CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH Defne research. What are the main characteristics o research Research is defned as the scientifc investigation o phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation o acts that lines an individual’s speculation with reality. CHARACTERISTICS O! RESEARCH 1. Scientifc Method: Method: Research Research uses Scientifc Scientifc methods methods to fnd acts and provide solutions. There is a set o systematic procedures that have een tested and ollowed over a period o time and are thus suitale or use in research. !. " "#e #ect ctiv ive e an and d $o $ogi gica cal: l: Th The e res esea earrch is o o#e #ect ctiv ive e an and d lo logi gica call in nature. Research is ased on valid procedures and principles. The researchers need to collect relevant, accurate and o#ective data to inve in vest stig igat ate e th thei eirr res esea earrch pr pro ole lem. m. Th The e da data ta ne need eds s to e th then en system sys temati atical cally ly pr proce ocesse ssed, d, ana analys lysed ed an and d int interp erpre reted ted to ar arriv rive e at logical conclusions. %. &ppli &pplied ed and 'asic Resear Research: ch: Resear Research ch can e roadly classifed classifed into two groups, namely &pplied and 'asic research. &pplied research is designed to solve practical prolem prolems. s. (ts main goal is to improve the human condition. 'asic research on the other hand, is driven y the interest o curiosity o the researcher. The main goal is to e)pand the *nowledge. +. m mpir pirica icall -at -atur ure: e: Rese esear arch ch can e as ased ed on direct direct e) e)per perien ience ce or os ser erv vat atio ion. n. mpir iric ical al res esea earrch is as ased ed on o os ser erva vattio ions ns,, e)periments and surveys. nder mpirical research, the researcher develops a hypothesis and then collects data to prove or disapprove it. /. 0e 0ene nera rali lia ati tion on:: Res esea earrch fn fndi ding ngs s ca can n e ap appl plie ied d to a la larrge gerr population. The researcher conducts a research on a sample o the respondents that are selected systematically so that they properly represent repr esent the whole population. 2. 3on 3ontr trolle olled d -a -atur ture e o 'asic Resear Research: ch: The There re are man many y ac actor tors s tha thatt a4ect the outcome o a research. & single event maye the result o severa sev erall ac actor tors, s, som some e ac actor tors s ar are e ta* ta*en en as con contr troll olled ed ac actor tors. s. &ll variales e)cept those that are tested are *ept under a constant. 5. 6e 6eve velo lopm pmen entt o 7r 7rin inci cipl ples es an and d Th Theo eori ries es:: & sy syst stem emat atic ic res esea earrch helps to develop new principles and theories. The general theories developed through research research enale us to ma* ma*e e reliale prediction o events.
8. Multipurpose &ctivity &ctivity:: Research Research is a multipurpose multipurpose activity. activity. (t helps to develo dev elop p new acts or ver veri iy y alr alread eady y e) e)ist isting ing ones. (t est estali alishe shes s causal relationship etween variales. 9. uan uantitat titative ive and uali ualitativ tative e Resear esearch: ch: Researc Research h that is underta*en underta*en to me measu asure re ;ua ;uanti ntity ty or am amoun ountt is cal called led ;ua ;uanti ntitat tative ive re resea searc rch. h.
E"#$ain the nee% o Research in &'siness an% Socia$ Science. & u usin siness ess re resea searc rch h pr progr ogram am is pr pree eerr rred ed y us usine inesse sses s to tr train ain and educ ed ucat ate e th thei eirr ma mana nage gers rs an and d ot othe herr st sta4 a4 me mem mer ers s in a va vast st ar arra ray y o di4er di4 erent ent fel felds. ds. 'u 'usin siness ess re resea searrch can re relat late e to eco econom nomics ics,, us usine iness ss strategy, stra tegy, ethics, etc. nde nderta*i rta*ing ng res resear earch ch in usin usiness ess man managem agement ent is important since it aids a usiness plan or the uture, ased on what may have occurred in earlier times. ( perormed e4ectively it can help an organiation to ma*e plans on how to ecome more viale in its feld. (M7"RT&-3 "= RS&R3> (- 'S(-SS 1. Tes esti ting ng o ne new w pr prod oduc ucts ts.. 'u 'usi sine ness ss res esea earrch te test sts s th the e po poss ssi ile le success o resh products. 'usinesses need to *now what *inds o services and products consumers want eore they produce them. Research will reduce ris* ? Research can help design a new product or se serv rvic ice, e, fg fgur urin ing g ou outt wh what at is ne need eded ed an and d en ensu surre th that at th the e development o a product is highly targeted towards demand. demand. !. 0u 0uar aran ante teei eing ng ad ade; e;ua uate te di dist stri riu uti tion on.. 'u 'usi sine ness sses es ca can n al also so us use e research to guarantee su@cient distriution o their products. =or instance, a consumer products’ company might want to spea* with merchants merchan ts aout the various rands they o4er. o4er. The outcomes o the usiness research can help managers decide where they need to increase their product distriution. %. (nAho (nAhouse use research research is re; re;uir uired ed or pro proess essional ional and selAdeve selAdevelopme lopment nt o the wor wor* *ers thr throug ough h tra traini ining ng and men mentor toring ing.. "r "rgan gania iatio tional nal resea re searc rch h and ana analys lysis is wou would ld als also o e nee needed ded or ass assess essme ment nt o perorma pero rmance nce mana manageme gement, nt, pro process cess reAe reAengin ngineering eering,, depar departmen tmental tal assessment and wellAeing o sta4 memers. +. n nde dert rta* a*in ing g res esea earrch ca can n he help lp a co comp mpan any y av avoi oid d u utu turre a ail ilur ure. e. 3arrying out research can also help a usiness determine whether now is the right time to e)pand into another town or whether it needs to apply or a new loan. (t may also help a small usiness
8. Multipurpose &ctivity &ctivity:: Research Research is a multipurpose multipurpose activity. activity. (t helps to develo dev elop p new acts or ver veri iy y alr alread eady y e) e)ist isting ing ones. (t est estali alishe shes s causal relationship etween variales. 9. uan uantitat titative ive and uali ualitativ tative e Resear esearch: ch: Researc Research h that is underta*en underta*en to me measu asure re ;ua ;uanti ntity ty or am amoun ountt is cal called led ;ua ;uanti ntitat tative ive re resea searc rch. h.
