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1 Reading Read ing Test Test 50 MINUTES, 41 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
DIRECTIONS Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph).
Te fortune lef by his grandfather, who had been
Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage. The following following passage is adapted adapted from a 1913 novel novel about a detective who attempts to solve the murder of a wealthy
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�nancier.
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Between what matters and what seems to matter, how should the world we know judge wisely? When the scheming, indomitable brain of Sigsbee Manderson was scattered by a shot from an unknown hand, that world lost nothing worth a single tear. It gained something memorable in a harsh reminder of the vanity of such wealth as this dead man had piled up—without making one loyal friend to mourn him, without doing an act that could help his memory to the least honour. But when the news of his end came, it seemed to those living in the great vortices of busines businesss as if the earth, too, shuddered under a blow. In all the lurid commercial history of his country there had been no �gure that had so imposed itself upon the mind of the trading world. He had a niche apart in its temples. Financial giants, strong to direct and augment the forces of capital, and taking an approv approved ed toll in millions for their labour, had existed before; but in the case of Manderson there had been this t his singularity, singularity, that a pale halo of piratical romance, a thing especially dear to the hearts of his countrymen, had remained incongruously about his head through the years when he stood in every eye as the unquestioned guardian of stability,, the stamper-ou stability stamper-outt of manipulat manipulated ed crises, the foe of the raiding chie fains that infest the borders b orders of Wall Wall Street.
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one of those chie fains on the smaller scale of his day, had descended to him with accretion through his father, who during a long life had quietly continued to lend money and never had margined a stock. Manderson, who had at no time known what it was to be without large sums to his hand, should have been altogether of that newer American plutocracy which is steadied by the tradition and habit of great wealth. But it was not so. While his nurture and education had taught him European ideas of a rich man’s proper external circumstance; circumstance; while they had rooted in him an instinct for quiet magni �cence, the larger costliness which does not shriek of itself with a thousand t housand tongues; there had been handed on to him nevertheless much of the Forty-Niner and �nancial buccaneer, his forbear. During that �rst period of his business career which had been called his early bad manner, he had been little more than a gambler of genius, his hand against every man’s—an infant prodigy—who brought to the enthralling pursuit of speculation a brain better endowed than any opposed to it. At St. Helena it was laid down that war is a beautiful occupation ; and so the young Manderson had found the multitudinous and complicated dog-�ght of the Stock Exchange of New York. Ten came his change. At his father’s death, when Manderson Manderso n was thirty years old, some new revelation of the power and the glory of the god he served seemed to have come upon him. With the sudden, elastic adaptability adaptability of his nation he turned to steady labour in his father’s banking business, closing his ears
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to the sound of the battles of the Street. In a few years he came to control all the activity of the great �rm whose unimpeached conservatism, safety, and �nancial weight lifed it like a cli ff above the angry sea of the markets. All mistrust founded on the performances of his youth had vanished. He was quite plainly a di ff erent man. How the change came about none could with authority say, but there was a story of certain last words spoken by his father, whom alone he had respected and perhaps loved.
1 4 Te passage suggests which of the following about
Manderson’s death? A) Its cause was unknown, but news of it spread quickly throughout the �nancial world. B) It served as a reminder that �nancial prosperity is not more valuable than health. C) It had a greater impact on Manderson’s business connections than on his personal connections. D) It occurred when Manderson was only thirty years old, at a time when many distrusted him.
1 Te primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
A) discuss the life of a powerful �nancier and explain the impact of his death.
5 Which choice provides the best ev idence for the answer to the previous question?
B) reveal the motivations behind a sudden change in the life of a tycoon.
A) Lines 3-5 (“When . . . tear”)
C) outline the reasons that a wealthy businessman made few friends.
B) Lines 5-12 (“It gained . . . blow”)
D) argue that prosperity is more likely to result from hard work than from risky speculations.
D) Lines 53-59 (“ Ten . . . Street”)
C) Lines 16-26 (“Financial . . . Street”)
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2 Based on the information in the pass age, Manderson was known chie �y for his
In context, “temples” in line 16 refers to
A) sharp business practices and harsh manner toward those he thought inferior.
