Regenerative Braking System Full Project

A SEMINAR REPORT ON  REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THE SEMINAR REPORT ON : REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM

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ABSTRACT

Regenerative Braking S!te" i! t#e $a %& !'%$ing ve#i('e ) *!ing t#e " % t % r ! a ! ) r a k e !+

I n ! t e a , % & t # e !* r - ' * ! e n e r g  % & t # e v e # i ( ' e ) e i n g $ a ! t e ,

a! *n$ante, #eat. t#e "%t%r! a(t a! generat%r! an, ret*rn !%"e %& it t% t#e %ver#ea, $ire! a! e'e(tri(it+ T#e ve#i('e i! -ri"ari' -%$ere, &r%" t#e e'e(tri(a' energ generate, &r%" t # e g e n er a t% r. $ # i ( # ) * rn ! g a ! %' i ne +

T #i ! e n e rg  i ! ! t % r e , i n a ' a rg e

 ) a t t e r . a n , * ! e , )  a n e ' e ( t r i ( " % t % r t # a t - r % v i , e ! " % t i v e & % r ( e t % t # e $ # e e '! +

T # e r e g en e r a ti v e ) a r ki n g t a k i ng - ' a ( e % n t # e v e # i (' e i ! a $ a  t %

% ) ta i n " %r e e & &i ( ie n ( / i n !t e a, % & ( % nv e rt i ng k i ne t i( e n er g  t % t # er "a ' energ t#r%*g# &ri(ti%na' )raking. t#e ve#i('e (an (%nvert a g%%, &ra(ti%n %&  it! kineti( energ )a(k int% (#arge in t#e )atter. *!ing t#e !a"e -rin(i-'e a! an a'ternat%r+

LIST OF FIG0RES Fig+ 1

G r a - # i ( a ' r e - r e ! e n t a t i % n % & e ne r g  * ! a g e ) et $ e e n t $% v e # i (' e !+

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Fig+ 2

Mer(*r H)ri, Mariner 

Fig+ 3

Regenerative Braking S!te" 0!ing Nitin%' S-ring +

CONTENTS

1+ INTROD0CTION 2+ NECESSITY OF THE SYSTEM 3+ REGENRATIVE BRAKE 4+ ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM

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5+ DESCRIPTION 6 OPERATION 7+ RES0LTS 8+ CONCL0SION

CHAPTER 1: INTROD0CTION

Brake:9 A )rake i! a "a(#ine e'e"ent an, it! -rin(i-'e %)e(t i! t% a)!%r) e n e r g , * r i n g , e (e ' e r at i % n+ e n e r g  $ #e r e a !  - % t e n t i a ' e n e r g +

I n v e # i ( 'e ) r a k e ! a r e * ! e , t % a ) ! % r ) k i ne t i (

i n # %i ! t ! % r

e 'e va t % r!

) r a ke !

a re

a '! %

t % a )! %r )

B (%nne(ting t#e "% ving "e ")er t% !tati%nar  &ra "e .

n % r " a ' '  ) r a k e ( % n v e r t ! k i n e t i ( e n e r g  t% # e a t e n e r g + %& energ an, a'!% $earing %& &ri(ti%na' 'ining "ateria'+ Regenerative Braking S!te":9

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* !e ,

T # i ! ( a * ! e ! $ a !t a g e

R e g e ne r a t iv e B r a k i n g S  ! t e " i ! t # e $ a  % & ! ' % $i n g v e # i ( ' e )  * ! i n g t # e " % t %r ! a ! ) r a k e ! +

I n ! te a , % & t # e ! * r - '* ! e n e r g % & t # e v e # i (' e ) e i n g

$a!te, a! *n$ante, #eat. t#e "%t%r! a(t a! generat%r! an, ret*rn !%"e %& it t% t#e %ver#ea, $ire! a! e'e(tri(it+ T#e ve#i('e i! -ri"ari' -%$ere, &r%" t#e e'e(tri(a' energ generate, &r%" t # e g e n er a t% r. $ # i ( # ) * rn ! g a ! %' i ne +

T #i ! e n e rg  i ! ! t % r e , i n a ' a rg e

 ) a t t e r . a n , * ! e , )  a n e ' e ( t r i ( " % t % r t # a t - r % v i , e ! " % t i v e & % r ( e t % t # e $ # e e '! +

T # e r e g en e r a ti v e ) a r ki n g t a k i ng - ' a ( e % n t # e v e # i (' e i ! a $ a  t %

% ) ta i n " %r e e & &i ( ie n ( / i n !t e a, % & ( % nv e rt i ng k i ne t i( e n er g  t % t # er "a ' energ t#r%*g# &ri(ti%na' )raking. t#e ve#i('e (an (%nvert a g%%, &ra(ti%n %&  it! kineti( energ )a(k int% (#arge in t#e )atter. *!ing t#e !a"e -rin(i-'e a! an a'ternat%r+ T # er e &% r e.

i &  %*

, r iv e ' % ng

, i !t a n( e $ i t# % *t

 - % $ e r i n g t # e v e # i ( ' e e n t i r e '  & r % " g a ! % ' i n e +

) r ak i ng .  %* ; ''

)e

T#e regenerative )raking

Regenerative Braking S!te" (%"e! int% it! %$n $#en %*;re ,riving in t#e (it. an, !-en,ing a g%%, ,ea' %& %*r ti"e )raking+   Y %* $ i ' ' ! t i ' ' * ! e " % r e & * e ' i n t # e ( i t  & % r e a ( # " i ' e  % * , r i v e t # a n % n t # e # i g # $ a . t # % * g # + < T # e r " % ,  n a " i ( ! t e ' ' ! * ! t # a t a ' ' i n e & & i ( i e n (  ( % " e ! & r % " #eat generati%n+ F%r in!tan(e. $#en %* )rake. t#e )rake -e,a'! #eat *- an, a = * a n t i t  % & # e at . % r e n e r g . i ! ' % ! t t % t # e % * t ! i , e $ % r' , +

