RECENT ADVANCES IN ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS
Introduction Endodontic treatment is based on the principles of – Debridement, Sterilization and obturation of the root canal system. Careful cavity preparation, can preparation and canal obturation are the keystones to successful root canal therapy which are dependent on complete removal of
!ulp tissues
! u l p re re m n a n t s
"acteria
" ac a c te t e ri r i al a l c om o m po p o ne n e nt n t s fr f r om o m p u lp lp s pa p a ce ce .
#he factors which defect these are –
# yp yp e o f i ns ns tr tr um um en en t u se se d
$aterial
#echn i% ues
& p e r a t o r s sk sk i l l
'istory(
" e f or or e ) * + , , e n do d o d o nt nt i c i n st s t r um u m e nt n t s w e re re m a nu n u f ac a c t ur u r e d w i th t h o ut ut be b e n e f i t o f a n y e s t a b l i s h e d c r i t e r i a . # h e r e w a s l i t t l e u n i f o r m i t y i n %uality control of manufacturer. Earlier for the manufacturer of root canal instruments, the primary forms was mainly on - materials ) . C ar a r bo b o n S te t e el el . - . S ta t a in i n le l e ss s s s t ee ee l. l. C ar a r bo bo n
S te te el el
–
i ns n s tr t r um u m en en t
w as as
u su s u al a l ly ly
p ro r o du d u ce ce d
by
ri r i nd n d in in
ra r a du d u at a t ed e d s iz i z es es o f r ou o u nd n d p ia i a no n o w ir i r e i nt n t o s %u % u ar a r e o r t ri ri an a n u u la la r confiuration. It was a very hard material. Stainless steel instrument was resilient and ductile than carbon steel. #hese wires are round alon its lon a/is into a 0 sided 1s%uare cross section2 or 3 sided 1#rianular cross section2 tapered shaft that is twisted into each blade of a similar sized instrument determines whether that instrument is a reamer havin less flutes or a file havin m or o r e f lu l u te t e s. s . # he h e c ut u t ti t i n n e ff f f ic i c ie i e nc n c y o f t he h e se s e m at a t er e r ia i a l i s m or or e a s compared to other materials. "ut it also has limitations like – distorts faster, 4ractures, problems with precurvin in hihly curved canals. Due to these drawbacks or limitations #itanium was introduced.
#itanium is a fle/ible material with favourable properties for an ideal instrument desin. #itanium alon with 5ickel forms a still better material than others. # it i t an a n iu i u m w it i t h 4 lu lu mi m i ni n i um u m i s a ls ls o i nt n t ro r o du d u ce c e d w hi h i ch c h I w ou o u ld ld b e discussin later in recent advances. Classification of Instruments I. 6ll to 7rossman a 2 E / pl p l o ri r i n i n st st r um u m e nt nt s i.e. to locate the canal orifice and determine its patency. Endodontic e/plorers Smooth broaches b2 b 2 D e b r i d i n i n s t r u m e n t s i.e. intirpate the pulp and remove any forein debris. "arbed broaches c 2 S h ap ap i n n i n st s t r um u m e nt nt s i.e. the shape the root canal laterally and apically. 8eamers
4iles d 2 & b tu tu r at a t i n n i n s t r um um e nt nt s i.e. to cement and park uttapercha into the root canal
Spreaders
!luers
9entuth – spirals
6:#&$6#ED 8&&# C6569 !8E!686#I&5 DE;ICES If used in collaboration with hand instruments most of the devices c a n s a me me a s u s ef ef u l a d
I t is is ea ea s y to to us us e .
Saves time.
I de de al al pr p r ep ep a ra ra ti ti on on of o f 8C 8C
8 e du d u c ti ti o n i n f at at i u u e 1 o ve v e r aall l s tr t r a in i n b e c om o m es e s l e s s an a n d f a ti ti ue ue i s led2.
8 ed e d uc u c ti t i on o n i s t r ea e a tm t m en e n t t im i m e w hi h i ch c h d e p en en ds d s o n t h e t oo o o th th t o b e treated to be treated and e/pertise of clinicians.
9imitations(
# he he y c a n b e u s ed e d o nl n l y a f te te r m a nu nu al a l e ar ar ly l y p ha h a se se o f t r ea ea tm t m en en t carried out.
# he h e se s e c a n b e u s ed e d o n l y a ft f t er e r t h e c o mp m p le l e ti t i on o n o f p r e pa p a ra r a ti t i on on o f canals usin IS& size no. )+.
