INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES
ATIONAL L AW UNIVERSITY , ODISHA N ATIONAL
R ETROSPECTIVE ETROSPECTIVE OPERATION OF STATUTES IN INDIA
UNDER THE NDER THE GUIDANCE OF BHIK M A JUMDAR MR . A BHIK SSISTANT PROFESSOR (L A SSISTANT (L AW) ATIONAL L AW UNIVERSITY , ODISHA N ATIONAL
UTHORED BY THIS PROJECT IS A UTHORED
AL (2011/ B B A LLB/ 020) DIK SHA GO Y
NILANJAN BHA TTAC TTACHARJEE (2011/B B A LLB/ 032)
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVES.................... ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ...................................... ...............2 2 HYPOTHESIS..............................................................................................................................2 SCOPE....................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................2 ......................2 R ESEARCH ESEARCH METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................2 CONCEPT
OF R ETROSPECTIVE ETROSPECTIVE OPERATION OF STATUTES.....................................................4
TEST FOR D DETERMINING ‘R ETROSPECTIVITY ETROSPECTIVITY ’.......................................................................5 COMPETENCY TO ENACT RETROSPECTIVE
LAWS....................................................................8
COMPETENCY OF LEGISLATURE..........................................................................................8 EXECUTIVE
RULES NOT RETROSPECTIVE............................................................................8
EXISTING R IGHTS IGHTS USUALLY NOT AFFECTED.......................................................................... APPLICABILITY PRESUMPTION
OF THE RULE TO SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS........................................................
AGAINST R ETROSPECTIVITY ETROSPECTIVITY ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ..............................!" .......!"
EXCEPTION ..........................................................................................................................!! WHERE TWO INTERPRETATIONS ARE POSSIBLE....................................................................!2 EFFECT MUST BE GIVEN TO LANGUAGE IRRESPECTIVE OF CONSE#UENCES...................!2 HOW FAR FAR P PRIOR S STATE OF LAW R ELEVANT ELEVANT.........................................................................!$ CONCLUSION.................... ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ...................................!4 ............!4 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................... ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. .....................................................!5 ..............................!5
OBJECTIVE
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H YPOTHESIS
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SCOPE
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INTRODUCTION
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CONCEPT OF R ETROSPECTIVE ETROSPECTIVE OPERATION OF STATUTES
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!9+!** %"!!5 # &! +-!& !-%&6!&. 21 H!%!, &! ! '* 4!!*&-#'*!5 &-& !! ' - %-*! 4!! &! !9!%&'! "!6!&, -%&* -* - 5!!-&! " !'*-&'! -&"'&, '& -* " +!- +"4! &" +"'5! " !&"*+!%&'! "+!-&'" !** -5 &' +"4! '* !9+!** %"!!5. 22
IGHTS USUALLY N FFECTED EXISTING R IGHTS NOT A FFECTED
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
F""5 P"5%&* L&5 <"66 " S-!*&-9, AIR 1 (A) 3.
22<-'%& 23 R-"
W-5 M"&" S!'%! P& L&5 S&-&! " K!!-, AIR 1 (K!) 2G.
-5 D-5-, N S B'5-;* I&!+!&-&'" I&!+!&-&'" " S&-&&!* ( L!9'* N!9'*
P#'%-&'", 10& !5, 2012), ++. 1G32.
--! *" +-' -5 6'*&-8-#! &-& &!! '* " +"**'#''& " - %"'%! " 6!-'. 2G
PPLICABILITY OF THE RULE TO SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS A PPLICABILITY OF
W! &! -4 '* -&!!5 5' &! +!5!% " - -%&'", &! '&* ' &! +-&'!* -! 5!%'5!5 -%%"5' &" -4, -* '& !9'*&!5 4! &! -%&'" 4-* #!, !** &! !4 *&-&&! *"4* %!- '&!&'" &" - *% '&*. I &! %-*! " )hubi Singh *adava
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
24 KL
+&- M'%'+- <"+"-&'", AIR 1@ (S<) 303.
25 K#' 26 A&-
S' D'*& J5! A--#-5, 1@0 (A) LJ 233.
S' T'5 A55 D'*&'%& J5! 1@2 A R!& <-* 2G.
