LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES & ENERGY CONSERVATION
Prepared By U. ARAVIND, B.E., LECTURER / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE K.R. NAGAR, KOVILPATTI, TUTICORIN.
NAME : YEAR & SEC : ROLL NUMBER :
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Page 1
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION PART – C C Unit – 1 1
1. Explain the Classifications of Energy Resources 2. Explain the importance of Renewable Energy Sources 3. Explain the working, Advantages & Disadvantages of Horizontal Axis & Vertical Axis Wind turbine 4. Explain the Energy Storage & Safety system system of the wind energy conversion conversion 5. Explain the Applications of wind energy Unit – 2 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Compare the Flat Plate Collector & Concentrating Collector Explain the solar thermal electric power plant Explain with neat sketch about any two Solar radiation measuring instrument instrument With neat sketch, Explain the Box type Solar cooker & Solar distillation Briefly explain the working principle of solar water heater
Unit – 3 3
1. Explain the construction , working , Advantages , Disadvantages & Applications of Solar PV system 2. Explain the types of Solar Cell & Solar PV Cells 3. Explain about Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion (OTEC) system briefly. 4. Explain the Components & Operation of Tidal Power Plant 5. Explain Wave Energy Conversion Devices. Unit – 4 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Write about Biomass Conversion Technologies Explain the Construction & Working of Floating Drum Biogas plant Explain the Construction & Working of Fixed Dome Biogas plant Explain Updraft & Downdraft Gasifier Explain the Ethanol production from biomass
Unit – 5 5
1. Explain the Various Energy Audit Instruments 2. Define Energy Audit. & Briefly explain the types of energy audit 3. What is Energy Conservation? & Write the Principles and Importance of Energy Conservation? 4. Explain the Waste Heat Recovery System & its Applications and Devices 5. Write the ways of improving i mproving Boiler Efficiency 6. Write the Energy Conservation Approaches for Compressed Air & Pumps.
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 11. Give examples for fossil fuels. (oct15)
PART A & B UNIT - I
•
12. What is relationship energy consumption and standard of living?
1. What is energy? (Oct 13) •
Energy is defined as Ability to do work. •
2. What is primary energy? (apr15) •
Energy sources which provide a net supply of energy are called primary energy.
•
• • •
Coal Natural Gas Gas Oil Nuclear Energy Energy are primary primary energy energy sources. sources.
4. List out any two conventional energy sources. (apr16)(apr14) • • •
Fossil fuel energy Hydraulic energy Nuclear energy energy
5. What are the common (oct15)(apr16)(oct16) • • • • •
•
forms
of
energy?
Mechanical energy Electrical energy Chemical energy Heat energy Nuclear energy energy
Solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy
Less environment impact than fossil fuel. It can be used without depleting.
8. State any two de-merits of conventional energy sources. (oct15) • •
Very costly production cost. Cause of global warming, Greenhouse Effect, Acid rain Etc...
9. What is meant by conventional energy? (oct15) •
obtained
from
crude
Petroleum gas, Petrol ,Kerosene, Diesel oil Residual oil (Lubrication oil, paraffin wax, asphalt) Fuel oil for boiler & furnace
14. What is energy density of fuel? (apr16)(apr17) •
•
7. State any two merits of non-conventional energy sources. (apr16) •
•
products
A measure of the amount of energy stored in a given volume or mass (weight) of that fuel. Unit is KJ/KG
15. What is energy density value of petrol & diesel?
6. List out any two non-conventional energy sources. (oct13) (oct15)(apr14) •
The more energy people consume, the more their standard of living improved.
13. What are petroleum? •
3. What are primary energy sources? (oct16) •
Coal, natural gas, petroleum.
Energy that has been used from ancient times is known as conventional energy.
•
Petrol: 46900 KJ/KG Diesel: 45800KJ/KG
16. What are renewable energy sources? •
The source of energy which are being produced continuously continuously in nature and are Inexhaustible are called renewable source of energy (or) non-conventional energy.
17. What is the potential of wind energy and solar power in India? According To Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, • •
Wind: 45000 MW Solar: 20MW/Sq.Km these are the potential of wind energy and solar power in India.
