha&$, $%$! a" a p+lc or @+(cal a+c"o!, $"h$r ! p$r&o! or "hro+h "h$ )$(a"o! o# a!o"h$rQ. :5; '+&"c$&, @+($&, pro&$c+"! a""or!$&, cl$r<& o# &+p$ror a!( !#$ror co+r"&, a!( o"h$r o##c$r& a!( $)plo$$& co!!$c"$( "h "h$ a()!&"ra"o! o# @+&"c$, "h$ prop$r" a!( rh"& ! l"a"o! or l$%$( +po! a! $*$c+"o! $#or$ "h$ co+r" "h! ho&$ @+r&(c"o! or "$rr"or "h$$*$rc&$ "h$r r$&p$c"%$ #+!c"o!&4 "h& proh"o! !cl+($& "h$ ac" o# ac+r! a&&!)$!" a!( &hall appl "o la$r, "h r$&p$c" "o "h$ prop$r" a!(rh"& hch )a $ "h$ o@$c" o# a! l"a"o! !hch "h$ )a "a<$ par" %r"+$ o# "h$r pro#$&&o!. h$ pr$&$!" ca&$ cl$arl #all& +!($r "h&,
$&p$call &!c$ "h$ ca&$ a& &"ll p$!(! app$al h$! "h$ &al$ a& )a($. I&&+$ L$al $##$c" o# a &al$ #all! +!($r Ar"cl$191K ?$l( NJLL AND OID.CANNO =E RAIIED. Ma!r$&a co!&($r$( &+ch proh"$( ac+&"o!& :hch #$ll +!($r "h$ Spa!&h C%l Co($; a& )$r$l %o(al$ $ca+&$ "h$ Spa!&h Co($ (( !o" r$co!$ !+ll". =+" o+r C%l Co($ (o$& r$co!$ "h$ a&ol+"$ !+ll" o# co!"rac"& ho&$ ca+&$, o@$c" or p+rpo&$ & co!"rac" "o la, )oral&, oo( c+&"o)&, p+lc or($r or p+lc polc or hch ar$ $*pr$&&l proh"$( or ($clar$( %o( la a!( ($clar$& &+ch co!"rac"& !$*&"$!" a!( %o( #ro) "h$ $!!!. h$ !+ll" o# &+ch proh"$( co!"rac"& & ($#!"$ a!( p$r)a!$!", a!( ca!!o" $ c+r$( ra"#ca"o!. h$ p+lc !"$r$&" a!( p+lc polc r$)a! para)o+!" a!( (o !o" p$r)" o# co)pro)&$ or ra"#ca"o!. I! "h& a&p$c", "h$ p$r)a!$!" & +al#ca"o! o# p+lc a!( @+(cal o##c$r& a!( la$r& ro+!($( o! p+lc polc (##$r& #ro) "h$ #r&" "hr$$ ca&$& o# +ar(a!& a$!"& a!( a()!&"ra"or&:+!($r Ar" 191;. A& "o "h$r "ra!&ac"o!&, " ha& $$! op!$( "ha" "h$ )a $ ra"#$( )$a!& o# a!( ! "h$ #or) o# a !$ co!"rac", ! hch ca&$ "& %al(" &hall $ ($"$r)!$( o!l "h$ crc+)&"a!c$& a" "h$ ")$ o# $*$c+"o! o# & +ch !$ co!"rac". I! "ho&$ ca&$&, "h$ o@$c" hch a& ll$al a" "h$ ")$ o# "h$ #r&" co!"rac" )a ha%$ alr$a( $co)$ la#+l a" "h$")$ o# "h$ ra"#ca"o! or &$co!( co!"rac", or "h$!"$!", or "h$ &$r%c$ hch a& )po&&l$. h$ ra"#ca"o! or &$co!( co!"rac" o+l( "h$! $ %al( #ro)"& $*$c+"o!4 ho$%$r, " (o$& !o" r$"roac" "o "h$ (a"$o# "h$ #r&" co!"rac". D$c&o! a##r)$( h$ cha! o# Ml"a!"$7& all$$( ""l$ a!( rh" "o "h$ la!( a& &+ppo&$(l "rac$( ac< "o L$ra"o D$)o!"ao a& ac"+all a&&$r"$( Ml"a!"$ :a!( h& %$!($$, la$r a!( &o!-!-la, h$r$! pla!"##; ! "h$ la!( r$&"ra"o! ca&$ a!( r$@$c"$( "h$ Ilolo la!( r$&"ra"o! co+r" hch (&)&&$( Ml"a!"$7& applca"o! #or r$&"ra"o! o# "h$ la!(. S+ch (&)&&al, a& alr$a( &"a"$(, a& a##r)$( "h$ #!al @+()$!" ! 1958 o# "h$ Co+r" o# App$al&
