ROLE OF UNO IN MAINTAINING WORLD PEACE
Project Assignment 5th Semester, 5 year B.A., LL.B. Submitted By L. Ashish Kumar Hall Ticket o.!"##"$
%amodaram Sanji&ayya ational La' (ni&ersity
CONTENTS
Introduction
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Role of Principal Oran!
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#o$e Peace %eepin Mi!!ion!
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Conclu!ion
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(i)liorap*+
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The method o) research 'hich is )ollo'ed )or the *roject is a non+doctrinal. The research includes gathering the data )rom the eisting in)ormation like re)erring the books related to the to*ic, articles etc., relating to the to*ic a&ailable online.
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INTRODUCTION The memories o) a-i atrocities, )lagrant &iolation o) human rights, loss o) li&es o) millions o) innocent *eo*le and un*recedented de&astation caused during the Second orld ar 'ere )resh in the minds o) the )ramers o) the /harter o) (nited ations. Though the League o) ations as an institution )ailed to 0*reser&e as against eternal aggression, the territorial integrity and eisting *olitical inde*endence o) all members o) the league1 # and conse2uently )ailed to *re&ent the breaking o) the Second orld ar, yet the statesmen o) the 'orld still had )aith in international organisation. 3&en during the Second orld ar, they had started endea&ours to establish another 4nternational rganisation. 4ndeed they ultimately succeeded in establishing the (nited ations on the basis o) the (nited ations /harter 'hich 'as ado*ted and signed at San)rancisco on !5 th 6une, #785. A)ter ha&ing been rati)ied by )i&e *ermanent members and majority o) other states, the (.. /harter came into )orce on !8th ctober, #785. Born as a result o) the e*eriences o) a de&astating 'ar that 'itnessed a-i atrocities, )lagrant &iolation o) human rights and death o) millions o) innocent *eo*le, it 'as 2uite natural )or the )ramers o) the /harter to ha&e determined to sa&e succeeding generations )rom the scourge o) 'ar, 'hich t'ice in our li)etime has brought untold sorro' to mankind, and to re+a))irm )aith in )undamental human rights, in the dignity and 'orth o) the human *erson, in the e2ual rights o) men and 'omen and o) nations large and small and )or these ends to unite our strength to maintain international *eace and security and to ensure, by the acce*tance o) *rinci*les and the institution o) methods, that armed )orce shall not be used sa&e in the common interest and to ha&e resol&ed to combine our e))orts to accom*lish these aims.!
1 Article 10 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. 2 Preamble of the UN Charter. 3|Page
ROLE OF PRINCIPAL ORGANS There are si *rinci*le organs o) the (nited ations namely The 9eneral Assembly, The Security /ouncil, The 3conomic and Social /ouncil, The 4nternational Trusteeshi* System and The Trusteeshi* /ouncil, The Secretariat and The 4nternational /ourt o) 6ustice. The roles o) Security /ouncil, 9eneral Assembly, Secretary+9eneral and :egional Arrangements or Agencies deser&e a s*ecial mention here. Role of #ecurit+ Council+
The *ro&isions o) the (.. /harter relating to maintenance o) international *eace and security are contained in Articles !8 to ;! o) /ha*ter <. Article ;; to ;$ o) /ha*ter <4 entitled 0Paci)ic Settlement o) %is*utes1 and Articles ;7 to 5# o) /ha*ter <44 entitled 0Action 'ith :es*ect to Threats o) the Peace, Breaches o) the Peace, and acts o) Aggression1. The Security /ouncil may in&estigate any dis*ute, or any situation 'hich might lead to international )riction or gi&e rise to a dis*ute, in order to determine 'hether the continuance o) the dis*ute or situation 'hich is likely to endanger the maintenance o) 4nternational Peace and Security.; Any member o) the (nited ations may bring any dis*utes, or any situation o) the nature re)erred abo&e, to the attention o) the Security /ouncil. 8 The Security /ouncil may, at any stage o) a dis*ute o) the nature re)erred to in Article ;; o) a situation o) like nature, recommend a**ro*riate *rocedures o) methods o) adjustment. 4n making recommendations under this *ro&ision, the Security /ouncil should also take into consideration that legal dis*utes as a general rule be re)erred by the *arties to the 4nternational /ourt o) 6ustice in accordance 'ith the *ro&isions o) the statue o) the /ourt.5 ithout *re+judice to the *ro&isions o) Articles ;; to ;=, the Security /ouncil may i) all the *arties to any dis*ute so re2uest make recommendations 'ith a &ie' to a *aci)ic settlement o) the dis*ute. >