F r i ( t i% n i n t # e

e n g i n e - r % , * ( e ! # e a t i n t # e ! a " e $ a + H e a t e n e r g . a ' ! % . # a ! # i g # e r e n t r % -  t # a n . ! a  . e ' e ( t r i ( . " e a n i n g t # a t i t i ! 'e!! %r,ere,+> De&initi%n: B r ak i ng " e t# % , i n $ # i( # t # e " e ( # an i (a ' e n er g  & r % " t #e ' % a, i ! (%nverte, int% e'e(tri( energ an, regenerate, )a(k int% t#e 'ine i! k n % $ n a ! R e ge n e r a t i v e B r a k i n g + T # e M % t % r %- e r a t e ! a ! g e n e r a t % r+ R e g e n e r a t i v e B r a k i n g F % r H  ) r i , Ve #i ( ' e : In "%!t e'e(tri( an, #)ri, e'e(tri( ve#i('e! %n t#e r%a, t%,a. t#i! i! a ( ( %" - 'i ! #e , )  % - er a ti n g t # e t r a( t i% n " % t% r a ! a g e ne r at % r. - r %v i ,i n g  ) r a k i n g t % r = * e t % t # e $ # e e ' ! a n , r e ( # a r g i n g t # e t r a ( t i % n ) a t t e r i e ! +

T#e

energ -r%vi,e, ) regenerative )raking (an t#en )e *!e, &%r -r%-*'!i%n %r  t% -%$er ve#i('e a((e!!%rie!+

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CHAPTER 2: NECESSITY OF THE SYSTEM T # e r e ge n er a ti v e ) r ak i ng ! ! t e " , e 'i v er ! a n * ") e r % & ! i gn i& i (a n t a , v a n t a g e ! % v e r a ( a r t # a t % n '  # a ! & r i ( t i % n )r a k e ! +

I n ' % $ 9 ! - e e , . !t % - 9 a n , 9

g % t r a && i ( $ # e r e ' i t t ' e , e ( e ' e r a ti % n i ! r e = *i r e , / t # e r e g e ne r a t iv e ) r a ki n g ! ! t e" ( a n - r % vi , e t # e " a  % r i t % & t #e t % ta ' ) r a k in g & % r ( e+ i "- r% v e!

& *e '

e (% n% "

$it #

a

v e# i( 'e .

a n,

& *r t# er

T #i ! v a ! t'  e n# an ( e!

a t t r a (t i v e ne ! ! % & v e # i ( ' e ! * ! in g r e g e n e ra t i v e ) r a ki n g & % r ( i t  , r i v i ng +

t#e At

#ig#er !-ee,!. t%%. regenerative )raking #a! )een !#%$n t% (%ntri)*te t% i"-r%ve, &*e' e(%n%" ? ) a! "*(# a! 2@+ C%n!i,er a #eav '%a,e, tr*(k #aving ver &e$ !t%-! %n t#e r%a,+ It i! % - e r a t e , n e a r " a  i "* " e n g i n e e & & i ( i e n ( +

T # e  @  %& t # e e n e r g  - r % , * ( e ,

i ! * t i ' i  e , t % % v e r ( % " e t # e r % ' ' i n g a n , a e r % , n a " i ( r % a , & % r ( e ! + $ a ! te , i n

a -- '  i n g

) r a ke

i ! a ) %* t 2  +

A ' !%

i t!

) r a ke

T#e energ

! -e (i & i ( & * e '

(%n!*"-ti%n i! 5+  N % $ ( % n ! i , e r a v e # i ( ' e . $ # i ( # i ! % - e r a t e , i n t # e " a i n ( i t  $ # e r e t r a & & i ( i ! a "a  % r - r % ) ' e " # e r e % ne # a ! t % a - - '  ) r a k e & r e = * e n t ' +

F%r !*(#

ve#i('e! t#e $a!tage %& energ ) a--'i(ati%n %& )rake i! a)%*t 7@ t% 75+ An, a'!% it i! ine&&i(ient a! it! )rake !-e(i&i( &*e' (%n!*"-ti%n i! #ig#+

R%a, @

Rake 75

Ot#er  1

Brake 2

HEAVY LOADED TR0CK

R%a, 27 %t#er 

CITY B0S

2+1 Gra-#i(a' re-re!entati%n %& energ *!age )et$een t$% ve#i('e!+

S % " e % & t # e a , v a n t a ge ! % & r e g e ne r a t iv e ) r a ki n g % v e r ( % n v e n ti % n a ' ) r a k i n g are a! &%''%$!: Energ C%n!ervati%n:

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T#e &'$#ee' a)!%r)! energ $#en )raking via a ('*t(# !!te" !'%$ing t#e (ar ,%$n an, !-ee,ing *- t#e $#ee'+

T % a ( ( e ' e r a t e . a n % t # e r ( ' * t ( # ! ! t e "

(%nne(t! t#e &'$#ee' t% t#e ,rive train. !-ee,ing *- t#e (ar an, !'%$ing , % $ n t #e & '  $ #e e ' + # ea t

a n,

' ig #t

E n e rg  i ! t # e r e& % r e ( % n !e r v e , r a t# e r t # a n $ a !t e , a !

$ #i (#

i!

$ #a t

n %r "a '' 

# a -- en !

in

t #e

( %n te "- %r ar 

!#%e,i!( !!te"+ ear Re,*(ti%n: An e'e(tri( ,rive train a'!% a''%$! &%r regenerative )reaking $#i(# in(rea!e! E & & i ( i e n (  a n , r e , * ( e ! $ e a r %n t # e v e # i ( 'e ) r a k e ! +

In regenerative raking.

$#en t#e "%t%r i! n%t re(eiving -%$er &r%" t#e )atter -a(k. it re!i!t! t#e t*rning %& t#e $#ee'!. (a-t*ring !%"e %& t#e energ %& "%ti%n a! i& it $ere a g e ne r at % r a n , r e t * rn i ng t # at e n er g  t % t # e ) at t er  - a ( k +

I n " e ( # an i (a '

 ) r a k e ! / ' e ! ! e n i n g $ e a r a n , e  t e n , i n g ) r a k e ' i & e i ! n % t - % ! ! i ) ' e + T # i ! r e , * ( e ! t#e *!e %& *!e t#e )rake+ F * e ' C % n ! * " - t i % n: T#e &*e' (%n!*"-ti%n %& t#e (%nventi%na' ve#i('e! an, regenerative )raking !!te" ve#i('e! $a! eva'*ate, %ver a (%*r!e %& vari%*! &ie, *r)an ,riving !(#e,*'e!+

T # e r e ! * ' t ! a r e ( % " - a r e , a ! !# % $ n i n & i g * r e +

Re-re!enting t#e

! i g ni & i ( an t ( % ! t ! a i n g t % i t ! % $ n er . i t # a ! ) e e n - r % ve , t # e r e g e n e r at i v e  ) r a k i n g i ! v e r  & * e ' 9 e & & i ( i e n t + Braking i! n%t t%ta' '%!!: C % n v e n t i % n a ' ) r a k e ! a - - '  & r i ( t i % n t % ( % n v e r t a v e # i ( ' e ; ! k i ne t i ( e n e r g  i n t % # e a t+

I n e ne rg  t er " ! . t # e re & %r e . ) r a ki ng i ! a t %t a ' ' % ! !:

g e n e ra t e , . i t i ! v e r  , i & &i ( * 't t % r e * ! e +

% n( e # ea t i !