E"#$ain the nee% o Research in &'siness an% Socia$ Science. & u usin siness ess re resea searc rch h pr progr ogram am is pr pree eerr rred ed y us usine inesse sses s to tr train ain and educ ed ucat ate e th thei eirr ma mana nage gers rs an and d ot othe herr st sta4 a4 me mem mer ers s in a va vast st ar arra ray y o di4er di4 erent ent fel felds. ds. 'u 'usin siness ess re resea searrch can re relat late e to eco econom nomics ics,, us usine iness ss strategy, stra tegy, ethics, etc. nde nderta*i rta*ing ng res resear earch ch in usin usiness ess man managem agement ent is important since it aids a usiness plan or the uture, ased on what may have occurred in earlier times. ( perormed e4ectively it can help an organiation to ma*e plans on how to ecome more viale in its feld. (M7"RT&-3 "= RS&R3> (- 'S(-SS 1. Tes esti ting ng o ne new w pr prod oduc ucts ts.. 'u 'usi sine ness ss res esea earrch te test sts s th the e po poss ssi ile le success o resh products. 'usinesses need to *now what *inds o services and products consumers want eore they produce them. Research will reduce ris* ? Research can help design a new product or se serv rvic ice, e, fg fgur urin ing g ou outt wh what at is ne need eded ed an and d en ensu surre th that at th the e development o a product is highly targeted towards demand. demand. !. 0u 0uar aran ante teei eing ng ad ade; e;ua uate te di dist stri riu uti tion on.. 'u 'usi sine ness sses es ca can n al also so us use e research to guarantee su@cient distriution o their products. =or instance, a consumer products’ company might want to spea* with merchants merchan ts aout the various rands they o4er. o4er. The outcomes o the usiness research can help managers decide where they need to increase their product distriution. %. (nAho (nAhouse use research research is re; re;uir uired ed or pro proess essional ional and selAdeve selAdevelopme lopment nt o the wor wor* *ers thr throug ough h tra traini ining ng and men mentor toring ing.. "r "rgan gania iatio tional nal resea re searc rch h and ana analys lysis is wou would ld als also o e nee needed ded or ass assess essme ment nt o perorma pero rmance nce mana manageme gement, nt, pro process cess reAe reAengin ngineering eering,, depar departmen tmental tal assessment and wellAeing o sta4 memers. +. n nde dert rta* a*in ing g res esea earrch ca can n he help lp a co comp mpan any y av avoi oid d u utu turre a ail ilur ure. e. 3arrying out research can also help a usiness determine whether now is the right time to e)pand into another town or whether it needs to apply or a new loan. (t may also help a small usiness
decide i a process should e altered or i more needs to e done to meet the re;uirements o the customer ase. /. St Stud udyin ying g th the e co comp mpet etit itio ion. n. 'u 'usi sine ness sses es r re; e;ue uent ntly ly ma ma* *e us use e o research to study *ey rivals in their mar*ets. 'usinesses will oten egin with secondary research inormation or inormation which is currently accessile. Research is important or any organiation to remain competitive in the mar*et. The top unction o research is to supp su pply ly a u usi sine nes ss wit ith h an ou outl tlet et to co corrrec ectl tly y det eter erm min ine e it its s customers. (- S"3(&$ S3(-3 Social sciences reer to usiness, commerce, demography, psychology, sociology, etc. Social sciences directly involve people. Research in social sciences arena deals with the ehaviour o people in their di4erent roles, such suc h con consum sumers ers,, com compet petito itors, rs, pr produ oducer cers, s, e) e)ecu ecutiv tives, es, sal salesp espers ersons ons,, lead le ader ers, s, wo wor* r*er ers, s, o oll llow ower ers, s, te teac ache hers rs,, st stud uden ents ts,, op opin inio ionA nAma ma* *er ers, s, etc.. Rese etc esear arch ch in soc social ial sci scienc ences es dea deals ls wit with h the sys system temati atic c me metho thod d o discov dis coveri ering ng new ac acts ts or o ver veriy iying ing old ac acts ts,, the their ir se; se;uen uence, ce, int inter erAA relationship, causal e)planations and the natural laws which cover them. The importance that social science research wields today is immeasura immeasurale le and enlarging. &s social, usiness and economic prolems aound, the signif sig nifcan cance ce o soc social ial re resea searrch get gets s enh enhanc anced ed as it pr provi ovides des wor wor*a *ale le solutions. The ollowing points ring out the signifcance o resear research ch in social sciences. 1. 7r 7rolem olems s solv solving ing is the thru thrust st o most resear researches. ches. Social prolem prolems s are elt directly y people and that research y o4ering solutions to
such prolems ameliorates the conditions o people at large. >ence the signifcance o social research. !. Social research thrusts on societal ehaviour which is studied analysed and steps needed to modiy the same to achieve certain road goals. &ll our social prolems could e attriuted to certain societal ehaviour. So, y modiying the same in the right lines, social good is achieved. %. 6evelopment o methodology to deal with social issues is one o the contriutions o social research. )ecutive stress, wor*er ethics, leadership style, child laour women illiteracy, drug addiction, laour asenteeism, etc. are social issues related to organiations, laour units, and, such other social groups. To deal with these issues appropriate methodology is needed. Social research provides the same. +. Social research contriutes to societal development. The research develops scientifc temper. 3reativity and innovation are developed 'asic and applied new *nowledge is developed. &ll this adds to upA gradation o society. Bnowledge is power. &nd that power is powered y research. /. =ormulation o new theories and reAevaluation o already accepted theories are attempted y social research. There are several theories on leadership, motivation, human attitude and ehaviour and so on. &ll these theories help designing suitale pac*ages or societal ehavioural uplitment. 2. Social research is a tool or social planning, prediction and control. &ny constructive action need to e planned, outcome predicted and deviation o actual rom the desirale predicted outcome need to e controlled. Social research aids in designing appropriate models o social planning, prediction and control. 5. Social research contriutes to social welare. Social research is generally normative emphasiing what is good or the society. 'y stating, what is and what is not good or the economy, or the industry, or the consumers, or the students, or the stoc*Amar*et and the li*e, social research helps to contriute to social welare. 8. Social research catches the dynamics o social institutions and phenomena. Social institutions and phenomena are never static. These *eep changing. To gauge the change research is needed and such research helps in dynamically responding to social institutions and phenomena.