3 Article 34 of he U.N. Charter. 4 Article 3! of he U.N. Charter. ! Article 3" of he U.N. Charter. " Article 3# of he U.N. Charter. 4|Page
Role of General A!!e$)l++
et to the Security /ouncil, the 9eneral Assembly is the im*ortant *rinci*al organ o) the (.. concerning the maintenance o) international *eace and security. This is because o) the ob&ious reason that the 9eneral Assembly is the most democratic and re*resentati&e *rinci*al organ o) the (nited ations. 3&ery member State o) the (.. is re*resented in this august body= and each State has one &ote. $
Article ## s*eci)ically *ro&ides that the 9eneral
Assembly may consider the general *rinci*le o) coo*eration in the maintenance o) international *eace and security, including the *rinci*les go&erning disarmament and the regulation o) armaments, and make any recommendations 'ith regard to such *rinci*les to the ?embers or to the Security /ouncil or both. @urther, the 9eneral Assembly may discuss any 2uestion relating to the maintenance o) international *eace and security brought be)ore it by any ?ember o) the (nited ations, or by the Security /ouncil, or by a State 'hich is not a member o) the (.. in accordance 'ith Article ;5, *aragra*h !. Beside this, the 9eneral Assembly may call the attention o) the Security /ouncil to situations 'hich are likely to endanger international *eace and security. Role of #ecretar+-General +
Article 77 o) the (.. /harter *ro&ides that the Secretary+9eneral may bring to the attention o) the Security /ouncil any matter 'hich in his o*inion may threaten the maintenance o) international *eace and security. Since it in&ol&ed e*ression o) his o*inion, in *ast Secretary+ 9eneral hardly e&er used this *ro&ision. They )eared that they might not become centre, o) con)lict bet'een great *o'ers. 4n #77"s ho'e&er, the situation has changed and ne' role en&isaged and Secretary 9eneral to take initiati&es and to *er)orm a &ery acti&e role. The *ro&isions o) Article 77 'ill there)ore assume signi)icance and may be im*lemented *ro*erly. Role of Reional Arrane$ent! +
Article 5! to 58 o) the (.. /harter deal 'ith :egional Arrangements. These Articles en&isage a de)inite role )or the maintenance o) international *eace and security. @or eam*le,
# Article $. % Article 1%. !|Page
Article 5; *ro&ides that the Security /ouncil shall, 'here a**ro*riate, utili-e regional arrangements or agencies )or en)orcement action under the control, authority and su*er&ision. But because o) distrust and con)lict among great *o'ers, they esca*ed control and authority o) the Security /ouncil. %ue to end o) cold 'ar and the emergence o) (.S. as the sole su*er *o'er, the situation has changed in #77"s.
SOME PEACE KEEPING MISSIONS 4n !""!, ( ?ission )or 3thio*ia C 3ritrea D(?33E 'as started 'ith an objecti&e to monitor cease)ire bet'een 3thio*ia and 3ritrea as *act o) a deal signed by t'o countries and end their border con)lict. The mission 'as ended *er ;# 6uly !""$ 'ith a (S/ resolution ado*ted on ;" 6uly !""$. Peacekee*ers had been dri&en )rom the border -one by 3ritrea by @ebruary !""$, and 3thio*ia had re)used to acce*t a binding 4nternational /ourt o) 6ustice ruling on the border issueF there are )ears that this may set a *recedent to sho' that a country can )orce out ( *eacekee*ers. Analysts also )ear a ne' 'ar may eru*t bet'een 3thio*ia and 3ritrea o&er the border .7 4n !""!, ( ?ission in 3ast Timor D(?4S3TE 'as started 'ith an objecti&e to hel* 3ast Timor, the ne'ly )ormed inde*endent country in taking o&erall o*erational res*onsibilities. ?ilitary and *olice )orces )rom contributing nations 'ere *ut under control o) the S*ecial :e*resentati&e o) the Secretary+9eneral. @ollo'ing a *rogress re*ort submitted by the Secretary+9eneral in !"";, the initial #! month mandate 'as etended into t'o years, subse2uently etended to !" ?ay !""5, a)ter 'hich it 'as re*laced by (nited ations ))ice in Timor Leste D(T4LE. #" 4n !""8, ( *eration in Burundi D(BE 'as started 'ith an objecti&e to assist in bringing national reconciliation and lasting *eace among Burundians as *ro&ided in Arusha Pact. Ha&ing determined that the situation in Burundi continued to constitute a threat to international *eace and security in the region and acting under /ha*ter <44 o) the ( /harter, the Security /ouncil, by its resolution #585 o) !# ?ay !""8, decided to establish the (nited ations *eration in Burundi D(BE in order to su**ort and hel* to im*lement the $ htt&'(())).google.com(hoste*ne)s(af&(article(ALe+,!g%-h/g$NbA1*m0nUo)og Ng accesse* on 2$510520136.