Macarola &. A&+!co! 11 SCRA 00 ac"& O! '+!$ 8, 1963, r$&po!($!" '+($ Ela& A&+!co! r$!($r$( a ($c&o! ! C%l Ca&$ 31 #!al #or lac< o# a! app$al. O! Oc"o$r 16, 1963, a pro@$c" o# par""o! a& &+)""$( "o '+($ A&+!co!. h$ pro@$c" o# par""o! o# lo"& a& !o" &!$( "h$ par"$& "h$)&$l%$& +" o!l "h$ r$&p$c"%$ co+!&$l o# pla!"##& a!( p$""o!$r =$r!ar("a R. Macarola. h$ '+($ appro%$( " ! h& or($r (a"$( Oc"o$r 23, 1963. O!$ o# "h$ lo"& ! "h$ pro@$c" o# par""o! a& Lo" 118, hch a& &+(%($( !"o 5 lo"& ($!o)!a"$( a& Lo" 118 A E. Dr. Arca(o Galapo! o+h" Lo" 118-E o! '+l 31, 196, ho a& &&+$( "ra!$r o# c$r"#ca"$ o# "l$ No, 2338 o# "h$ R$&"$r o# D$$(& o# acloa! C". O! March 6, 1965, Galapo! &ol( a por"o! o# "h$ lo" "o '+($ A&+!co! a!( h& #$. O! A++&" 31, 1966, &po+&$& A&+!co! a!( Galapo! co!%$$( "h$r r$&p$c"%$ &har$& a!( !"$r$&" !! Lo" 118-E "o "h$ ra($r& Ma!+#ac"+r! T &h! I!(+&"r$& I!c. '+($ A&+!co! a& "h$ Pr$&($!" a!( h& #$ c"ora a& "h$ S$cr$"ar. h$ A&+!co!& a!( Galapo!& $r$ al&o "h$ &"oc
h$"h$r or No" "h$ r$&po!($!" '+($ %ola"$( "h$ )$!"o!$( pro%&o!&. R+l! No. '+($ A&+!co! (( !o" %ola"$ "h$ )$!"o!$( pro%&o!& co!&""+"! o# /Ac"& +!$co)! a '+($/ +" a& r$)!($( "o $ )or$ (&cr$$" ! h& pr%a"$ a!( +&!$&& ac"%"$&. R$&po!($!" '+($ (( !o" + "h$ lo" 118-E (r$c"l o! "h$ pla!"##& ! C%l Ca&$ No. 31 +" #ro) Dr. Galapo! ho $arl$r p+rcha&$( "h$ lo" #ro) 3 o# "h$ pla!"##&. >h$! "h$ A&+!co! o+h" "h$ lo" o! March 6,
1965 #ro) Dr. Galapo! a#"$r "h$ #!al" o# "h$ ($c&o! hch h$ r$!($r$( o! '+!$ 8, 1963 ! C%l Ca&$ No 31 a!( h& "o or($r& (a"$( Oc"o$r a!( No%$)$r, 1963. h$ &a( prop$r" a& !o lo!$r "h$ &+@$c" o# l"a"o!. I! "h$ ca&$ a" ar, Ar"cl$ 1 o# Co($ o# Co))$rc$ ha& !o l$al a!( !(! $##$c" a!( ca!!o" appl "o "h$ r$&po!($!". Jpo! "h$ &o%$r$!" #ro) "h$ Spa! "o "h$ JS a!( "o "h$ R$p+lc o# "h$ Phlpp!$&, Ar". 1 o# "h& Co($ o# Co))$rc$, hch &o+rc$( #ro) "h$ Spa!&h Co($ o# Co))$rc$, app$ar& "o ha%$ $$! aroa"$( $ca+&$ h$!$%$r "h$r$ & a cha!$ ! "h$ &o%$r$!", pol"cal la& o# "h$ #or)$r &o%$r$! ar$ a+"o)a"call aroa"$(, +!l$&& "h$ ar$ r$$!ac"$( A##r)a"%$ Ac" o# "h$ N$ So%$r$!.
A&+!co! ca!!o" al&o $ h$l( lal$ +!($r "h$ par. ?, S$c. 3 o# RA 319, c"! "ha" "h$ p+lc o##c$r& ca!!o" par"a<$ ! a! +&!$&& ! co!!$c"o! "h "h& o##c$, or !"$r%$!$( or "a<$ par" ! h& o##cal capac". h$ '+($ a!( h& #$ ha( "h(ra! o! 'a!+ar 31, 1960 #ro) "h$ corpora"o! a!( &ol( "h$r r$&p$c"%$ &har$& "o 3r( par"$&, a!( " app$ar& "ha" "h$ corpora"o! (( !o" $!$#" ! a! ca&$ #l$( or aa!&" " ! co+r" a& "h$r$ a& !o ca&$ #l$( ! "h$ (##$r$!" ra!ch$& o# "h$ Co+r" o# r&" I!&"a!c$ #ro) "h$ ")$ o# "h$ (ra#"! o# "h$ Ar"cl$& o# I!corpora"o! o# "h$ corpora"o! o! March 12, 1966 +p "o "& !corpora"o! o! 'a!+ar 9, 1960. h$ '+($ r$al$( $arl "ha" "h$r !"$r$&" ! "h$ corpora"o! co!"ra%$!$& aa!&" Ca!o! 25. No. h$ proh"o! o!l appl$& # "h$ l"a"o! & +!($r p$!($!c. h$ @+($ o+h" "h$ prop$r" ! 1965 2 $ar& a#"$r h& ($c&o! $ca)$ #!al. +r"h$r, A&+!co! (( !o" + "h$ prop$r" (r$c"l #ro) a! o# "h$ par"$& &!c$ "h$ prop$r" a& (r$c"l o+h" Galapo!, ho "h$! &ol( "h$ prop$r" "o A&+!co!. h$r$ a& !o &ho! "ha" Galapo! ac"$( a& a (+)) o# A&+!co!.
Al&o, Macarola (( !o" &ho proo# "ha" "h$r$ a& a ro&& !$+al" ! "h$ par""o!4 or "ha" ha" &h$ o" $r$ !&!#ca!" por"o!& o# "h$ la!(.