T(#es o Research
Research is defned as the scientifc investigation o phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation o acts that lines an individual’s speculation with reality. The research activity can e classifed into di4erent categories. The types o research are as ollows: 1. 'asic Research: 'asic research is also called as pure or undamental research. (t is underta*en to develop a theory or a ody o *nowledge. The main goal o asic research is to e)pand man’s *nowledge. There is no commercial angle. 7ure research is mainly carried out y universities and institutes fnanced y the government. 'asic research advances undamental *nowledge aout the world. 7ure research is the source o the most new scientifc ideas and ways o thin*ing aout the world. (t can e e)ploratory, descriptive, and e)planatory. (t generates new ideas, principles and theories which may not e immediately utilied. !. &pplied Research: &pplied research aims at fnding a solution or an immediate prolem acing a society or an industrialCusiness organiation. (t is a scientifc study design to solve practical prolems, rather than merely ac;uiring *nowledge. (t is used to fnd solutions to everyday prolems, and develop innovative technologies. The goal o applied research is to improve the human condition. (t is generally used to handle a particular prolem. (t can e underta*en y usiness organiation as well. %. 6escriptive research: 6escriptive research or statistical research provides data aove the population or universe eing studied. (t is used when the o#ective is to provide a systematic description that is as actual and accurate as possile. (t provides the numer o times something occurs or re;uency o occurrence. The two most commonly types o descriptive research methods include oservation method and the survey method. "ne o the ma#or limitations is that it cannot help determine what causes a specifc ehaviour, motivation or occurrence. (t cannot estalish a causeAe4ect relationship etween variales. (t provides acts o a particular event or situation. +. &nalytical Research: &nalytical research is underta*en to collect acts or data, or the acts or data may e readily availale. The researcher attempts to critically evaluate such acts and data so as to arrive at conclusions. (t may estalish the cause and e4ect relationship. The researcher may provide necessary recommendations to improve or solve the prolem or to handle certain situation or event. The analytical research helps to understand the causeAe4ect relationship etween variales. (t also
helps to ocus on those variales that have greater positive e4ect, and to eliminate certain variales that have negative e4ect on the situation. /. mpirical Research: mpirical Research can e defned as Dresearch ased on e)perimentation or oservationE. (t is a way o gaining *nowledge y means o direct and indirect oservation or e)perience or e)periment. Such research conducted to test a hypothesis. The word empirical means inormation gained y e)perience, oservation, or e)periment. mpirical evidence can e analysed ;uantitatively or ;ualitatively. Many researchers comine ;ualitative and ;uantitative orms analysis to etter answer ;uestions which cannot e studied in laoratory settings, particularly in the social sciences. 2. ualitative Research: ualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with ;ualitative phenomena, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving ;uality or *ind. ualitative research is a method o in;uiry employed in many disciplines, especially in the social sciences. (t aims to gather an inAdepth understanding o human ehaviour and the reasons that govern such ehaviour. The ;ualitative method investigates the why and how o decision ma*ing, not #ust what, where, and when. Smaller ut ocused samples are more oten used than large samples. The motivational research is important type o ;ualitative research. (t is especially important in the ehavioural sciences where the main aim is to fnd out the underlying motives o human ehaviour. 5. uantitative Research: uantitative research is ased on the measurement o ;uantity or amount. (t is applicale to phenomena that can e e)pressed in terms o ;uantity. uantitative research is e)plaining phenomena y collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically ased methods. The o#ective o ;uantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process o measurement is central to ;uantitative research ecause it provides the undamental connection etween empirical oservation and mathematical e)pression o ;uantitative relationships. The researcher analyses the data with the help o statistics. The analysed data may provide uniased result that can e generalied to some larger population. uantitative research is widely used in social sciences such as psychology, economics, sociology, mar*eting, community health, health F human development, gender and political science, and less re;uently in anthropology and history.
8. "ther Types " Research: Research can e classifed into various other types : >istorical research is that which utilies historical sources li*e documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas o the past, including the philosophy o persons and groups at any remote point o time. 3onclusion oriented research, a researcher is ree to pic* up a prolem, redesign the en;uiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualie as he wishes. 6ecisionAoriented research is always or the need o a decision ma*er and the researcher in this case is not ree to emar* upon research according to his own inclination. •
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O)*ecti+es o Research i.
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To fnd Solutions to prolems: R can e underta*en to fnd solutions to prolems. The Research enales us to fnd appropriate solutions to specifc prolems which in turn help us improve the ;uality o perormance in various org and institutes. To veriy and test e)isting laws and theories: >elps improve *nowledge and aility to handle situations and events.
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To develop new principles and theories: 3an e useul or several org to manage and deal with ppl. 0eneral laws and Theories help us ma*e reliale predictions o events. To develop innovative ideas: R is underta*en to generate new ideas or welare o man*ind. 3an e w.r.t. -ew and improved products, etter technology, improved org structure.
Iss'es an% Pro)$ems in Research: &ccuracy: >uman ehaviour cannot e predicted with accuracy. >uman ehaviour is su#ect to change, depending on situation, nature o the person, etc. T=, Scientifc method in social sciences may or may not predict accurate human ehaviour. niormity: >.' is not uniormI people don’t react in the same manner to similar situations. &lso 1 person may ehave di4erently to same situation at di4erent time. T=, there is a prolem o uniormity 'ias: R maye a4ected y the prolem o ias on part o the researcher. They may draw conclusion su#ectively depending on their li*es, disli*es, eelings and emotions. Sampling: or social sciences, R uses particular sample o respondents to understand the human ehaviour. >owever, Respondents may not represent the universe properly and this may not ring o#ective results. Respondents: (n Social Sciences, Scientifc method may not provide o#ective responses rom the respondents. Some respondents may delierately give wrong answers to please the researcher or get done with the interview ;uic*ly. Jerifcation: (t is di@cult to veriy the conclusions drawn rom social sciences. $a )periments: (t is di@cult to perorm controlled la e)periments in social sciences as compared to physical sciences. Segregating 3auseA4ect Relationship: 6i@cult to segregate to *now which is the cause and which is e4ect in some cases. g: 7overty the cause o low s*illsK "r viceAversa. (ssues relating to practical signifcance: Sometimes Research is ta*en up or namesa*e or #ust purpose o recognition. g: &cademic research underta*en or M.7hil. or 7h6 degree which may hardly serve any practical signifcance. 7lagiarism: 7lagiarism is the copying o someone’s pulished wor* as one’s own without proper permission or consent rom the initial author. 7lagiarism can even reer to images, graphs, ideas etc.