# he h e re r e i s l ac a c k of o f ta t a ct c t il i l e se se ns n s at a t io io n .
#hey can be enerally classified as ) 2 8 ec e c ip i p ro r o c al al - 2 8 ot ot ar ar y 3 2 : lt l t ra r a so s o ni ni c 0 2 S on on ic i c s. s. IS& 7roups II and III( E n i i n e d r iv i v e n i n st st r um u m e nt n t s c a n b e u s ed e d i n 3 t y pe p e s o f c o nt n t r an a n le le d handpieces(
4 ul u l l r ot o t ar a r y 1 la l a tc t c h = fr fr ic i c ti t i on o n r r ip ip 2
8 ec ec ip i p ro r o ca c a l % ua u a rt r t er er tu t u rn rn .
S pe pe ci c i al a l h an a n dp d p ie i e ce ce t ha ha t i mp mp ar a r ts ts a v er e r ti t i ca ca l s t ro r o ke k e b ut u t w it it h a n a dd dd ed ed
r ec ec ip ip ro ro ca ca ti ti n n
% ua ua rt rt er er
t ur ur n
t ha ha t
c ut ut s
in
w he he n
th e
instruments is stressed. 6u to Stock(
# he he y c a n b e c la la ss s s if i f ie ie d a u t o t h e t yp y p e o f m ov o v em e m en e n t i mp m p o rt rt ed ed t o the cuttin instrument.
8otary
8ecipro cal
;ertical
8and om.
I. 8D> I n st st ru r u me m e nt n t at a t io i o n w it i t h a f ul u l l r ot o t ar a r y h an a n d pi pi ec e c e i s b y s tr t r ai a i h h t l in in e drillin or side cuttin. :ses( )2 #o develop develop coronal acces accesss to canal orifice orifice do do not bend. - 2 # o wi w i d er e r a s m u ch c h a s - = 3 r d or canals. 32 #o prepare prepare post channels channels for for final restora restorations. tions. 6s these instruments do not bend they should be used in slow speed handpieces. E/ample(
$ ed e d id i d en e n ta t a e e ar a r r ed ed uc u c ti t i on o n h an an dp d p ie i e ce ce
S e ns ns om om at at ic ic h an a n dp dp ie ie ce ce .
?here, the tor%ue is controlled and speed is reduced to as much as )@ 8$!. #he most popular enine – driven instruments are(
7ates – 7lidden
8eso reamers
5itimac
&rifice opener
Canal master :
$ cS cS p ad ad de de n E n n in in e f il il e
7ates – 7lidden Drills(
$ ad a d e o f h ar a r de d e ne n e d c ar a r bo b o n s te t e el el .
I t h as a s a l o n , , t h in i n s h af a f t e nd n d in i n i n a f la l a me m e s h ap ap e d he h e ad a d w i th th a safe tip to uard aainst perforations
:ses(
4or initial openin of canal orifice.
4or deepest penetration penetrati on in both straiht straiht and curved canals.
#o remove the linual shoulder in anterior teeth.
# he h e f l a me me s h ap a p ed e d h e a d c ut u t s l at a t er e r al a l ly ly a n d i s u s ed e d w i th t h e n tl t l e, e, apically directed pressure.
# he he y a r e i n fl f l e/ e / ib i b le l e t he h e re r e fo f o re r e t he h e i ns n s tr t r um u m en e n t w a s d e si s i n n ed ed t o h av av e a w ea ea k s p ot ot i n t he he p ar ar t o f t he he s ha ha ft ft c l os os es es t t o t h e handpiece, so that if the instrument separates the separated part can be easily removed.
77D
# h ey ey c om o m e in in s iz iz e s ) A w h ic i c h ar ar e IS IS & st st a nd n d a rd rd .
@.+, @.B, @.*, ).)@ ).3@, ).+@
Diain mm ) !eeso 8eamers(
-
3
0
+
A
$ ad a d e o f h ar a r de d e ne n e d c ar a r bo b o n s te t e el el .
# he he se s e h av av e lo lo n n s ha h a rp r p f lu lu te t e s. s.
# he he se s e ar a r e a ls l s o f la la me m e sh s h ap a p ed ed .
S ha h a rp r p er e r c ut u t ti t i n n e d d e, e , c u ts ts l at at er e r al a l ly ly .