MA?ARLIUA PJ=LIS?ING CORP AGLE
ISSJE
ACS
>h$"h$r or !o" al$ ar$ $!""l$( "o "h$ prop$r" K
GSIS o!$( a parc$l o# la!( "h a +l(! a!( pr!"! $+p)$!" ! Paco, Ma!la. I" a& &ol( "o Maharl
?ELD NO. h$ &al$ "o "h$) a& aa!&" p+lc polc. r&" o# all, "h$ GSIS h$a( o##c$ a& &"opp$( #ro) cla)! "ha" "h$ (( !o" %$ "h$ )pr$&&o! "o Maharl
=$ca+&$ o# Maharl
A D%&o! Ch$# o# "h$ GSIS & !o" a! or(!ar $)plo$$ "ho+" !#l+$!c$ or a+"hor". h$ )$r$ #ac" "ha" h$ $*$rc&$& a)pl$ a+"hor" "h r$&p$c" "o a par"c+lar ac"%", .$., r$"r$)$!", &ho& "ha" h& !#l+$!c$ ca!!o" $ lh"l r$ar($(. h$ po!" & "ha" h$ & a p+lc o##c$r a!( h& #$ ac"& #or a!( ! h& !a)$ ! a! "ra!&ac"o! "h "h$ GSIS. I# h$ & allo$( "o par"cpa"$ ! "h$ p+lc ((! o# prop$r"$& #or$clo&$( or co!#&ca"$( "h$ GSIS, "h$r$ ll ala& $ "h$ &+&pco! a)o! o"h$r (($r& a!( "h$ $!$ral p+lc "ha" "h$ !&($r o##cal ha( acc$&& "o !#or)a"o! a!( co!!$c"o!& "h h& #$llo GSIS o##cal& a& "o allo h) "o $%$!"+all ac+r$ "h$ prop$r". h$r$ & !o !$$(, "h$r$#or$, "o pa&& +po! "h$ &&+$ o# rr$+lar" ! "h$ app$ara!c$ o# "h$ pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"&7 ( a!( "h$ all$$( !#$r$!c$ o# #ra+( #lo! "h$r$#ro). >$ r$"$ra"$ "ha" a&&+)! "h$ "ra!&ac"o! "o $ #ar a!( !o" "a!"$( "h rr$+lar", " & &"ll loo<$( +po! "h (a%or $ca+&$ " plac$& "h$ o##c$r ! a po&"o! hch )h" $co)$ a!"ao!&"c "o h& p+lc (+".
RESIJO DE LEON, P$""o!$r, %. COJR O APPEALS, 'JANIA RAMOS a!( MAIMO PERE, R$&po!($!"& h$ p$""o!$r & chall$!! "h$ p+rpor"$( &al$ "o "h$ pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"& o# "o parc$l& o# la!( hch h$ cla)& & h& o! rh" o# !h$r"a!c$. h$ &a( prop$r"$& $r$ par" o# "h$ =+$!a%&"a E&"a"$, hch ha( $$! p+rcha&$( "h$ R$p+lc o# "h$ Phlpp!$& #or (&"r+"o! a)o! la!(l$&& "$!a!"& a!( #ar)$r&. O! Aprl 1, 1955, Lo" No. S-110 "h$r$o#, co%$r! o%$r 1,2 &+ar$ )$"$r&, a& &ol( "o Ma!+$l ($ L$o! "h$ D$par")$!" o# Arc+l"+r$ o! $hal# o# "h$ R$p+lc. O! A++&" 5, 1969, Lo" 3 "h$r$o#, co!&&"! o# 11,80 &+ar$ )$"$r&, a& al&o &ol( "h$ R$p+lc, "hro+h "h$ La!( A+"hor", "o "h$ h$r& o# a!!+ll$( L$o!, r$pr$&$!"$( "h$ h$r$! p$""o!$r, h& ra!(&o!. h$ #r&" D$$( o# Sal$ carr$( "h$ #ollo! l)"a"o! o! "h$ (&po&"o! o# "h$ la!(cha!ro1$& %r"+al 1a lrar 1. ha" " &hall !o" $ &ol(, a&&!$(, $!c+)$r$(, )or"a$( or "ra!$rr$(, "h! "h$ p$ro( o# #%$ :5; $ar& #ro) "h$ (a"$ h$r$o# "ho+" #r&" o"a!! "h$ r""$! co!&$!" o# "h$ S$cr$"ar o# Arc+l"+r$ a!( Na"+ral R$&o+rc$&. 2. ha" $*c$p" h$r$("ar &+cc$&&o!, " &hall !o" $ co!%$$(, "ra!$rr$( or a&&!$( ! #a%or o# a! p$r&o! ho & !o" la!(l$&& a!( (&+al#$( "o ac+r$ or o! la!( ! "h$ Phlpp!$&. h$ &$co!( &al$ a& &+@$c" "o a &)lar co!("o! O! '+l 2, 1969, "h$ h$r$! pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"& #l$( a co)pla!" aa!&" "h$ p$""o!$r #or par""o! o# "h$ la!(& a!( acco+!"! ! "h$ Co+r" o# r&" I!&"a!c$ o# =+laca!. h$ all$$( "ha" "h$ ha( o+h" 1F2 o# "h$ la!(& #ro) Mara ($ lo& Sa!"o&, "h$ (o o# Ma!+$l ($ L$o!, %r"+$ o# a /+l+a! =lha!/ (a"$( March 18, 1959. 1 Sh$ ha( #l$( "o ($l%$r po&&$&&o! "o "h$) +!"l h$r ($a"h o! $r+ar 5, 196. h$ p$""o!$r, ho ha( &+cc$$($( h$r ! "h$ la!(&, ha( r$&&"$( "h$r ($)a!(& #or acco+!"! o# "h$ !co)$ #ro) "h$ &a( prop$r"$&.
