MODUL RINGKASAN MATERI FISIKA SMP KELAS 8
Oleh : Sulistiyo wibowo http://pakgurufisika.blogspot.com
[email protected]
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RINGKASAN BAB 1 ATOM, ION, DAN MOLEKUL
Standar Kompetensi :
4.
Menjelaskan konsep partikel materi
Kompetensi Dasar :
4.1. Menjelaskan konsep atom, ion, dan molekul 4.2. Menghubungkan konsep atom, ion, dan molekul dengan produk kimia sehari-hari 4.3. Membandingkan molekul unsure dan molekul senyawa
A. ATOM 1. Perkembangan Teori Atom a. Leukippos dan Demokritos berpendapat :
Atom adalah bagian terkecil dari suat benda yang tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi.
b. John Dalton :
Atom adalah bagian terkecil dari suatu zat
Atom-atom dari unsur yang sama memiliki sifat fisika dan sifat kimia yang sama, sedangkan atom-atom dari unsur yang berlainan memiliki sifat yang berlainan pula
Atom-atom dapat berikatan secara kimia membentuk sebuah molekul
Atom-atom dalam molekul memiliki perbandingan yang tetap
c. J.J. Thompson
Atom merupakan suatu bola bermuatan positif dan pada tempat-tempat tertentu di dalam bola itu tersebar elektron yang bermuatan negatif elektron
d. E. Rutherford
Atom terdiri dari dari inti yang bermuatan positif dan di sekelilingnya beredar elektron elektron yang bermuatan negatif elektron
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e. Rutherford – Niels Niels Bohr
Atom terdiri dari dari inti yang bermuatan positif dan di sekelilingnya beredar elektron elektron yang bermuatan negatif.
Elektron-elektron bergerak mengelilingi inti
dalam lintasan tertentu tanpa menyerap
atau memancarkan energi.
Elektron dapat berpindah ke lintasan yang lebih tinggi jika menyerap energi dan sebaliknya
elektron
dapat
berpindah
ke
lintasan
yang
lebih
rendah
bila
memancarkan/melepaskan energi
2. Struktur Atom a. Bagian-bagian atom 1. Inti atom Inti atom terdiri dari dua macam partikel : proton dan neutron. neutron. Proton bermuatan listrik positif sedangkan neutron tidak bermuatan (netral) 2. Elektron Jauh di luar inti atom terdapat elektron-elektron yang beredar mengelilingi inti. Elektron ini bermuatan listrik negatif b. Atom Hidrogen Hidrogen merupakan unsur yang paling sederhana susunan atomnya karena hanya terdiri dari satu inti yang bermuatan positif dan dikelilingi oleh satu elektron yang bermuatan negatif. -
elektron
+
Proton
c. Atom Helium Inti atom Helium terdiri dari 2 proton proton dan 2 neutron dan disekelilingnya beredar 2 elektron Massa atom Helium 4 kali lebih besar daripada massa atom Hidrogen -
elektron
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B. ION Ion adalah atom atau gabungan gabungan beberapa atom (gugus (gugus atom) yang bermuatan listrik. Pada dasarnya sebuah atom memiliki muatan positif (proton) dan muatan negatif (elektron) dalam jumlah yang sama banyak sehingga atom bersifat netral atau tidak bermuatan listrik. Akan tetapi, karena berbagai sebab, dapat terjadi ketidakseimbangan muatan sehingga atom tersebut menjadi bermuatan listrik.
a. Ion positif (kation) terjadi jika sebuah sebuah atom melepaskan satu atau lebih elektron. Contoh : +
+
menjadi
+
Atom Hidrogen Hidrogen ( H )
Ion Hidrogen ( H )
b. Ion negatif (anion) terjadi jika sebuah atom mendapat tambahan elektron Contoh :
tambahan satu elektron
Elektron
-
Atom Chlor ( Cl ) men adi adi
Ion ( Cl )
Contoh Beberapa ion No. Ion Monoatomik
Ion Poliatomik
1.
Ion Natrium
Na
+
2.