18. What is energy (apr15)(oct16)(apr17)(apr14) •
conservation?
Energy conservation is the reduction of energy consumption without affecting the quantity or quality of the production
19. List any two methods of conserving energy. •
•
•
Be less dependent on your heating and air conditioning conditioning units. Replace old light bulbs with energy saving fluorescent bulbs. Turn off all electronic devices that are not in
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 21. What is wind energy? (oct15) •
Wind energy is type of energy derived from kinetic energy of air.
32. Name the type (oct13)(oct15)(oct16)(apr14) • •
of
wind
turbine.
Horizontal axis wind turbines Vertical axis wind turbine
22. What is wind data? (oct15)(oct16)(apr17) •
For estimating the wind energy potential of a site, data collected from Site is known as wins data.
23. State any two applications of wind energy (oct13)(apr13)(apr16) •
➢ ➢ ➢ ➢
Grid-connected power generation Water pumping Telecommunications Weather stations Air-traffic control
24. List out any two advantages of wind energy. (oct12)(apr15)(apr16)
33. What are advantages of horizontal axis wind turbine? •
•
34. Name type of vertical ax is wind turbine. • •
• •
Renewable energy Reduces fossil fuels consumption Less air and water pollution
25. List out any two disadvantages of wind energy. (apr13)
•
• •
Noise disturbances disturbances Threat to wildlife Wind speed can never be predicted
26. What is wind rose?
•
Wind rose is a map diagram that summarizes information about the wind at a particular location over a specified time period
27. What is the use of wind rose? •
Wind rose used by meteorologists gives the percentage percentage of the time the wind blows from each direction during the observation period
28. What is anemometer? •
The instrument used to measure wind speed is called an anemometer
29. What is the use of anemometer? •
•
• • • •
• • • • •
• • •
Major components of wind electric generator are Tower, Rotor, Gear box, Generator, Safety
Blade ejection Tower collapse Hazardous weather conditions Oil spills Ice shedding
39. Name safety devices used in wind turbine. (apr15)(apr16)(apr17) •
•
Electric shock Throwing ice in polar countries Tower collapse Affecting radar and radio signals Public health issues Blade failure
38. What are sources of risk in wind turbine operation?
It is used to measure the wind speed.
30. What are essential components of a wind electric generator?
Bird deaths Climate change
37. What are safety hazards in w ind turbine?
• •
No yaw mechanism mechanismss is needed VAWTs may be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited
36. What are environmental impacts of wind turbine? •
•
Darrieus wind turbine Savonius wind turbine
35. What are advantages of vertical axis wind turbine? •
•
The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind High efficiency and increase in power output 34%
Vibration sensor Electronic thermometers Aerodynamic breaking system Mechanical braking system
40. What is meant by energy for sustainable
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 41. What is the function of wind mill? (oct12) •
Wind mill converts kinetic energy of air into mechanical energy
42. What are the factors that determine power power in the wind? (oct12)
Non-renewable Non-renewable resources resources Renewable resources 4. Based on Commercial Applications Commercial energy resources Non- Commercial Commercial energy resources 5. Based on origin Solar energy Tidal energy Nuclear energy energy • •
• •
•
• • •
The wind speed The cross section of the windswept by rotor The overall conversion efficiency of the rotor, transmission system, generator or pump
43. What are the disadvantages of vertical axis wind machine? (oct15) • •
power output output is low It makes more noise
44. What are the forces acting on the wind turbine blades? (apr14)(apr17) • •
Axial force Circumferential Force
45. What are the factors to be considered while selecting site for wind mill? (oct16) • • • •
Ground surface should be stable Low cost of land Wind speed Wind velocity
• •
50. What is the classification of wind energy conversion system (apr14) 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Based on axis of rotation a. Horizontal axis machine b. Vertical axis machine Based on the size a. Small size machine b. Medium size machine c. Large size machine Based on the type of output power a. DC output machine b. AC output machine Based on rotational speed a. Constant speed with variable pitch blade b. Variable speed with fixed pitch plate Based on the utilization of output a. Battery storage b. Thermal potential storage
46. Classification of generating system (oct16) • • •
Constant speed – speed – constant constant frequency system Variable speed – speed – constant constant frequency system Variable speed – speed – variable variable frequency system
47. What are the importance of Renewable energy (Apr14)(apr17)
UNIT – II II 1. Define solar energy. •
Energy from the sun is called solar energy.