W!&! - +!*" -* - '& &" !%"! +"+!& '* - >!*&'" " *#*&-&'! -4. 2 A !-%&6!& %"!' *#*&-&'! '&* %-"& #! '! !&"*+!%&'! !** &! !'*-&! -* 6-5! - !9+'%'& -5 !9+!** +"'*'" &" &-& !=!%& &!!' " *% - %"*!>!%! '!'&-# ""4* # !%!**- '&!56!&. 2@
PRESUMPTION AGAINST RESUMPTION AGAINST R ETROSPECTIVITY ETROSPECTIVITY
A* - !!- !, !! *&-&&! '* 5!!6!5 &" #! +"*+!%&'!, !** # !9+!** +"'*'" " !%!**- '6+'%-&'" '* &" -! - +"*+!%&'! !=!%&. W!&! - *&-&&! '* &" -! !&"*+!%&'! !=!%& 5!+!5* +" '&* '&!+!&-&'" -' !-5 &" 4! *!&&!5 *!&&!5 !* !* " %"*&% %"*&%&'". &'". 2 A *&-&&! '* +!*6!5 &" #! +"*+!%&'! ' '&* "+!-&'" -5 " &! !&"*+!%&'! !=!%& *"5 #! '! &" &! +"'*'"* " - *&-&&! &! '* !9+!** +"'5!5 &!!'. 30 R!&"*+!%&'" '* "& &" #! +!*6!5 #& 6- 6- *&-& *&-&&!* &!* -! -! #!! #!! !-5 !-5!5 !5 -* !&"* !&"*+!% +!%&' &'! ! 4'&" 4'&"&& 5!%-' *". T! *&-&&! 4"5 "+!-&! !&"*+!%&'! 4! &! '&!& &-& '& *"5 *" "+!-&! %!- -++!-* "6 %"*'5!-&'" " &! A%& -* - 4"!, " "6 &! &!6* &!!", 4'% >-'7!5 -! &! *&-&&! - !&"*+!%&'! "+!-&'" " '6+!-&'! !>'! *% - %"*'5!-&'", " !-&! &! 27 B'!*4- 28 M"-'
I5 B*-, AIR 1G (<-) 3G.
<8', AIR 10 (R-$) @2@3.
29 M'%'+- 30
<"+"-&'" <--$'& L-4, 1@0 (PLR) .
R-6 D-- -- P-*-5, 1@3 (A LJ) 2.
'5!- &-& '* &" -++ " &" &! %-*!*. R!&&"*+!%&''& '* '-#! &" #! 5!&!6'!5 " !4 "5* 31
T! 4"5* *!5 6*& !9+!** +"'5!, " %!- '6+
!&"*+!%&'! "+!-&'". T! !&"*+!%&''& 6*& #! !-*"-#! -5 "& !9%!**'! " -* "&!4'*! '& * &! '*8 " #!' *&%8 5"4
-* %"*&'&&'"-. %"*&'&&'"-. W!! &! !'*-&'" '* '&"5%!5 &" "!%"6! - $5'%'- 5!% 5!%'*'" '*'", , &! +"4! +"4! %- -"& #! *!5 *!5 &" *#! #!& & &! 5!%' 5!%'*' *'" " 4'& 4'&" "&& !6" !6"' ' &! &! *&-& *&-&& &" " #-*' #-*'* * " &! &! 5!%'*'". EXCEPTION
S"6!&'6!*
-
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-&"
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!&"*+!%&'!, 4', -* - 6-&&! " -%&, -! - !&"*+!%&'! "+!-&'". F" '*&-%!, ' &4" +!*"* !&! '&" - %"&-%&, -5 -5 -&! -&!4 4- -5* 5* - *&-& *&-&& &! ! '* +-** +-**!5 !5,, ! !- -&* &* - !-% !-%&6 &6! !&& +" - !9'*&' %"&-%&, -5 &* "+!-&!* *" -* &" +"5%! - !* !*& & 4'% 4'% *"6! *"6!& &' ' >'& >'&! ! 5'=! 5'=!! !&& "6 "6 &! &! "' "'' '- - '&!&'" " &! %"&-%&' +-&'!*, *% - *&-&&! -*, -* 6-&&! " -%&, - !&"*+!%&'! "+!-&'". I& '* - -6''- ! &-& " *&-&&! '* %"*&!5 &" #! " !&"*+!%&'! "+!-&'" ! !** ** &! &! &!6 &!6* * " &! &! *&-& *&-&& &! ! !9+ !9+!* !** * *&-& *&-&! ! &-& &-& '& '* !& !&"* "*+! +!%& %&' '! ! " *% *% - %"* %"*& &% %&' &'" " -'* -'*!* !* # !%! !%!** **- - '6+ '6 +'% '%-& -&'" '". . T! T! ! ! '* #-*! #-*!5 5 " &! &! +!* +!*6 6+& +&'" '" &-& &-& &! &! !'*-&! 5"!* "& '&!5 4-& '* $*& " &-& &-*-%&'"*
31 R-"
-5 D-5-, N S B'5-;* I&!+!&-&'" I&!+!&-&'" " S&-&&!* ( L!9'* N!9'*
P#'%-&'", 10& !5, 2012), ++. 1G32.