CHAPTER ,: RESEARCH -ETHODO/0 "6S 1. 3areul and $ogical &nalysis: The research tas* given in hand must e analysed careully ensuring that every aspect ma*es logical sense. !. ne;uivocal defnition o terms and concepts: The defnitions must e clear and undeniale. There should e no scope or conusion or mista*es %. 6ata pertinent to the prolem: The data collected y the researcher should e pertinent to the prolem at hand. nnecessary and e)tra data shouldn’t e given any importance. +. 3lassifcation o data must e done properly: The data must e classifed properly, so as to ma*e it clear and understandale or the persons analysing it. /. )pression o 6ata in ;uantitative term:
E"#$ain the ste#s or #rocess in Scientifc Research Scientifc research involves a systematic process that ocuses on eing o#ective and gathering a multitude o inormation or analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion. This process is used in all research and evaluation pro#ects, regardless o the research method. &ny research done without documenting the study so that others can review the process and results is not an investigation using the scientifc research process. The scientifc research process is a multipleAstep process where the steps are interlin*ed with the other steps in the process. ( changes are made in one step o the process, the researcher must review all the other steps to ensure that the changes are reNected throughout the process. =ollowing are the steps o the research process and provides an e)ample o each step or a sample research study. 1. Selecting the Research Topic: (t is the frst and most important step o research process. 'eore ormulating the research prolem, one must select a proper research prolem that needs to e dealt with. Researching something that has already een done eore may e an attempt in vain and waste o time, e4ort and laour. !. 6efnition o Research 7rolem: it is the e)planation and ormulation o the research prolem, the researcher must always note the ollowing points 1. ypothesis: The researcher should ormulate hypothesis. >ypothesis is an assumption made to test the logical or empirical conse;uences. The hypothesis should e ormulated on the asis o insight and *nowledge aout the prolem. %. Review o $iterature: The researcher should ta*e e)tensive literature survey relating to the prolem. >e may consider various pulications such as #ournals, oo*s, research reports and other pulished matter. %. 6eciding Research 6esign: The researcher must prepare a research design. (t is a logical and systematic plan prepared or conducting a research study. (t is considered a lueprint or collection, measurement and analysis o data. The research design provides
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guidelines regarding the time period, type o data and the area and respondents rom which the data is to e collected. 6eciding Sample 6esign: Since it is not possile to collect data rom every area o research, the researcher must select a sample o respondents that represent the population. 6ata 3ollection: 7rolem solving so essentially a process o collecting inormation. The data can e collected rom various sources, 7rimary and secondary. )ecution o pro#ect: The data that is collected is mostly raw and needs to e processed properly. The steps ta*en to process the data involve editing out unwanted and irrelevant data, classifcation o data under di4erent categories such as age, gender, area etc. The fnal step is to taulate the data so that it acilitates the analysis and interpretation o data. 6ata &nalysis: This step involves the interpretation o data to estalish the relationship etween inormation and prolem. (t enales to lin* fndings to the prolems and arrive at logical conclusions. >ypothesis Testing: &ter analysis the researcher should e ale to prove whether or not the research fndings support the hypothesis the claimed earlier or whether they are contrary. 7reparation o Report: The research fndings and conclusions are presented with the help o research report. The research report is divided into % parts a. 7reliminary content A (t includes title, $etter o authoriation, letter o transmittal and tale o contents . Main 'ody A (t includes (ntroduction, fndings, limitations, conclusions and recommendations c. 3onclusion A (t includes iliography and appendi)
Write a note on Re+ie o $iterat're. Review o literature is an important stage in research activity. (t reers to the e)tensive review o fndings relating to the prolem which the researcher intends to underta*e. The researcher reads and reviews previous research studies, relevant reerence oo*s, #ournals, and other pulished sources. The older research studies help the researcher evaluate the conclusions drawn and analyse the impact o the research fndings made y the other researchers. Following are the purposes of Review of Literature To get ac*ground *nowledge o research topic • •
To ormulate hypothesis
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To get amiliar with the methodology adapted y researchers in a particular feld. To prepare research design to underta*e the research prolem.
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To prepare sample design including the decisions on sample sie.
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To get amiliar with data collection sources and techni;ues
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To understand fndings o other researchers which are relevant to the prolem. To get amiliar with the data analysis techni;ue which are adapted y other researchers. To evaluate the conclusions drawn y the other researchers
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To compile iliography
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To understand latest developments in the area o research prolem. The Steps to Review a Literature are as ollows (dentiy and select research prolem •
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6etermine the sources o literature relevant to the research.
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Read and understand the relevant literature.
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-ote and record relevant inormation
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&nalyse the relevant inormation
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Ta*e re;uired permission rom the source to use the literature in research pro#ect. se the relevant inormation in research pro#ect and cite the sources o literature wherever applicale.
!eat'res o Research -etho%o$o2( 1H Systematic 7rocess: o analysing and selecting est method to conduct research. Main stages are as ollows aH (dentiy R 7rolem H =ormulate R 6esign cH 6esign Sample dH 3ollect 6ata eH 7rocess 6ata H &nalysis F (nterpretation gH 6raw conclusions F 7rovide Recco hH 7repare R 7ro#ect !H 7urpose o RM: to select the est method to conduct research. Gadd aove stagesH This helps solve the R 7rolem in a systematic manner. %H Reliance on mpirical evidence: Solution not ound on asis o intuition or imagination. (t involves survey, oservation and e)periments. 3onclusion ased on mpirical vidence +H 3ommitment to "#ectivity: RM is o#ective in nature as it uses scientifc methods. "#ectivity involves orming #udgement ased on accurate acts. 3onclusions don’t vary rom 1 person to another.
/H Jerifaility: RM ensures conclusions drawn are verifale y the researcher and he can #ustiy them. T=, R must e)pose methods and conclusions to critical scrutiny. 2H thical -eutrality: RM aims at ma*ing correct statements aout acts. R shouldn’t e iased or distort acts. 6istortion may aggravate r prolem in case o commercial r. 5H 6evelopment o 7rinciples or Theories: Systematic RM helps develop new principles and theories that may e universally applicale. >elps ma*e reliale predictions. 8H Multipurpose activity: which helps discover new actsCveriy old acts. Reliale predictO 9H se o induction and deduction: to arrive at logical conclusion. aH (nduction method ollows logical reasoning process where the researcher arrives at universal generaliation rom particular acts. 3onclusions are drawn rom tentative Ge)perimentalH inerences and are su#ective in nature H 6eduction method is a reasoning process o applying generally accepted principles to a specifc individual case. (t estalishes a logical relationship etween variales to arrive at a conclusion. 1H $imitations: $imitations are everywhereO'lah lah aH Social science deals with human eings, they are not predictale. H 7rolem o ias o researcher and respondents. cH Small sie may not represent the entire universe.
So'rces o Research Pro)$em (d and selection o research prolem is an important stage in research process. 7recise defnition will enale researcher to collect relevant data. Research prolem can e identifed through the ollowing sources. 1H Research guide: (n academic research, the research guide , may suggest the research prolem to the research scholar. 0enerally the Research guide has a rich e)perience in identiying the research prolem, ut the research scholar may not e interested in the topic himsel. T=, he needs to fnd topic and get it approved y r guide. !H Reading: R scholar needs to do e)tensive reading and some pertinent ;uestions may arise in his mind. >e needs to read through the e)isting areas and fnd out where there is need or urther research. %H &cademic Session: &cademic sessions such as lectures, group discussions, seminars may indicate to various prolems which may e ta*en up as research pro#ects. +H 'rainstorming sessions: Research scholar may ta*e up rainstorming sessions with a group o interested people who may help him identiy the research prolem and have an intensifed discussion on the same.