Ion Klorida
Cl
-
3.
Ion Kalsium
Ca
2+
4.
Ion Kalium
5.
Ion Magnesium Mg
6.
Ion Seng
+
K
Zn
on sulfat Ion Sulfit
SO4
2-
SO3
Ion Carbonat CO3
2-
23-
Ion fosfat
PO4
Ion Nitrat
NO3
2+
2+
-
satu atau lebih
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Ion positif dan ion negatif dapat saling berikatan secara kimia membentuk suatu senyawa. Contoh : Na+ + Cl 2H+ + SO4
NaCl (garam dapur) 2-
H2SO4 (asam sulfat/air akki)
C. MOLEKUL Molekul adalah gabungan dua atau lebih atom melalui ikatan kimia. Berdasarkan unsur penyusunnya, molekul molekul dapat dibedakan menjadi : a. Molekul unsur yaitu yaitu molekul yang terbentuk dari atom -atom unsur unsur yang sama. Contoh :
H2 (gas Hidrogen), terbentuk dari 2 atom Hidrogen.
O2 (gas Oksigen), terbentuk dari 2 atom Oksigen.
N2 (gas Nitrogen), terbentuk dari 2 atom Nitrogen
b. Molekul senyawa yaitu molekul yang yang terbentuk dari atom – atom atom unsur yang berbeda. Contoh :
H2O (air), terbentuk dari 2 atom Hidrogen dan 1 atom Oksigen. Oksigen.
CO2 (Karbon dioksida), terbentuk dari 1 atom Karbon dan 2 atom Oksigen
CO (Karbon monoksida), terbentuk dari 1 atom Karbon dan ! atom Oksigen
H2SO4 (Asam Sulfat /air akki), terbentuk dari 2 atom Hidrogen, 1 atom Sulfur, dan 4 atom Oksigen
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RINGKASAN BAB 2 GAYA, MASSA, DAN BERAT BENDA Standar Kompetensi
5.
Memahami peranan usaha, gaya, dan energi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Kompetensi dasar
5.1. Mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis gaya, penjumlahan gaya, dan pengaruhnya pada suatu benda yang dikenai gaya 5.2. Menerapkan hukum Newton untuk menjelaskan berbagai peristiwa dalam kehidupn sehari-hari
Pengertian Gaya
Gaya adalah tarikan atau dorongan yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan gerak benda atau perubahan bentuk dan ukuran ukuran benda. Gaya merupakan besaran vektor karena memiliki besar (nilai) dan arah. Jika kita menyatakan gaya, maka kita harus menyatakan berapa besarnya dan ke mana arahnya. Besar gaya dapat diukur dengan menggunakan neraca pegas atau dinamometer. Satuan gaya dalam SI adalah Newton (N).
Gaya dapat dilukiskan sebagai garis berarah (anak panah). Panjang anak panah panah menunjukkan besar gaya, dan arah panah menunjukkan arah gaya. F
O
A
O = titik pangkal pangkal atau titik tangkap tangkap gaya A = ujung atau terminus F
= nama/lambang gaya
Contoh : Lukislah gaya A dan B jika diketahui : A besarnya 20 N arah ke kanan mendatar sedangkan B besarna 8 N arah kekiri mendatar!
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Jawab : Untuk melukiskan gaya A dan B tersebut kita dapat pilih misalnya skala 1 cm untuk mewakili besar gaya 4 N sehingga kita buat panjang A = 5 cm dan panjang B = 2 cm
A = 20 N
B = 8 N
Berdasarkan kesepakatan ditetapkan bahwa :
Gaya bernilai positif jika arahnya ke kanan dan bernilai negatif jika arahnya ke kiri
Untuk arah vertikal, gaya bernilai positif jika arahnya ke atas dan bernilai negatif jika arahnya ke bawah.