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e))orts undertaken by Burundians to restore lasting *eace and bring about national reconciliation, as *ro&ided under the Arusha Agreement. (B success)ully com*leted its mandate on ;# %ecember !"">. 4t 'as succeeded by the (nited ations 4ntegrated ))ice in Burundi DB4(BE, established by Security /ouncil resolution #=#7 o) !5 ctober !""> .## The ( Stabili-ation ?ission in Haiti D?4(STAHE 'as )irst established in !""8 by ( Security /ouncil :esolution #58!. This *eacekee*ing mission o*erates under /ha*ter <44 o) the ( /harter, 'hich gi&es *eacekee*ers the authority to use )orce i) necessary to *rotect ci&ilians. The de&astating earth2uake o) #! 6anuary !"#", 'hich resulted in more than !!",""" deaths Daccording to Haitian 9o&ernment )iguresE, including 7> ( *eacekee*ers, deli&ered a se&ere blo' to countryGs already shaky economy and in)rastructure. The Security /ouncil, by resolution #7"$ o) #7 6anuary !"#", endorsed the Secretary+9eneralGs recommendation to increase the o&erall )orce le&els o) ?4(STAH to su**ort the immediate reco&ery, reconstruction and stability e))orts in the country. #! n ctober #!, !"#!, the Security /ouncil etended ?4(STAHs mandate through ctober #5, !"#;. :esolution !"#! also *ro&ides )or the reduction o) the military strength, a balanced 'ithdra'al o) in)antry and engineering *ersonnel, and a reduction in *olice strength by 6une !"#;. #; 4n !""5, ( ?ission in the South Sudan D(?4SSE 'as started 'ith an objecti&e to assist in im*lementing *eace agreement bet'een Sudan 9o&ernment and the Sudan Peo*leGs Liberation ?o&ement. The Security /ouncil etended the ?ission until #5 6uly !"#8 so that it can continue to assist the 'orldGs youngest country in consolidating *eace and security and hel*ing to establish conditions )or de&elo*ment. The /ouncil reiterated its call on the 9o&ernment o) South Sudan to take greater res*onsibility )or the *rotection o) its ci&ilians and in this res*ect encourages greater coo*eration 'ith (?4SS. 4t also demanded that the 9o&ernment and all rele&ant *arties coo*erate )ully in the de*loyment, o*erations, and monitoring, &eri)ication, and re*orting )unctions o) (?4SS, *articularly by guaranteeing
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the sa)ety, security and unrestricted )reedom o) mo&ement o) ( *ersonnel, as 'ell as o) associated *ersonnel throughout the country.#8 4n #777 the ( Security /ouncil ado*ted resolution #!=7 establishing the (nited ations rganisation ?ission in the %emocratic :e*ublic o) the /ongo kno'n by its @rench acronym, ?(/. 4n !""", the Security /ouncil e*anded ?(/s mandate by ado*ting resolution #!7#, 'hich tasked *eacekee*ers 'ith o&erseeing the Lusaka /ease)ire Agreement o) #777. The ( e*anded the missions mandate again in !""8 by including /ha*ter <44 o) the ( /harter, enabling the mission to use )orce to *rotect ci&ilians. 4n ?ay !"#", resolution #7!5 marked a ne' *hase )or the mission by changing the name to the (nited ations rganisation Stabili-ation ?ission in the %emocratic :e*ublic o) /ongo D?(S/E. 4n !"##, the ( Security /ouncil *assed :esolution #77# 'hich demanded that all armed grou*s cease all )orms o) &iolence and &iolation o) human rights. 4n 6une, !"#! the mandate 'as rene'ed 'hich em*hasi-ed security re)orm, consolidation o) State authority and the eradication o) &iolence in the eastern *ro&inces. 4n ?arch !"#;, the Security /ouncil ado*ted :esolution !"7$, authori-ing an 4nter&ention Brigade and etending the missions mandate until ?arch ;#, !"#8. #5 ( 'as also success)ul in the inde*endence o) 4ndonesia. egotiations bet'een etherlands 9o&ernment and 4ndonesian leaders begun in #785 'hich led to the Linggadjati Agreement, )ormally signed on ?arch !5, #78= )or the establishment o) (nited States o) 4ndonesia 'ithin the )rame'ork o) the Kingdom o) the etherlands. 