T # e r e g en e r a ti v e ) r a k in g !  ! te " .

#%$ever. !'%$! a ve#i('e ,%$n in a ,i&&erent $a+

CHAPTER 3 :REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM + A regenerative )rake i! an a--arat*!. a ,evi(e %r !!te" $#i(# a''%$! a ve#i('e t% re(a-t*re an, !t%re  -art %& t#e kineti( energ t#at $%*', %t#er$i!e )e '%!t t% #eat $#en )raking+

T#e IMA %-erating -rin(i-'e

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H%n,a! -atente, IMA (%n(e-t i! =*ite !i"-'e 9 *!e an e&&i(ient Ott% engine !*--'e"ente, ) an e'e(tri( "%t%r $#en a,,iti%na' -%$er i! nee,e,+ A'!% re&erre, t% a! a #)ri, !!te" )e(a*!e it *!e! t$% -%$er !%*r(e!. t#e IMA (%n(e-t a''%$! t#e Civi( H)ri, t% *!e a !"a''er ga!%'ine engine $it#%*t a n !igni&i(ant '%!! in -er&%r"an(e+

T#i! !!te" i! e!-e(ia'' e&&e(tive ,*e t% t#e &a(t t#at a((e'erati%n re=* ire! a !igni&i(ant' #ig#er -%$er t#an nee,e, &%r (r*i!ing %n a 'eve' r%a, <$#ere ve#i('e! !-en, "%!t %& t#eir ti"e>+ An engine "%re -%$er&*' t#an nee,e, #a ! t% $%rk *n,er '%$ '%a, "%!t %& t#e ti"e. (%n,iti%n $#ere it! e&&i(ien( i! '%$er t#an *n,er #ig# '%a,!. t#*! $%r!ening t#e ve#i('e! &*e' e(%n%"++ T#e e'e(tri( "%t%r9generat%r -%!iti%ne, )et$een t#e engine an, tran!"i!!i%n a!!i!t! t#e engine $#en a((e'erating an, re(%ver! energ t% !t%re in )atte rie! $#en )raking %r ,e(e'erating . a''%$ing it t% %-erat e in,e-en,ent' $it#%*t t#e nee, &%r a gri, -%$er !*--'+ #en t#e Civi( H)ri, i! (%a!ting %r it! )rake! are a--'ie,. it! e'e(tri( "%t%r   ) e ( % " e ! a g e n e r a t % r . ( % n v e r t i n g & % r $ a r , " % " e n t * " < k i n e t i ( e n e r g  > i n t % e ' e ( t r i ( a ' e n e r g . i n ! t e a , % & $ a ! t i n g i t a ! # e a t , * r i n g ( % n v e n t i % n a ' ) r a k i n g + Energ i! !t%re, in a )atter -a(k '%(ate, )e#in, t#e rear !eat in t#e tr*nk+ I& t#e !tate %& (#arge %& t#e )atterie! i! '%$. t#e "%t%r9generat%r $i'' a'!% re(#arge t#e" $#i'e t#e Civi( H)ri, i! (r*i!ing+

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CHAPTER 4: ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM T#ere are t#ree )a!i( e'e"ent re=*ire, $#i(# are ne(e!!ar &%r t#e $%rking %& regenerative )raking !!te". t#e!e are : 1+Energ St%rage 0nit : T#e ES0 -er&%r"! t$% -ri"ar & *n(ti%n! 1+TO re(%ver 6 !t%re )raking energ 2+ TO a)!%r) e(e!! engine energ ,*ring 'ig#t '%a, %-erati%n T#e !e'e(ti%n (riteria &%r an e&&e(tive energ !t%rage in('*,e! 1+ Hig# !-e(i&i( energ !t%rage ,en!it 2+ Hig# energ tran!&er rate 3+ S"a'' !-a(e re=*ire"ent T#e energ re(a-t*re, ) regenerative )raking "ig#t )e !t%re, in %ne %&  t#ree ,evi(e!: an e'e(tr%(#e"i(a' )atter. a &'$#ee'. in a regenerative &*e' (e''+

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Regen an, Batterie!: it# t#i! !!te". t#e e'e(tri( "%t%r %& a (ar )e(%"e! a generat%r $#en t#e  ) r a k e - e , a ' i ! a - - ' i e , + T # e k i n e t i ( e n e r g  % & t # e ( a r i ! * ! e , t % g e n e r a t e e ' e( t ri ( it  t # at i ! t # en * ! e, t % r e (# a rg e t # e ) at t er i e! +  it # t #i ! ! ! t e ". tra,iti%na' &ri(ti%n )rake! "*!t a'!% )e *!e, t% en!*re t#at t#e (ar !'%$! ,%$n a! "*(# a! ne(e!!ar+ T#*!. n%t a'' %& t#e kineti( energ %& t#e (ar  (an )e #arne!!e, &%r t#e )atterie! )e(a*!e !%"e %& it i! '%!t t% $a!te #eat+ S%"e energ i! a'!% '%!t t% re!i!tan(e a! t#e energ trave'! &r%" t#e $#ee' a n , a  ' e . t # r % * g # t # e , r i v e t r a i n a n , e ' e ( t r i ( " % t % r . a n , i n t % t # e ) a t t e r + F % r   e  a" -' e . t # e T % %t a P r i* ! ( a n % n ' r e (a - t* r e a ) %* t 3 @  % & t #e v e #i ( 'e ! kineti( energ+ T#e H%n,a In!ig#t i! an%t#er ve#i('e in a,,iti%n t% t#e Pri*! t#at i! %n t#e "arket an, (*rrent' *!e! regenerative )raking+ In t#e In!ig#t t#ere are t$% ,e(e'erati%n "%,e!: #en t#e t#r%tt'e i! engage,. )*t t#e )rake -e,a' i! n % t . t # e v e # i( ' e ! ' % $ ! , % $ n g r a , * a '' . a n , t # e ) a t t er  r e ( e iv e ! a - a r t ia ' (#arge+

•

 #e n t # e ) r ak e - e ,a ' i ! , e -r e !! e ,. t # e ) a tt e r  r e ( e iv e ! a # i g# e r   (#arge. $#i(# !'%$! t#e ve#i('e ,%$n &a!ter+ T#e &*rt#er t#e )rake  - e , a ' i ! , e - r e ! ! e , . t # e " % r e t # e ( % n v e n t i % n a ' & r i ( t i % n ) r a k e ! a r e e"-'%e,+