/H 3onsultations and discussions: Researcher may consult or hold discussions with e)perts, researchers, government o@cials, academicians, etc. to arrive at a research prolem. 2H )periences: 7ersonal e)perience can e a good source o identiying the research prolem. 6ay to day e)periences may enale the research oriented people to identiy and select a research prolem so as to overcome uncomortale situations. 5H =unding &gencies: who provide fnancial assistance to study specifc research prolems. They can e government or nonAgovernment agencies and the prolems can e either o social relevance or commercial relevance. 8H =ield Situations: can arrive at R prolems during feld visits, internship training and e)tension wor*. 9H )isting Research: on certain prolems may enale researcher to identiy new prolems. g. )isting prolem on poor wor*ing conditions in a actory may show researcher new prolems that can e dealt with through researching their cause and solution. 1H (ntuition: R can write down prolems, discuss with other R and see i it is signifcant or ta*ing up a research on.
H(#othesis
=ormulation is an important step in ormulation o research prolem. >ypothesis is a tentative proposition Ge)perimental assumptionH ormulated to determine its validity. (t is an e)ample o the organied scepticism o science, the reusal to accept any statement without empirical verifcation. 0oode and >att defne >ypothesis as, “a proposition, which can be put to a test to determine its validity.” 3haracteristics 1H mpirically Testale: >ypothesis shout e .T. it should e so stated that it is possile to deduce certain inerences rom it logically, which can e tested y feld oservation. !H 3onceptual clarity: > must e conceptually clear. 3oncepts must e clearly defned. &miguous hypothesis with is poorly defned cannot e tested as there is no standard or *nowing what acts should constitute its test %H Specifc: > must e specifc and e)plain the e)pected relationship etween variales and the conditions under which these relationships hold valid.
+H Related to availale techni;ues: Researcher who doesn’t *now what techni;ues are availale to test the > will fnd it di@cult to rame useul ;uestions, which urther ma*es it impossile to research. /H Theoretical Research: > should e related to a ody o theory or some theoretical orientation. There should e some theoretical gains o testing the hypothesis. 2H 3onsistency: $ogically consistent. Two or more > logically derived rom the same theory must not e mutually contradictory. 5H "#ectivity: > must e ree rom ias o the researcher. =eelings have no place in raming the hypothesis. 8H 3onsider all pertinent areas o the prolem: to rame a good >. Signifcance: 7rovide a defnite ocus: > provides defnite ocus to R prolem. 0.&. $underg DThe only dierence bw gathering data without a hypothesis and gathering them with one is that in the latter case, we deliberately recogni!e the limitations of our senses and attempt to reduce their fallibility by limiting our "eld of investing so as to prevent greater concentration of attention on particular aspects. #hich past e$perience leads us to believe are insigni"cant for our purpose.E Specifes Sources o data: > does this, t we consider only relevant sources o data which in turn speed up the research activity. 6etermine 6ata needs: , much useless data would e collected hoping to fnd something relevant is ound and nothing is omitted. Suggests the type o research: The hypothesis suggests which type o research is li*ely to e most apt in solving research prolem. Techni;ue o &nalysis: > indicates most apt techni;ue o analysis, which in turn helps researcher Glah lahH 6evelopment o theory: > ma*es an attempt to lin* theory and investigation. > can e deduced rom theory and i ound valid ma*es a part o theory. Types 1. "n the 'asis o astraction: a. Common sense h(#othesis: . Com#$e" H(#othesis c. Ana$(tica$ h(#othesis !. On the &asis o !'nction: a. Descri#ti+e H(#othesis . Re$ationa$ H(#othesis c. Cas'a$ H(#othesis
%. On the &asis o Nat're o H(#othesis a. Wo3in2 H(#othesis . N'$$ H(#othesis c. Statistica$ H(#othesis Sources o >ypothesis 1. (ntuition: Mental (deas lu4. -ewton’s apple e)ample !. 7revious Research studies: R on one pro can help create h to solve another prolem. R studies conducted earlier can e a source o pro, and can give researcher ideas to develop ideas ased on earlier aced R prolems. %. 3onsultations: Sources o RM 7/ +. Theory: & hypothesis can e derived rom a logical ody o theory, which may lea y way o logical deduction. ( the theory is possile, then the > can e valid. /. "servation: > ca e through either direct or indirect oservation. =or eg, one can oserve a general pattern o consumer ehaviour and develop a hypothesis, such as Dmore people preer cashless payment in the uran cities, as compared to cash.E 2. &nalogies: acilitate > development. 7rovide valuale insight, lah lah shit 5. 3ulture: involves *nowledge, elies, morals, laws, traditions, etc. 3ultural norms are passed rom generation to generation and oten reNect the population o our country. >owever, younger generations are getting inNuenced y western culture. 8. 3ontinuity o Research: in a particular feld can acilitate the development o new hypothesis.
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH DESI/N AND SA-PE DESI/N 6S(01. =ocus on o#ectives: The Research design must ocus on the research o#ectives. The o#ectives must e very clear to the
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researcher as well as the research sta4. The research o#ectives di4er depending on the type o research. =le)iility: The research design shouldn’t e rigid. (t must e Ne)ile depending on the situation. =or instance, the research design may set a particular timerame or the research sta4I however, they may not e ale to collect relevant data within the same. ( the design is Ne)ile, the timerame may e increased. 7ilot Study: it is always advisale or conducting a pilot study eore fnaliing the research design. (t is a research activity underta*en on a small segment o the research universe. The pilot study is conducted to fnd out whether or not the researcher is in a position to collect relevant data rom the area or sources selected, and whether or the collected data will e relevant to solve the prolem. ( the pilot study generates a avourale response, the researcher may go ahead with the study, &cceptance: The research design must e acceptale to the persons concerned. (n case o an academic research, the research design must e acceptale to the research guide, as he needs to approve the design eore the research activity starts. Suitaility: The research design must e suitale to achieve research o#ectives. 3ertain actors need to e considered while fnaliing the research design such as: a. The availaility o unds. . The availaility o time c. The availaility o manpower d. The methods o data collection and analysis Simplicity: The research design must e simple to understand. The language must e clear and the research design must e supported y ootnotes wherever re;uired. Technical #argons must e avoided as use o simple language would enale the authorities to approve and accordingly sanction the research 3ostA4ective: The research must e cost e4ective. (n case o a commercial research, the research wor* ased on the research design must ring enefts to the organiation. (t should enale proper collection and analysis o the data to acilitate proper decision ma*ing. ase in (mplementation: The research design should acilitate proper implementation o the research design. &s ar as possile, the Research design must avoid complicated procedures and techni;ues which may e di@cult to adapt to. Training the Research Sta4: 7roper training must e given to research sta4. Training helps improve *nowledge, attitude, s*ills and social ehaviour.