3ach side soon charged that the other had &iolated the agreement and on 6uly !", #78=, %utch troo*s began military action against the so called 4ndonesian :e*ublic. This action 'as immediately brought to the attention o) the Security /ouncil by Australia and 4ndia, and on August #, #78=, the /ouncil called the both *arties and ad&iced to cease hostilities and to settle their di))erences by *eace)ul means. A /ommittee o) 9ood ))ices 'as set u* )or 'hich Australia, Belgium and the (nited States 'ere the re*resentati&es. %utch and 4ndonesian negotiators signed a truce *lan on 6anuary, #78$ and set o) *rinci*les to ser&e as a basis )or settlement. %es*ite the strenuous e))orts o) the committee, negotiations )or the *olitical im*lementation o) the :en&ille agreement dragged on through rest o) #78$. 4n %ecember %utch troo*s resumed military o*erations and
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then the (nited States )ormally re2uested )or an emergency session o) the Security /ouncil to deal 'ith the ne' situation. The /ouncil issued a cease )ire order and )or 'eeks the %utch 9o&ernment re)used to com*ly 'ith these orders. The (nited ations /ommission )or 4ndonesia, 'hich re*laced the /ommittee 'as able to e))ect an agreement under 'hich %utch troo*s e&acuated and released the leaders and hostilities 'ere brought to an end. ( /ommission 'hich laid general terms o) the understanding and outlined the ste*s 'hich the trans)er o) so&ereignty should be e))ected. Both %utch and 4ndonesians im*lemented these )ar+reaching agreements in good )aith and thus the :e*ublic o) 4ndonesia 'as born. #> 4n #75>, the Sue- /anal became the )ocus o) a major 'orld con)lict. The canal re*resents the only direct means o) tra&el )rom the ?editerranean to the 4ndian cean, making it &ital to the )lo' o) trade bet'een Asia, the ?iddle 3ast, 3uro*e, and the (.S. ormally, )ree *assage 'as granted to all 'ho used the canal, but Britain and @rance desired control o) it, not only )or commercial shi**ing, but also )or colonial interests. The 3gy*tian go&ernment had just been taken o&er by 9amal Abdel asser, 'ho )elt the canal should be under 3gy*tian control. The (nited States and Britain had *romised to gi&e aid to 3gy*t in the construction o) the High %am in the ile. This aid 'as retracted ho'e&er, and in retaliation asser nationali-ed the canal. He intended to use the )unds raised )rom the o*eration o) the canal to *ay )or the %am. Angry British and @rench *oliticians joined )orces 'ith 4srael, a long time enemy o) 3gy*t, in an attack against asser. The 4sraeli army marched to'ard the canal on ctober !7, #75>. Britain and @rance rein)orced the 4sraelis, and the joint e))ort de)eated the 3gy*tian army 2uickly. ithin ten days, British and @rench )orces had com*letely occu*ied the Sueregion. 3gy*t res*onded by sinking 8" shi*s in the canal, blocking all *assage. The (nited States o**osed this action as a &iolation o) the *rinci*le o) sel)+determination. The American delegation at the (nited ations &oted in )a&our o) a 9eneral Assembly resolution calling )or an immediate cease)ire and the 'ithdra'al o) the in&ading troo*s. 9reat Britain, @rance and 4srael e&entually acce*ted these terms. 4n ?arch #75=, under the su*er&ision o) a (.. *olice )orce, the Sue- /anal 'as cleared o) 'reckage and o*ened to shi**ing. The canal 'as returned to 3gy*t, and re*arations 'ere *aid by 3gy*t under the su*er&ision o) the orld Bank. &erall the actions o) Britain and @rance ser&ed to dra' asser and 3gy*t into )urther relations 'ith the (SS:. The )ight o&er the canal also laid the ground'ork )or the Si %ay ar in #7>= due to a lack o) a *eace settlement )ollo'ing the #75> 'ar.#=
1" Palmers < Per8ins' nternational =elations. 3r* >*ition? at &.no' 32$. $|Page