In t#e In!ig#t. t#e "%t%rgenerat%r -r%,*(e! AC. $#i(# i! (%nverte, int% D C . $ # i ( # i ! t # e n * ! e , t % ( # a r ge t # e B a t t e r  M % , * ' e+ T # e I n ! i g #t . a ! $ e ' ' a ! a ' ' % t #e r r e ge n er a ti v e ! ! t e "! . " * !t # a ve a n e ' e( t ri ( ( % nt r %' ' er t #a t r e g * 'a t e ! # % $ " * ( # ( # a r ge t # e ) a t t e r  r e ( e i v e ! a n , # % $ " * ( # t # e & r i ( t i % n  ) r a k e ! a r e * ! e , + Regen an, F'$#ee'!: I n t # i ! !  ! te " . t # e t r a n ! ' a ti % n a ' e n e r g % & t # e v e # i ( ' e i ! t r a n !& e r r e , i n t % r%tati%na' energ in t#e &'$#ee'. $#i(# !t%re! t#e energ *nti' it i! nee,e, t % a ( ( e 'e r a t e t # e v e # i (' e + T # e ) e n e& i t % & * ! i ng & ' $ # e e ' t e ( # n % '% g  i ! t # a t " % re % & t #e & % r$ a r, i ne r ti a ' e n e rg  % & t #e ( a r ( a n ) e ( a -t * re , t # an i n

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 ) a t t e r i e ! . ) e ( a * ! e t # e & '  $ # e e ' ( a n ) e e n g a g e , e v e n , * r i n g r e ' a t i v e '  ! # % r t i n t e rv a ' ! % & ) r a ki n g a n , a ( ( e 'e r a t i% n + I n t # e ( a ! e % & ) a t t e r i e !. t # e  a r e n % t a)'e t% a((e-t (#arge at t#e!e ra-i, interva'!. an, t#*! "%re energ i! '%!t t% &ri(ti%n+ An%t#er a,vantage %& &'$#ee' te(#n%'%g i! t#at t#e a,,iti%na'  - % $ e r

!*--'ie,

)

t#e

&' $# e e '

,*ring

a((e'erati%n

!*)!tantia''

! * - - 'e " e nt ! t # e - % $ e r % * t - * t % & t # e ! " a ' ' e n g i n e t # a t # ) r i , v e # i ( ' e ! a r e e=*i--e, $it#+

2+ C%ntin*%*!' Varia)'e Tran!"i!!i%n :

T#e energ !t%rage *nit re=*ire! a tran!"i!!i%n t#at (an #an,'e t%r=*e a n , ! - e e , , e "a n , ! i n a ! t e e -' e ! " a n n e r a n , ! " % %t # '  ( % n t r %' e n e r g & ' % $ t % a n , & r % " t # e ve # i ( ' e $ # e e ' ! +

F % r t # e & ' $ # e e ' t # e ( % n t i n * % *! '  v a r i a ) ' e

tran!"i!!i%n an, ve#i('e )e(a*!e &'$#ee' r%tati%na' !-ee, in(rea!e! $#en ve#i('e !-ee, ,e(rea!e! an, vi(e ver!a+ F ' $ #e e'

( an

$ %r k

$ e' '

$ it #

e it #e r

" e( #a ni (a '

%r

# , r% !t at i(

(%ntin*%*!' varia)'e tran!"i!!i%n+

3+ C%ntr%' S!te": A n J O N9 O F F  e n gi n e ( % nt r % ' ! ! t e " i ! * ! e, +

T # a t "e a n ! t # a t t# e

engine i! JON *nti' t#e energ !t%rage *nit #a! )een rea(#e, t#e ,e!ire, (#arge (a-a(it an, t#en i! ,e(%*-'e, an, !t%--e, *nti' t#e energ !t%rage *nit (#arge &a'' )e'%$ it! "ini"*" re=*ire"ent+

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C H A P T E R 5 : DESCRIPTION 6 OPERATION H%$ regenerative )raking !!te" $%rk! Regenerative <%r Dna"i( Braking> %((*r! $#en t#e ve#i('e i! in "%ti%n. ! * ( # a ! ( % a ! t i n g. t r a v e ' i n g , % $n # i ' ' % r ) r a k i ng + i ! n % t ) e i n g , e -r e ! ! e, +

A n , t #e a ( ( e ' e r a t % r - e , a '

D * r in g J R e g e nt .  t # e " % t %r ) e ( % " e ! a g e n e r at % r  

an, !en,! energ )a(k t% t#e )atterie!+ I t i ! e  - 'a i n e ,

a ! & % ' '% $! . ) e( a * !e

t #e

$ #e e' ! % & a

, e( e ' e r a t in g

v e #i ( 'e a r e ! t i' ' " % vi n g & % r$ a r, . t # e ( a n ) e " a ,e t % t *r n t # e e ' e ( tr i ( " % t %r . $ # i (# t # e n & e e , ! e n e rg  t % t # e ) a t t er i e ! & % r ! t % ra g e +  ) e ( % " e ! .

T # e ! ! t e "

in e&&e(t. a generat%r. $#i(# -r%vi,e! )raking & %r(e $#i'e it

(%nvert! t#e ve#i('e;! kineti( energ int% a re*!a)'e &%r"9 e'e(tri(a' energ+  #e n

t #e

a ( ( e' e r a t %r

- e, a'

i!

r e' e a !e , .

t #e

a )! e n ( e

t r i g ge r ! a r e! - % n! e &r % " t # e E n e r g S t % r a ge 0n i t < E S 0 >+

%&

- r e !! *r e

R e g e ne r a t i ve

 ) r a k i n g ) e g i n ! . a n , t # e ) a t t e r i e ! a r e r e 9 ( # a r g e , )  t # e " % t % r . $ # i ( # i ! t * r n e, )  t # e $ # e e ' !+ I n t # i ! ( a ! e . t # e & r i (t i % n ) r ak e ! a r e n % t e n g a ge , +

I& 

"%re vig%r%*! ,e(e'erati%n i! re=*ire,. an, t#e )rake -e,a' i! ,e-re!!e,. t # i ! e n g a g e ! ) %t # ! e t ! % & )r a k e ! +

H % $ e v e r . t% " a  i " i  e e n e r g  e & & i ( i e n ( .