2. What is diffuse radiation? • • •
It is renewable by nature again and again It will not pollute the environment Reduction in use of fossil fuels
•
48. What are the disadvantages of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)? (Apr17)
Diffuse radiation is that solar radiation received from the sun its direction has been changed by reflection & scattering by the atmosphere.
3. What is global radiation? • • •
Complex design Complex yaw mechanism High cost wind turbine
49. What are the classifications of energy sources? (Apr14) Energy Resources 1.Based on Usability Primary energy resources •
•
The sum of the direct beam radiation and diffuse radiation flux is referred to as total or global radiation.
4. Mention any two instrument measurements of solar (Apr13)(Apr14)(oct15)(Oct16)(Apr17) •
Pyranometer Pyrheliometer
used for radiation.
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION • • •
Heating and cooling of residential building. Solar water heating. Solar Furnace
•
6. What is the function of solar energy collectors? (Oct12)(oct15)(oct16)
15. What is solar pond? (Apr15) •
•
Solar cooking is simplest, safest, most convenient way to cook food without fuels.
A solar collector is a device for collecting solar radiation and transfers the energy to fluid passing in contact contact with it.
Solar pond is a pool of salt water which acts as large scale solar thermal energy collector with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy.
7. Classify the type’s solar collectors. Energy (Apr13) (Apr16) Non – concentrating concentrating (or) flat plate solar collector. Concentrating (focusing) types solar collector.
16. Name three zones in solar pond.
8. Compare flat plate collectors and concentrating type collector.
17. List any two advantages of solar pond.
•
•
• • •
•
Flat plate collector
Concentrating collector
type
It is less efficient solar collector
It is the most powerful type of collector
Maximum temperature of fluid is 300°C
Fluid temperature up to around 5000° C can be achieved
It can be used in water heating
It can be used in solar furnaces and solar power plants
•
Upper convective zone Non convective convective zone zone Lower convective zone
It has very large heat collection area at low cost. Heat storage is massive, so no batteries or other storages needed.
18. What is the purpose of solar greenhouse? (oct12) (Apr14))Apr15) A Greenhouse is a structure covered with transparent materials that utilizes solar energy to grow plants Greenhouse provides crop cultivation under the controlled environment 19. What is the purpose of solar distillation? (Apr13)(Apr15) •
•
The device which produces pure water by using solar energy is called Solar distillation Solar distillation is used for water purification by means means of heat & solar solar radiation. 20. What is distributed solar collector? •
9. What is the uses solar furnace? •
Solar furnace is a structure that captures sunlight to produce high temperature usably for industries.
•
•
10. What is solar cooker? (Apr17) •
Solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sun light to heat, cook the food.
11. What are the different types of solar cooker? • • •
Flat plate box type Multi reflector type Parabolic disc concentrator type
12. What are the limitations of solar cooker? Cooking time is more It has to cook accordingly to the sun shine 13. What are the components of solar water heater? • •
Individual solar collector modules interconnected to a single power producing unit by means of a heat transfer medium. This is known as distributed solar collector.
21. What is solar radiation? (oct12) •
•
Due its temperature, sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves which is called as radiation energy. Diffuse radiation + Beam radiation = Global Radiation or Solar Radiation
UNIT – III III 1. What are ocean energy resources? (oct13)(apr14)
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 2. Define ocean energy. (oct16) •
11. State any two limitations of tidal energy. (oct15)(apr17)
The movement of water in the oceans creates a vast storage of kinetic energy is called ocean energy.
• • •
3. What is ocean (oct12)(Apr15)(apr16) •
thermal
energy?
Sun’s heat warms the surface of the water more than deep ocean water, due to this temperature difference thermal energy occurs. This is known as ocean thermal energy.
4. What is the working principle of ocean thermal energy?
12. What is meant by wave machines? •
Ocean thermal energy works in principle of thermal conductivity, where surface water as heat source and deep cold water as heat sink due to this temperature difference ocean thermal energy occurs.