n 6une !5, #75", the %emocratic Peo*leGs :e*ublic o) Korea Dorth KoreaE launched a sur*rise attack on South Korea. Peo*le in South Korea 'ere una'are o) the u*coming attack on that morning, 'hich started a 'ar that 'ould kill more than ;,""",""" li&es. Seoul, the ca*ital o) South Korea 'as 2uick to be ca*tured by the orth Korean troo*s, due to the )act that the attack had been unaccounted )or. The 'ar had begun 'ith orth Korean leader Kim 44 SongGs desire to uni)y the *eninsula under /ommunist rule. Be)ore orld ar 44, the *eninsula had been one country. The ( decided to dra' a line bet'een the ;$th *arallel to a&oid a con)lict bet'een the (S and the So&iet. Ho'e&er, 'ith the So&iets occu*ying the northern side and the (S troo*s occu*ying the southern side, the t'o sides became increasingly di))erent in their go&erning systems. South Korea 'as aided by the ( troo*s and the (S troo*s, led under ?cArthur. orth Korea held out )or as long as they could, then turned to the Peo*leGs :e*ublic o) /hina )or aid. hen the ( and (S troo*s had managed to *ush the %P:K troo*s u* to the border bet'een ?anchuria and orth Korea, a des*erate Kim 44 Song turned to the /hinese. ith the use o) thousands o) )oot soldiers, the /hinese 'ere able to *ush the ( and (S troo*s back to the ;$th *arallel. The result 'as a three+year 'ar in the *eninsula, the 'ar ending in #75; 'ith an armistice. #$ The ri&al claims o) 6e's and Arabs ha&e created a dilemma o) in)inite com*leity. The Palestine 2uestion 'as )irst brought by 9reat Britain on A*ril !, #78=, in a letter re2uesting the Secretary 9eneral to call a s*ecial session o) the general Assembly to create and instruct a s*ecial committee to *re*are recommendations )or the )uture go&ernment o) Palestine. A )irst s*ecial session con&ened on A*ril, !$, #78=. The (nited ations S*ecial /ommittee on Palestine D(S/PE held its )irst meeting at Lake Success on ?ay !> and concluded its re*ort on August ;#. n o&ember !7, the 9eneral Assembly ado*ted by the re2uired t'o thirds &ote the *lan )or the *artition o) Palestine. @or once the (nited States and :ussia had agreed on a major *olitical issue. Both su**orted the *artition *lan. 6e'ish leaders hailed the action o) the Assembly as a great &ictory, but Arab s*okesmen 'arned that such a *lan 'ould ne&er be acce*ted, and the increasing tem*o o) &iolence in the Holy Land ga&e 'eight to their 'arnings. n A*ril #= the Security /ouncil re2uested all the grou*s in Palestine to desist )rom acts o) &iolence and on A*ril !; it established a truce /ommission. A)ter the e*iration o) British ?andate on ?ay #8, #78$, the ne' state o) 4srael 'as *roclaimed and
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again hostilities 'ere rene'ed and attem*ts 'ere made )or in&asion o) the holy Land by 3gy*tian troo*s. /ease )ire orders 'ere issued by Security /ouncil. 4srael 'as admitted to the (nited ations as the 57 th member in s*ite o) bitter o**osition o) the Arab states. Lengthy negotiations bet'een 4srael and the Arab states 'ere conducted and it resulted in )our general armistice agreements.#7
CONCLUSION The (... came into eistence because the major *o'ers o) the 'orld 'ere tired o) 'ar and desired )or lasting *eace. Though it has not sol&ed all the con)licts, the (... is a &ery use)ul body 'ith a good record o) achie&ements. 4t has ser&ed as an international )orum 'here leaders o) all countries can meet one another, ha&e close *ersonal contacts and )ree and )rank echange o) &ie's. This 'orld organisation has not succeeded in all cases, but it has de)initely *re&ented many local and small 2uarrels turning into 'orld 'ars. 4t has succeeded in creating an atmos*here in 'hich no nation can *reach o*enly the *hiloso*hy o) 'ar. n many occasions it has *re&ented outbreak o) large+scale )ighting by its timely inter&ention.
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