i t i ! a , v a nt a g e %* ! t % a - - '  t # e r e g e n er a t i ve ) r a k e a ! ! * ( # a ! - % ! !i ) ' e ? i t t # e r e& % r e t e n , ! t % , % " % r e % & i t ! t % t a ' $ % r k i n t # e & i r !t - a r t % & t # e ) r a k in g "%ti%n+ T#ere are t$% ,e(e'erati%n "%,e!: 1+ F%%t %&& t#r%tt'e )*t n%t %n )rake -e,a' ? in t#i! "%,e. t#e (#argea!!i!t ga*ge $i'' !#%$ -artia' (#arge. an, t#e ve#i('e $i'' !'%$ ,%$n gra,*a''+

2+ F%%t %n )rake -e,a' 9 In t#i! "%,e. a #ig#er a"%*nt %& regenerati%n $i''  ) e a ' ' % $ e , . a n , t # e v e # i ( ' e $ i ' ' ! ' % $ " % r e r a - i , ' +

D*ring 'ig#t )rake

 - e , a ' a - - ' i ( a t i % n . % n '  t # e I M A " % t % r   g e n e r a t % r i ! ! ' % $ i n g t # e ( a r +

i t #

#eavier )rake -e,a' a--'i(ati%n. t#e (%nventi%na' &ri(ti%n )rake! a'!% (%"e int% -'a+ #en ,e(e'erating. regenerati%n $i'' (%ntin*e *nti' engine !-ee,

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& a ' ' ! t % a ) % *t 1 @ @ @ r - " + ne*tra'+

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A t t # i ! - % in t . t # e , r i v er $ i ' ' t  - i( a ' '  ! # i &t i n t %

EAMPLE

Mer(*r H)ri, Mariner 

1 + M e r( * r Ma r in e r H ) r i , Pr%,*(ti%n P*'' a#ea,: Pr%,*(ti%n )egin! a ear a#ea, %&  !(#e,*'e Gr%$ing t#e Mer(*r Bran,: Ne$ "%,e'! an, g%a'! Di!tin(tive De!ign: Mariner &eat*re! ('ean 'ine!. (are&*' (ra&t!"an!#iP%$er P'a: F*''9#)ri, ga!%'ine an, e'e(tri( -%$ertrain Dna"i( C#a!!i!: Ni")'e #an,'ing an, a !"%%t#. =*iet ri,e D i ! t i n g * i ! # e , S a & e t : F * ' ' a r r a  % & ! a & e t  & e a t * r e ! Green Mi!!i%n: F%r, M%t%r C%"-an! !trateg &%r !*!taina)i'it in ve#i('e! •

• •

• • • •

T#e Mer(*r Mariner H)ri, %&&er! a *ni=*e' !ati!&ing tran!-%rtati%n (#%i(e &%r an ever9in(rea!ing !eg"ent %& t#e -%-*'ati%n (%n(erne, a)%*t t#e envir%n"ent+ It! a !t'i!#. *-!(a'e !-%rt9*ti'it ve#i('e $it# ni")'e #an,'ing an, i"-re!!ive -er&%r"an(e. a! $e'' a! a"-'e (arg% an, t%$ing ( a - a ( i t + I n a , , i t i % n . i t  ! a n e n v i r % n " e n t a ' '  ( % n ! ( i % * ! S 0 V $ i t # re"arka)'e &*e' e(%n%" ? an e!ti"ate, 33 "i'e! -er ga''%n <"-g> (it. 2 "-g #ig#$a ? an, i! e-e(te, t% "eet t#e ('eane!t e"i!!i%n! rating a ( # i e v a ) ' e )  a & % ! ! i ' 9 & * e ' v e # i ( ' e < C a ' i & % r n i a  ! A , v a n ( e , T e ( # n% ' % g  P a r t i a '  e r % E " i ! ! i % n ! V e# i ( ' e ! t a n , a r , > +

Engineer! -'a(e, t#e a,,iti%na' #)ri, -%$ertrain (%"-%nent! '%$ an, t% t#e rear. t% '%$er t#e (enter %& gravit an, i"-r%ve t#e (%nventi%na' Mariner! &r%nt9rear $eig#t ,i!tri)*ti%n+

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T#e ra(k9an,9-ini%n !teering i! e'e(tri(a'' a!!i!te,. rat#er t#an *!ing t#e tra,iti%na' #,ra*'i( !teering -*"- &%r (%n!i!tent !teering e&&%rt! an, (%ntr%' $#et#er t#e ga!%'ine engine i! !t%--e, %r r*nning+ Regenerative  ) r a k i n g * ! e ! t # e t r a ( t i % n " % t % r t % a ! ! i ! t t # e & % * r 9 $ # e e ' , i ! ( ) r a k e ! i n !'%$ing Mariner H)ri, $#i'e !i"*'tane%*!' generating e'e(tri(it &%r (#arging t#e )atter+

•

R e g e n e r a t i v e ) r a k i n g % & T % % t a P r i * ! : T % % ta r e a ' i e , t # a t % n e $ a  t % a ( # i e v e ' % n g e r v e # i ( 'e r a n g e $ a ! t %

(%n!erve an, re*!e !%"e %& t#e energ t#at a ve#i('e n%r"a'' '%!e! a! #eat (a*!e, ) )raking &ri(ti%n+

T # i ! i , e a ' e , e n g i n e e r ! t % a - - '  t # e -r i n ( i - ' e !

%& regenerative )raking+ In a'' T%%ta ve#i('e! t#at &eat*re t#e regenerative )raking !!te". t#e regenerative )rake i! %n' re!-%n!i)'e &%r a -art %& t#e ,e(e'erati%n n e ( e ! ! a r  t % ! t % - t# e v e # i ( ' e +

I n a n E V. t# i ! & r a ( t i % n i ! ,e t e r " i n e , )  t # e

v e # i ( ' e ; ! ! - e e , $ # e n )r a k i n g i ! in i t i a t e , +

T # e r e " a i n in g ) r a k i n g &% r ( e i !

 - r % v i , e , )  t # e v e # i ( ' e ; ! & r i ( t i % n ) r a k e ! +

T% " a  i " i  e & * e ' e ( % n % " . % & 

( % * r ! e. t # e r e g e n er a ti ve ) ra ki n g ! ! te " i ! " a, e t % , % a ! " *( # % & t #e  ) r a k i n g $ % r k a ! - % ! ! i ) ' e +

C % " - % n e n t 0 ! e , i n T % % t a P r i * ! & % r R e g e n e r a t i v e B r a k i n g S  ! t e " :

Brake Pe,a': It i! *!e, t% a --' )raking &%r(e ) t#e ,river+ H,ra*'i( B%%!ter 0nit:

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It i! (%"-%!e, %& t#e "a!ter ('in,er an, t#e reg*'at%r. re!-%n,! in t$% !te-!+ Fir!t it !igna'! e'e(tr%ni(a'' t% t#e )rake EC0 t#at )raking &%r(e #a!  ) e e n , e " a n , e , +  - e , a '

!tr%ke

Ne  t. t #e "a !t e r ( ' i n,e r e  er t ! # , r a * ' i ( -r e ! !*r e %n t # e

!i"*'at%r.

an,

t#e

reg*'at%r

&ee,!