$ore efficient.
:ses( )2 :sed in preparin preparin coronal coronal part of root canal canal for post and core. cor e. - 2 # o r e mo m o v e ut u t t a a p er e r c ha ha . Sizes
)A
Diameters in mm
@.B,
@.*, ).)@, ).3@, ).+@, ).B@
)
-
3
0
+
A
Disadvantae(
# he h e se s e i ns ns tr t r um u m en e n ts t s co c o rr r r o de de e as as il i l y. y.
Infle/ible.
$cSpadden Enine 4ile(
D es e s i i n ed ed t o be b e u se s e d in i n r o ta ta ry r y i n st st ru r u me m e n t. t.
5 i #i #i $ 6C 6C – a n e w ea ea r r ed ed uc uc ti ti on on h a nd n d pi pi ec ec e 1 5# 5# c om om pa pa ny ny :S62 is used which runs at 3@@rpm.
6 ls l s o Se S e n so so ma m a ti t i c 'a ' a n dp dp ie i e ce c e c an a n b e us u s ed ed .
- d i ff ff e re r e n t t y pe p e s of of 5 i# i # i fi f i l es e s h av a v e be b e e n d e si si ne ne d .
Sensory files
5i#i/l files
8e 8 e d e s i n e d ' ' t y p e in in s t r u m e n t
: t y p e co c o n f i u r a t i o n ma made from 5i#i. 5ow called 5#p ower files. 6 re re th th e f in i n is i s hi h i n n f il i l es es .
6dvantaes
4le/ible
8esistance to fracture
# h es es e f i le le s a r e ma m a n uf u f a ct c t u re r e d w i th th a a f f e ct ct i ve ve t i p t h at at f a c il il i ta t a t es es neotiatin around curvatures and ledes.
&rifice &pener(
$ a r t i n h a s d ev ev e l o p e d a n o ri ri f i c e o p en en e r u s e d t o f l a r e a n d pr p r e p a r e t h e c e r v i c a l a n d m i d d l e p o r t i o n s o f t h e c a n a l .
: se se d in i n s lo l o w sp sp e ed ed l at at ch c h t yp y p e ha h a nd n d pi p i ec e c e. e.
C om om eess in i n si si ze ze s - + + B@ B@ .
# h is is $ se se r ie i e s of o f o p en en e rs rs a re r e m o re re f le l e / ib i b l e t h an a n 7 7D 7D .
Canal $aster System
I nt n t ro r o du d u ce c e d b y ? id i d le l e y a nd n d Se Se n ia ia .
6 s d is is cu cu ss ss ed ed b ef ef or or e i n h an an d i ns ns tr tr um um en en ts ts t h es es e a re re s s ty ty le le modifications with a enine driven system.
#hese are same with a latch type to be used in enine. II. 8ECI!8&C69
#his
uses
a
special
handp iece
i ns n s tr tr um u m en en t, t , t hr h r ou o u h h * @ @
which
contrarotates
the
3 @@ @ @ @ t im i m es e s = m in i n 1 % ua ua rt r t er e r t t ur ur n
motion2.
# he h e se s e w er e r e in i n tr t r od o d u ce ce d in i n ) ** ** b y 8 ol o l li l i ns ns .
#hese
may
be
classified
dep endin
on
the
direction
of
movement that they import.
8otary 7iromatic err $0 E n d o cu cu r s o r 7iromatic(
;ertical 1!u shp ull2
C aan n a l f in in de d e r s ys ys te te m I n t r a en e n d o 39 39 D S ; Endolift
I n t r o d u c e d in i n )* )* A 0
6 v a ri ri e ty t y o f c a na na l i ns n s t ru ru m en e n t s ca c a n b e us u s e d wi w i t h th t h e 7 ir ir o ma m a t ic ic .
7iro pointer 1orifice opener )Amm2
7iro broach
7iro file 1'file confiuration2
7iro reamer
'eliirofile 13 cuttin blades in CS2
6u to ?eine( 7iromatic produced wider apical deviations 1zip2 in canals with sharp apical curvature. 9ater instruments like F#riocutG were desined for 7iromatic.
Kerr M4
I t i s so s o n a me me d b e ca ca u se s e i t u ti t i l iz i z e s 0( 0( ) ea e a r r ed e d u c ti ti o n h an an d pi p i e ce ce .