4'% -! -!-5 !*&!5 &'&! &" +"+!& *"5 #! !"+!!5 " &"4 '&" 5"#&. 32 I& '* 4! 4! !%" !%" '* '*!5 !5 &-& &-& &! &! %-" %-" --' --'* *&& !& !&"* "*+! +!%& %&' '! ! '&! '&!+ +! !&&-&' &'" " 5"!* 5"!* "& "& -++ -++ &" - *&-& *&-&& &! ! 5!- 5!-' ' 4'& 4'& - -5$! -5$!%& %&' '! ! -4 -4, '.!. '.!.,, +"% +"%!5 !5 !, !, -5 -5 4! &' &'8 8 &-& &-& - *&-& *&-&& &! ! -#"'*' "5 !- 7%&'"* '* *" !- -8' &" - +"%!5- *&-&&! &-& &! %-" %- -! '&&! ' -, -++'%-&'". 33
HERE TWO INTERPRETATIONS ARE POSSIBLE W HERE
I - !-% !-%&6 &6! !&& '* !9+ !9+!* !**! *!5 5 ' - --! !,, 4'% 4'% '* -' -' %-+-#! " !'&! '&!+!&-&'", '& "& &" #! %"*&!5 -* +"*+!%&'! ". 3G E! ' %"*&' - *!%&'" 4'% '* &" %!&-' !9&!& !&"*+!%&'! &! 6-9'6 6*& #! #"! ' 6'5 -* -++'%-#! 4!!! &! '! '* !-%!5 -& 4'% 4"5* " &! *!%&'" %!-*! &" #! +-'. 3 T! >!*&'" -* &" 4!&! *&-&&! *"5 -! - +"*+!%&'! -5 !&"*+!%&'! -* 4! %- " -'*! " 4! &! 4"5* " &! *&-&&! *&-&&! -! %-+-#! " '' '' &! &! !-%& !-%&6! 6!&& #"& #"& +"*+! +"*+!%&' %&'! ! -5 !&"* !&"*+!% +!%&' &'! ! !=!%&. T! >!*&'" %- !! -'*! ' &! 4"5* " &! *&-&&! 6-8! '& %!- &-& '& *"5 -! +"*+!%&'! !=!%& ". ". 3 E! -56'&&!5 !&"*+!%&'! !'*-&'" '* '6'&!5 # &! %!-!** " '&* !&"*+!%&''& -5, -*", '&* &-& -! +-**!5 "6 32 I#'5. 33 K'*'
L- D!' P-*-5 , AIR 10 (P-&) 0.
34 D--& 35 A#5 36 F'"
*' S&-&!, AIR 10 (MB) 112113.
R-8 K5'+ N--', AIR 1GG (P-&) 1G.
A6!5 A8#- A', AIR 1G3 (L-) 23@.
&! &! "' "'' '- - %"& %"&-%& %&- " !!-&' &'" "- - %- %--% -%&! &! '&" '&" ' '&* &* 6!-*!5 # $5'%'- 5!&!6'-&'" -! +'6- -%'!, "&*'5! !& !&"* "*+! +!%& %&'" '", , 4'% 4'% **- -++ -++'! '!* * &" ' '&* &* "& "& !& !& *" 5!&!6'!5.3
EFFECT MUST BE GIVEN TO L ANGUAGE IRRESPECTIVE OF CONSEQUENCES
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
37 F!5-&!5 38 R-*'5 39 "+- 40 M
A** " A*&-'- B"8! H' P"+'!&- <" L&5, 1 (LR<) 2G.