A#"$r "ral, '+($ =$!!o M. P+!o &+&"a!$( "h$ pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"& h& a& a##r)$( o! app$al "h$ r$&po!($!" co+r" o! $r+ar 16, 1989, a!( r$co!&($ra"o! a& ($!$( o! '+!$ 15, 1989. 3 h$ Co+r" o# App$al& ar$$( "ha" "h$ /+l+a! =lha!/
a& $!+!$ a!( %al( a!( "ha" "h$ all$$( lac< o# "h$ &"p+la"$( r""$! co!&$!" co+l( $ !%o<$( o!l "h$ R$p+lc o# "h$ Phlpp!$& a!( !o" "h$ p$""o!$r. ?$ a& !o" a par" "o "h$ /+l+a! =lha!./ =$&($&, "h$ &a( &"p+la"o!& $r$ !o" applcal$ "o ca&$& o# h$r$("ar &+cc$&&o!, a!( D$ lo& Sa!"o&, ho &ol( "h$ la!(&, a& "h$ h$r o# h$r h+&a!(, Ma!+$l ($ L$o! .
>$ (&ar$$ "h "h$ r$&po!($!" co+r" "ha" $ca+&$ Mara ($ lo& Sa!"o& ac+r$( "h$ &+@$c" la!(& h$r$("ar &+cc$&&o!& &h$ a& "h$r$ r$l$a&$( #ro) "h$ co!("o!& o# "h$ &al$& )a($ o! Aprl 1, 1955, a!( A++&" 5, 1969. h$r$ & !o r$a&o! h, a& h$r, &h$ &ho+l( $ "r$a"$( l$&& &"rc"l "ha! h$r pr$($c$&&or-!!"$r$&" ! "h$ (&po&"o! o# "h$ la!(& (+r! "h$ proh"$( p$ro(. I! a! $%$!", a& "h$ /+l+a! =lha!/ a& !+ll a!( %o( a !"o, o!$r&hp o# "h$ (&p+"$( la!(& a& !o" "ra!$rr$( "o "h$ pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"& +" r$)a!$( "h Mara ($ lo& Sa!"o&. h$ R$p+lc o# "h$ Phlpp!$&, # !o" "h$ p$""o!$r, )a &"ll a&< #or "h$ r$%$r&o! o# "h$ prop$r"$& "o "h$ S"a"$ #or %ola"o! o# "h$ co!("o!& ! "h$ ($$(& o# &al$. M$a!hl$ "h$ p$""o!$r o+l( ha%$ pr$#$r$!"al rh"& o# po&&$&&o! "h$r$o%$r %&-a-%& "h$ pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"&, ho r$l o!l o! "h$ %o( /+l+a! =lha!./ I" & o!l #ar, ho$%$r, "ha" "h$ pr%a"$ r$&po!($!"& $ allo$( "o a" l$a&" r$co%$r "h$ p+rcha&$ prc$ o# "h$ la!(, "h l$al !"$r$&" #ro) "h$ ")$ o# "h$ $*$c+"o! o# "h$ +l+a! =lha! +!"l "h$ r$#+!( & ac"+all )a($. h& r+l! & a&$( o! "h$ #!(!& o# "h$ lo$r co+r" "ha" "h$ &a( !&"r+)$!", al"ho+h ($#c$!" #or lac< o# "h$ r$+r$( co!&$!", a& %al(l $*$c+"$(. >$ &hall &+ppor" "h& #ac"+al #!(! $ca+&$ "h$ p$""o!$r a& ra"h$r a)%al$!" ! a&&al! "h$ a+"h$!"c" o# "h$ /+l+a! =lha!./ A" #r&" h$ (o+"$( "& $!+!$!$&& $ca+&$ " a& o!l "h+)pr!"$( a!( !o" &!$( Mara ($ lo& Sa!"o&. O! app$al, h$ all$$( "ha" "h$ co!"$!"& o# "h$ !&"r+)$!"& &ho+l( ha%$ $$! $*pla!$( "o h$r $ca+&$ &h$ a& ll"$ra"$.
G.R. No. L-3166
March 28, 1983
DONAO REES AP a!( MELIONA MARAILLAS, p$""o!$r&, %&. ?ON. EEUIEL S. GRAGEDA, a& '+($ o# "h$ Co+r" o# r&" I!&"a!c$ o# Ala a!( 'OSE A. RICO,
Phlpp!$&/ "o $ a! a&ol+"$ a!( +!+al#$( proh"o! a!(, "h$r$#or$, r+l$( "ha" a co!%$a!c$ co!"rar "o " o+l( !o" $ %al(a"$( !or "& %o( !a"+r$ al"$r$( "h$ &+&$+$!" !a"+rala"o! o# "h$ %$!($$.