Berdasarkan penyebabnya, gaya dapat dibedakan menjadi :
gaya magnet gaya listrik gaya nuklir gaya gravitasi
gaya pegas gaya otot gaya mesin gaya gesekan
Gaya gesekan adalah gaya yang ditimbulkan oleh dua buah benda yang saling bergesekan. Arah gaya gesekan selalu berlawanan dengan arah gerak benda sehingga gaya gesekan bersifat menghambat gerak benda. Arah gaya gesek
Arah gerak
gaya gesek
Gaya gesekan yang bekerja pada benda saat benda belum bergerak disebut gaya gesek statis sedangkan gaya gesek yang bekerja saat benda bergerak disebut gaya gesek kinetis.
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Gaya gesekan ada yang menguntungkan menguntungkan dan ada pula yang merugikan. Contoh gaya gesekan yang menguntungkan :
gaya gesekan antara roda ban mobil dengan permukaan jalan sehingga mobil dapat bergerak ke depan
gaya gesekan antara udara dengan parasut terjun payung
gaya gesekan antara pinsil dan rautan
Contoh gaya gesekan yang merugikan:
gaya gesekan antara komponen-komponen mesin yang menyebabkan mesin cepat aus atau rusak
gaya gesekan antara kaca jendela dengan bingkainya sehingga kaca jendela sukar dibuka.
Pemberian oli/pelumas pada komponen-komponen mesin bertujuan untuk memperkecil gesekan sehingga mesin tidak cepat rusak.
Resultan Gaya
Hasil penjumlahan/penggabungan dua gaya atau lebih disebut resultan gaya. Dalam penjumlahan gaya, berlaku : Gaya-gaya searah saling dijumlahkan sedangkan gaya yang berlawanan arah dikurangi Contoh : Untuk setiap gambar berikut ini, tentukan besar gaya resultan yang bekerja pada balok. a.
b. 10 N 10 N
F1 F2
10 N 10 N
c.
F3
10 N
F2
8N 6 N F2
F1
F1
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c. R = F1 + F2 + F3 = 10 N – 6 6 N – N – 8 8 N = - 4 N ( tanda negatif berarti arah gaya ke kiri)
Massa dan berat Benda
Hubungan antara massa dengan berat : W= berat benda ( N ) m= massa benda ( kg ) g = percepatan gravitasi (m/s2)
W = mxg
Perbedaan massa dengan berat benda No
Massa ( m )
Berat (W)
. 1.
2.
Adalah
jumlah
zat
yang Adalah besar gaya gravitasi bumi ang
dikandung oleh suatu benda
bekerja pada benda tersebut
Nilainya selalu tetap
Nilainya
bergantung
besar
gaya
gravitasi di tempat benda berada 3.
Satuannya dalam SI adalah
Satuannya dalam SI adalah Newton
kilogram (kg)
(N)
HUKUM – HUKUM – HUKUM HUKUM NEWTON TENTANG GERAK Hukum I Newton
Benda memiliki sifat kelembaman/inersia, kelembaman/inersia, yaitu sifat kecenderungan kecenderungan untuk mempertahankan keadaan gerak awalnya. Hukum I newton menyatakan : “ jika jumlah gaya yang bekerja pada suatu benda sama dengan nol, maka benda yang diam akan tetap diam sedangkan benda yang bergerak akan tetap bergerak lurus
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Hukum II Newton
“Percepatan yang dialami benda sebanding dengan besar gaya tetapi berbanding terbalik dengan massa benda”
a
Atau :
a
=
Σ F
m
= percepatan ( m/s2 )
F
= jumlah gaya (N)
m = massa benda (kg) Arah percepatan sama dengan arah resultan gaya. Hukum II Newton berlaku jika terdapat salah satu cirri berikut ini : a. ada percepatan ( a ≠ 0 ) b. benda bergerak makin cepat atau makin lambat c. lintasan gerak benda bukan garis lurus
Hukum III Newton
“ Bila benda A melakukan gaya terhadap benda B, maka benda B akan balas melakukan gaya pada benda A dengan besar gaya g aya yang sama tetapi berlawanan arah”.