# , r a * ' i(

&'*i,

t%

t#e

#,ra*'i( -re!!*re (%ntr%' *nit+ Brake EC0: T # e ) r a k e E C 0 ! e n! e ! t # e ) r ak i ng , e "a n , a n , ! e n, ! a & r a( t i% n % & t #i ! ,e"an, t% t#e THSEC0 &%r regenerative )raking+ It a'!% (a'(*'ate! t#e &%r(e ne(e!!ar t% &*'&i'' re"aining )raking ,e"an, an, in!tr*(t t#e #,ra*'i( -re!!*re (%ntr%' *nit t% -a!! %n a (%rre!-%n,ing a"%*nt %& #,ra*'i( &'*i, Pe,a' Str%ke Si"*'at%r: It

a )! %r )!

an

a "% *n t

%&

# , r a *' i (

- re ! ! *r e

& r% "

" a! t e r

( ' in ,e r

t #a t

( % rr e !- % n, ! t % t # e a " %* n t % & ) r ak i ng & % r( e a - -' i e, )  t # e r e ge n er a ti v e  ) r a k i n g ! ! t e " + A! #,ra*'i( -re!!*re i! &e, )a(k t% t#e -e,a'. t#e -e,a'. t#e -e,a' !tr%ke !i"*'at%r &ee,! )a(k t% t#e "a!ter ('in,er+

THS EC0: It in,*(e! regenerative )raking. an, ret*rn! a !igna' t#at in,i(ate! )raking &%r(e %*t-*t )a(k t% t#e )rake EC0+ H,ra*'i( Pre!!*re C%ntr%' 0nit: I t - a! !e ! % n a ( %r r e! -% n, i n g a "% *n t % & # , ra * ' i( & ' * i, t % a & % * r $ a  ('in,er+

CHAPTER 7: RES0LT Regenerative )raking te(#n%'%g i! %ne "%re -%!itive !te- &%r$ar, in T%%ta;! =*e!t t% rea'ie t#e *'ti"ate e(%(ar+ B $%rking in (%n(ert $it#  - r e v i % * ! '  T %% t a ;!

,eve'%-e,

e ' e( t ri (

e'e(tri(

v e #i ( 'e !

an,

"%t%r

te(#n%'%gie!.

# ) r i,

v e #i ( 'e !

it!

a--'i(ati%n

< i n( ' *, i ng

t #e

#e'-!

r e (e n t' 

r e ' e a ! e , - ri *! > t % a ( # ie ve e t e n ,e , r a n ge ! a n , t % ) e & r i e n ,' i e r t % t #e e n vi r %n " en t t # a n e v e r ) e & %r e +

A t t # e ! a "e t i "e . t # i ! n e $ t e ( # n% '% g 

re"ain! *n%)tr*!ive' in t#e )a(kgr%*n,/ ,river! )ene&it &r%" regenerative

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 ) r a k i n g $ # i ' e e n  %  i n g t # e ! a " e & i r " ) r a k i n g & e e ' & % * n , i n ( % n v e n t i % n a ' '  e=*i--e, ve#i('e!+

#ee' R%tating Devi(e+

#ee' ? A R%tating Devi(e ? B S#a&t! ? C+D+ Gear)% ?E C'*t(# ? G S-ring 9 H

S#a&t!+

 

Gear)%

C'*t(#

S-ring

8+1 Regenerative )raking !!te" *!ing Nitin%' S-ring

A #,ra*'i( regenerative )raking !!te" i"-r%ve! t#e &*e' e(%n%" %& F%r,! F935@ T%nka 25935 ,*ring !t%-9an,9g% ,riving+ T#e !!te" -r%vi,e! -%$er ,*ring initia'

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a((e'erati%n $#en ,e"an, -eak!+

T#e HLA !!te" (%n!i!t! %& a rever!i)'e #,ra*'i( -*"-"%t%r &r%" Eat%n! F'*i, P%$er Gr%*- (%*-'e, t% t#e ,rive !#a&t t#r%*g# a ('*t(# an, t$% a((*"*'at%r!+ A! t#e ,river !te-! %n t#e )rake. t#e  - * " -  " % t % r & % r ( e ! #  , r a * ' i ( & ' * i , % * t % & a ' % $ 9 - r e ! ! * r e a ( ( * " * ' a t % r a n , int% a #ig#9-re!!*re a((*"*'at%r. in(rea!ing t#e -re!!*re %& nitr%gen ga! !t%re, t#ere t% 5.@@@ -!i+ D*ring a((e'erati%n. t#e HLA !!te" !$it(#e! &r%" t#e -*"- "%,e t% t#e "%t%r "%,e. t#e nitr%gen ga! &%r(e! t#e #,ra*'i( &'*i, )a(k int% t#e '%$9  - r e ! ! * r e a ( ( * " * ' a t % r . a n , t # e - * " -  " % t % r a - - ' i e ! t % r = * e t % t # e , r i v e ! # a & t t#r%*g# t#e ('*t(#+ I& =*i(k a((e'erati%n i! re=*ire,. t#e F935@! ,ie!e' engine $%rk! $it# t#e HLA !!te"

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T # e #  , r a * ' i ( ' a * n ( # a ! ! i ! t !  ! t e " i n t # e F 9 3 5 @ T %n k a & * n ( t i % n ! a ! a !e(%n,ar !%*r(e %& energ ,*ring -eak -%$er ,e"an,+ It (%n!i!t! %& a '%$9  - r e ! ! * r e a ( ( * " * ' a t % r i n ) ' * e . a n , a # i g # 9 - r e ! ! * r e a ( ( * " * ' a t % r i n r e , + T # e !!te" (a-t*re! energ n%r"a'' ,i!!i-ate, a! #eat ,*ring )reaking. !t%re! it. an, *!e! it 'ater ,*ring -eri%,! %& -eak -%$er ,e"an,+