h$ (&po&"%$ por"o! o# "h$ a)$!($( ($c&o! r$a(& O! Aprl 12, 1939, Ma*)!o Rco, #or a!( ! h& o! $hal# a!( "ha" o# "h$ )!or& Mara Rco, lo)$!o Rco, Pr&co Rco, a!( Lo+r($&7 Rco, $*$c+"$( a D$$( o# A&ol+"$ Sal$ :A!!$* 7A7 "o "h$ co)pla!"; o%$r Lo" 339 a!( a por"o! o# Lo" 320 ! #a%or o# "h$ p$""o!$r Do!a"o R$$& ap ho a& "h$! a Ch!$&$ !a"o!al. R$&po!($!" 'o&$ A. Rco & "h$ $l($&" &o! o# Ma*)!o Rco, o!$ o# "h$ %$!(or& ! A!!$* 7A7. S+&$+$!"l, "h$ p$""o!$r a& %$!($$ ca+&$( "h$ r$&"ra"o! o# "h$ !&"r+)$!" o# &al$ a!( "h$ ca!c$lla"o! o# Or!al C$r"#ca"$& o# "l$ No&. 29332 a!( 291 a!( "h$ co!&$+$!" &&+a!c$ ! h& #a%or o# ra!$r C$r"#ca"$ o# "l$ No. -233 co%$r! "h$ "o lo"& &+@$c" )a""$r o# "h$ Co!"rac" o# Sal$. A#"$r "h$ lap&$ o# !$arl ##"$$! $ar& #ro) a!( a#"$r "h$ $*$c+"o! o# "h$ ($$( o# a&ol+"$ &al$, Do!a"o R$$& ap a& a()""$( a& a lp!o c"$! a!( allo$( "o "a<$ h& oa"h o# all$a!c$ "o "h$ R$p+lc o# "h$ Phlpp!$&. ?$ a&, "h$r$a#"$r, &&+$( C$r"#ca"$ o# Na"+rala"o! No. 0, l$ No. 19 o# "h$ Co+r" o# r&" I!&"a!c$ o# Ala. O! D$c$)$r 1, 1960, "h$ p$""o!$r c$($( "h$ )a@or por"o! o# Lo" No. 320 co!&&"! o# 1,08 &+ar$ )$"$r& hch h$ ac+r$( p+rcha&$ +!($r "h$ ($$( o# &al$ ! #a%or o# h& $!!$$r &o!, $l* ap, ho a& al&o a lp!o c"$! $ca+&$ o# "h$ lp!o c"$!&hp o# h& )o"h$r a!( "h$ !a"+rala"o! o# h& #a"h$r Do!a"o R$$& ap. S+&$+$!"l, Lo+r($& Rco, a+!" a!( co-h$r o# r$&po!($!" 'o&$ A. Rco. &ol( "h$ r$)a!! por"o! o# Lo" 320 "o "h$ p$""o!$r ho ha( h& rh"& "h$r$o! (+l r$&"$r$( +!($r Ac" 96. P$""o!$r, Do!a"o R$$& ap, ha& $$! ! po&&$&&o! o# "h$ lo"& ! +$&"o! &!c$ 1939, op$!l, p+lcl, co!"!+o+&l, a!( a(%$r&$l ! "h$ co!c$p" o# o!$r +!"l "h$ pr$&$!" ")$. h$ p$""o!$r ha& o!$ &+r%%! &o! h& #r&" )arra$ "o a lp!o #$. ?$ ha& #%$ chl(r$! h& &$co!( )arra$ al&o "o a lp!a a!( ha& a "o"al o# 23 ra!(chl(r$! all o# ho) ar$ lp!o c"$!&. h$ r$&po!($!" co+r" co!&($r$( S$c"o! 5, Ar"cl$ III o# "h$ 1935 Co!&""+"o! "ha" /!o pr%a"$ arc+l"+ral la!( &hall $ "ra!$rr$( or a&&!$( $*c$p" "o !(%(+al&, corpora"o!&, or a&&oca"o!& +al#$( "o ac+r$ or hol( la!(& o# "h$ p+lc (o)a! ! "h$
>?EREORE, ! %$ o# all "h$ #or$o!, "h$ Co!"rac" o# Sal$ $)o($( ! "h$ 7E&cr"+ra ($ Co)pra $!"a7 hch & a""ach$( "o "h$ Co)pla!" a& A!!$* 7A7, & h$r$ ($clar$( !+ll a!( %o( a !"o a!( "ho+" a! l$al #orc$ a!( $##$c". h$ ac"o! "o r$co%$r Lo" 339 o# "h$ Ca(a&"ral S+r%$ o# G+!oa"a!, Ala, co%$r$( ra!$r C$r"#ca"$ o# "l$ No. 233. a!( Lo" 320 co%$r$( "h$ &a)$ ra!$r C$r"#ca"$ o# "l$, & h$r$ ra!"$( "o pla!"##, +po! pa)$!" o# "h$ co!&($ra"o! prc$ o# P15. a!( ($clar! pla!"## a& "h$ la#+l o!$r a!( $!""l$( "o "h$ po&&$&&o! "h$r$o#. D$#$!(a!" Do!a"o R$$& ap & h$r$ or($r$( "o pro(+c$ h& ra!$r C$r"#ca"$ o# "l$ No. -233 "o "h$ R$&"$r o# D$$(& o# Ala, &o a& "o $!al$ &a( o##c$ "o )a<$ "h$ (+$ a!( prop$r a!!o"a"o!& o! &a( ""l$ a& $ll a& ! "h$ or!al o# "h$ ($clara"o! o# !+ll" a& h$r$! a(@+($(. L$" ra!$r C$r"#ca"$ o# "l$ &&+$( "o pla!"##, co!c$r!! &a( Lo"& 339 a!( 320 o# "h$ Ca(a&"ral S+r%$ o# G+!oa"a!, Ala. =+" "h$ #ac"+al &$"-+p ha& cha!$(. h$ l"a"$( prop$r" & !o ! "h$ ha!(& o# a !a"+ral$( lp!o. I" & !o lo!$r o!$( a (&+al#$( %$!($$. R$&po!($!", a& a !a"+ral$( c"$!, a& co!&""+"o!all +al#$( "o o! "h$ &+@$c" prop$r". h$r$ o+l( $ !o )or$ p+lc polc "o $ &$r%$( ! allo! p$""o!$r Ep#a!a "o r$co%$r "h$ la!( a& " & alr$a( ! "h$ ha!(& o# a +al#$( p$r&o!