Atau :
F
aksi =
- F
reaksi
Contoh peristiwa hukum III Newton: a. orang berenang : Orang mendorong air ke belakang maka air mendorong orang itu ke depan
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RINGKASAN BAB 3 TEKANAN
Standar Kompetensi :
5.
Memahami peranan usaha, gaya, dan energi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Kompetensi Kompetensi Dasar :
5.3. Menyelidiki tekanan pada benda padat, padat, cair, dan gas serta penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
1. Tekanan pada Zat Padat
Tekanan adalah hasil bagi antara gaya tekan dengan luas bidang tekan, tempat gaya itu bekerja. P
F A
P = Tekanan ( N/m 2 = Pa) F = gaya tekan (N) A = luas bidang tekan (m 2)
Semakin kecil luas bidang tekan maka tekanan yang dihasilkan makin besar. Contoh : Balok bermassa 20 kg diletakkan di lantai seperti pada gambar. Jika percepatan gravitasi = 10 m/s 2, hitunglah besar tekanan yang dialami lantai pada keadaan a dan b. a
b 1m 4
4m
1
1m 1m
Penyelesaian :
Gaya tekan (F) pada lantai timbul akibat berat balok. Jadi : F = W = m x g Diketahui : m = 20 kg
dan
g = 10 m/s 2
F = m x g = 20 kg x 10 m/s 2 = 200 N A = 4 m x 1 m = 4 m2
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Satuan tekanan 1 N/m 2 dikenal juga sebagai 1 Pascal ( Pa ).
2. Tekanan pada Zat Cair
2.1.Tekanan Hidrostatik Tekanan yang ditimbulkan oleh zat cair yang diam disebut tekanan hidrostatik. Rumus Tekanan hidrostatik : Ph =
xgxh
Ph = tekanan hidrostatik (Pa)
= massa jenis (kg /m3 )
g = percepatan gravitasi (m /s2) h = ketinggian ketinggian permukaan zat cair (m)
2.2. Bejana Berhubungan Hukum bejana berhubungan menyatakan bahwa : ” Permukaan air dalam suatu wadah selalu mendatar dan sama tinggi ”
Lihat gambar!
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Perhatikan
h1
minyak
h2
gambar di A
samping ini!
air
B
Berdasarkan hukum pokok hidrostatika maka titik A dan B pada gambar di atas memiliki tekanan yang sama, sehingga : PA
= PB
ρA x g x h A
= ρB x g x h B
2.4. Hukum Pascal “ Tekanan yang diberikan pada zat cair dalam suatu ruang (wadah) tertutup akan diteruskan ke segala arah dengan sama besar”
Contoh penerapan hukum Pascal misalnya pada dongkrak hidrolik, sebagai berikut : beban
P1
2
1 P2 Zat cair
P1 = P2 F1 F2 = A1 A2
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Prinsip Pascal :
”Gaya tekan yang yang kecil pada penampang kecil menghasilkan gaya angkat yang besar pada penampang besar”. Prinsip Pascal dimanfaatkan pada alat-alat seperti : 1. pompa hidrolik 2. mesin hidrolik pengangkat mobil 3. rem cakram hidrolik 4. mesin pengepres hidrolik
Km
minyak minyak
Kb
udara
permukaan tanah piston minyak
Mesin hidrolik pengangkat mobil
K m = kran udara masuk K b = kran udara keluar 2.5. Hukum Archimedes Hukum Archimedes menyatakan:
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Benda A dan B yang terbuat dari bahan berbeda memiliki volume sama besar. Ketika dicemplungkan ke dalam air, benda B tenggelam sedangkan benda A hanya tercelup sebagian (lihat gambar!). 1/4V
A
3/4 V
B
V
Buktikan bahwa gaya apung pada benda B lebih besar daripada gaya apung pada benda A Penyelesaian : Dari gambar telihat bahwa volume benda yang tercelup (V c) untuk benda A = ¾ V sedangkan V c untuk B = V, sehingga : FB
=
FA
ρc x V c x g ρc x V c x g
=
ρc x V x g ρc x ¾ V x g
=
ρ ¾
Jadi, FB
=
4/3
=
4/3 x FA
Karena adanya gaya apung Archimedes maka berat benda di dalam zat c air terasa lebih ringan. Wc = Wu – F FA
atau FA = Wu - Wc
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Keterangan : FA = gaya angkat Archimedes W = berat benda ρ b = massa jenis benda benda ρc = massa jenis zat cair Hukum Archimedes dimanfaatkan antara lain untuk : 1. Jembatan ponton 2. Kapal laut dan perahu 3. Kapal selam 4. Balon udara 5. Hidrometer 6. Galangan kapal
jembatan ponton 3. Tekanan Pada Gas a. Tekanan atmosfer
Balon udara
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P = tekanan atmosfir (cmHg) h = ketinggian tempat (m) b. Tekanan Gas Pada Ruang Tertutu 1. Manometer raksa tertutup vakum
h
gas
Pgas = h mmHg
1. Manometer terbuka Tekanan udara luar
h
gas
Pgas = Patm + h mm Hg
Keterangan : Patm = tekanan udara luar
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RINGKASAN BAB 4
I
E N E R G I
Standar Kompetensi :
5.