Eig#t -er(ent %& t#e initia' kineti( energ i! ret*rne, t% t#e ve#i('e+ T#e !  ! t e " ! t % r e ! a - - r %  i " a t e '  3  @ k  % & e n e r g  . ! a  ! B r a , B % # ' " a n n . a "e(#ani(a' engineer an, )*!ine!! ,eve'%-"ent (%%r,inat%r in A,van(e, Te(#n%'%g at Eat%n! F'*i, P%$er Gr%*-+ it# t#at "*(# energ. $e (an a((e'erate a 1@.@@@9') ve#i('e &r%" a ,ea, !t%- t% )et$een 25 an, 3@ "i'e!  - e r # % * r $ i t # n % a ! ! i ! t a n ( e & r % " t # e v e # i ( ' e  ! ( % " ) * ! t i % n e n g i n e +  F%r, t#ink! t#at )%t# e'e(tri( an, #,ra*'i( regenerative !!te"! #ave a &*t*re. !a! %#n Brevi(k. a F%r, "e(#ani(a' engineer $%rking %n t#e HLA !!te"+ B*t &%r #eav ve#i('e! 'ike %*r 1@.@@@9') F935@ tr*(k!. #,ra*'i(! are )etter at (a-t*ring '%!t energ t#an e'e(tri( !!te"!+ Eat%n! B%#'"ann e-'ain! t#at t#e rea' a,vantage %& #,ra*'i(! i! in it!  - % $ e r , e n ! i t +  H  , r a * ' i ( ! i ! ( a - a ) ' e % & t r a n ! & e r r i n g e n e r g  v e r  = * i ( k ' .  !a! B%#'"ann+ T#e rate %& energ tran!&er i! in a #)ri, e'e(tri( !!te" %&  a ! i " i ' a r ! i  e i ! " * ( # ' % $ e r + B%#'"ann a,,! t#at t#e !-e(i&i( v%(ati%n %r ,riving (('e %& t#e ve#i('e ,eter"ine! $#et#er a #)ri, #,ra*'i( %r #)ri, e'e(tri( !!te" i! )e!t !*ite, &%r t#e ve#i('e+ T#ink %& #,ra*'i(! a! a !-rinter. -r%vi,ing &a!t  ) * r ! t ! % & - % $ e r .  # e ! a  ! +  A n e ' e ( t r i ( #  ) r i , i ! " % r e ' i k e a " a r a t # % n r*nner+ T#e (#a''enge n%$ i! t% "ake *!e %& t#e regenerative )raking !!te" !ea"'e!! t% t#e (*!t%"er. !a! F%r,! Brevi(k+ e !ti'' #ave r%%" &%r i"-r%ve"ent! an, &ee' t#e HLA !!te" #a! a '%t %& -%tentia'+ A! &%r t#e &*t*re. F%r,. Eat%n. an, t#e 0+S+ Envir%n"enta' Pr%te(ti%n A g e n (  < E P A> a r e  % i n t '  ( % n , * ( t i n g r e ! e a r ( # % n #  , r a * ' i ( #  ) r i , v e # i ( ' e ! . in('*,ing interna' (%")*!ti%n engine! t#at $%*', -r%,*(e #,ra*'i(  - r e ! ! * r e t % , r i v e t # e v e # i ( ' e + E a t % n ! i g n e , ) % t # a t e ( # n % ' % g  ' i ( e n ! e

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agree"ent an, a (%%-erative re!ear(# an, ,eve'%-"ent agree"ent $it# t#e EPA &%r t#e ,eve'%-"ent %& &*t*re generati%n !!te"!+ Inertia. F%r(e an, Ma!! E v e r  t # i n g # a ! i n e r t i a / i & i t # a ! a " a ! ! . i t # a ! i n e r t i a + A # ) r i , r e ( ' a i " ! energ t#r%*g# t#e &*n,a"enta'! %& -#!i(!+ D% %* re"e")er an #ig# !(#%%' %r (%''ege -#!i(! Y %* a - - '  a & % r ( e t % " % v e a n % )  e ( t + T # e e = * a t i % n & % r t # i ! i ! : F"a JF )eing t#e &%r(e. J" )eing t#e "a!! an, Ja )eing t#e a((e'erati%n T#e &a!ter %* $ant an %)e(t t% a((e'erate. t#e "%re &%r(e %* #ave t% a--'+ Let;! *!t '%%k at t#e e'e(tri( "%t%r &%r n%$+ Energ &r%" t#e )atter <att!> i! a--'ie, t% t#e (%i' $in,ing! in t#e "%t%r+ T#e!e $in,ing! t# en  - r % , * ( e a " a g n e t i ( & % r ( e % n t # e r % t % r % & t # e " % t % r . $ # i ( # - r % , * ( e ! t % r = * e %n t#e %*t-*t !#a&t+ T#i! t%r=*e i! t#en a--'ie, t% t#e $#ee'! %& t#e (ar via a (%*-'ing %& gear! an, !#a&t!+ #en t#e $#ee' t*rn!. it a--'ie! a &%r(e t% t#e gr%*n,. $#i(# ,*e t% &ri(ti%n )et$een t#e $#ee' an, t#e gr%*n, (a*!e! t#e ve#i('e t% "%ve a'%ng t#e !*r&a(e+ T#i! i! 'ike i& %* $ere in a )%at at a ,%(k. an, %* gra))e, t#e ,%(k a n, -*!#e, $it# %*r ar"+ T#e &%r(e %* are generating i! "%ving t#e )%at re'ative t% t#e '%(ati%n %& t#e ,%(k+ T#e "%re &%r(e %* a--'. t#e &a!t %* get t#e )%at t% "%ve+ Fri(ti%n in H)ri,! T#ere i! &ri(ti%n ever$#ere in t#e #)ri, ! !te"+ T#ere i! e'e(tri(a' &ri(ti%n )et$een t#e at%"! an, e'e(tr%n! "%ving in t#e $ire! )et$een t#e  ) a t t e r  a n , t # e " % t % r a n , t # r % * g # t # e " % t % r i t ! e ' & + T # e r e i ! " a g n e t i ( &ri(ti%n in t#e "eta' 'a"inati%n! t#at "ake *- t#e "agneti( (ir(*it %& t#e "%t%r. a! $e'' a! in t#e "agnet! again %n t#e at%"i( 'eve'+ T#en. t#ere i! "e(#ani(a' &ri(ti%n )et$een ever "%ving -art. !*(# a! t#e )earing!. !ea'!. g e a r ! . ( # a i n ! a n , ! % % n + T # e )  9 - r % , * ( t % & & r i ( t i % n i ! # e a t + T a k e % * r # a n , ! r*) t#e" t%get#er an, %*r -a'"! get $ar"+ T#e &a!ter %* ,% it. t#e &a!ter t#e #eat *-+ A'!%. t#e #ar,er t#e are -re!!e, t%get#er. t#e &a!ter t#e $i'' #eat+ Fri(ti%n i! energ '%!t t% #eat+ #en a'' %& t#e!e '%!!e! are a,,e, *-. t#at i! $#at ,eter"ine! t#e e&&i(ien( %& t#e ve#i('e+ Fri(ti%na' L%!!e! in C%nventi%na' Car! A !tan,ar, (ar generate! t%r=*e t% "%ve t#e $#ee'! t% ,rive t#e ve#i('e ,%$n t#e r%a,+ D*ring t#i! ti"e. it i! generating &ri(ti%n an, '%!!e!+ #en %* a--' !tan,ar, )rake!. it i! *!t an%t#er &ri(ti%n ,evi(e t#at #a! !-e(ia'' ,e!igne, "ateria' t% #an,'e t#e #eat &r%" &ri(ti%n. $#i(# i! a--'ie, t% t#e ,r*"! an, r%t%r! t#at !t%- t#e $#ee' &r%" t*rning+ T#e &ri(ti%n )et$een t#e $#ee' an, t#e gr%*n, !t%-! t#e ve#i('e+ T#i! !tan,ar, ve#i('e #a! &ri(ti%na' '%!!e! t% "%ve t#e ve#i('eQan, *!e! t#e &*n,a"enta'  ) e # i n , & r i ( t i % n a ' ' % ! ! e ! t % ! t % - t # e v e # i ( ' e + S % i t ; ! a ' % ! e 9 ' % ! e ! i t * a t i % n +