B) sanctuaries of calm.
B) vast wealth and willingness to lend money at low interest rates.
D) factory storehouses.
C) European habits and unusual good fortune as a gambler. D) power and determination to protect the security of the �nancial sector.
A) city chapels. C) prominent marketplaces.
7 Te information in lines 43-48
Manderson’s A) youth. B) natural talent.
3 Which choice provides the best ev idence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 3-10 (“When . . . honour”) B) Lines 16-26 (“Financial . . . Street”) C) Lines 27-31 (“ Te fortune . . . stock”) D) Lines 36-48 (“While . . . to it”)
C) irresponsibility. D) fearlessness.
primarily illustrates
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10 In lines 48-52, the reference to St. Helena serves primarily to
As used in line 57 “elastic” most nearly means
A) introduce a comparison.
B)
B) present a perplexing dilemma.
C) expandable.
C) cite a historical fact.
D) looped.
D) suggest a potential career path.
9 Te
“change” referred to in line 53 is Manderson’s change from A) supporter of his father’s business to rival taking over that business. B) soldier in St. Helena to eminent business magnate. C) disrespectful prodigy to trusted clerk. D) clever speculator to steadfast and industrious banker.
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A) rubbery. �exible.
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Questions 11-20 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from The Federalist Papers, a series of essays and articles jointly written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, all of whom were Founding
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Fathers of the United States. John Jay wrote the essay below, “Federalist Paper 2,” on October 31, 1787. In it he discusses the question of maintaining the United States as a single nation or dividing the country into a collection of small independent sovereignties. Jay’s essay was written in the context of rising
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concern among Americans that one or more European powers would attempt to return the United States to its former status as a colony.
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To the People of the State of New York: When the people of America re �ect that they are now called upon to decide a question, which, in its consequences, must prove one of the most important that ever engaged their attention, the propriety of their taking a very comprehensive, as well as a very serious, view of it, will be evident. Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of government, and it is equally undeniable, that whenever and however it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers. It is well worthy of consideration therefore, whether it would conduce more to the interest of the people of America that they should, to all general purposes, be one nation, under one federal government, or that they should divide themselves into separate confederacies, and give to the head of each the same kind of powers which they are advised to place in one national government. It has until lately been a received and uncontradicted opinion that the prosperity of the people of America depended on their continuing �rmly united, and the wishes, prayers, and e ff orts of our best and wisest citizens have been constantly directed to that object. But politicians now appear, who insist that this opinion is erroneous, and that instead of looking for safety and happiness in union, we ought to seek it in a division of the States into distinct confederacies or sovereignties. However extraordinary this new doctrine may appear, it nevertheless has its advocates; and certain characters who were much opposed to it formerly, are at present of the number. Whatever may be the arguments or inducements which have wrought this change in the sentiments and declarations of these gentlemen, it certainly would not be wise in the people at large to adopt these new Cracking the New SAT
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political tenets without being fully convinced that they are founded in truth and sound policy. It has ofen given me pleasure to observe that independent America was not composed of detached and distant territories, but that one connected, fertile, wide-spreading country was the portion of our western sons of liberty. Providence has in a particular manner blessed it with a variety of soils and productions, and watered it with innumerable streams, for the delight and accommodation of its inhabitants. A succession of navigable waters forms a kind of chain round its orders, as if to bind it together; while the most noble rivers in the world, running at convenient distances, present them with highways for the easy communication of friendly aids, and the mutual transportation and exchange of their various commodities. With equal pleasure I have as o fen taken notice that Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people—a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs, and who, by their joint counsels, arms, and e ff orts, �ghting side by side throughout a long and bloody war, have nobly established general liberty and independence. Tis country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.
11 Te position that Jay takes in his essay can best be
described as that of A) an impartial onlooker pointing out both sides of an issue. B) a leader arguing for a particular outcome. C) an intellectual studying a historical decision. D) a spokesperson seeking a reasonable compromise.
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As used in line 12, “vest” most nearly means A) clothe.
Which choice provides the best ev idence for the answer to the previous question?
B) abandon.
A) Lines 8-12 (“Nothing . . . powers”)
C) endow.