I t i m pa pa rt r t s a r ec e c ip i p ro r o ca c a l w a tc tc h w w in i n di d i n n 3 @ @ m o t io io n t o t h e e n d o instrument.
:sed at )+@@ rpm.
S a fe fe l y ' fi fi l es e s ar a r e u s ed e d wi w i t h t h is i s ha h a n d pi pi e ce ce .
Disadvantaes )2 Causes Causes fre%uent fre%uent breakae breakae of instrument. instrument. -2 Creates
h o u r l l a s s
p re re p a r a t i o n ,
ledes
zips,
and
strip
pe p e r f o r a t i o n s . Canal 4inder System
I t w as as de d e ve ve lo l o pe p e d i n 4 ra ra nc n c e. e.
I t i s a sp sp e ci c i a li li z ed e d h a nd n d p i ec ec e w it it h a v er e r t ic i c a l mo mo v e me me n t of of @ . 3 t o )mm H a free rotation a movement 1)=0 turn2
If there is no resistance in the canal the instrument moves upto )mm.
In cases of minimal resistance it moves @.3mm.
In severe resistance it stops.
I nc n c re r e as a s in in
t he he
v er e r ti t i ca ca l
vertical movement.
p re r e ss ss ur ur e
w il il l
s to to p
t he he
# he h e f r e e r o ta t a ti t i on o n a l m ov o v em e m en e n t a l lo l o ws ws t h e t i p o f t h e i n s tr t r um u m en en t to more away from an obstruction in the root canal wall.
6 f i le l e = f f il il es e s e i th t h er e r m ad ad e o f s t ai ai nl n l es es s s te t e el e l = 5 i # # i c an an b e used.
# h e cu c u t ti t i n i ns n s t ru ru m en e n t s a re re s p ec e c i al a l l y de d e s i i n ed e d a s t h ey ey h a v e 0 @ @ helical anle more pronounced cuttin and better debridement as discussed earlier.
# he h e c li l i ni n i ca c a l r e s ea ea rc r c h a s so s o c ia ia te t e s d e sc s c ri r i be b e d i t a s F s im i m pl p l e, e , e as a s y, y, pr p r e d i c t a b l e , a u t o m a t e d i n s t r u m e n t t h a t c o m p a r e s f a v o u r a b l y t o , or e/ceeds e/ceeds hand instrumentation instrumentation and especially especially well suited suited for narrow or hihly curved canals.
Disadvantaes( Causes zippin = transportation. :ses (
S h a p i n th t h e ca c a n al al .
8 e tr t r e at at m en e n t o f r o ot o t c an a n a ls ls c on o n t ai a i n in i n ut ut t a a p er e r c ha ha .
Canal 9eader(
I s a mo mo di d i fi f i ed e d s pe p e ed e d r ed e d uc u c in i n ha h a nd n d pi p i ec ec e
' a s a v e r t i c al al m o v e m e n t a n d o f @ .0 .0 – @ . m m m a n d c o n tr tr a rotational movement which is restricted to 3@.
# hr h r ee e e c u tt tt in i n i ns n s tr t r um u m en e n ts t s a r e av a v ai a i la l a bl b l e( e(
file with safe ended tip for narrow C.
$ore aressive 'file.
6 universal file which is fle/ible 'file with safe ended tip.
Intra Endo 39DS;(
I t i s a ea ea si s i er e r – t yp y p e h an a n d pi pi ec e c e. e.
I s a lo l o o k k a li l i k e o f th th e c a na na l fi fi n de d e r s y st s t e m. m.
6 p ar a r t f ro ro m u p a nd nd d ow o w n m ov ov em em en en t, t, i t c an an i mp mp or or t f u ll ll t ur ur n movement when a/ial pressure is applied.
# he h e v er e r ti t i ca c a l mo m o v em em en e n t is i s i n ra r a n n e o f @. @. 0m 0 m m. m.
I t ca ca n ma ma k e u s e o f co co n v en en t io io n a l r e am a m e r a n d ' fi fi l e. e.
Endo 9ift 1err2(
I s a l so so a l o ok o k al a l i ke k e of o f ca c a n al a l fi f i n de d e r s y st s t e m. m.
E/calibur
! r od od u c es es a ra r a n do d o m l a te t e r aall v i b ra ra t or o r y m o ti t i o n. n.
I t v ib i b r at a t e s on o n l y la l a t er e r a ll l l y a nd n d i s d er e r i ve v e d o f v er er t ic i c a l mo mo v em e m e nt nt .