1. Selection o right Techni;ues: There are various methods o collecting data such as interviews, oservation and e)perimentation. 6epending on the type o research, the researcher should select appropriate methods or data collection and analysis.
Si2nifcance o Research Desi2n R.6. is vital as it enales to collect right data. (mp is as ollows 1. 0uidelines to researcher: wrt a. ow to collect the data !. "rganiing resources: or collecting 6ata. The resources include: a. =unds . ;uipment and instruments in case o physical sciences c. Manpower to collect the data i. R.6. enales researcher to ma*e proper arrangement o resources which in turn help R conduct R e@ciently %. 6irections to the research sta4: R.6. provides necessary directions to the research sta4 this is ecause R.6. provides guidelines wrt a. sources o data . techni;ues o collecting data c. area where R is to e conducted d. resources to e utilied e. time rame or Research wor* +. Selection o techni;ues: R.6. helps select apt techni;ues oth or data collection and data analysis. There are various methods o data colletion such as : a. Survey . "servation c. )perimentation 6ata &nalysis can e done in the ollowing methods: Measures o 3entral tendency Gmean, median, modeH Time series GSimple moving &vg,
8. )ecution o research wor*: R.6. indicates start time and completion time to indicate timely e)ecution o Research wor*. ( not, write conse;uences. 9. Motivation to sta4: & systematic r.d. motivates sta4 to collect the right data rom the right source &lso, sometimes sta4 are motivated y giving them rewards o monetary or non monetary eneft on the timely completion o research wor*. 1. (mprovement in decision ma*ing: Systematic R.6. helps everything go systematic which yields early and clear results which help R to arrive at proper decisions regarding research. Ste#s in Research Desi2n Defne the #ro)$em: The researcher must clearly defne the prolem. 3larity helps R decide on "#ectives. g to fnd out reason o decline in sales, the o# may e as PTo increase the sales.’ So'rces o %ata: 3an e primary or secondary. )plain oth Techni5'e o Data co$$ection: R must decide, depends on -ature o prolem, resources availale, time rame etc. There are various methods such as interview method, oservation method, etc. Decision on 'ni+erse: universe Q population rom which research ino is collected. &dd eg Sam#$e Si6e: depends on actors such as time rame, unds availale, nature o prolem etc. Area o Data co$$ection: R must state areas, they depend on location, time o research, type o prolem. tc. -etho% o Data ana$(sis: select depending on type o R. various mathods such as measures o central tendency, time series method. Decision on Reso'rces: The most imp decision is wrt to resources needed during research. Resources include 7hysical resources, man power and money. Researcher should ma*e proper arrangements so that research is conducted e@ciently and e4ectively Perio% o Research: Time rame depends on certain actors such as availaility o unds, manpower, type o research etc. Pre#aration o Research %esi2n: &ter completing the aove steps, the R must prepare a R.6. which should include the ollowing aspects: Statement o Research Pro)$em o o O)* o R So'rces o %ata o Time rame o R o o Uni+erse o R Sam#$e Si6e o R o Area o Data co$$ection o o Reso'rces re5%
Techni5'e 'se% to ana$(se %ata A##ro+a$ o R.D. : =inally, R gets R.6. approved rom concerned authorities Commercia$ 7 To# -2t o Aca%emic 7 Research 2'i%e o Socia$ 7 S#onsorin2 A2enc( o o
E"#$ain %i8erent t(#es o Research Desi2n. The research design reers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the di4erent components o the study in a coherent and logical way, therey, ensuring you will e4ectively address the research prolemI it constitutes the lueprint or the collection, measurement, and analysis o data. Research 6esign can e roadly classifed into ! groups. )ploratory Research • •
3onclusive Research
7$"R&T"R RS&R3> (t is conducted to e)plore inormation aout the nature or causes o the research prolem. (t is conducted when the causes o the research prolem aren’t *nown to the researcher. There may e a possiility o a ew di4erent causes o the prolem, and the researcher may not *now the e)act cause. (n such a situation, an e)ploratory research may e conducted to fnd out the most li*ely causes. )ploratory research is done to or the ollowing purposes: To defne the prolem • •
To develop a hypothesis
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To identiy alternate courses o action
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To isolate *ey variale and develop relationships among the variale or urther e)amination. To estalish priorities or urther research
3"-3$S(J RS&R3> 3onclusive Research is urther divided into two sucategories. 1. 6escriptive Research 6escriptive research is done to otain inormation aout certain aspects o the prolem. (t may e underta*en or commercial purposes. & mar*eter may as* ;uestions such as
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>ow they uy itK
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>ow do they use the productsK
!. 3asual Research 3asual Research investigates causeAe4ect relationship etween two or more variales. (t is done or the ollowing reasons To understand the causeAe4ect relationship •
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To ocus on the variales or elements those have a greater positive e4ect. To eliminate certain variales or elements having negative e4ect.
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To develop action plans
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9. att, D& sample as the name implies, is a smaller representation o a larger whole.E Sampling design is a plan designed to select the appropriate sample in order to collect the right data so as to achieve research o#ectives. & sample is a part o the universe that can e used as respondents to a survey or or the purpose o e)perimentation, in order to collect relevant inormation to solve a particular systemC. SS-T(&$S "= &- (6&$ S&M7$ 1. >omogeneity: The units included in sample must e as li*eness with other units. !. &de;uacy: & sample having 1 o the whole data is ade;uate. %. (ndependence: very unit should e ree to e included in the sample. +. RepresentativenessI &n ideal sample must e such that it represents the whole data ade;uately. /. Sample -umer: (n the numer o units included in a sample should e su@cient to enale derivation o conclusions applicale to the whole data. Too less may not e ale to help the researcher come to proper conclusions 2. conomical: (n terms o time and money. the sampling should e economical and shouldn’t cost the researcher more than he can a4ord. 5. Reliaility: There must e a high level o reliaility on the sample.
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)plain di4erent methods and techni;ues o Sampling.