B) Lines 25-29 (“But . . . sovereignties”)
D) belong.
C) Lines 29-32 (“However . . . number”) D) Lines 63-68 (“ Tis . . . sovereignties”)
13 Based on the information in lines 33-38, Jay believes that those who choose to support dividing the country into separate confederacies
16 In lines 39-43 Jay makes a distinction between ,
A) self-reliance and liberty.
A) are contradicting the wishes, prayers, and e ff orts of the majority of its citizens.
B) secluded provinces and a uni �ed dominion. C) deserted marketplaces and lush farmland.
B) value independence over safety and happiness.
D) division and independence.
C) should not do so without �rst examining the issue thoroughly. D) are threatening the prosperity of the nation by encouraging political turmoil.
17 Based on the information in the fourth paragraph, waterways play all of t he following roles in America EXCEPT
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A) act as boundaries that encircle the nation.
In lines 26-29 (“instead . . . sovereignties”), what is the most likely reason t hat Jay mentions the idea of a “division of the States”?
B) facilitate trade. C) create channels for settlements to exchange messages.
A) To disagree with the claim that people must give up some of their natural rights to the government B) To introduce a point of view that he will later counter by showing that the people of the country are linked by strong bonds C) To argue that dividing the states into separate sovereignties would result in increased prosperity for citizens D) To contend that politicians have been hesitant to adopt the doctrine of division because they �nd the concept too astonishing
D) provide sources of drinkable water.
18 As used in line 34, “wrought” most nearly means A) caused. B) ornamented. C)
�nished.
D) engraved.
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20 Te principal rhetorical e ff ect of the phrase in
In the �nal paragraph of the passage, Jay
lines 55-58, (“a people . . . government”) is to
A) predicts a probable development.
A) discuss four reasons that show the impossibility of dividing the United States into distinct confederacies.
B) states his central argument.
B) suggest a four-part method of maintaining the United States as a single nation.
D) concludes by qualifying a previous statement.
C) argue against division by emphasizing the ways in which the people of the country are united. D) show that Jay believes that the people of the United States all came from the same families, grew up speaking the same languages, and developed the same beliefs.
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C) summarizes by introducing a metaphor.
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Questions 21-30 are based on the following passage. The passage below is adapted from an article discussing
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minor Elizabethan dramatists. It focuses on the works of Thomas Heywood and Thomas Middleton, two in�uential playwrights of the early seventeenth century. Tomas
Heywood, of whom little is known, was one of the most proli �c writers the world has ever seen. In 1598 he became an actor, or, as Henslowe, who employed him, phrases it, “came and hired himself to me as a covenanted servant for two years.” Te date of his �rst published drama is 1601; that of his last published work, a “General History of Women,” is 1657. As early as 1633 he represents himself as having had an “entire hand, or at least a main �nger,” in two hundred and twenty plays, of which only twenty-three were printed. “It is true,” he says, “that my plays are not exposed to the world in volumes, as others are: one reason is that many of them, by shi fing and change of companies, have been negligently lost; others of them are still retained in the hands of some actors, who think it against their peculiar pro �t to have them come in print; it was also never any great ambition in me to be in this kind voluminously read.” It was said of him, by a contemporary, that he “not only acted every day, but also obliged himself to write a sheet every day for several years; but many of his plays being composed loosely in taverns, occasions them to be so mean.” Besides his labors as a playwright, he worked as translator, versi �er, and general maker of books. Late in life he conceived the design of writing the lives of all the poets of the world, including his contemporaries. Had this project been carried out, we should have known something about the external life of Shakespeare; for Heywood must have carried in his brain many of those facts which we of this age are most curious to know. Heywood’s best plays evince large observation, considerable dramatic skill, a sweet and humane spirit, and an easy command of language. His style, indeed, is singularly simple, pure, clear, and straightforward; but it conveys the impression of a mind so di ff used as almost to be characterless, and incapable of �ashing its thoughts through the images of imaginative passion. He is more prosaic, closer to ordinary life and character, than his contemporaries. With less �uency of diction, less skill in fastening the reader’s interest to his fable, harsher in versi�cation, and generally clumsier in construction,