G.R. No. L-5295
D$c$)$r 16, 199
UJENLE T SREI, pla!"##-app$lla!", %&. MACUE T C?ANDLER, E AL., ($#$!(a!"&app$ll$$&. h& & a! ac"o! ro+h" "h$ pla!"## "o r$co%$r o# "h$ ($#$!(a!"& "h$ &+) o# 1, p$&o&, "h$ %al+$ o# c$r"a! p$r&o!al prop$r", co!&""+"! a &aloo! ar, #+r!"+r$, #+r!&h!&, a!( #*"+r$&. h$ pla!"## all$$& "ha" o! or ao+" "h$ )o!"h o# 'a!+ar, 190, " a& "h$ o!$r o# "h$ Or$o! Saloo! ! Ca%"$, Pro%!c$ o# Ca%"$, co!&&"! o# ar, #+r!"+r$, #+r!&h!&, a!( #*"+r$&, o# "h$ %al+$ o# 1, p$&o&4 "ha" (+r! "h$ &a( )o!"h o# 'a!+ar, 190, "h$ ($#$!(a!" 'o&$ D$&($ro, a& &h$r##, l$%$( +po! &+ch prop$r" %r"+$ o# a! $*$c+"o! &&+$( +po! a @+()$!" &$c+r$( "h$ ($#$!(a!" Mac<$ T Cha!(l$r, aa!&" S"a!l$ T Urpp$!(or#4 "ha" &a( pla!"## !o"#$( "h$ &h$r##, ! "h$ )a!!$r pro%($( la, "ha" " a& "h$ o!$r o# &a( oo(& a!( #ora($ "h$ &al$ "h$r$o# +!($r &a( $*$c+"o!4 "ha", !o""h&"a!(! &+ch cla) +po! "h$ par" o# "h$ pla!"##, "h$ &a( &h$r## &ol( &a( oo(& +!($r &a( $*$c+"o!4 "ha" &a( #r) o# Mac<$ T Cha!(l$r a& "h$ p+rcha&$r o# &a( oo(& a!( "h$ &a)$ $r$ ($l%$r$( "o "4 "ha" "h$ ($#$!(a!"& =achrach, El&$r, a!( Gal$, $r$ "h$ &+r$"$& +po! "h$ o!( %$! "o "h$ &h$r## Mac<$ T Cha!(l$r $#or$ &a( oo(& $r$ &ol(. h$ ($#$!(a!"& ! "h& ca&$ all$$ "ha" "h$ prop$r" ($&cr$( "h$ pla!"## a!( &ol( a" "h$ $*$c+"o! &al$ r$#$rr$( "o a& !o" "h$ prop$r" o# "h$ pla!"## a" "h$ ")$ o# &a( l$% a!( &al$, +" a& "h$ prop$r" o# S"a!l$ T Urpp$!(or#, ho $r$ ! po&&$&&o! o# "h$ &a)$ a" "h$ ")$ o# &+ch l$%. h$ #+r"h$r all$$ "ha" (+r! "h$ )o!"h o# 'a!+ar, 190, "h$ &a( S"a!l$ T Urpp$!(or#, $! !($"$( ! a co!&($ral$ &+) "o "h$ pla!"## ! "h& ca&$, a""$)p"$( "o &$ll "o "h$ &a( pla!"## a! !&"r+)$!" ! r"! "h$ prop$r" ! +$&"o!4 "ha" &a( !&"r+)$!" a& !$%$r r$cor($(4 "ha" &a( !&"r+)$!" a& a pr%a"$ (oc+)$!"4 "ha" "h$ &a( prop$r" a& !o" ($l%$r$( "o "h$ pla!"## +!($r &a( &al$ +" "ha" &a( prop$r" r$)a!$( #ro) "h$ ")$ o# &a( &al$ #orar( ! "h$ $*cl+&%$ po&&$&&o! a!( co!"rol o# &a( S"a!l$ T Urpp$!(or#, a!( "ha" "h$ co!(+c"$( "h$ +&!$&& &+&$+$!" "o "h$ $*$c+"o! o# &a( !&"r+)$!" $*ac"l a& "h$ ha( pror "h$r$"o ! "h$r o! !a)$ p+rcha&! oo(& a!( pa! "h$r$#or "ho+" r$#$r$!c$ "o "h$ pla!"## ! "h& ca&$. h$ #ac"& ! r$la"o! "o "h$ )a!!$r a!( )$"ho( ! a! hch "h$ pla!"## o"a!$( "& all$$( ""l$ "o "h$ oo(& ! +$&"o! a!( "h$ #ac" o# co!"!+$( po&&$&&o! S"a!l$ T Urpp$!(or#, a& &$" #or"h "h$ ($#$!(a!"&, ar$ &+&"a!"all a()""$( ! "h& ca&$.