5. List two advantages of ocean thermal energy. (oct13) • •
It will not pollute environment. This energy is produce all around the year in any climate.
6. What are limitations of ocean thermal energy? •
• •
It has lower capacity, need more technical improvement for higher energy Production capacity. Power production depends on size and geographical area of the power plant.
7. What are types of OTEC systems? • • •
Closed cycle systems Open cycle systems Hybrid systems
8. What are working fluids in OTEC? (oct16) OTEC working fluids are, Ammonia
The device which is used to convert wave energy into mechanical energy called wave machines.
13. List out (oct15)(apr16) •
•
The high and low tides must reach16 feet. Construction cost is high. Limited availability of sites.
• •
wave
energy
conversion
device.
Oscillating water column Tapchan Pendulor device (or) dolphin type device.
14. Define photo voltaic effect. (oct16) •
A solar cell is a solid state electrical device device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity is known as photovoltaic effect.
15. What is the function of solar photo voltaic system? (oct15) • •
Solar water heater circulation pumps. Earth quake monitoring systems.
16. List out any two (Apr13)(oct15)(oct16) • • • •
types
of
solar
cells.
Single crystal silicon cell Polycrystal Polycrystal silicon cell Ribbon silicon cell Amorphous silicon cell
17. What are the different applications of solar photo voltaic system in rural area? (Apr14)(oct12)(oct13)(Apr15) (apr16) Lighting and power supplies for remote villages. Street lighting. Mini grids. •
• •
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION •
The tidal spring is maximum on full moon and new moon and such tides are called spring tides.
•
•
Biomass crop consumes carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. oxygen. Easy availability and produce as renewable resources.
21. What is the principle of solar PV system? (oct13) •
An electric field is created near the top surface of the cell where these two terminals are contact, called the PV junction. When sunlight’s strikes the surface the surface of the PV cell this electric field provides momentum and direction to light stimulated electrons. It results in a flow of current when the solar cell is connected to an electric load.
1. What are the applications of Bio-Energy?
•
•
Converting biomass into liquid fuels for transportation. Burning biomass directly, or converting it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate electricity. Converting biomass into chemicals for making products that typically are made from petroleum. petroleum.
2. What is Bio-Mass? (oct15) •
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.
Wood, waste, aquatic plants and crops, biodiesel, bio ethanol, Producer Producer gas are examples for biomass.
4. Define (Apr13)(Apr14)(apr16)(apr17) •
Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic Compounds by means of sugars, using energy from sunlight. •
• • •
•
Thermal conversion Biochemical method Thermo-chemical method Electrochemical method
6H2O + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter by means of heat.
9. What is biomass gasification? (Apr15)(apr17) •
It is a thermo chemical process which converts biomass materials materials into gaseous gaseous components. components.
10. What is biogas?(apr15) •
3. Give examples for biomass. •
•
8. What is pyrolysis?
UNIT – IV IV
•
7. What are energy recovery methods from urban waste? Or what are the biomass conversion technologies? (Apr14)(apr15)(apr16)
Biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen is known as Biogas.
11. Write the composition of biogas. The compositions of biogas are follows, Methane (CH4) :40-70% Carbon dioxide (CO2):30-60% Hydrogen (H 2): 0-1% Hydrogen sulfide(H 2S):0-3% • • • •
12. What are types of (Oct13)(apr13)(Apr14)(apr17) • •
biogas
plants?
Floating-drum plants Fixed-dome plants
13. List out two advantages of floating drum biogas plant.
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption
16. What is biodiesel? (Oct12)(oct13)(oct15) •
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fat.
3. What are the factors to be considered while performing the bench marking?
17. List out the advantages of biodiesel. (oct16) • • • •
It is a clean burning fuel. It is safe compared to other fossil fuel. It does not emit toxic emissions.
18. What is biodiesel feedstock? •
• • •
Scale of operation Vintage of technology Raw materials specifications and quality Product specifications and quality
4. What are the parameters of Bench Marking?
Biodiesel is made from soya bean oil, Recycled cooking oil, Animal fats, other vegetable oils like coconut oil etc…
Bench Marking Parameters
19. What is thermo chemical process? (Oct12) •
This process converts biomass into a more valuable or convenient product known as pyrolysis. pyrolysis.