Memahami peranan usaha, gaya, dan energi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Kompetensi Dasar :
5.4. Menjelaskan hubungan bentuk energi dan perubahannya, prinsip ”usaha dan energi” serta penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari 5.5. Melakukan percobaan tentang pesawat sederhana dan penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Energi adalah kemampuan untuk melakukan usaha. Energi merupakan sumber kehidupan, karena tanpa energi maka tidak akan ada kehidupan, tidak ada mahluk bergerak, tidak ada
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Energi Potensial gravitasi adalah energi yang dimiliki benda karena ketinggiannya terhadap bidang acuan tertentu. Energi Potensial gravitasi dinyatakan sebagai : Ep = m g h
Ep = Energi potensial (Nm = Joule) m
= massa benda (kg)
g
= percepatan gravitasi (m/s2)
h
= ketinggian ( m )
2. Energi Kinetik Energi kinetik adalah kinetik adalah energi yang dimiliki benda karena geraknya. Jadi, setiap benda yang bergerak memiliki energi kinetik.
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A
v=0
Ek (A) = 0
B
h=0
E p (B) = 0
hm
Karena energi mekanik kekal, maka : Em di A
=
Em di B
E p (A) + Ek (A) = E p (B) + Ek (B) mgh
+ 0
= 0
+ ½ mv 2
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2. Sumber Energi Terbarukan, yaitu sumber energi yang persediaannya melimpah di alam sehinga manusia tidak perlu khawatir akan ketersediaannya. Sumber Energi Energi Terbarukan merupakan merupakan sumber energi alternatif yang diharapkan diharapkan dapat menggantikan sumber energi fosil bila sudah habis. Energi matahari, angin, nuklir, pasang surut air laut, dan energi bio gas tergolong sebagai Sumber Energi Terbarukan
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RINGKASAN BAB 5 U S A H A
Standar Kompetensi :
5.
Memahami peranan usaha, gaya, dan energi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Kompetensi Dasar :
5.4. Menjelaskan hubungan bentuk energi dan perubahannya, prinsip ”usaha dan energi” serta
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Hitunglah: a. usaha oleh gaya F1 b. usaha oleh F2 c. usaha total yang dialami balok
Penyelesaian : Dari persamaan W = F.s
diperoleh :
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Pesawat Sederhana
Pesawat adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mempermudah melakukan usaha. 1. Tuas (pengungkit) F
T
w
Fx
= wx
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2. Katrol a. Katrol tetap A
O
B
KM = 1 atau F
F = w
w
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3. Bidang Miring
S h
F
W
S
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RINGKASAN
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Periode, Frekuensi, dan Amplitudo
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Gelombang Transversal memiliki arah rambatan tegak lurus arah getaran.
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frekuensi dan amplitudo yang sama. Warna bunyi ini disebabkan disebabkan karena keadaan dan dan bentuk
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