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Tran!&erring T%r=*e Ba(k t% t#e M%t%r  T#i! inertia i! t#e &*n,a"enta' -r%-ert %& -#!i(! t#at i! *!e, t% re('ai" energ &r%" t#e ve#i('e+ In!tea, %& *!ing 1@@ %& t#e &%*n,ati%n )rake! %& t#e ve#i('e. $#i(# are t#e &ri(ti%n )rake!. $e n%$ 'et t#e 'inkage! )a(k t% t#e "%t%r !*(# a! t#e ,rive !#a&t!. (#ain!. an, gear! tran!&er t#e t%r=*e &r%" t#e $#ee'! )a(k int% t#e "%t%r !#a&t+ One %& t#e *ni=*e t#ing! a)%*t "%!t e'e(tri( "%t%r! i! t#at e'e(tri(a' energ (an )e tran!&erre, int% "e(#ani(a' energ an, a'!% "e(#ani(a' energ (an )e tran!&erre, )a(k int% e ' e ( t r i ( a ' e n e r g + I n ) % t # ( a ! e ! . t # i ! ( a n ) e , % n e v e r  e & & i ( i e n t ' + T#*!. t#r%*g# t#e te(#n%'%g %& t#e "%t%r an, "%t%r (%ntr%''er. t#e &%r(e at t#e $#ee'! )e(%"e! t%r=*e %n t#e e'e(tri( "%t%r !#a&t+ T#e "agnet! %n t#e !#a&t %& t#e "%t%r <(a''e, t#e r%t%rQt#e "%ving -art %& t#e "%t%r> "%ve  - a ! t t # e e ' e ( t r i ( ( % i ' ! % n t # e ! t a t % r < t # e ! t a t i % n a r  - a r t % & t # e " % t % r >  - a ! ! i n g t # e " a g n e t i ( & i e ' , ! % & t # e " a g n e t ! t # r % * g # t # e ( % i ' ! - r % , * ( i n g e ' e ( t r i ( i t + T # i ! e ' e ( t r i ( i t  ) e ( % " e ! e ' e ( t r i ( a ' e n e r g  . $ # i ( # i ! - * " - e , ) a ( k   t% t#e )atter+ T#i!. in t*rn. (#arge! t#e #)ri, )atter -a(k+ T#i! i! $#ere t#e (%""ent Jregenerati%n %r Jre('ai"ing energ (%"e! &r%"+ T#at i! t#e )a!i(! %& #%$ regenerati%n $%rk!+ H%$ "*(# energ %* (an re('ai" ,e-en,! %n a '%t %& &a(t%r!+ T#ere are ,i&&erent regenerati%n t#e%rie! an, ,e!ign!. $#i(# &a'' int% t$% gr%*-!: %ne )eing (a''e, -ar a''e' regen an, t#e %t#er (a''e, !erie! regen. $#i(# are ,i&&erent &r%" t#e -ara''e' an, !erie! #)ri,!+ T#e!e regen gr%*-! !tri(t' are ,e!ign t%-%'%gie! &%r  ) r a k i n g ! ! t e " ! + I t a ' ! % " a t t e r ! # % $ " a n  $ # e e ' !  % * a r e * ! i n g t % r e ( ' a i " e n e r g + M % ! t v e # i ( ' e ! t % , a t e a r e & r % n t $ # e e ' , r i v e ! %  % * ( a n % n '  r e ( ' a i " energ &r%" t#e &r%nt $#ee'!+ T#e )a(k $#ee'! !ti'' $a!te energ t% !tan,ar, &ri(ti%n )rake! *n'e!! t#e are !%"e#%$ (%nne(te, )a(k t% t#e e'e(tri( "%t%r+ T#e %t#er &a(t%r i! )atter !tate %& (#arge an, #%$ #ar, (an %* ,rive t#at energ )a(k int% t#e )atter+

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CHAPTER 8: CONCL0SION

T # e % r e t i ( a ' i n v e ! t i g a t i % n! % & a r e g e n e r a t i v e ) r a k i n g !  ! t e " ! # % $ a ) % * t 2 5  ! a v i n g i n & * e ' ( % n ! * " - t i % n+ T #e

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T # e t r a , i t i %n a ' ( % ! t %& t # e !  !t e " ( % * ' , ) e r e ( %v e r e , i n

t#e &e$ ear! %n'+ T # e e  #a * !t e " i! ! i% n % & v e #i ( 'e * ! in g t # e r e ge n er a ti v e ) r ak i ng ( % n( e -t $%*', )e "*(# 'e!! t#an e=*iva'ent (%nventi%na' ve#i('e! a! 'e!! &*e' are *!e, &%r (%n!*"-ti%n+ T # e! e ! ! t e" ! a r e - a rt i (* 'a r '  ! * it a )' e i n , e ve ' %- i ng ( % *n t ri e ! ! * (# a ! I n ,i a $ #e r e ) * !e ! a r e t #e - r e& e rr e , " ea n ! % & t r an ! -% r ta t i% n $ it # in t #e (itie!+

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1>

G en e r a' M % t %r ! e ) !i te < $ $ $ + g " + ( % " > +

2 > $ $$+ !a e + % r g 3>

$ $$+ g %% g' e+ ( % "

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