h$ +$&"o! "o $ ($"$r)!$( & "h$ $##$c" hch "h$ &a( !&"r+)$!" o# &al$ ha(, # a!, ! "ra!$rr! "h$ prop$r" ! +$&"o! #ro) S"a!l$ T Urpp$!(or# "o "h$ pla!"##."cVal# h$ ca&$ o# "h$ ($l" a!( D$po&" Co)pa! aa!&" >l&o! :8 Phl. R$p., 51; la& (o! a (oc"r!$ hch $ "h!< & ($c&%$ o# "h& ca&$. I! "ha" ca&$ " a& h$l( "ha" "h$ o!$r&hp o# p$r&o!al prop$r" ca! !o" $ "ra!$rr$( "o "h$ pr$@+(c$ o# "hr( p$r&o!& $*c$p" ($l%$r o# "h$ prop$r" "&$l#4 a!( "ha" a &al$ "ho+" ($l%$r %$& "h$ o+l(-$ p+rcha&$r !o rh"& ! &a( prop$r" $*c$p" "ho&$ o# a cr$("or. h$ ll o# &al$ ! "h$ ca&$ a" ar, +!($r "h$ crc+)&"a!c$& o# "h& ca&$, co+l( ha%$ !o $##$c" aa!&" a p$r&o! ($al! "h "h$ prop$r" +po! "h$ #a"h o# app$ara!c$&. h$ ca&$ o# U+$!l$ T S"r$## aa!&" A. S. >a"&o! T Co. :0 O## Ga., 25;, 1 c"$( "h$ app$lla!" ! "& r$#, (o$& !o" &+&"a! "& co!"$!"o!. ha" a& a ca&$ o# "h$ &al$ o# prop$r" +po! "h$ co!("o! "ha" "h$ ""l$ "h$r$"o &ho+l( r$)a! ! "h$ %$!(or +!"l "h$ p+rcha&$ prc$ "h$r$o# &ho+l( $ #+ll pa(, a!( "ha", ! ca&$ o# !o!pa)$!" o# "h$ ($" or o# a! !&"all)$!" "h$r$o# h$! (+$, "h$ %$!(or o+l( ha%$ a rh" "o "a<$ po&&$&&o! o# "h$ prop$r" a!( ($al "h " a& pro%($( #or ! "h$ co!"rac". I! "ha" ca&$ "h$ co+r" h$l( "ha" &+ch a co!"rac" #or "h$ co!("o!al &al$ o# oo(& a& %al( ! "h$&$ I&la!(& $"$$! "h$ par"$& "h$r$"o, a!( a& %al( al&o a& "o "hr( p$r&o!&, pro%($( po&&$&&o! o# "h$ prop$r" "h$r$! ($&cr$( a& "a<$! "h$ %$!(or $#or$ "h$ rh"& o# "hr( p$r&o!& !"$r%$!$( aa!&" "h$ &a)$. I! "h$ ca&$ a" ar " & $%($!" "ha" "h$ ll o# &al$, &o call$(, a& ! !o &$!&$ a co!("o!al &al$ o# prop$r", &+ch a& & ($&cr$( ! "h$ ca&$ o# U+$!l$ T S"r$## aa!&" A. S. >a"&o!, T Co., a!( "h$ pr!cpl$& applcal$ "h$r$"o ar$ $!"r$l !applcal$ ! "h$ ca&$ a" ar. Mor$o%$r, po&&$&&o! o# "h$ prop$r" ! &+" a& !o" "a<$! a" a! ")$ "h$ pla!"##. h$ ($#$!(a!" Mac<$ T Cha!(lr$, ha%! p+rcha&$( "h$ prop$r" a" a! $*$c+"o! &al$, prop$r" co!(+c"$(, o"a!$( a oo( ""l$ "o "h$ prop$r" ! +$&"o! a& aa!&" "h$ pla!"## ! "h& ca&$. h$ @+()$!" o# "h$ co+r" $lo &, "h$r$#or$, a##r)$(, "h co&"& aa!&" "h$ app$lla!". So or($r$(.
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App$al #ro) "h$ ($c&o! o# "h$ lo$r co+r" RAIO DECIDENDI h$ #ac" "ha" "h$ prc$ o# "h$ prop$r" ha& !o" $" $$! pa( ! #+ll & !o" a! o&"acl$ "o "h$ ac+&"o! o# "h$ o!$r&hp "h$r$o# "h$ pla!"## h$! &+ch a co!("o! & !o" &"p+la"$( ! "h$ co!"rac" a!( ($l%$r ll r$&+l" ! "h$ co!%$a!c$ o# o!$r&hp. BJICU ACS P$""o!$r& ($l%$r$( "o Ch+a $! Cho! a &hp)$!"o# &+ar. Ch+a $! Cho! (( !o" pa p$""o!$r& a!( "h$ &+ar a& &$$( h& cr$("or "o &$""l$ a ($". h$ co+r" h$l( "ha" ($l%$r r$&+l"$( ! co!%$a!c$ o# "h$ o!$r&hp o%$r "h$ &+ar ($&p"$ "h$ #ac" "ha" "h$r$ a& !o #+ll pa)$!". ACS =+$r Ch+a $! Cho! S$ll$r Oc$@o, P$r$ a!( Co O! March, 191, Ch+a $! Cho! a%$ a pro)&&or !o"$ "oI!"$r!a"o!al =a!<! Corpora"o! ! $*cha!$ #or Php 2<. 5pc+l& o# &+ar, loca"$( ! a ar$ho+&$ ! Call$ o!$l$ro&, a& p+" +pa& &$c+r" #or "h$ !o"$.I" &$$)& "ha" a" "h$ $!( o# March, Oc$@o, P$r$ a!( Co. $!"$r$( !"oco!"rac" "h Ch+a $! Cho! #or "h$ &al$ o# &o)$ &+ar. h$ &+ar a& ro+h" "o Ma!la ! "h$ )o!"h o# Aprl, a!( 5, pc+l& $r$ ($l%$r$( "o Ch+a $! Cho! h$r$+po! " a& &"or$( ! "h$ a ar$ho+&$ a" No. 119, M+$ll$ ($ la I!(+&"ra. h$ !$*" (a, p$""o!$r& a""$)p"$( "o coll$c" "h$ p+rcha&$ prc$ o# "h$ &+ar, +" "h$ +$rr$#+&$( "o )a<$ pa)$!". I! "h$ r""$! co!"rac" $"$$! "h$),!o"h! a& &a( co!c$r!! "h$ ")$ a!( plac$ #or pa)$!". >h$! "h$ pro)&&or !o"$ $*$c+"$( ha( #all$! (+$ a!( a& +!pa(, "h$ a!< )a($ "h$ $##or" "o $*$rc&$ ac"%$ o!$r&hp o%$r "h$ &+ar:Co!c($!"all, o! "h$ &a)$ (a " a& ($l%$r$( "o Ch+a $! Cho! March, Oc$@o, P$r$ a!( Co;, " (&co%$r$( "ha" "h$ a)o+!" o# &+ar! h& ar$ho+&$ a& l$&& "ha! "h$ 5, pc+l& )$!"o!$( ! "h$co!"rac". Ch+a $! Cho! &a( "ha" "h$ r$&" o# "h$ &+ar a& ! aar$ho+&$ a" No. 119, M+$ll$ ($ la I!(+&"ra. h$ a!