# he h e a mp m p li l i tu t u de d e o f m ov o v em e m en e n t is is ) .+ . + – -m - m m. m.
f f il i l es e s a re re u se se d at at - @, @, @ @@ @@ – -+ - + @ @@ @@ r pm pm .
#his
device
may
be
classified
as
a
subsonic
i n st st r u m e n t
1oscillates at )@@@-@@@ fre%uency=sec2. Disadvantaes(
D ue u e t o it it s
e ff f f ec e c ti t i ve v e c ut u t ti t i n n a b il il it i t y it i t m ay ay r em e m ov o v e e/ e / c es es si s i ve ve
dentin.
# e nd nd s t o s tr tr a i i h te t e n t h e c a na n a l s or o r c a us us e s st s t r ip ip p e r fo fo r at a t i on on s .
III. :9#86S&5ICS
I s b as as e d on on a s y st st e m in in w h ic i c h s ou ou n d as a s e ne n e r y so so u rc r c e a ct ct i va va t es es a file. #his results in a 3D activation of the file.
I t i m po p o rt r t s s i nu n u so s o id i d al a l v ib i b ra r a ti t i on o n s o f h i h i n te t e ns n s it i t y t o r o o t c a na na l i n st s t r um u m e nt nt a ti t i o n i n t h e r a n e w h ic ic h i s a b ov o v e t h at a t o f a u di d i b le le pe p e r c e p t i o n .
# h e ma ma i n de de b ri r i d in i n a ct ct i on o n w as a s t h ou ou h t t o b e by by c a vi v i t at a t i on on .
& r i i i na n a l ly l y i n tr t r o du d u c ed ed t o e n d od od o n ti ti c s b y 8 i ch ch m an a n i n ) * + B, B, i t w a s f u r th th e r d e ve v e l op o p e d b y ' o wa wa r d, d , $ a rt r t i n a n d ? a lt lt e r C u n ni ni n h h a m i n )*BA. Intereslinly, ultrasonics was intended by them to be used as a root canal sterilizin device. #here are - methods methods of eneratin eneratin ultrasoncis ultrasoncis oscillations oscillations in the file shank.
$anetostrictiv e 8 ee% % ui u i r es es w at at er er c oo oo li li n n i . e. e.
!eizoelectric $ o r e po po w e r f u l .
if
Does
5a&Cl
is
u sed
as
an
irriant, the water must be
not
re%uire
wa t e r
coolin.
led away from the stack via Disadvanta Disadvantaes( es( 6pical 6pical widenin widenin additional
tubin.
# h i s ledes in curved canals.
m ak a k es e s t he h e h a nd nd pi p i ec e c e b ot o t h E. ( E56C, 5eosonic $iniendo clumsy and e/pensive
13@,@@@ – 3+@@@ 'z2
! r od od uc u c es es t ap ap e re re d c an a n a l e ( (
Cavi Endo 1-+,@@@ 'ertz2 - types of files are used( ) 2 " ot o t h us u s e fi f i le le -2 Diamond Diamond imprenated imprenated file for the the straiht straiht part of the canal. cana l. 6dvantaes ) 2 C l ea ea n in i n o f r o ot o t c a na na l d u e t o a r ou o u s ti t i c s t r e a mi mi n 1 t u r bu b u l en en c e alon the shank of the file when immersed in a fluid2. -2 Causes Causes less e/trusion e/trusion of root canal canal debris debris into periape/. periape/. )@)+ number files should be used as they are most fle/ible and therefore causes less ledes. :ses( a2 6s a root root canal canal shapin shapin device. device. b2 b 2 6 s a d e b r i d i n d e v i c e b y c a v i t a t i o n p r o c e s s i . e . a p r o c e s s by b y w h i c h b u b b l e s f o r m e d f r o m a c t i o n o f f i l e b e c o m e unstable, collapse and cause a vacuum like implosionJ. c2 #o remove remove posts posts or fractur fracturee instrumen instruments. ts. d2 #o coat coat the canal wall with sealer sealer.. I;. S&5ICS
# h e p ri ri n ci c i p al a l s o n ic ic e n d od od o n ti ti c h an a n d p ie ie c e a va va i la la b le l e t o d ay ay i s t h e
$icro mea )+@@ 1$$)+@@2.
Sonic 6ir Endo System.