B'#' T&-' M-66-5, AIR 1G1(L-) 212.
V-8&- "+- M*', AIR 1G1(<-) G32.
L B-- M! R-", AIR 1 (H5) 3.
&! %"*!>!%!* " "5' &-& '& '* "& !&"*+!%&'! 6*& #! ""8!5 -&.G1
OW FAR P ELEVANT HOW FAR PRIOR S STATE OF L AW R R ELEVANT
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
CONCLUSION
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+"* +"*+! +!%& %&' '! !
P-*-5 A-5' N-&, AIR 11(MB)1.
42 -#
<-5 K5'-, AIR 1G3 (S<) G23.
43 S+-
"&! G1.
44
P-5" B'-6, AIR 11 (S
-5 -5
!& !&"* "*+! +!%& %&' '! !
"+!-&'" *"5 "& #! '! &" - *&-&&! *" -* &" -=!%&, -&! " 5!*& !*&" " - !9'* !9'*&' &' ' '&& " %!-& !-&! ! - !4 '-# '-#' ''& '& " "#'-&'" !** &! !=!%& %-"& #! -"'5!5 4'&"& 5"' '"!%! &" &! --! " &! !-%&6!&. I &! !-%&6!& '* !9+ !9+!* !** *!5 ' - -- -! ! 4'% 4'% '* -' -' %-+%-+-# #! ! " !'& !'&! ! '&!+!&-&'", '& "& &" #! %"*&!5 -* +"*+!%&'! ". W!! &! --! " *&-& -&&!* '* **%!+&'#! " #"& #"& '&! '&!+ +! !&&-&'" -&'"
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
EFERRED STATUTES R EFERRED
<"*&'&&'" " I5'-, 10 <'6'- P"%!5! <"5!, 13. I5'- P!- <"5!, 1@0.
BOOKS
A.B.K--&'-,
I&!+!&-&'" " S&-&&!* (U'!*- L-4
P#'*', 200@). V!+- P. S-&', I&!+!&-&'" " S&-&&!* (E-*&! B""8 V!+-
<"6+-, & !5, 2010). H-*# L-4* " E-5, V". 3 (35 E5). T.B-&&-%--, T! I&!+!&-&'" "
(A--#-5 L-4 A!% P#'%-&'", G& !5, 2001). R-" -5 D-5-, N S B'5-;* I&!+!&-&'" " S&-&&!*
(L!9'* N!9'* P#'%-&'", 10 & !5, 2012). D.N. M-&, I&"5%&'" &" I&!+!&-&'" " S&-&&!*,
S&-&&!*,
(W-54- +#'%-&'", 2 5 !5, 200). V.P.S-&', I&!+!&-&'" " *&-&&!*, (E-*&! B""8 V.P
<"6+- P#'%-&'", G & !5, 200). .P .P. S', S', P'%'+!* P'%'+!* " S&-&&" S&-&&" I&!+!&I&!+!&-&'", &'", (L!9'* (L!9'*
N!9'* B&&!4"&;* P#'%-&'", 11 & !5, 200@). S&. J. L--, M-94! " &! I&!+!&-&'" " S&-&&!*, (12& !5., 1).
W EB EB SOURCES
&&+C//%"+"-&!-4*+5-&!*.#"*+"&.'/ &&+C//%"+"-&!-4* +5-&!*.#"*+"&.'/2010/0@/!&"*+! 2010/0@/!&"*+!
%&'!"+!-&'"" *&-&&!*.&6 &&+C//444.!-*!'%!*'5'-.%"6/-&'%!/-&'%!/+"*+!%&
'!*!&"*+!%&'!11.&6 &&+C//444.6"5->.%"6/'5'-/9/103/P'%'+!*"R!&
"*+!%&'!O+!-&'""L-4-5U&-V'!* &&+C//444.&-9'5'-"'!.%"6/R<2/'*'5!2.++3
7!-6!#!4*5!&-'.++3?!4*'5@1 &&+C//444.!'"'!."/HOL/P-! -5!!'.$"-*/#%2?5' -5!!'.$" -*/#%2?5'?%"!%&'"$" ?%"!%&'"$"- - *?*!&-*%*"3?6!&-#*%!* *?*!&-*%*" 3?6!&-#*%!*&*?&!6*!& &*?&!6*!&"* "* +!%&'!<-4?&+!6-&%-