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the best plays of Tomas Middleton are still superior to Heywood’s in force of imagination, depth of passion, and fullness of matter. It must, however, be admitted that the sentiments which direct his powers are not so �ne as Heywood’s. He depresses the mind, rather than invigorates it. Te eye he cast on human life was not the eye of a sympathizing poet, but rather that of a sagacious cynic. His observation, though sharp, close, and vigilant, is somewhat ironic and unfeeling. His penetrating, incisive intellect cuts its way to the heart of a character as with a knife; and if he lays bare its throbs of guilt and weakness, and lets you into the secrets of its organization, he conceives his whole work is performed. Tis criticism applies even to his tragedy of “Women beware Women,” a drama which shows a deep study of the sources of human frailty, considerable skill in exhibiting the passions in their consecutive, if not in their con �icting action, and a �rm hold upon character; but it lacks pathos, tenderness, and humanity; its power is out of all proportion to its geniality; the characters, while they stand de�nitely out to the eye, are seen through no visionary medium of sentiment and fancy Tere is, indeed, no atmosphere to Middleton’s mind; and the hard, bald caustic peculiarity of his genius, which is unpleasingly felt in reading any one of his plays, becomes a source of painful weariness as we plod doggedly through his works. Tis is most powerfully felt in his tragedy of “ Te Changeling,” at once the most oppressive and impressive e ff ort of his genius. Te character of De Flores in this play has in it a strangeness such as is hardly paralleled in the whole range of the Elizabethan drama. Te passions of this brute imp are not human. Tey are such as might be conceived of as springing from the union of animal with �endish impulses, in a nature which knew no law outside of its own lust, and was as incapable of a scruple as of a sympathy.
21 Te primary purpose of the passage is to
A) compare the personal lives of two playwrights. B) examine and contrast the works of two individuals. C) advocate a method of evaluating dramatic works. D) describe the role that dramatists have played in history.
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According to the information in the passage, t he author most likely would agree that Heywood
According to the information in the passage, one primary diff erence between Heywood and Middleton is that Heywood
A) could have contributed more to our knowledge of in�uential seventeenth century writers than he actually did.
A) displayed a more cynical attitude toward humanity.
B) was more involved in professions other than playwriting than many authorities today believe.
B) had fewer of his works published. C) was a more disciplined writer.
C) was an actor in more than two hundred plays, although only slightly more than twenty became popular productions. D) would have been the most talented playwright of his day had he possessed more imagination and passion.
D) showed less powerful creativity in his writing.
26 Which choice provides the best ev idence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 8-11 (“As early as . . . printed”)
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B) Lines 18-23 (“It was said . . . mean”) Which choice provides the best e vidence for the answer to the previous question?
C) Lines 41-46 (“With less . . . matter”) D) Lines 49-51 (“ Te eye . . . cynic”)
A) Lines 3-11 (“In 1598 . . . printed”) B) Lines 18-25 (“It was said . . . books”) C) Lines 25-31 (“Late . . . know”)
27 Heywood claims that all of the following are reasons that many of his plays were not published EXCEPT
D) Lines 34-40 (“His style . . . contemporaries”)
A) many of his plays accidentally went missing. 24
B) Heywood lacked a strong desire for popularity. Te author’s reaction to Middleton is best described
C) a number of his plays feature mean characters.
as a mix of
D) some individuals kept the plays to prevent their publication.
A) admiration for his ingenuity but criticism for his absence of warmth. B) disgust for his style but appreciation for his displays of tenderness.
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C) bewildered by his use of diction but curious about his sentiments.
As used in line 25, “design” most nearly means
D) apathy toward his ability to dishearten readers but dislike of his coldness.
B) pattern.
A) draf. C) biography. D) intention.
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As used in line 48, “�ne” most nearly means
Te information in lines
A) dainty.
A) reveal the primary method by which a dramatist gained inspiration for his plays.
B) admirable. C) skillful. D) exact.
53-57 serves primarily to
B) analyze the way a playwright shared his innermost emotions with his audience. C) argue that dramatists must display keen intelligence in order to attract audiences. D) demonstrate the piercing style of an important literary �gure by using an illustration.