# h es es e us us e co co m pr p r e ss s s e d a i r a t a p r es e s s ur ur e of o f @ .0 . 0 $ !a !a .
# h ey ey i m pa pa r t v i b ra ra t io io n in i n t h e f r ee% % u en e n c y o f ) +@ + @ @ 3 3 @ @@ @ @ ' z. z.
6 v ib i b r at a t i on o n a l w a ve ve f o rm rm i s i m po p o r te t e d t o t h e f i le l e s ha h a n k. k.
3 c h oi oi c es es o f f il il e s th th a t c a n be b e u se s e d w it it h s on on i c ha ha n dp d p i ec e c e s a r e( e(
8ispi sonic
Shaper sonic
#rio sonic
6 l l th th e se s e i n st st r um u m e nt n t s h av a v e a sa s a f e en e n d ed ed n o n c c u tt tt i n n t i p of of ) . + – -.@mm in lenth.
# he he I S& S& si s i ze ze ra r a n n e fr fr om o m ) + + 0@ 0@ . Ris pi Dev by Dr. 8etano Spina in Italy
Shaper by Dr. 9. $. 9 au a u ri r i ch c h es e s se se i n 4rance.
8esembles tail file
rat
: s e d in i n co coro nal rd -=3 of root canal
cu cu t t i n bl bl a d e s
!rodu ces undulatin = rippled canal wall
$icromea 8etroprep (
8 esembles h ir ir sk sk y b ar ar be be d br b r o a c h .
for coatin sealers and pl p l a c i n Ca1&'2 - paste.
l e a s t ef effectiv e
:sed in apical third 1)=3 r d 2
)A cuttin bl b l a d e s most effective in widenin than can als 1than respisonic2
Trio also known as heliosonic or triosonic. 8 esemb les a reamer or tipple helire 'file
# i ps ps a r e d e si si ne n e d f o r p er er i ap a p i ca c a l s u r r e ri r i e s, s , t h e se se a r e a v ai ai l ab ab l e i n 3 standardized members 1K3+, K0+, K++2 and in 3 lenths 1-mm, 3mm2 but these can only by used where there is an e/istin hole in the tooth in which it insert.
? h en en l at at er er al al m ov ov em em en en t i s s to to pp p p ed ed i n t h e c an an al al a v er er ti ti ca ca l movement of appro/ )@@ml is evident. #he movement of the file shank creates a form of acoustic microstreamin with areas of turbulence – one around the midshank other cut the tip.
Ultrasonics Sonics ! er e r mi m i ts ts u se se o f e it i t he h e r a n i ne n e rt r t , I rr r r i i at a t io i o n i n l im i m it i t ed e d t o f il i l te t e re re d
sterile i rr r r i i an an t
or
chemically
s el el ec e c te te d
by
a c t i v e ' -& -&
as
d el e l iv iv er e r ed ed
t hr h r ou o u h h
t he he
c li l i ni n i ci c i an a n dental unit coolin system.
15a&Cl2. &scillations are transverse
It is elliptical It re%uires a settin up or special connection as it involves only a
C ircumferential filin 4 r e % u e n c y - @, @, @ @ @ - + @ @ @ = s e c 96SE8S
handpiece. Circumferential filin )+@ @A +@@ c ycles=min .
# he he u s e o f l as as er e r s is i s s t il il l t o b e a pp pp ro r o ve ve d b y t he h e : S f o od od a n d d ru ru
a dm d m i ni ni st st ra ra ti ti o n. n.
pr p r o m i s i n .
5 o ne ne th th el el es es s
th e
m et et ho ho d
a pp p p ea ea rs rs
? ac a c hm h m an a n w as a s t he h e f ir i r st s t b e su s u es e s t la l a se s e rs rs .
9 ev e v y m a de d e u s e o f 5 d (> ( > 67 6 7 l a se s e r m o un u n te t e d w it i t h f i br b r e e op o p ti ti c t o clean and shape the canal.
? av a v el e l en e n t t hs h s o f ) .@ . @ Am A m w as a s us us ed ed .
# h e la l a s er er b e am a m i s c ar ar r ie ie d t h ro ro u h a si si l ic ic a f ib i b r e ac a c c om o m p an an i ed ed b y a coolin system that delivers a spray of air and water.
9 ea e a vy v y c om o m pa p a re r e d t h e l a se s e r p r e pa pa ra r a ti t i on o n . : s in i n S E $ e v al a l ua u a ti t i on on he concluded that preparation with a laser beam is opossible with an improvement in the cleanliness of canal walls when compared to conventional techni%ues.