Gross Production related •
20. What is gasification? (oct12)(oct13)(apr16) • •
The word gasification implies converting a solid or liquid into a gaseous fuel without leaving any solid carbonaceous residue
21. What are all the liquid liquid forms of biomass biomass fuel? (oct15) • •
Equipment Equipment or Utility related
kWh/MT clinker or cement produced (cement plant) kWh/kg yarn produced (textile (textile unit)
•
•
kW/ton of refrigeration (Air conditioning conditioning plant) kWh/litre in a diesel power generation plant
5. What are the types of Energy Audit?
Energy Audit
Bio diesel Bio ethanol
22. What is meant by biomass liquefaction? (oct15) Biomass liquefaction mainly takes place through two routes •
•
Liquefaction through pyrolysis process without any gasification medium Liquefaction through methanol synthesis with gasification medium
23. State the types of Gasifier
Preliminary Energy Audit
Phase I – I – Pre Pre Audit Phase
Detailed Energy Audit
Phase II – II – Audit Phase
Phase III – III – Post Post Audit Phase
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 8. What is meant by Fuel Fuel Substitution? •
•
Substituting the existing fossil fuels with more efficient and less cost and less polluting fuel such as natural gas , biogas. Example: Kerosene & LPG have substituted soft coke in residential use
9. What are Dependency? •
17. What is meant by combine cycle plant?
the ways
of reducing
•
In combined cycle plant, electric power is produced using two heat engines in tandem as prime movers. movers. The heat discharged discharged from one heat engine is not wasted into the atmosphere but serves as the sources for the next heat engine.
Energy 18. Draw the T-S diagram of the combined cycle power plant.
Energy Conservation & Energy Substitution
10. Give examples of energy substitution •
•
Gas turbine
Replacement of electric heaters by steam heaters Replacement of steam based hot water by solar system
Temp ,T
Brayton Cycle
Steam turbine
11. What are the characteristics of Good Energy Audit Instruments? • • •
Portable & Durable Easy to operate Inexpensive
12. Write any Instruments? • • • • •
five
names
` Entropy, S of
Energy
Audit
Electrical measuring instrument Combustion Analyzer Lux meter Leak Detectors Fyrite
13. What is meant by Energy Conservation? •
Energy conservation is the reduction of energy consumption without affecting the quantity or quality of the production
14. What are the aspects of energy conservation? • • •
Rankine Cycle
Economic Aspects Environmental Aspects Conservation of non-renewable energy aspects
19. List out the energy management techniques? • • • • • •
Analysis of Input Reuse of waste Recycling of waste Reduce cost Reduce carbon Reduce risk
20. What is the difference between Recycling of waste & Reuse of waste? Reuse is a action of using something again to fulfill its original purpose or different different function •
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials •
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LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE SUBJECT NAME: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION • • •
26. Give any five approaches in energy conservation in compressed air?
Economizer Recuperators Heat pumps
•
25. Write the applications for Waste heat recovery system?
• •
• • • •
Electricity generation Green houses Eco-Industrial Eco-Industrial parks Mechanical works
•
Install a control system to coordinate multiple air compressor Avoid over sizing Turnoff the backup air compressor until its needed Reduce the air compressor discharge pressure to the lowest acceptable settings
27. Write down the energy cost formula for the following
1. 2. 3.
Boiler feed water Enthalpy] } / (1000 (1000 × True boiler Steam Cost = { Fuel cost × [ Steam Enthalpy – Boiler efficiency) Compressed Air Cost = { Compressor shaft horse power × 0.76 × total operating hours × Aggregate electric rate × % of time running × % of full load HP } / Motor Motor efficiency Electricity cost = No. Of units × Cost / unit
28. Draw the block diagram for combined cycle power plant. Fuel
Combustor
Air
Air Compressor
Gas Turbine
G
3 Phase AC Output
Generator
Feed Water
HRSG-1
Steam Turbine
G
3 Phase AC Output