Sampling 6esign is a plan designed to select the appropriate sample in order to collect the right data so as to achieve research o#ectives. Methods o sampling can e roadly divided into ! categories MT>"6S "= S&M7$(-0 7roaility Method
-onA7roaility Method
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Simple Random Sampling
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3onvenience Sampling
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Systematic Sampling
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&ccidental Sampling
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3luster Sampling
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Stratifed Sampling
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Uudgemental Sampling uota Sampling
1. 7roaility Method 7roaility Sampling is also *nown as random sampling. 7roaility means possile chance. Thereore, each element o the population has a *nown chance or opportunity o eing selected or included in the sample 1. Simple Random Sampling* (t is the most popular method normally ollowed to collect research data. (t provides every element or unit an e;ual chance o eing selected. (t is suitale or selecting a small homogenous group. (t is urther su categoried into lottery method and Random Tales. !. Systematic Sampling* (t is a variation o the simple random method, ut the techni;ue is superior. (n this method, a sampling raction is calculated, a certain numer is selected at random and process continues to select sample sie. =ormula: S*ip (nterval Q 7opulation Sie C Sample Sie c. +luster Sampling* &lso *nown as P&rea Sampling’, the researcher divides the population into groups or clusters and accordingly selects samples d. Strati"ed Sampling* The population is divided into various strata or segments ased on income, occupation, age, religion, gender etc. &ter this division, certain numer o sample memers is selected rom each stratum or segment.
!. -onA 7roaility Method a. +onvenience Sampling* Sample is selected as per the convenience o the researcher. nder this, every element o the population doesn’t get a chance o eing selected. . %ccidental Sampling* The researcher may select the sample y chance without ollowing a systematic process. very element o the universe doesn’t get a chance. This method is normally ollowed when the sample sie is very small. c. udgement Sampling* The sample is selected ased on the #udgement o the researcher or some other person assisting or advising him. d. -uota Sampling* nder this method, the researcher allocates certain ;uota to certain groups under the study. The ;uota may di4er rom each area depending on certain actors such as age, occupation, income, etc.
Stages in Sampling 6esign o o o
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Defne R O)*. Deci%e Uni+erse Se$ect Sam#$in2 rame: where you get your samples rom, Telephone directory, reg o memers. Must chec* or validity Decision on sam#$in2 'nit: Decision on Sam#$e Si6e: 6epends on time, =unds, Manpower, nature o R Se$ection o sam#$in2 metho%: 7roaility or -on proaility. Pre#are Sam#$e #$an: Sam#$e Se$ection: &ctual selection process to get right ppl as per Sample plan Co$$ection o %ata
Sam#$in2 Errors:
CHAPTER 9: -ETHODS AND TECHNIUES O! DATA COECTION PRI-AR0 DATA -eanin2: (t is frst hand ino collected y r to solve a specifc prolem A%+anta2es: Pro+i%es frst han% ino: (no comes directly rom respondents. i. 3ollected through Survey, oservation and e)perimentation method. In %e#th ino: R can collect in depth ino relating to R prolem. R ii. can get detailed ino with the help o pro#ective techni;ues. R can cross ;uestion respondents or in depth ino. Re$ia)$e ino: 7.6. is reliale, as it is collected frst hand. The R can iii. chec* reliaility o data, unli*e in case o S.6. Acc'rate %ata: 6ata rom 7rimary sources is more accurate as R iv. can’t chec* accuracy o S.6. S#ecifc Data: R collects specifc data relating to the prolems. (n v. case o S.6. there may e general data that he will have to go through and put e)tra e4orts to get what he needs. S'##$ements Secon%ar( %ata: when S.6. is not su@cient, R may vi. use 7.6. as main source. Enhances 5'a$it( o Research or3: as it is more accurate and vii. reliale. He$#s in ormation o H: se o documentary sources helps in viii. ormation o hypothesis. , then 7.6. helps accept proper >. !$e"i)i$it(: 7.6. allows Ne)iility in 6ata collection as interviewer i). can restructure and modiy the ;uestions as per situation. He$#s o+ercome resistance: o respondents to respond during ). the interview. R may use persuasive s*ills. Disa%+anta2es: Pa#eror3 : 7.6. method involves a lot o paperwor*. g. Survey includes data collection with the help o ;uestionnaire and processing o data involves editing, coding, classifcation etc. E"#ensi+e: 76. 3ollection methods are e)pensive as compared to secondary methods. g. Survey method is e)p as you need feld sta4 to go collect data. Salary and per*s need to e paid to research sta4. Sam#$in2 Errors: it is di4 to select proper sample when uni is large. Sampling errors are more when small sample is selected as it may not represent properly. Time cons'min2: lot o time and e4ort needed or collection process such as planning, getting appointments and then conducting interview.
Res#on%ent &ias: Respondents may not give proper answers, may withhold certain data or give a*e data wrt certain aspects such as salary, ta)es, investments. Inter+ie &ias: possiility, as interviewer may edit ;uestionnaire to ft his e)pected responses. Processin2 o %ata: 7rolems in editing, error in coding, classifcations etc. which a4ect the ;uality o research Pro)$em o 'ic3 %ecision -a3in2: 7.6. may a4ect ;uic* decision ma*ing esp. when the sample sie is large and it ta*es time to process the data
SECONDAR0 DATA -eanin2: Secondary data reers to second hand inormation gathered rom e)isting sources. (t is readily availale data rom pulished and printed sources. This data has already een collected and analysed y another researcher. Secondary data is generally used in case o academic research and social research. !eat'res: Recor%e% Data: is already a recorded and pulished paper source. 6ata has already een collected or another research other than the current one. Eas( to co$$ect: Readily availale in the most economic way. 'antitati+e Data: S.6. is called it ecause it can e used or sustantiating the primary data. Com#rehensi+e: S.6. is availale on every su#ect even those where collection o 7.6V is di@cult. T=, we call it comprehensive in nature. So'rces: S.6. may e collected rom 7rimary Sources or Secondary Sources. Re$e+ance: S.6. is readymade ino which is meant o general purpose. R must evaluate the S.6. with reerence to accuracy, relevancy and reliaility. A+ai$a)i$it(: S.6. is availale internally rom company’s records or e)ternally rom oo*s, magaine and other pulished wor*s etc. ess Time Cons'min2 F ess E"#ensi+e: S.6. re;uires less time to collect the data as compared to primary. &lso its less e)pensive. Si2nifcance: ess E"#ensi+e: no need to prepare F print ;uestionnaire, and no need o feld sta4. ess Time Cons'min2: co no need to conduct interviews
ess Processin2 o Data: is already availale in processed orm. 'ic3 Decision: readily availale so can e ;uic*. S'##$ements Primar( %ata: ( needed e, researcher may use S.6. along with primary data to arrive at decisions. ess #a#er or3: data is readily availale. ess +o$'me o %ata: R gets otain large volume o ready data rom various pulication houses around the world. No Sam#$in2 Errors: -o ;uestion co already done. Disa%+anta2es: 1. 7rolem o &ccuracy: "ne cannot e certain o the genuineness o the secondary data as it isn’t collected frstAhand. The data may e outAdated and may not serve the purpose o the current research wor*. !. 7rolem o Reliaility: Secondary data lac*s reliaility, 6ata accessile over the internet may have various sources and may e vastly di4erent. %. 7rolem o &de;uacy: &t times the secondary data may e accurate and reliale, ut it may not e su@cient to solve the current research prolems. Researcher cannot depend on secondary data to solve the prolems +. $ac* o (nAdepth (normation: Secondary data may not provide in depth ino to e ale to solve a prolem. /. 7rolem in ;uality decision ma*ing: ( the data is inaccurate, insu@cient or unreliale, the secondary data may cause prolems in the process o decision ma*ing. 6ecision ma*ing usually ta*es place in usinesses, and it is always etter to ta*e primary data in such a case to analyse the prolems properly 2. 7rolem o specifc data: Secondary data may e more general in nature than specifc. &ll the data may not e applicale to the researcher’s prolem as researchers need specifc data to solve specifc prolems. 5. nsuitaility: Secondary data may not e suitale in all cases. (t maye o less use in case o commercial research. =or usiness related prolems, researchers need more primary data than secondary. 8. 7rolem o 'iased inormation: There may e a possiility o ias in the secondary data as researchers don’t have any control over the ;uality o the data. The ias maye on ehal o the respondents or that o the researcher.