$CLI$ Series 1$ity files2 1IEM, -@@@2
6 r e a se s e r ie i e s o f 5 i i # i r ot ot a ry r y i n s tr tr u me m e n ts t s a v ai a i l ab ab l e i n + d if if f er er e n t tapers and 0 desins. #apers
@.@3,
@.@0, @.@0+, @.+ and @.@++ all with identical tip
size -+.
' a ve v e fl fl a tt t t e ne n e d r a di d i a l l a nd n d a n o n c c u tt t t i n n ti t i p s. s.
0 di d i ff f f er e r en e n t b la la de d e de d e si si n n . a2 : ty pe b2 b 2 ' w i t h p r o r e s s i v e r a d i a l w i t h d i s s i m i l a r h e l i c a l 9 J s t o pe p e r m i t w i d e n i n a t t h e a p e / a n d p r e f e r e n t i a l s i d e c u t t i n . c2 @.@- tapers tapers with e%ual e%ual radial radial lands utmost utmost their their lenths. lenths.
Instruments for sealin the root canal.
62 'and and 4iner 'eld Instruments 1i2
S ev e v er e r al a l v ar a r ie i e ti t i es e s o f s pe p e ci c i al a l iz i z ed e d e nd n d od o d o nt nt ic i c p li l i er e r s a nd n d f or o r ce c e ps ps are available for placement of silver point and 7! Cones.
# he h e p l i er er s e ne ne ra r a ll l l y h a ve ve a t ap a p er e r ed e d r o ov o v e a l on on t he h e b e a k f or or firmly raspin the rided silver cone, whereas the forceps may have either rooved or serrated beaks for holdin 7.!. cones.
E n do d o do do nt nt ic ic f or o r ce ce ps ps d if if fe fe r f ro ro m c om om m on on c o ll ll e e e o r c ot ot to to n forceps in that they have a latch mechanism for lackin the instrument in the closed p osition. #his mechanism allows easier t ra r a ns n s fe f e r o f a n d i ns n s tr t r um u m en e n t a nd n d m at a t er e r ia i a l f ro r o m a ss s s is i s ta t a nt nt t o operator durin treatment.
1ii2 Endodontic condenses 1pluers2 and spreaders
6 re r e s mo m o ot o t h m e ta t a l i n st s t ru r u me m e nt n t s u s ed ed t o c o mp m p re r e ss s s a nd n d c o mp mp ac ac t t he he
7 .! .!
m at at er er ia i a l e it i t he he r l at a t er e r al a l ly ly
o r v er e r ti t i ca ca ll l l y w it it hi h i n t he he
pr p r e p a r e d r o o t c a n a l s p a c e a c c o r d i n t o e i t h e r t h e l a t e r a l o r vertical condensation of 7.!. fillin techni%ues. Spreaders
Pluers
' av a v e m or o r e t ap a p er e r ed e d a n d p oi o i nt n t ed ed ' a v e s l u n t o r f l a t e n d e d t i p s f o r t ip i p s f or o r l at at er e r al a l p ac ac ki k i n n o f t he h e compression material 6ccordin to the IS&=6D6 in )**@, these instruments are modeled as
5o 5 o . ) + 0 + f o r s p r e a d e r s 5o 5 o . ) + ) 0 @ f o r p l u e r s #his new attempt to brin order out of chaos would abondon the old confusin numberin systems 1))@, D)), D))#, 6"CD, L4, 44, 4, $, 4$ etc2.
9 o n n h a nd n d l ed e d s p r ea ea d er e r s = p l u u er e r s a re r e f o rm r m e d o f ch ch r o me me p la la t ed ed or stainless steel with operative head at various 9s to the shaft.
$ s s er e r ie ie s
p lu l u er er ,
s pr pr ea e a de de r
a re re
d ou o u bl b l e e en en de de d
l on o n ha h a nd n d le le d
instruments instruments that correspond correspond to the standard sizin and taper of type files and reamers.
# he he ha h a nd n d le l e s a re r e co c o lo l o r co co de de d. d.
6
specification
for
spreaders
and
pluer
is
currently
developed by the 65SI standard. + d i i i t n o. o.
t h e
first - diits represent the diameter of the
instruments at the tip. remainin
3 diits desinate the taper in hundredths of mm.