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1 Questions 31-41 are based on the following passage.
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The following passage is an excerpt from “Acid Rain’s Dirty Legacy” by Brooks Miner, which originally appeared on FiveThirtyEight.com on May 13, 2014.
Remember acid rain? Resulting largely from the smokestack emissions of coal- �red power plants, acid rain was a serious environmental concern in the 1980s. Studies showed that because of the increasing acidity of rainfall, nearly a quarter of the lakes and streams in the Adirondack Mountains had become uninhabitable by �sh. Te urgency of the problem prompted amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990 and the creation of the world’s �rst “pollution market,” a cap-and-trade program in which power companies were required to buy permits to emit sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which cause acid rain. Te result: Today, acid rain has all but disappeared from news headlines. Acid rain was rare among environmental problems in that it had a viable solution, and these days it’s o fen hailed as an environmental success story. Te market worked as intended, sulfur and nitrogen emissions declined, and rain became less acidic. But what about the lakes and streams that were already so acidic? Nearly 25 years since those changes to the Clean Air Act, water bodies in the Northeast have recovered, while those further south have not. Tere has been an impressive rebound in the Northeast. Declines in sulfate concentrations in the water bodies of New York and Pennsylvania, for example, are a promising sign. But the e ff ect has not been universal. Te monitoring sites in the central Appalachian region show a di ff erent pattern. Streams here aren’t recovering from acidi �cation like the water bodies in the Northeast are, and scientists have been working to �gure out why. Te answer may lie in di ff erences in local geology. Te central Appalachians were not glaciated during the last ice age, unlike the regions further north. One consequence is that Virginia’s soils are older and therefore highly weathered. Weathered soil has a much higher capacity for sulfate to stick to it. When sulfate was deposited on the landscape in its highest concentrations in the late 1980s, a large portion of that sulfate was retained in the soil, and not immediately deposited into water bodies. In the Adirondacks, sulfate from acid rain went straight into the water bodies rather than stuck to the soil.
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Te
problem today is that the sulfate stored in the soils of the central Appalachians is coming back out. With sulfate concentrations in rainfall on the decline, the soils are leaching their stored sulfate back into the water. Evidence of this comes from Rick Webb of the University of Virginia, who coordinated the monitoring program in the central Appalachians for 25 years until his recent retirement. Te program found that in Adirondack lakes the consequences of acid rain occurred directly a fer the rain fell, and the recovery process began almost immediately a fer sulfate emissions declined. In the central Appalachians, however, the negative e ff ects of acidi �cation occurred at a slower pace, but the recovery has also been slow. Geology cuts both ways. Te coal veins that run rich in this region—as well as its highly weathered soils—are both a consequence of geologic history. What can be done about the predicament of central Appalachian streams? Te most obvious action, however unlikely, would be further reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. A recent Supreme Court decision upheld the federal government’s authority to regulate these pollutants, but it merely set the stage for a larger battle with the power industry. Te EPA intends to use the Clean Air Act, and the court’s decision, to justify the �rst-ever limits on carbon dioxide emissions from coal- �red power plants. Te agency is expected to announce the new regulations next month. Te soils of the central Appalachians will continue to release sulfate into the water for years to come, but lower additions from man-made sources in the present would decrease the burden on ecosystems haunted by the ghost of emissions past. Concentration of SO4 (µeq/L) in Surface Water of Appalachian States by Year
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990
1992
1994
1996 KY
1998 TN
2000
2002 VA
2004 WV
2006
2008
2010
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What is the purpose of the opening line of the passage?
According to the passage, what was t he e ff ect of government regulation on t he issue of acid rain?
A) To introduce a topic that was previously well known but is now widely forgotten
A)
B) To test the reader on her knowledge of public health concerns
B) An amendment was introduced but was most eff ective afer it was upheld by the Supreme Court.
C) To reminisce over a previous victory on an environmental issue
C)
Te
D)
Te
Te EPA’s limitation of carbon dioxide emissions
helped to decrease the eff ects of acid rain.
D) To let the reader know the author also has trouble recalling what acid rain is
creation of the pollution market, which allowed the free trade of environmental pollutants without government interference or oversight. amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990 resulted in a signi �cant decrease in the occurrence of acid rain.