-etho%s o co$$ectin2 Primar( Data. 7rimary data is the data that is collected resh or the frst time and happens to e original in character. The method o collecting the data is usually decided depending on the type o prolem that the researcher is wor*ing at. There are mainly % types o data: 1. SurveyC(nterview Method !. "servation Method %. )perimentation Method 1. SRJC(-TRJ(< MT>"6 The survey can e a census survey or a sample survey. The entire population is re;uired to accomplish a census survey. nder the survey method, data is collected through various types o frst hand interviews. 1. 7ersonal (nterview: (t is a ace to ace interaction etween the interviewer and the respondent. The interviewer as*s ;uestions and the respondents answer accordingly. There are various types o 7ersonal interviews. 1. Formal and &nformal* Such type o interviews may or may not re;uire the interviewer to ollow some ormalities such as a prior appointment. !. Structured and nstructured* (n a structured interview, the interviewer as*s certain ;uestions designed well in advance. (n an unstructured interview, no specifc ;uestionnaire is ollowed. %. &ndividual and /roup* (n an individual interview, only one person is interviewed at a time. (n case o group interviews, the ;uestions are as*ed to a group o respondents at the same time. +. /eneral or Speci"c* (n a general interview, the ;uestions as*ed maye general in nature where as in specifc interviews, specifc ;uestions relating to certain topics are as*ed. /. 0irective and 1ondirective* (n a directive interview, the interviewer gives directions to the interviewee to respond to certain ;uestions. (n a nondirective interview, the respondents can are given reedom to respond to a certain topic without much ;uestioning on the interviewerLs side. !. Telephone (nterview: under this method, (nterviews are conducted over telephonic conversations. The ;uestions are as*ed on the phone and answers are recorded.
%. Mail Survey: & ;uestionnaire is prepared and mailed to the respondent through post, e)plaining the purpose o the ;uestionnaire and a re;uest to complete and return it. The certainty o response is not guaranteed under this method. !. "'SRJ&T("- MT>"6 The researcher otains inormation o the su#ects under the study with the help o oservation rather than y as*ing or interviewing them. This method needs the researcher to personally oserve the ehaviour and study his su#ects. %. 7R(M-T&T("- MT>"6 The e)perimentation method is mostly used in the case o scientifc research studyI it is done with the help o e)perimentation to prove the causeAe4ect relationship etween ! or more variales. -etho%s o Co$$ectin2 Secon%ar( Data Interna$ So'rces: &n org can use certain data rom its own records to ta*e certain decision. g: 7romotion o employees ca e ased on perormance appraisal reports. The internal S.6. is collected rom internal records such as 7urchases and Sales records 6etors and 3r records 6ivisionCnit wise production or operations records. ses o (nternal Sources o 7roduct &nalysis 3ustomer &nalysis o o &nalysis o Sales Territories o Sales =re;uency &nalysis o =inancial &nalysis o Stoc* Turnover &nalysis E"terna$ So'rces S.6. can e collected rom e)ternal sources such as oo*s, magaines, newspapers, internet and other reports. (t can e used or product designing, pricing, promotion distriution etc . there are various e)ternal sources such as,
iH /o+ernment P')$ications: 3entral, State and local odies produce and pulish vast amt o data that can e used or mar*eting and research purpose. G1HCens's re#ort: 7opulation report conducted every 1 years y Registrar general o (ndia. 0ives asic demographic o gender, age, education etc. G!HStatistics o Nationa$ Income: pulished every year y The 3entral Statistical "rganiation. 0ives ino on &griculture, industry, trade, savings, consumptions etc G%HIn%'stria$ Statistics: 7ulished y The 3entral Statistical "rg and provides ino on wor*ers employed, total production in some industries etc. G+HPrice statistics:
Distin2'ish Points: Meaning MethodsCSources &ccuracy Reliaility Time =actor 3ost =actor 7aperwor* SpecifcC0eneral (n depth (no -eed or Sample Respondent 'ias uality o 6ecision ma*ing
!actors In;'encin2 Data Co$$ection metho%s: Time 3ost uality o 6ecision ma*ing Type o research wor*: 3ertain type re;uires primary data, such as survey or chemical analysis. -ature o researcher: ( R is casual then he’ll stic* to S.6. "# o research &vailaility o respondents &vailaility o research sta4 'estionnaire & set o ;uestions, which acts as an instrument to collect data rom the respondents to a survey or an interview. Im#ortance: Re$e+ant %ata must e collected with help o a proper . Con+enience to the res#on%ents a*a no time pressure. Str'ct're% an% 'nstr'ct're% res#onses. S.R. main tic* *aro, .R. main write reely. 'a$itati+e or 'antitati+e Data: the research can collect oth types o data. ualitative y unstructured ;uestions. uantity is possile with large numer o respondents. ar2e Co+era2e: ;uestionnaire enales the researcher to cover a large area. Pro#er Processin2: can e given code to properly process. Ma*es taulation easy Eas( to a$ter: ( are amiguous or irrelevant, they can e altered. Sensiti+e ino: can e collected y R through survey imitations: S'ita)i$it(: wor*s only with literate respondents who have proper educational g. Rate o Res#onse: (ncase o mail uestionnaire is low. nless incentive isn’t o4ered, many people don’t want to participate. 'a$it( o Data: maynot e reliale and needs critical evaluationI sometimes respondents don’t understand ; and answer ullcrap. Ri2i% an% restricte% res#onse: direct answers in ;uestionnaire. 3an’t answer properly. Attit'%e o Res#on%ents: 3asual attitude and lac* o responsiility towards research Persona$ to'ch: is inapt where o# o survey needs a good deal o e)planation.