= ar$$)$!" o# "h$ par"$&, "h$ &+ar a& &ol( a!( "h$ proc$$(& o# "h$&al$ ($po&"$( ! "h$ a!<, &+@$c" "o "h$ or($r o# "h$ co+r" +po! "h$ #!al (&po&"o!. Ch+a S$co, "h$ a&&!$$ o# !o !&ol%$!" Ch+a $! Cho!, a&&$r"& apr$#$r$!"al rh" proc$$(& o# "& &al$, +po! "h$ ro+!( "ha" "h$($l%$r o# "h$ &+ar pla!"##, %r"+$ o# hch " pa&&$( !"o "h$po&&$&&o! a!( co!"rol o# Ch+a $! Cho!, !(ca"$& "ha" "h$ &+ar &"h$ prop$r" o# "h$ !&ol%$!" $&"a"$ r$pr$&$!"$( h). h$ lo$r co+r" r$!($r$( @+()$!" ! #a%or o# Oc$@o, P$r$ T Co a!( #ro) "h& ($c&o! app$al& ha%$ $$! "a<$! "h$ a!< a!( "h$ !"$r%$!$r. ISSJESFDECISION :a; D( ""l$ "o "h$ &+ar pa&& "o "h$ +$r +po! "& ($l%$r "o h)K $& :; A&&+)! "o pa "ha" "h$ ""l$ pa&&$( "o "h$ +$r, (( h& #al+r$ "o pa "h$ p+rcha&$ prc$ a+"hor$ "h$ &$ll$r "o r$&c!( "h$ &al$K $& :c; >a& "h$ co))$!c$)$!" o# a r$pl$%! &+" "h$ &$ll$r $+%al$!" "o "h$ r$&c&&o! o# "h$ &al$K No S$ll$r ar+$& D$&p"$ "h$ #ac" "ha" !o "$r) a& &"p+la"$( "h! hch "h$ pa)$!" &ho+l( $ )a($, h$ a& $!""l$( "o ($)a!( pa)$!" a" a! ")$ a#"$r ($l%$r, a!( #+r"h$r "ha" +!"l &+ch pa)$!" a& ! #ac" )a($, ""l$ "o "h$ &+ar (( !o" pa&& "o "h$ +$r. ?ELD a; h$ ola"o! o# "h$ &$ll$r "o )a<$ ($l%$r o# "h$ "h! &ol( a& !o" &+@$c" "o "h$ co!("o! "ha" "h$ +$r a& "o pa "h$ prc$ $#or$ ($l%$r. h$ &+ar a& ($l%$r$( "o "h$ +$r o! Aprl 16, 191. h$ &$ll$r ($l%$r$( " !"o "h$ +$r7&ar$ho+&$, l$a%! " $!"r$l &+@$c" "o h& co!"rol. Ar"cl$ 162 o# "h$C%l Co($ pro%($& "ha" "h$ "h! &ol( & ($$)$( "o $ ($l%$r$(/h$! " pa&&$& !"o "h$ po&&$&&o! a!( co!"rol o# "h$ +$r.Accor(! "o Ma!r$&a, "ra("o! & a "r+$ )o($ o# ac+r! o!$r&hp/hch $##$c"& "h$ pa&&a$ o# ""l$ a!( "h$ r"h o# "h$ rh" ! r$). h$r$#or$, "h$ ($l%$r o# "h$ "h! . . . &!#$& "ha" ""l$ ha& pa&&$(#ro) "h$ &$ll$r "o "h$ +$r./ h$ ra!&ac"o! & !o" a l<$ a ca&h &al$ ! hch ($l%$r a!( pa)$!"ar$ "o $ )a($ &)+l"a!$o+&l. >h$! !o "$r) #or pa)$!" &&"p+la"$(, "h$ &$ll$r & !o" o+!( "o ($l%$r "h$ "h! &ol( +!"l "h$+$r ha& pa( "h$ prc$4 =+" # ($l%$r & co!&+))a"$(, h$ ! #ac"ra!"& a "$r) o# cr$(" "o "h$ +$r, ho$%$r &hor" a!( !($"$r)!a"$" )a $, a!( a%$& h& rh" "o !&&" +po! pa)$!" ! a(%a!c$ or&)+l"a!$o+&l "h ($l%$r. =+" h$ (o$& $co)$ $!""l$( "o pa)$!"+po! ($)a!( )a($ +po! "h$ +$r.I! D$ la Ra)a %&. Sa!ch$ h$ #ac" "ha" "h$ prc$ o# "h$ prop$r" ha&!o" $" $$! pa( ! #+ll & !o",
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