32 Which of the following models the structure of the author’s argument throughout the passage? A)
35 What is the main idea of t he passage?
Te
author acquaints the reader with an unknown phenomenon, describes solutions that were applied, and discusses the negative results that followed from those solutions.
A) Despite positive steps to limit its occurrence, the long-term eff ects of acid rain are still evident and can be further addressed.
B)
Te
author introduces a topic, compares the diff ering geographic e ff ects that resulted, and makes predictions for future e ff ects.
B) Now that acid rain has been eradicated, it is time to turn our focus to the environmental e ff ects of carbon dioxide emissions.
C)
Te
C)
Te
D)
Tere is still a great deal of work to do for the
D)
Te author off ers a critical review of the
author provides a detailed description of the ways in which government regulation solves all environmental problems.
government did not go far enough to restrict pollutants from the power industries. recovery of Appalachian lakes.
ways in which markets both help and hinder environmental protection goals. 36 Which statement best describes the function of the sentence in line 59, “Geology cuts bot h ways”?
33 Which of the following best descr ibes the role of soil sulfate retention in local geologies in regards to acid rain?
A) One learns the most from geology from cutting across soil to expose the layers of soil.
A) Soil sulfate retention is the primary cause of acidi�cation of lakes.
B) Environmental factors can result in both bene�cial and deleterious eff ects for a region depending on speci�c circumstances.
B) It is soil sulfate retention that prevents the entry of acid into lakes.
C) Geology either helps or hurts the organisms within a region.
C) Although soil sulfate retention initially acts as a protection for bodies of water, it can increase their long term acidity.
D)
D) Areas with lower levels of soil sulfate retention tend to be more adversely aff ected by acid rain for longer periods of time.
Te
geology of Virginia has been more hurtful than helpful in the long term.
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Which of the following best illustrates the irony in the geology of the Adirondacks?
In the seventh paragraph, the author doubts that emissions of acid-rain-inducing pollutants will decrease further due to
A) Because the soil near lakes had low levels of sulfate retention, the lakes recovered more quickly than those in other regions in North America.
A) the reluctance of commercial entities to reduce individual pollution outputs.
B) Because the lakes were not sheltered by sulfate soil retention, they are showing slower signs of recovery than lakes in other regions in North America.
B) the lack of interest on the part of the EPA to regulate anything but carbon dioxide emissions.
C) Despite having coal, the geology of the Adirondacks may in the end may create more burden than bene�t for the regional population.
D) the continued leaching of sulfate into lakes and rivers from sulfate retaining soils.
D)
Adirondacks is the best outcome of acid rain.
C) the unwillingness of the Supreme Court to �ght for the Clean Air Act.
Te geology of the
40 All of the following are true according to the passage EXCEPT
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A) the creation of a “pollution market” helped decrease rates of acid-rain-causing emissions.
Which of the following, if t rue, would most weaken the author’s argument in lines 4-7 (“Studies . . . �sh”)?
B) the more weathered soil is, the greater its rate of sulfate retention.
A) In 1989 the state of Virginia had the highest rate of freshwater �sh mortality on record. B)
C)
C) the decrease in acid rain has led to a decrease in acidi�cation of the lakes of the Appalachians.
Te
occurrence of acid rain was most pronounced in the southern-most region of the North American continent rather than the northern-most.
D) more can be done to improve the environmental quality of lakes in North America.
Te indigenous turtle population of the
Adirondacks had an increase in birth rate during the 1980s, marking the highest population total of that species in the twentieth century. D) In the late twentieth century, before industrial pollutants, rapid post-glacial land upli f increased rates of lake acidity in the New England and eastern Canadian regions.
41 Which of the following is supported by the provided graph? A) Although Kentucky experienced the highest concentration of SO 4, that state has demonstrated the lowest level of concentration for the last year recorded. B) Virginia experienced the greatest protection from sulfate soil retention in the early 1990s. C) Tennessee has had consistently higher rates of SO 4 concentration than West Virginia. D) All four states of Appalachia have an observable decline in SO4 concentration from 2008 to 2010.
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